Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development 2004 Edition of Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher Education at a Glance London, 13 September.
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Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development 1 2004 Edition of Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher Education at a Glance London, 13 September 2004 Washington, 13 September 2004 Berlin, 14 September 2004 Rome, 15 September 2004 Andreas Schleicher Head, Indicators and Analysis Division Under embargo until 2 Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher 14 September 2004, 11:00 Paris time Education at a Glance 2004 3 1. Tertiary education Continued growth… … and its impact for individuals and economies Trends in internationalisation Gender differences Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher 2. Baseline qualifications … and their labour-market outcomes 3. Trends in the financing of education 4. Decision-making in education Decentralistion and centralisation 5. Student learning conditions 6. Teacher working conditions 4 Education at a Glance 2003 – Andreas Schleicher More people are completing tertiary education than ever before… …in some countries, growth has been spectacular… …but others have fallen behind. Growth in university-level qualifications 5 Approximated by the percentage of persons with ISCED 5A/6 qualfication in the age groups 55-64, 45-55, 45-44 und 25-34 years (2002) 1960's The UK 30 20 10 7 8 14 21 22 A3.2 Mexico Portugal Austria Turkey Italy Greece Korea Spain France New Zealand Ireland Poland Czech Republic Germany Japan Finland Hungary Australia Sweden Canada Netherlands Denmark Norway 0 United States Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher In 2002 – 36% of a typical age cohort in the UK complete a university-level qualification – 32% on average across countries 8 4 – 45% in 10 Australia and Finland, 41% in Iceland and Poland In 2000 19 – 36% in the UK, the highest among OECD countries 23 – 26% on average across countries United Kingdom 1970's performs still well, but is1980's no longer at the1990's top Switzerland 40 Current entry rates suggest that the growth will continue 6 Sum of net entry rates for single year of age in tertiary-type A and tertiary-type B education Tertiary-type A education Tertiary-type B education Today’s entry rates in universities suggest that the strive for higher qualifications will continue… 80 70 50 40 … but not everyone completes with a degree 30 UK universities are strong at graduating students once they have them in the system – At 17%, drop-out is lower only in Japan (6%), Turkey (12%) and Ireland (15%) 20 10 zech Republic Austria Belgium Mexico Switzerland Germany France Ireland Japan lovak Republic nited Kingdom Korea Denmark Spain Netherlands Hungary United States Poland Finland Iceland New Zealand A3.1 Sweden 0 Australia Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher 60 Half of an age cohort now enter university, and in Australia, Finland, Iceland, Poland and Sweden 70% or more University-entry in the UK is, at 47%, slightly below the OECD average Higher tertiary participation is becoming visible in the qualification of the workforce 8 Percentage of 25-64-year-olds with academic or vocational tertiary qualification (10 countries with steepest growth) 45 United States 40 Belgium France 35 Australia Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher Denmark 30 Ireland United Kingdom Korea 25 Spain Canada 20 Country mean 15 A3.4 1991 1995 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 9 Foreign students in tertiary education The UK remains one of the favourite student destinations… … but its market share declined between 1998 and 2002 by 4% by country of study (2002) … largely, but not only, because other countries have benefited more Other OECD OECD partner from the expansion Netherlands countries 6% 5% Austria 1% 2% Sweden Italy 1% 2% Switzerland United States 2% 30% Belgium 2% Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher Spain 2% Japan 4% United Kingdom France 12% C3.6 9% Germany Australia 12% 10% The 1990’s was the decade when women moved ahead of men in terms of educational attainment 12 Percentage of Tertiary Type-A qualification awarded to women 100 Higher proportion of women 90 80 70 Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher 60 50 40 30 20 10 0A4.2 All fields of study These gender inequities show much on Healthearly and welfare Gender differences in fields of study at university Life sciences, physical science level are already mirrored in the educational and agriculture aspirations of 15-year-olds Mathematics and computer – Career expectations of boys were far more often science associated with physics, mathematics or engineering (on Humanities, arts and education average 18% of boys versus 5% of girls) Social sciences, business, law – While girls more frequently expected occupations and services related to life sciences and health (20% of girls Engineering, manufacturing and compared to only 7% of boys) Higher proportion construction of men OECD average UK Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher 16 17 Education at a Glance 2003 – Andreas Schleicher Growing educational success pays off… …and for the UK more so than for most other countries. The earnings advantage of tertiary education 18 Relative earnings of 25-64-year-old tertiary graduates with income from employment (upper secondary education=100) 200 % 180 % 160 % 140 % OECD/men UK/men OECD/women UK/women 100 % 80 % 60 % A B Ty pe ry ti a ti a ry - Ty pe Te r A11.1 Te r up pe r se co nd a ry 40 % Be lo w Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher 120 % The unemployment advantage of education 20 Number of 25-64-year-olds who are unemployed as a percentage of all 25-64-year-olds 10 % 9 % 8 % 7 % OECD/men 6 % UK/men 4 % OECD/women 3 % UK/women 2 % 1 % pp e U A10 r A Te r ti a ry B ry ti a Te r r se co nd a ry (A se co nd ar y ) % Lo we Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher 5 % Trends in unemployment ratios 21 Number of 25-64-year-olds who are unemployed as a percentage of all 25-64-year-olds 9 8 United Kingdom: Below upper secondary 7 United Kingdom: Upper secondary Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher 6 5 United Kingdom: Tertiary education 4 OECD: Below upper secondary 3 OECD: Upper secondary 2 OECD: Tertiary education 1 0 1991 A10.2b 1995 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Trends in the earnings advantage 23 Trends in relative earnings of 25-64-year-old tertiary graduates (upper secondary=100, countries with 5% or more attainment growth) 200 190 180 Australia Belgium Growing benefits in many of the countries with theCanada steepest attainment growth OECD mean 170 Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher 160 150 140 130 120 110 In the countries in which tertiary attainment increased by Denmark more than 5 percentage points since 1995 (Australia,Finland Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, France Ireland, Japan, Korea, Spain and the UK) most have seen Germany falling unemployment and rising earnings benefits Hungary In Australia, Canada, Germany, Hungary, Ireland andIreland the UK, the earnings benefit increased by between 6 andKorea 14 per centage points between 1997 and 2001 New Zealand Among the 15 countries with comparable data, only New Norway Zealand, Norway and Spain have seen a decline in earnings Spain benefits Sweden 100 A11.2 Switzerland 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 United Kingdom United States Internal rate of return to tertiary education 24 Female Australia Denmark Female at age 40, no fees, no income Male immediately to higher education Male Female Spain Male Female Switzerland Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher at age 40, fees, no income Female Sweden Male Female United States Male Female United Kingdom Male Female Finland Male Female Hungary A11.5 Male Male -5 0 5 10 15 20 Enhancements in human capital contribute to labour productivity growth 26 Average annual percentage change (1990-2000) •In the UK, improvements in educational Level of education attainment between 1990 and 2000 Hourly GDP per efficient unit of labour Labour productivity contributed to labour productivity much more 5 than in the United States and in any of the •The UK is also one of the countries with the 4 othereducation, 14 countries highest individual benefits from in except Portugal terms of earnings and employment prospects 3 Hours worked 1 0 New Zealand Netherlands France Canada Germany Norway Italy Australia Portugal Denmark Sweden United Kingdom A12 Finland -2 United States -1 Ireland Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher 2 Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher 27 28 Education at a Glance 2003 – Andreas Schleicher …but the UK has been much less successful in strengthening baseline qualifications… Growth in baseline qualifications 29 Approximated by the percentage of persons with uppersecondary qualfications in the age groups 55-64, 45-55, 45-44 und 25-34 years (2002) 12 60 50 40 20 10 A2.2 Mexico Turkey Spain Italy Korea Ireland Belgium Australia Hungary Iceland France Germany Switzerland Sweden After compulsory education, participation rates fall behind most other countries… … but some catch up later in life Canada 0 United States Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher 30 With serious consequences for those who have not completed this level 22 – Only 67% of the earnings of an upper secondary graduate – Likelihood of unemployment 1.4 times as high as for upper secondary graduate with other influences 3 – Education 11 combines 13 15 24 to make adult training least common among those who need it most – 27% of age group 20-29 participate (OECD 23%) – 16% of age group 30-39 participate, highest in OECD (OECD 5%) Portugal 70 Norway 80 * 8equivalent to 5 or more GCSEs at grades A 1to C or NVQ Level 2 or higher 3 Finland 90 United Kingdom 100 In the UK, progress has been more 1960's 1970's 1980's 1990's limited at the upper secondary level* Japan Consider South Korea 30 1960s Beginning of 21st Century Wealth Below all South American countries. Around level of Afghanistan. 20th in OECD. Educational expenditure Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher 1st in OECD in % of GDP. Educational attainment completing secondary – 24th in OECD. completing tertiary – 20th in OECD. completing secondary – 1st in OECD. completing tertiary – 3rd in OECD. Educational quality 4th in reading, 1st in mathematics 1st in science in OECD. Educational equity 1st in OECD. Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher 31 32 Education at a Glance 2003 – Andreas Schleicher In many countries, the expansion was accompanied by massive financial investments …while in others student numbers grew faster than expenditure B2 en m Sw ark e Po de rt n u Fi gal nl a Fr nd an A ce us U ni M tria te e d xi St co a Ca tes na d It a U ni te K aly d or Ki ea ng H do un m A ga N us ry et tr he ali rl a an d Sp s Ge a rm in Sl o v I an ak re y Re lan pu d b Ja lic Tu pan rk ey D EU Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher 33 Expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP All levels of education 9 8 7 6 5 Privat 4 Öffentlich 3 2 1 0 B2 en m a Fi rk nl a Ca nd n Sw ada e N den or w Be ay lg A ium us tr N Ir i a et el he an rl d an d Sp s Ge a rm in U a ni F ny te ra d nc St e a H te un s U g ni Au ar te st y d ra Ki lia ng do m It a M ly ex i Ja co pa Ko n re a D EU Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher 34 Expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP Tertiary education (2001) 3 2.5 2 1.5 Private Public 1 0.5 0 36 Total spending over the average duration of tertiary studies also comparatively low expenditure per student Annual … because of the short study duration on mainly educational institutions, in equivalent US dollars converted using PPPs How do above-average instruction time and below-average spending go together? Comparatively high student/staff ratios USD 12,000 USD 10,000 USD 8,000 USD in 2,000 Kingdom Whereas tertiary education, spending increases have United not kept up with enrolment Te rt ia ry nd ar y ec o pp er U B1 S S ec o nd ar y USD 0 and 2001 by 8% Between 1995 But spending per student declined by 6% Private spending share at tertiary level grew faster than in other EU countries, now at 29% (OECD 22%) er Lo w EU Spending primary and student has grown in real terms… USD per 4,000 OECD Between 1995 and 2001 by 21% (OECD 21%) Pr im ar y Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher USD 6,000 Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher 42 43 Education at a Glance 2003 – Andreas Schleicher The distribution of decision-making responsibilities has changed… …but in different ways across countries. Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher D6 Greece Mexico Japan Turkey 1 Australia Iceland Regional and local Finland Spain Austria France Germany Luxembourg Norway Portugal Belgium (Fr.) Denmark School Italy Sweden Korea Slovak Republic Czech Republic Hungary % New Zealand England Netherlands 44 Percentage of educational decisions taken at each level of government Lower secondary education (2003) Central and state 100 80 60 40 20 0 B3 England Norway 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Spain Italy Spain Greece Within a framework Mexico Japan Turkey1 Australia Iceland Finland In consultation with others Austria Greece Mexico Japan Turkey1 Australia Iceland Finland Spain Austria France Germany Luxembourg Norway Portugal Belgium (Fr.) Denmark Italy Sweden Korea Slovak Republic In full autonomy Within a framework France Germany Luxembourg Norway Portugal Belgium (Fr.) Denmark Hungary Czech Republic Organisation of instruction Sweden In full autonomy Korea Slovak Republic Other Hungary % Czech Republic 40 England 100 New Zealand 60 New Zealand 0 Schools in England have a comparatively strong role in educational decision-making Netherlands Other England 80 Netherlands Greece 80 85% of all decisions taken at school level (OECD average 42%) % Planning and structures Resources (allocation and use) Role of central and local governments is strongest for decisions on planning and structures Within a framework Mexico Within a framework Japan Turkey 1 Australia Iceland Finland In consultation with others Austria In consultation with others France Germany Luxembourg 80 Portugal Belgium (Fr.) In full autonomy Italy 100 Denmark % Korea % Sweden In full autonomy Slovak Republic 0 Hungary Czech Republic 20 New Zealand 100 Netherlands Netherlands New Zealand England Hungary Italy Spain Finland Sweden Australia Denmark Netherlands England New Zealand Hungary Czech Republic Slovak Korea Sweden Italy Denmark Belgium (Fr.) Portugal Norway Luxembourg Germany France Austria Spain Finland Iceland Australia Turkey 1 Japan Mexico Greece Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher 45 Percentage of decisions relating by schools Lower secondary education, by mode of decision making (2003) Personnal management In consultation with others Column 4 80 60 40 20 100 Other Centralisation and decentralisation of decisions 46 Percentage of decisions in lower secondary education taken at more centralised/decentralised levels in 2003 than in 1998 More decentralised in 2003 Turkey More centralised in 2003 Korea Czech Republic England Netherlands Italy Portugal Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher Denmark Norway Spain Belgium (Fr.) New Zealand France Austria Germany Hungary Finland B3 Greece 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 % Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher 47 Education at a Glance 2003 – Andreas Schleicher 48 Student learning conditions Intended instruction hours in classroom settings in public schools between ages 7 and 14 (2002) 49 Ages 7 -8 Ages 9 -11 Ages 12-14 Finland Norway Denmark Sweden Korea Germany Slovak Iceland Hungary Japan Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher Spain Turkey Belgium (Fl.) Portugal France England Ireland Mexico Greece Belgium (Fr.) New Scotland Australia Italy 1 0 D1 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 Total number of intended instructions hours 7000 8000 9000 D2 0 Netherlands Turkey Korea Japan Mexico Spain United Kingdom1 Germany Poland France Primary education Austria Australia2 Slovak Republic Czech Republic Greece United States Belgium (Fr.) Ireland1 Hungary Italy Luxembourg Iceland Denmark Switzerland Portugal Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher 50 Average class size Lower secondary education 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher 52 Education at a Glance 2003 – Andreas Schleicher 53 Teacher working conditions Basic teachers' salaries in lower secondary education Annual statutory teachers' salaries in public institutions in equivalent US dollars converted using PPPs, and ratio of salary after 15 years of experience to GDP per capita (2002) 54 Salary after 15 years of experience/minimum training Starting salary/minimum training Salary at the top of scale/minimum training US $ 80000 70000 60000 50000 30000 20000 Slovak Republic Hungary Iceland Mexico Greece Sweden Italy Norway Portugal France Austria Belgium (Fr.) New Zealand Denmark Belgium (Fl.) Finland Spain Ireland Netherlands England Australia Scotland Japan Korea Czech Republic D3 Germany 0 United States 10000 Switzerland Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher 40000 France Denmark Belgium (Fr.) Belgium (Fl.) Netherlands Finland Greece England Australia Scotland New Zealand Spain Japan Portugal Germany Switzerland 0 Slovak Republic Iceland Hungary Norway Sweden Czech Republic Austria Ireland Italy US $ United States D3 Mexico Korea Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher 55 Ratio of lower secondary teacher salaries after 15 years of experience to GDP per capita Ratio of salary after 15 years of experience to GDP per capita 3 2 1 Changes in teachers' salaries in lower secondary education between 1996 and 2002 57 Index of change between 1996 and 2002 (1996=100, 2002 price levels using GDP deflators) Salary after 15 years of experience Starting salary Salary at the top of scale Index (1996=100) 180 160 120 100 Ireland Belgium (Fr.) Netherlands Switzerland Greece Belgium (Fl.) Austria Portugal Japan Italy England Norway Scotland Denmark Australia Finland New Zealand D3 Hungary 80 Mexico Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher 140 Number of teaching hours per year Net contact time in hours per year in public institutions (2002) 58 Lower secondary education Primary education Upper secondary education, general programmes Hours per year 100 90 80 70 50 40 30 20 10 Turkey Japan Hungary Czech Republic Korea Austria Iceland Greece Norway Denmark Spain Portugal Slovak Republic Germany Netherlands 0 Scotland Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher 60 0 Japan Korea Spain Finland Hungary Italy Austria Greece Czech Republic France Norway Iceland Portugal Denmark Slovak Republic Belgium (Fr.) Belgium (Fl.) Ireland Germany Hours per year Australia Netherlands Scotland New Zealand United States Mexico Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher 59 Percentage of teachers’ working time spent teaching Lower secondary education Primary education Upper secondary education, general programmes 1300 1200 1100 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher 60 Further information 61 www.oecd.org www.pisa.oecd.org email: [email protected] [email protected] Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher … and remember: Without data, you are just another person with an opinion Education at a Glance 2003 – Andreas Schleicher 62 Other slides D7.2. Age distribution of teachers (2002) 63 Distribution of teachers in educational institutions, by level of education and age group Aged < 30 years Ages 30-39 years Ages40-49 years Aged >=50 years Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher Primary education Korea Belgium1 Luxembourg2 Hungary Slovak Republic Finland Iceland3 United Kingdom Ireland France Austria United States Portugal Japan4 Netherlands New Zealand Sweden Italy Germany 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 D7.2. Age distribution of teachers (2002) 64 Distribution of teachers in educational institutions, by level of education and age group Aged < 30 years Ages 30-39 years Ages40-49 years Aged >=50 years Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher Secondary education Portugal Korea Japan4 Slovak Republic Hungary Luxembourg2 France Austria United States Ireland United Kingdom Norway5 Belgium1 Finland New Zealand Sweden Iceland3 Netherlands Germany Italy 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 D7.1. Change in the age distribution of secondary teachers (1998 and 2002) 65 Change in the age distribution of secondary teachers in educational institutions between 1998 and 2002 (1998 = 0), based on head counts Aged < 30 years Ages 30-39 years Ages 40-49 years Aged >=50 years 12.5 10 7.5 5 2.5 -2.5 -5 -7.5 Korea New Zealand Austria Belgium (Fl.)5 Luxembourg4 Japan3 Country mean Norway 2 Finland Iceland 1 France Germany Ireland -12.5 Sweden -10 United Kingdom Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher 0 Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher 66 Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher 67 Annual expenditure per student 69 On educational institutions, in equivalent US dollars converted using PPPs USD 12,000 USD 10,000 USD 8,000 USD 6,000 Te rt ia ry nd ar y ec o S U pp er Lo w er S ec o nd ar y Unterdurchschnittliche Ausgaben pro EU USD 4,000 Primar/Sek-I Schüler, verbunden mit deutlich OECD überdurchschnittlichen Lehrergehältern USD 2,000 United werden in Deutschland durch ungünstige USD 0 Schüler/LehrerRelationen und deutlich weniger Unterrichtszeit in den ersten Schuljahren, sowie vergleichsweise geringere Ausgaben für Sachaufwendungen kompensiert Pr im ar y Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher Kingdom Public and private sources of funds (2001) 70 100% 90% 80% Gesamte private Aufwendungen/Resi dual 70% Andere private Aufwendungen 50% 40% Private Haushalte 30% 20% Öffentlich Pre-primary OECD Germany 0% OECD 10% Germany Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher 60% Tertiary