Transportation 2005: An Overview

Presented by: James S. Leanos, Principal Corporate Property Solutions, L.L.C And Henry Kay, Director of Transportation The Greater Baltimore Committee

Congestion

Traffic Congestion exists wherever there is sprawl, rapid population growth and unbalanced transportation systems.

4/27/2020 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay 2

Possible Solution #1 Additional System Capacity

One 12’ Highway Lane = 2,200-2,300 cars/hr.

– One Person/Car =2,200-2,300 people/hr.

One single track rail guideway (also 12’ wide)=>25,000 people/hr.

Problem: ridership in rail transit Trend: ridership has increased as congestion has increased 4/27/2020 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay 3

Possible Solution #2 Travel Demand Modification

Change Travel Times, Paths, or Modes – Congestion occurs mostly at peak hours – Shift away from peak hours = less congestion Possibilities: – Flex Time – M.O.V.’s (i.e., Carpools), not S.O.V.’s – Transit—Users demand good service.

– Transit User perception of transit varies directly with congestion.

4/27/2020 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay 4

Possible Solution #3 Travel Demand Reduction

Tele-commuting 4-day Work Week Trip Chaining 4/27/2020 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay 5

Possible Solution #4 New Infrastructure

New Roads Improved Roads, Intersections, Lanes Fixed Guideway Transit —New and Extended Dedicated Transit Lanes 4/27/2020 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay 6

What’s Fueling Congestion?

Historic Growth in Auto Ownership, Use and Vehicle Miles Travelled 4/27/2020 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay 7

Consequences of VMT

Each Day in the USA – 100 Million People – >1 Billion Miles – 90% in Cars 3% per year growth may be reducing to 2% per year in cars Freight may pick up the slack with 82% of shipments by truck 4/27/2020 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay 8

Observations

The Relationship between traffic volume and speed on highways in not linear.

At higher levels of congestion, smaller VMT increases trigger proportionally larger congestion consequences.

Therefore, even if VMT moderates, congestion will likely increase.

4/27/2020 9 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay

4/27/2020 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay 10

How Roads are Funded

TEA-21 The Transportation Equity Act for the 21 st Century – Describes specific Highway and Transit Projects eligible for federal funding 4/27/2020 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay 11

Four Basic Urban Road Functions

Local Roads & Streets Collectors Arterials Interstate System 4/27/2020 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay 12

4/27/2020 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay 13

4/27/2020 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay 14

State Funding

70% from Highway User Fees – Gas Tax & Tolls 30% from – Bond Issues – General Fund Appropriations – Non-highway Related Sources 4/27/2020 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay 15

Local Funding

General Fund Appropriations Property Taxes Local-option Transportation Taxes – Transportation Sales Taxes 4/27/2020 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay 16

Federal Aid

TEA-21 – 18.4 ¢/gallon gas-tax – Up to 80% of the eligible costs Remaining contribution is state & local – Examples of TEA-21 Eligible Projects: Interstate system/Interstate maintenance Surface Transportation Program (STP) Congestion Mitigation/Air Quality Improvement Transportation Enhancements 4/27/2020 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay 17

Maryland State Transportation Revenues

Motor Fuel Taxes Vehicle Titling Fees Registration Fees Corporate Income Taxes User Fees 4/27/2020 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay 18

MD Transportation Revenues

4/27/2020 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay 19

4/27/2020 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay 20

Where does Transit Fit In?

Best fit in high density regions An alternative to road congestion Six Regions have transit ridership exceeding 10% of total commuters – New York, Chicago, Washington, D.C.

Boston, San Francisco, Philadelphia The next 15 Regions have 3%-7% share 4/27/2020 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay 21

Transit’s Problems

Low Density Use-segregated Development 4/27/2020 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay 22

Transit’s Problems

U of California, Berkeley: – “Urban population densities they report fell 20 percent from 1980 to 2000, from 4.5 to 3.5 persons per urban acre. Of 281 metro areas, only six percent became denser over the same time period.

4/27/2020 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay 23

For Transit to be Effective:

Douglas Porter, a Smart Growth advocate says: 1. Local and Regional Transit Services must function interactively with highway travel 2. Investment in Transit needs to be reinforced with development strategies aimed at building a compelling market for transit —the mix of uses and major traffic congestion.

4/27/2020 24 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay

Transit has changed!

Traditional 40-60 foot bus, + Articulated bus Light Rail Heavy Rail —Metro Commuter Rail —MARC Bus Rapid Transit —The Red Line?

Small Buses —Hampden Shuttle Demand-responsive services — Mobility/Paratransit 4/27/2020 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay 25

Transit Improvements

Bus System Maps and Schedules at Bus Stops Electronic Signs announcing next bus arrival Electronic fareboxes with ubiquitous farecard availability.

Bus transponders for signal priority 4/27/2020 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay 26

2000 Transit Modal Share: Journey to Work

New York/New Jersey/Long Island CMSA: 24.0% Chicago/Gary/Kenosha CMSA: 11.49% Boston/Worcester/Lawrence CMSA: 9.03% Washington/Baltimore/CMSA: 9.43% Philadelphia/Wilmington/Atlantic City CMSA: 8.73% 4/27/2020 27 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay

Current Topic in Transportation

Induced Travel: – “Traffic quickly fills any new road capacity” – e.g., I-270, when doubled in lanes from 6 to 12, quickly exceeded planned 2010 traffic levels 4/27/2020 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay 28

Induced Travel

Mark Hanson’s 1995 Study: – On average, every 10% increase in new road capacity spurres a 9% increase in new traffic volume within 3-4 years – These are new trips that would not have been taken without new road capacity.

4/27/2020 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay 29

Induced Travel

“Not building roads not a viable option”, Cervero study in California Cervero found that Induced Demand does exist, but at a lower rate that earlier studies found; 40% in 3 – 4 years; Increased capacity benefit lasts 10 – 15 years 4/27/2020 30 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay

Congestion Pricing

Highway user fees according to the level of congestion in a specific section of road – Similar to peak load airline or electric pricing – Encourages Mode-shift or Time-shift.

– FHWA calls it “Value Pricing” – Discussed for ICC and possibly I-95 4/27/2020 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay 31

HOT Lanes

High Occupancy Travel – Solo or 2-passenger cars are allowed to buy access to HOV (High Occupancy Vehicle) express lanes that are free or discounted – Another approach, all lanes on a toll road are charged in accordance with level of congestion —no unpriced or express lanes.

– Possible with EZ-Pass style toll collection.

4/27/2020 32 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay

FAIR Lanes

Non Express Lane drivers get a credit for not using express lanes while Express Lane drivers pay a surcharge; Alternatively, credits could be applied to transit fares or commuter park-and-ride lot fees 4/27/2020 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay 33

Equity Issues

HOT Lanes = “Lexus” Lanes – Unfair?

Encourages Car Pooling as price increases Pay for themselves and generate additional revenues Not as comprehensive or equitable as Gas Tax, particularly for Gas Guzzlers and their effect on Global Warming 4/27/2020 34 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay

Desperation Fuels Innovation

Atlanta – MARTA, HOT Lanes, TOD's Dallas – Commuter Rail “DART” LRT Denver – Commuter Rail LRT San Jose – Commuter Rail LRT and Buses Charlotte – Integrated Transit/Land Use Phoenix –“Aztec” ITS 4/27/2020 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay 35

Vancouver, BC Does It All!

www.translink.bc.ca

Translink – GVTA, a true regional approach- Based upon goals of GVRD Livable Region Strategic Plan An all-in regional Authority handling Roads, Goods Movement, Bridges, Ferries, Buses, BRT, Light Rail, SkyTrain (high-speed rail), and Commuter Rail 4/27/2020 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay 36

Where’s the Moolah?

4/27/2020 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay 37

Where’s the Moolah?

Gas Tax = 32.9% Vehicle Tax = 21.5% Tolls = 8.1% Levies & General Funds = 4.2% Misc = 2.8% Bond Proceeds = 0.0% Federal Payments = 26.9% Local Payments = 0.1% 4/27/2020 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay 38

Where’s the Moolah?

Transit fund sources: 4/27/2020 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay 39

Where’s the Moolah?

4/27/2020 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay 40

Where’s the Moolah?

4/27/2020 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay 41

Where’s the Moolah?

4/27/2020 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay 42

Where’s the Moolah?

4/27/2020 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay 43

Where’s the Moolah?

4/27/2020 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay 44

Smart Growth & Transportation

As of 2003, it was estimated that $78 billion per year is wasted, both in lost time and burned gasoline, because of congestion.

$7 billion of extra fuel is blamed on these delays, enough to keep more than half the vehicles in California – the third largest fuel consumer in the world – on the road for an entire year!

In 1999, the average USA motorist spent 36 hours /week stuck in traffic, with no financial benefit resulting from it.

Source, NAR 4/27/2020 45 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay

Smart Growth & Transportation

Smart Growth, in a transportation context, results in reduced dependence on only one form of transportation, and environmentally friendly transport choices. 4/27/2020 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay 46

Smart Growth & Transportation

Transit-using cities are correlated to their densities. New York, London, Paris, Shanghai, Hong Kong and Tokyo are among the most transit-dependent cities. Baltimore City is among the five most densely populated cities in the USA, thereby making it fertile ground for improved transit use rates. We already succeed in ridership rates among our peer cities; however, it’s not a transit of choice, but a transit of necessity.

4/27/2020 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay 47

Smart Growth & Transportation

The challenge is to improve the performance and operations of transit while invoking land-use standards, expectations, and regulations which concentrate density around transit systems. We must think in terms of Transit Oriented Development. 4/27/2020 48 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay

New Behaviors/Technologies

As an example of behavior modification, if we used the funds expended by the USA in its Iraq campaign to buy Toyota Prius’s for Americans, we would eliminate a need or 1/3 rd of the potential oil output of Iraq by replacing the related vehicle fleet and directly reduce the USA oil import requirements and thereby similarly reduce carbon dioxide emissions.

4/27/2020 49 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay

4/27/2020 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay 50

The TEA-21 Toolkit

Bicycle and Pedestrian Walkway Projects Budgetary “Firewall” for Highway and Transit Funds Clean Fuels Grant Program Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Improvement Program (CMAQ) Demonstration Projects – Congressional Identification 4/27/2020 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay 51

TEA-21 Toolkit

Environmental Streamlining Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Federal Highway Trust Fund: – Highways – Mass Transit Federal Transit Administration Ferry Boat Programs Grant Anticipation Revenue Vehicle – Garvee Bonds: Proposed to fund the ICC 4/27/2020 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay 52

TEA-21 Toolkit

High-speed Rail Program Intelligent Transportation Systems Program Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA): precursor to TEA 21 Job Access Grants MAGLEV Technology Deployment Program: >240 MPH 4/27/2020 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay 53

TEA-21 Toolkit

Federal Matching Requirements: now approaching 50% local match, though originally 20% Mimimum Guarantee: ensures state receive 90.5% on their contributions to the federal highway trust with $1 million minimum.

Metro Planning Process: cooperative, continuous, and comprehensive 4/27/2020 54 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay

TEA-21 Toolkit

National Corridor Planning and Development Program: National Significance for USA economic growth National Highway System Program: includes Interstate Program and NHS National Scenic Byways Program New Starts: fixed guideways Reverse Commute Grants: Suburban Centers 4/27/2020 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay 55

TEA-21 Toolkit

State Infrastructure Banks (SIB) Program: Below Market Rate subordinate loans, interest rate buy-downs on third party loans, guarantees and credit enhancement Statewide Planning Process Surface Transportation Program (STP) Transferability of Highway Program: e.g., 100% of NHS to STP, up to 50% of NHS and Interstate Maint. To Congestion Mitigation and AQI Program 4/27/2020 56 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay

TEA-21 Toolkit

Transit Benefits: employee parking and transit/van-pool Transit Investment Capital Grants & Loans Transit Enhancement Program: 1% set aside for urbanized areas of >200,000 – 9 eligible project areas Transit Revenue Bonds: per TEA-21, can be used as part of local matching funds 4/27/2020 57 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay

TEA-21 Toolkit

Transit Urbanized Area Formula (Operating) Grants Program: >50,000, <200,000. PM in >200,000. Transportation & Community & System Preservation Pilot Program: High growth areas, urban growth boundaries to guide metro expansion, green corridors.

Transportation Enhancements: Non-traditional projects to strengthen intermodal systems 4/27/2020 58 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay

TEA-21 Toolkit

Transportation Infrastructure Finance & Innovation Act (TIFIA): Federal credit assistance for project of critical national importance, e.g., intermodal, border crossings, multi-state trade corridors Value Pricing Program: Experimental, e.g., HOT Lanes, etc.

4/27/2020 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay 59

The MPO Process

MPT = Metropolitan Planning Organization: the Baltimore Metropolitan Council’s Baltimore Regional Transportation Board Established by agreement with the Governor of Maryland Require: – Long Range Plan, e.g., Transportation 2020 5-year update cycle (3-years in non-attainment areas) – Transportation Improvement Program (TIP) 3-year cycle, 2-year update, including congestion management 4/27/2020 60 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay

The MPO Process

Project must be in TIP to receive federal funds No Pie in Sky – only those with identifiable funding sources From MPO TIP  State TIP State may impose add’l planning requirements MPO’s rarely administer federal funds: Exceptions, Portland’s MTRO and Bay Area MTC 4/27/2020 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay 61

The MPO Process

MPO must have proactive, inclusive Public Involvement Process, ensuring far reaching impacts of transportation investment decisions are adequately considered – CAC, of which JSL is representative for GBBR – Environmental Equity 4/27/2020 62 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay

The MPO Process

7 Required Areas – Economic Vitality of metro area – Safety and security of transportation System – Accessibility and mobility for people & freight – Environmental Protection, energy conservation, quality of life – Integration/Connectivity of Transportation system – Efficient system management/operation – Preservation of the existing system 4/27/2020 James S. Leanos and Henry Kay 63