Transcript Hallucinogens by MacKenzie Donnelly, Lisa Martino, and Evan Hughes Hallucinogens • • • Substances whose primary effect is to cause perceptual and cognitive distortions without producing a state.

Hallucinogens
by MacKenzie Donnelly, Lisa Martino, and
Evan Hughes
Hallucinogens
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Substances whose primary effect is to cause
perceptual and cognitive distortions without
producing a state of toxic delirium
o Most are synthesized by plants or have
plant derived compounds
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD),
mescaline, psilcybin, dimethyltryptamine
(DMT), and 5-methoxy-dimethyl-tryptamine
(5-MeO-DMT)
These drugs are called psychedelic by
Mescaline
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found the crown of the peyote cactus
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mescal button or peyote button
 administered per os, chewed or cooked
The powder can also be extracted
found in Southwest United States and
northern Mexico
o
used for religious reasons by Native Americans
mainstreamed in 1953
not readily available because of high costs
and lack of want
Psilocybin
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psilocybin is the main compound found in
hallucinogec mushrooms
o
adminstered mainly per os
psilocybin is converted to psilocin after
ingested
use of psilocybin goes back to 3500 B.C.
DMT and 5-MeO-DMT
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both are found in plants in South America
ayahuasca
 drink with two different hallucinogenic plants in
it
o sold in powder form nad smoked
o taken orally
o
LSD
The Discovery of LSD
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First synthesized in 1938 by Albert Hofmann
in Switzerland.
Extracted from ergot
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Alkaloid
Produced by the fungus Claviceps purpurea
Effects of ergot
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The toxicity causes ergotism; common in the Middle
Ages and caused the deaths of 40,000 people in
944AD.
Produces contractions of the uterus.
Discovery of LSD cont.
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Hofmann took lysergic acid from ergot
alkaloids and combined it with other
compounds.
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25th synthesized substance was d-lysergic acid
diethylamide
 LSD-25
LSD-25
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Initially thought to be an analeptic.
Upon reexamining the drug Hofmann underwent the
world's first known LSD trip.
 Restlessness, dizziness, extremely stimulated
imagination, dream-like state.
Discovery of LSD cont.
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Hofmann later injested a small amount of
synthesized LSD
o
Even more severe symptoms than the first time.
Sandoz Pharmaceutical Company
o
Marketed LSD in 1947 as Delysid
 Helped neurotic patients uncover repressed
thoughts/feelings.
Administration
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PerOs
Large amounts of the drug are dissolved in
water
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Droplets of this water are applied to a blotter
Blotters are divided into squares
Uses of LSD
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Psycholytic Therapy
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Psychedelic Therapy
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Patient underwent drug induced psycholysis.
LSD first administered at low doses then dose is
increased to promote the release of repressed
memories and feelings.
Patient given one high dose of LSD
Promoted insight into patient's problems via a druginduced spiritual experience.
Psychological Weapon
o
United States CIA ULTA
 Studied LSD as a mind control agent.
Uses of LSD cont.
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Recreational use
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Hallucinations
Altered Sensory Perception
 Synesthesia: combination/blending of senses
• See smells, hear colors, etc.
Adverse Effects
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Tremors
Increased Heart Rate/Blood Pressure
Neusea
Sweating
Dry Mouth
Numbness
Restrictions to LSD
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1965: Federal Law restricted research on
LSD
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Sandoz stopped distributing LSD for research
purposes.
1967: LSD Banned Nationwide
Now
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Research has started back up
 MAPS (Multidisciplinary Association for
Psychedelic Studies) promotes research on
potential psychotherapeutic applications of
hallucinogens.
Psychopharmacology of Hallucinogens
(insert table 14.1 on page 352)
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Depending on dose LSD and Mescaline
effects begin within 30-90 minutes, and last
between 6-12 hours, were as psilocybin
dissipates sooner.
DMT effects within seconds, and only lasts
for an hour. Peaks between 5-20 minutes.
LSD Responses
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"Trips" (state of intoxication) has 4 main
parts
Onset: begins 30 minutes after taking drug. Colors
intensify, patterns occur when eyes closed
o Plateau: next 2 hours, time slows, more intense
sensations
o Peak:lasts for 2-3 hours. In another world with no
time. Images appear; either good or bad trip.
o Come-Down: 2-3 hours, user comes out of the
hallucinogenic state, though it may take a day to feel
normal.
o
Structure of Hallucinogenic Drugs
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These drugs either have a serotonin-like,
(indoleamine) or catecholamine-like
structure.
Indoleamines
o LSD, psilocybin, psilocin, DMT, 5-MeO-DMT
Similar to Serotonin structures
Catecholamines
o Mescaline
o Similar to NE, and amphetamine
LSD receptor sites
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LSD antagonizes the action of Serotonin
however they are 5-HT(subscripted 2)
LSD binds to 8 different receptor subtypes,
but only 5-HT(subscript 2A, and 2C) are the
key receptor site for hallucinogens.
No other NT is used to cause the
hallucinations
Complete tolerance can occur in 4 days,
however there is an unknown complex
system to gain this tolerance