Transcript Arctic RIMS & WALE (Regional, Integrated Hydrological Monitoring System & Western Arctic Linkage Experiment) John Kimball FaithAnn Heinsch Steve Running http://wale.unh.edu/ NTSG Univ.

Arctic RIMS & WALE
(Regional, Integrated Hydrological Monitoring System &
Western Arctic Linkage Experiment)
John Kimball
FaithAnn Heinsch
Steve Running
http://wale.unh.edu/
NTSG Univ. of Montana
March 28, 2006
http://rims.unh.edu/data.shtml
Arctic RIMS & WALE
(Regional, Integrated Hydrological Monitoring System &
Western Arctic Linkage Experiment)
Biome-BGC v.4.1.2
Inputs (25-km resolution):
• Meteorology
– NCEP, 1980-2002
http://wale.unh.edu/
• Elevation
– GTOPO
• Soils
– FAO Soil Texture
– Rooting Depth
http://rims.unh.edu/data.shtml
Arctic RIMS & WALE
(Regional, Integrated Hydrological Monitoring System &
Western Arctic Linkage Experiment)
Biome-BGC Land Covers:
•
•
•
•
C3 Grass
Deciduous Broadleaf Forest
Deciduous Needleleaf Forest
Boreal Evergreen Needleleaf Forest
• Sedge (moist) Tundra
• Tussock (dry) Tundra)
Biome-BGC Tundra Ecophysiology
Parameter
C3 Grass
Tussock Tundra
Sedge Tundra
Whole Plant Mortality Fraction
0.05
0.01
0.01
Fire Mortality Fraction
0.01
0.002
0.002
New fine root C : New leaf C
2.0
2.5
1.5
C:N of leaves
28.1
30.0
25.0
C:N of leaf litter, after translocation
45.8
91.7
33.5
C:N of fine roots
50.0
50.0
37.0
Leaf litter labile /cellulose/lignin
proportion
0.39 / 0.44 / 0.17
0.39 / 0.44 / 0.17
0.51 / 0.44 / 0.05
Fine root labile /cellulose/lignin
proportion
0.68 / 0.23 / 0.09
0.30 / 0.45 / 0.25
0.80 / 0.12 / 0.08
Canopy water interception coeff.
0.01
0.021
0.021
Canopy light extinction coeff.
0.48
0.6
0.6
Specific leaf area
65.0
45.0
45
Fraction of leaf N in Rubisco
0.32
0.20
0.20
Maximum stomatal conductance
0.006
0.005
0.005
Cuticular conductance
0.00006
0.00001
0.00001
Leaf water potential: start of /
complete conductance reduction
-0.73 / -2.70
-0.7 / -3.5
-0.7 / -3.5
VPD: start of / complete
conductance reduction
1000 / 5000
930 / 4100
930 / 4100
Wetland-BGC
• Has a 2-layer soil model:
– Unsaturated & saturated layers
– Dynamic changes (3 cases)
• No saturation of rooting depth
• Partial saturation of rooting depth
• Total saturation of rooting depth
• Provides water from saturated layer using capillary
rise function from latest version of RHESSys
(based on principles of hydraulic conductivity &
depth to saturation)
• At present, only affects carbon pools
NEE: Biome-BGC vs. Tower, Barrow, AK
2000
3.0
C source (+)
2
NEE (gC m-2 d-1)
NEE (gC m-2 d-1)
2.0
1.0
0.0
-1.0
-2.0
C sink (-)
-3.0
1/1/2000
0
-1
C sink (-)
Tower
Biome-BGC, gwd = 5 cm
7/1/2000
Date
Year
1999
2000
2001
C source (+)
1
-2
Tower
Biome-BGC, gwd = 5 cm
4/1/2000
2001
3
10/1/2000
1/1/2001
-3
1/1/2001
4/1/2001
7/1/2001
Date
Average Summer NEE (gC m-2 d-1)
Tower
Biome-BGC
-0.75 (+1.77)
-0.24 (+0.37)
-0.37 (+0.62)
-0.01 (+0.55)
-0.51 (+0.72)
+0.17 (+0.47)
10/1/2001
1/1/2002
Wet Sedge
Tundra:
Barrow, AK, 1995
Varying
Groundwater
Depth (gwd)
20
0
-20
-40
-60
1/1/1995
7/1/1995
1/1/1996
Julian Day
= 0 cm
= 1 cm
- 5 cm
= 10 cm
= 20 cm
= 50 cm
8
6
0
4
-25
2
-50
1/1/1995
7/1/1995
Date
0
1/1/1996
Precipitation (cm)
gwd
gwd
gwd
gwd
gwd
gwd
25
Air Temperature
Cumulative NEE
(gC m-2)
40
NPP and Soil Carbon, Barrow Tower
114.90
250
200
150
100
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
114.88
114.86
114.84
114.82
1970
2005
1975
1980
1985
Year
1990
Year
-5.0
25
-7.5
20
-10.0
15
-12.5
10
-15.0
5
-17.5
-20.0
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
Year
1995
2000
0
2005
Precipitation
Temperature
Annual Precipitation (cm)
Average Daytime Temperature (deg C)
NPP (gC m-2 y-1)
-2
Soil Carbon Pool (gC m )
300
1995
2000
2005
Biome-BGC Results
Atqasuk
Barrow
40
C source (+)
30
Cumulative NEE
(gC m-2 d-1)
Cumulative NEE
(gC m-2 d-1)
40
20
10
0
-10
-20
C sink (-)
-30
0
60
120
C source (+)
30
20
10
0
-10
-20
C sink (-)
-30
180
240
300
0
360
60
180
240
300
360
300
360
Julian Day
Julian Day
150
Cumulative NPP
(gC m-2 d-1)
300
Cumulative NPP
(gC m-2 d-1)
120
250
200
150
100
50
100
50
0
0
0
60
120
180
240
300
360
Julian Day
Average
1956 - minimum productivity
1998 - maximum productivity
0
60
120
180
240
Julian Day
Average
1993 - minimum productivity
1989 - maximum productivity
Conclusions
• Spatial and temporal patterns of tundra NEE and component
photosynthetic and respiration processes are strongly regulated
by soil moisture.
• Interannual variability in vegetation productivity and net C
exchange is on the order of 99% (15.9 gC m-2 y-1) and 19%
(37.3 gC m-2 y-1), respectively.
• Soil heterotrophic respiration is a large component of pan-Arctic
NEE.
• Moderate decreases in groundwater depth promote soil
decomposition and respiration during the growing season, but
increased respiration is partially offset by increased vegetation
productivity.
• The tundra carbon cycle response to climate change appears to
be non-linear and strongly coupled to surface hydrology and
nitrogen availability.
AMSR-E Daily Tb (L2A Product)
Daily Surface Temp. (Ts)
in o C
Arctic Land Cover
Map
Arctic Biome Property LUT
SLA, Kltr,mx, Ksoil,mx
MODIS Monthly Max. LAI
Composites LAImx, LAIgs,mn
MODIS Spatial
Resampling
MODIS 8-Day NPP
(NPP8-day)
MODIS Annual NPP
(NPPann)
8-Day Composite temporal
Ts and mv
Daily Surface Soil Moisture
(mv) in %
Multipliers (Wmult, Tmult) Class-specific rate curves
Wmult
Tmult
mv
Klit,adj
Ksoil,adj
Ts
= Klit,mx * Wmult * Tmult
= Ksoil,mx * Wmult * Tmult
Litterfall=2.22 (LAImx - LAIgs,mn) * SLA-1
Clitr = (LAImx - LAIgs,mn) * SLA-1
Rh,8-day=(Clai*Klaiadj )+(Clitr*Klitr,adj)+(Csoil*Ksoil,adj)
Arctic Active
Layer
Soil C pool
Map (Csoil)
45
NEE8-day = (NPP8-day - Rh,8-day)
Rh,ann=  (Rh,8-day)i
i 1
NEEann = (NPPann - Rh,ann)
Satellite-based mapping and monitoring of Pan-Arctic Rh, NEE and surface soil temperature and
moisture controls to CO2 respiration.
AMSRE 6.9 GHz Land Surface Temperature (LUT) on May 25, 2003
Land surface temperature
derived
using AMSR-E 6.9
GHz H and V
Polarization. We also have compared
the
differences
among
different
approaches and channels and MODIS
Aqua LST, The atmospheric effect, in
emissivity vary differently depending on
the channels. In the arctic environment,
the upper layers of soil are frozen, and
the thermal inertia of below-ground
(permafrost) effect develops low soil
temperature. Our model produces
reliable
soil
temperature
using
microwave data. AMSR-E 6.9 and 36.6
GHz
channels
are
sensitive
to
temperature change.
Soil temperature comparison at Barrow for 2003
(Fily approach, AMSRE 6.9 GHz, 8-day average)
300
Soil Temperature (K)
290
280
270
260
250
240
1/1
2/10
3/21
4/30
6/9
7/19
8/28
10/7
Date
AMSR Ts
BGC Tsoil
Tower Tsoil
11/16 12/26
AMSR-E Maximum Soil Moisture during 2002-04
Daily surface moisture
and surface
temperature derived
from satellite
microwave remote
sensing are used as
the primary controls to
Rh. The map shows
maximum surface
moisture during 2002–
04 for the pan-Arctic
domain, as derived
from AMSR-E L3 daily
C- and X-band data.
Comparative carbon source/sink among the model estimated using MODIS
and AMSR-E data, Northern Black Spruce Ameriflux tower site-observed
data and BIOME-BGC model calculated using local meteorology data for
2003.
3
+Source
2
g C m-2 d-1
1
0
-1
-Sink
-2
-3
-4
1/1
2/10
3/21
4/30
6/9
7/19
8/28
10/7
11/16
Date
Carbon Model with AMSR and MODIS
BGC
Tower
12/26
SSM/I-derived timing of spring thaw and annual C cycle
anomalies (1988–2001) depicted by the regional ecosystem
process model (Biome-BGC) simulations of NEE for Alaska.
NEP anomaly (g C m-2 yr -1)
SSM/I Spring Thaw Timing vs Net CO2 Exchange
Net CO2(Alaska-Yukon;
exchange1988-2000)
(Biome-BGC)
40
Higher NEE (+)
30
Lower NEE (-)
20
10
0
-10
-20
R 2 = 0.585; P < 0.002
-30
-20
-10
0
10
Spring thaw anomaly (days)
20
Biome-BGC Model Derived Daily NEE June 26, 2003
The
microwave
derived
surface temperature and soil
moisture used to estimate NEE
at the boreal-Arctic region and
validated using flux tower sites
and RIIMS 25km meteorology.
The map shows pan-Arctic
daily NEE on June 26, 2003.