Transcript Summary of North American Calorimeter R&D Efforts Sept. 3, 2004 ECFA Workshop, Durham Jae Yu* University of Texas at Arlington • Introduction – Some calorimeter R&D.

Summary of North American
Calorimeter R&D Efforts
Sept. 3, 2004
ECFA Workshop, Durham
Jae Yu*
University of Texas at Arlington
• Introduction – Some calorimeter R&D Issues
• Particle Flow Algorithm Development
• ECAL
– Si/W
– Scintillator/W
• HCAL
– Scintillator/Steel
– RPC/Steel
• Summary
9/3/2004
*On behalf of all N.A. Calorimeter Groups
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Some Calorimeter R&D Issues
Simulations
 Evaluate EFlow
1.
2.
Full simulation [ Gismo→Geant4 ]
Pattern recognition algorithms [ emerging…] , merge with tracks, etc →
Full reconstruction [ JAS, Root ]
Optimize detector configuration
3.
Opportunities: algorithm development, validity of
Geant4, parameterizations, detector ideas
Case for jet physics

•
•
Low-rate processes (eg Zhh, tth)
Beam constraints vs not
•
•


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reduce combinations for mult-jet recon. (eg tt→6 jets)
How to combine with other info. (eg flavors from vxd)
e, photon id; muon id; forward (2-photon), missing E
Timing requirement (viz. 2-photon, beam bkgds.)
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EM Calorimeter R&D Issues
 Si/W
•
•
•
Cost, readout config., packaging, cooling
Mechanical structure
Optimize sampling vs Si area
Opportunities: generic detector development; detector and
electronics prototyping; comparative and detailed simulations
 Alternatives! [issues]
•
Scint. tiles [segmentation, light output, readout]
•
•
•
•
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With Si layer(s) ?
Shashlik [segmentation]
Crystals [segmentation, physics case for reso.? ]
LAr
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HAD Calorimeter R&D Issues
 Required segmentation for EFlow?
 “Digital’’ detector [issues]
•
•
•
RPCs [reliability, glass?, streamer/avalanche]
Scint. [segmentation, light, readout]
GEMs [scalability, long term reliability]
 Other options
•
Scint. tiles, ….?
 Generic Issues:
•
•
•
•
In/out –side coil
Compensation (partial?)
Absorber material and depth
Integrate muon id with dedicated muon det.
Opportunities: Wide open: detailed simulations in
conjunction with various detector options; detector prototyping
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Sept. 2004: Where are we?
• Essentially all issues are being/have been addressed…
…at “some level”  not necessarily a good level
• Development of full particle flow algorithm codes
– Goal: Physics signals (jet final states) optimized as a function of basic
detector parameters: B, Rtrk, cal. segmentation, etc.
– Parts of problem have been attacked incompletely
– Not easy! Needs to be recognized as a top R&D priority.
• Validation of key, new detector innovations
• Validation of the MC codes for simulating hadronic showers which
in turn will be used to design the calorimeter (using PFAs). This is
fundamental to calorimeter progress.
 Prototypes in a test beam
 Funding a serious issue to be timely
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Hadronic final states and PFAs
D. Green, Calor2002
LHC Study: Z→ 2 jets
• FSR is the biggest effect.
Z -> JJ , Mass Resolution
• The underlying event is
the second largest error (if
cone R ~ 0.7).
dE (Calor)
Fragmentation
Underlying Event
Radiation
B=4T
• Calorimeter resolution is
a minor effect.
σM / M  13% without
FSR
 At the LC, the situation is reversed: Detection dominates.
 Opportunity at the LC to significantly improve measurement of jets.
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Particle flow and calorimeters (cont’d)
Complementarity with LHC:
LC should strive to do
physics with all final states.
1. Charged particles in jets more
precisely measured in tracker
2. Jet energy 64% charged (typ.)
Separate charged/neutrals in calor.
 The “Particle Flow” paradigm
• ECAL: dense, highly segmented
• HCAL: good pattern recognition
H. Videau
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Particle-Flow Implications for Calorimetry
S. Magill
Traditional Standards
P-Flow Modification
Hermeticity
Uniformity
Compensation
Single Particle E measurement
Hermeticity
Outside “thin” magnet (~1 T)
Optimized for best single
particle E resolution
Optimize ECAL/HCAL separately
Longitudinal Segmentation
Particle shower reconstruction
Inside “thick” coil (~4 T)
Optimized for best particle shower
separation/reconstruction
3-D shower reconstruction in ECAL/HCAL requires high degree
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of longitudinal
segmentation
transverse
granularity
J. Yu
calorimetry (cont’d)
Reconstructing jets using particle flow algorithms:
D. Karlen
E jet  Echarged  Ephotons  Eneut. had.

2
Ejet

2
Echarged

2
Ephotons

2
Eneut.had.

2
confusion
Inserting resolutions for
• charged hadrons (tracker)
64% Ejet
• photons (EM cal.)
25% Ejet
• neutral hadrons (hadronic cal.)
11% Ejet
2
2
 E2jet  0.142 E jet  GeV    confusion
 0.3 E jet  GeV 
•
•
So the “confusion” term – correctly assigning energies – will dominate 
pattern recognition (+ QCD).
0.3/Ejet is a reasonable goal with good physics justification.
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Shower reconstruction by track extrapolation
S. Magill
ECAL
HCAL
Mip reconstruction :
Extrapolate track through CAL
layer-by-layer
Search for “Interaction Layer”
-> Clean region for photons
(ECAL)
Shower reconstruction :
Define tubes for shower in
ECAL, HCAL after IL
Optimize, iterating tubes in
E,HCAL separately (E/p test)
IL
track
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shower
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Track Substitution, Neutral Sum Results
G4v6.1
Jet cones – 0.5
Neutral contribution to E
sum ~3.7 GeV (most)
-> Goal is ~3 GeV (all)
Charged
Neutral
Includes mips + cell energies in conical
tubes
Further tuning of E/p parameter is still
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It’s not just for jet physics…
• Such a calorimeter will also do
very well for:
– Photons, including nonpointing
– Electrons and muons
• Tau id. and polarization
– 3rd generation
– Yukawa coupling
– Separation of tau final states
Brient, Calor2004
→ , 
→→+o
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Possible LC Calorimeter Themes
Current paradigms
• ECal: Silicon/tungsten
• HCal:
– “Analog” (5-10 cm seg.)
–
• CALICE tile-cal (TESLA)
“Digital” (1 cm seg.)
• SiD: RPCs, GEMs
• CALICE: RPCs, GEMs
Alternatives
• ECal:
–
–
–
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Si/scint/W hybrids
Scint/W
Scint/Pb
• HCal:
– Scint/Pb
→ Large/Huge Detectors
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What’s New: Silicon/W, SLAC-Oregon-BNL
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• Dynamically switched Cf
– Much reduced power
– Much better S/N
– Allows for good timing measurement
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what’s new Si/W (SOB), cont’d
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Timing with Si/W ECal
50 ns time constant and
30-sample average
 ns resolution
Concerns & Issues:
• Needs testing with real
electronics and detectors
D. Strom
• verification in test beam
• synchronization of clocks
(1 part in 20)
• physics crosstalk
• For now, assume pileup
window is ~5 ns (3 bx)
Concern reduced now!
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What’s New: Scintillator/W ECal, Colorado (cont’d)
U. Nauenberg
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Digital HCal with Scintillator (NIU)
Density based PFA
g recon inside jets
Needs validation in test beam
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Stack & Tile Fabrication
~15pe/mip
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Tile-Fiber-Reflector Optimization
No ageing
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extruded
cast
Relative LY
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Reflector Performance
Rainbow cell #250 wrapped in VM2002, Tyvek, CM500
rainbow cell #245 wrapped in VM2000
Rainbow cell #250 wrapped in VM2002, Tyvek, CM500
Normalized to Maximum for each set of data
rainbow cell #245 wrapped in VM2000
Normalized to Maximum for each set of data
WRAPPING MATERIAL
9.00E-01
Response
normalized to maximum (A)
8.00E-01
7.00E-01
ESR
VM2000 (non-adhesive side)
6.00E-01
VM2000 (adhesive side w/out plastic, stuck to cell)
5.00E-01
VM2000 (adhesive side w/ plastic still on)
4.00E-01
VM2002
3.00E-01
4173DL Tyvek
4182DL Tyvek
2.00E-01
Old Tyvek
1.00E-01
4158DL Tyvek
0.00E+00
CM500
6
7
8
Response
normalized to maximum (A)
1.00E+00
RAINBOW RAINBOW RAINBOW
1.00E+00
CELL
CELL
CELL
9.00E-01
#250
#250
#245
JUNE 22, JULY 12, JULY
12,
8.00E-01
2004
2004
2004
Normalized to ESR 7.00E-01
1.00
1.00
1.00
6.00E-01
0.99
1.01
5.00E-01
0.79
0.74
4.00E-01
0.83
0.79
0.81
3.00E-01
0.67
2.00E-01
0.66
0.65
0.62
0.66
1.00E-01
0.60
0.00E+00
0.35 9
6
10
1
2
1
2
1
11
7
position (cm)
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1 laye
2 laye
1 laye
2 laye
1 laye
layer VM2002 June 11
layers Tyvek June 14
layer CM500 June 15
layers Tyvek June 8
layer VM2000
9
10
11
12
position (cm)
22
Scintillator/Steel HCAL Status
• Simulations and prototyping studies indicate
approach competitive with other options.
• Detailed R&D studies on tile-fiber-reflector
optimization, photo-detector characterization,
efficient assembly have been successfully
completed.
• Focus shifting to test beam prototype
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What’s New: DHCal with RPCs, ANL
• AIR4 is a 1-gap RPC
built with 1.1mm glass
sheet
Mylar sheet
Resistive paint
1.2mm gas gap
– 1.2mm gap size
– Resistive paint layer is
about 1MΩ/□
Resistive paint
(On-board amplifiers)
Pad array
1.1mm Glass sheet
1.1mm Glass sheet
Mylar sheet
GND
-HV
Aluminum foil
• Running at 6.8 KV
– Avalanche signal ~5pc
– Efficiency >97%
• Total RPC rate from 64
channels <10 Hz
– Very low noise!
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ANL RPC R&D Plan
• R&D with chambers
– Essentially completed
• Electronic readout system
– Design and prototype ASIC
– Specify entire readout system
– Prototype subcomponents
• Construction of m3 Prototype
Section
– Build chambers
– Fabricate electronics
• Tests in particle beam
– Without and with ECAL in front
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Calorimeter R&D Summary
Calorimeter
Electromagnetic
Hadronic (analog)
Technology
Groups
Silicon-Tungsten
BNL, Oregon, SLAC
Silicon-Tungsten
Britain, Czech, France, Korea, Russia
Scintillator/Silicon-Lead
Italy
Scintillator/Silicon-Tungsten
Kansas, Kansas State
Scintillator-Lead
Japan
Scintillator-Tungsten
Colorado
Scintillator-Steel
Czech, Germany, Russia NIU
Scintillator-Lead
Japan
Gas Electron Multipliers-Steel FNAL, UT Arlington
Hadronic (digital)
Resistive Plate Chambers-Steel Russia
Scintillator – Steel
Nothern Illinois/ NICADD
Resistive Plate Chamber-Steel ANL, Boston, Chicago, FNAL
Tail catcher
9/3/2004
Scintillator-Steel
FNAL, Northern Illinois
Resistive Plate Chambers-Steel
Italy
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J. Repond
Validate various technical approaches (technique and physics)
Many novel concepts: Fine granularity E/HCAL, DHCAL, Calorimeters with
RPCs/GEMs, SiPMs…
Validate various concepts of the electronic readout
Many novel concepts: Imbedded ECAL readout, cheap digital readout…
Measure hadronic showers with unprecedented spatial resolution
Validate MC simulation of hadronic showers
Prerequisite for designing the LCDs
Compare performance of Analog and Digital HCAL
Comparison of hadron shower
simulation codes by G Mavromanolakis
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The Test Beam Prototypes
• Particle Flow will be tested and detectors optimized
using full Monte Carlo simulations
• These Monte Carlos (ie Geant4) must be validated with
test beam
– A new regime: “Imaging” hadron (and em) calorimeters
– Previous MC-cal comparisons not especially relevant
• Hadron showers are spatially large  a large
prototype is needed (with an ECal in front)
– 1 m3 , 4105 readout channels
• This requires funds (more than current LCRD/UCLC
awards)
• Meanwhile,
initial R&D
goals are at or near completion
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J. Yu
Summary
• Significant progress made in N.A. Calorimeter R&D
• Based on preliminary Particle Flow results and educated
guesses, the critical detector R&D has gone very well.
• We have learned much about LC requirements
– eg timing and hermeticity requirements (The ITRP process)
• Further progress on PFAs is critical for detector optimization
• Test beam validation of simulations is crucial for the cal. effort.
– This can go on in parallel with the PFA developments
• Strong funding support is needed for the quantum jump to the
next step
• Plan to participate in the world-wide effort for a coherent Test
Beam program
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