Transcript Shrimp, Prawn, Crayfish Aquaculture World harvest of farmed/wild marine shrimp in 2006 was 6.6 million MT! Thailand – 200,000 MT China – 110,000 MT Indonesia.

Shrimp, Prawn, Crayfish
Aquaculture
World harvest of farmed/wild marine
shrimp in 2006 was 6.6 million MT!
Thailand – 200,000 MT
China – 110,000 MT
Indonesia – 100,000 MT
Ecuador – 85,000 MT
India – 70,000 MT
Shrimp Gee-Whiz
• Shrimp, crabs, lobsters and crayfish all decapods
(they have 10 feet)
• Hundreds of spp. found in brackish and marine
• All farm-raised shrimp and most of the shrimp
caught by fishermen belong to the Penaeidae
family of decapod crustaceans and are referred to
as "penaeids".
Gulf Shrimp Identification
• Brown
– Groove on either side of spine
on back of head
– Similar groove on the last
body segment before the
tail segment (A)
A
• Pink
– Groove on either side of spine
on back of head
– Similar groove on the last body
segment before the tail segment
– Dark or pinkish blotch on each
side of body between carapace
and tail (B)
• White
– No grooves on spine or last
segment before tail (C)
B
C
Penaeid Shrimp Life Cycle
Shrimp have a maximum life span of about 24 months.
Larval Staging
• Penaeid Shrimp pass through three
larval stages
– Nauplii
– Zoeal
– Mysis
• Postlarval (PL) follows larval stages
– Look like shrimp by this stage
Nauplii Stage
• Six sub-stages
– May lose 25%
– Nauplii sub-stages
take approximately 48
hours
• 36-51 hour range
depending on
temperature
– Begin feeding at N6
Zoeal Stage
• Zoea feed on
phytoplankton
• Three zoeal substages
– 120 hrs
– 36-48 hrs per stage
Mysis Stage
• Look like adult
shrimp
• Begin to swim
backwards
• Three substages
– Each last 24 hrs
Post Larvae
• Postlarvae (PL)
– PL1: one day PL
• 0.0008 g/PL1
– PL 20: 20 day PL
• 0.02 g/PL20
• Swimming seta present on pleopods
• Reared in tanks or raceways
• Stocked in ponds beginning around
PL15-PL20.
Larval Feeding
Zoea
• Isochrysis
– Brown algae
– (3-5 mm)
Isochrysis
• Chaetoceros
– Diatom
– (4-6 mm)
• Tetraselmis
• Green algae
• (10-15 mm)
Chaetoceros
Tetraselmis
Larval Feeding
Mysis
• Feed large algae
cells early on
• Switch to artemia
(brine shrimp) for
later stages
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Artemia/ml
Late Z3-MI
MII-MIII
M I- M II
MIII-PL
Larval Feeding
Postlarvae
• Artemia
– 6/ml at PL4
decreasing to 0 by
PL11
• Formulated diet
– 35% protein
– 3% fat
• Feeding rate
– 200% bwt/day
– 50% X 4 times per
day
General Shrimp Farming Concepts
• Marine shrimp are grown in earthen
ponds located in coastal areas of
countries with tropical and
subtropical climates.
• Ponds are filled with saltwater
pumped from estuaries and oceans.
Small shrimp reproduced and raised
in captivity are stocked into the
ponds and are ready for harvest in 90
to 120 days.
Farm Location
• Locate ponds close to good quality
brackish water
– 5-30 ppt
– Farms can be inland if suitable aquifers
are available
• Soil should have high clay content
– 25%
• Water table should not be within
three feet of surface
Farm Permits
• Construction permits from Corps
of Engineers
• Aquaculture Permits from state
• Local permits
Farming Strategies
• Extensive
– Large ponds
– Low stocking densities
– Little management or investment
• Semi-Intensive
– Falls in between the two extreme of intensive and
extensive
• Intensive
–
–
–
–
Smaller ponds
Aeration
High stocking densities
Feeding
Pond Construction
•
•
•
•
Ponds range in size from 1-10 acres
4-7 feet deep
Gentle bottom slope
Well maintained levee
Gulf and Inland Shrimp Species
• Food
– Western white shrimp
• Penaeus vannamei
– Northern white shrimp
• Litopenaeus setiferus
– Freshwater shrimp
• Macrobrachium spp.
• Bait
– Brown shrimp
• Farfantepenaeus aztecus
Stocking
• Stock with post larval
shrimp (PL)
– ½ inch in length
– Stock 40,000-80,000
PLs per acre
– Havest 3,000lbs/acrea
Management
• Fertilize ponds prior to stocking
• Feed good quality shrimp feed
– 35% protein
– 3-5% bwt per day
• Provide aeration when necessary
Harvest
• Harvest in October
• 22-36 count
• Drain and seine
ponds
• Direct market or sell
to processor
Common Problems
• Shortage of PLs
• Shrimp viruses
Commonly Cultured Marine
Shrimp
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Penaeus merguiensis – Banana prawn
Penaeus indicus – Indian prawn
Penaeus japonicus - Kuruma prawn
Penaeus duorarum – Atlantic pink shrimp
Penaeus aztecus – Atlantic brown shrimp
Penaeus setiferous – Atlantic white shrimp
Litopenaeus vannamei – Pacific white shrimp
Penaeus monodon – Black tiger prawn
Shrimp Species
• Giant Tiger Prawn (Penaeus monodon)
– Named for its huge size and banded tail, P. monodon
still accounts for most of the farmed shrimp coming out
of Asia, but it's likely to lose that position to P.
vannamei over the next couple of years.
– Native to the Indian Ocean and the southwestern Pacific
Ocean from Japan to Australia, "tigers" are the largest
(maximum length 363 mm) and fastest growing of the
farmed shrimp.
– They tolerate a wide range of salinities, but shortages
of wild broodstock often exist, captive breeding is
difficult and hatchery survivals are low (20 to 30%).
Tigers are very susceptible to two of the most lethal
shrimp viruses: yellowhead and whitespot.
– Reddish-orange on the sides and pearly-white on the
top and bottom
Penaeus monodon
Black Tiger Prawn
Shrimp Species
• Western White Shrimp (Penaeus vannamei)
– Native to the Pacific coast of Central and South
America,
– Leading farm-raised species in the Western Hemisphere,
representing more than 95% of production.
– Because vannamei feeds on organisms which grow
naturally in the pond, it is cheaper to feed than
monodon.
– White shrimp can be stocked at small sizes, have a
uniform growth rate and reach a maximum length of 230
millimeters.
– They breed in captivity better than monodon
– Hatchery survivals are high, from 50 to 60%. Throughout
Latin America, hatcheries maintain captive stocks of
vannamei broodstock.
– Look for it to become the dominant species in Asia over
the next couple of years.
Litopenaeus vannamei
Pacific White Shrimp
Shrimp Species
• Chinese White Shrimp (Penaeus chinensis)
– Native to the coast of China and the west coast of
the Korean peninsula.
– Chinese white shrimp grow better in lower water
temperatures (down to 16 degrees Celsius) than
vannamei and monodon
– Tolerate muddy bottoms and very low salinities—
and, unlike the above species, Chinese white
shrimp readily mature and spawn in ponds.
– On the negative side, they have a high protein
requirement (40 to 60%), a small size (maximum
length of 183 millimeters), and a lower meat yield
(56%) than monodon (61%) and vannamei (63%).
– Also, chinensis appears to be more susceptible
to viruses than vannamei.
Shrimp Species
• Freshwater Prawns (Macrobrachium spp.)
– World production of farmed prawns has risen to around
200,000 metric tons, worth about a billion dollars, most
of it from Bangladesh and China.
– The genus Macrobrachium, which includes about 200
species, almost all of which live in freshwater for at least
part of their life cycle, native to all continents except
Europe.
– The favored species for farming has always been M.
rosenbergii, sometimes called the "giant river prawn" or
the "Malaysian prawn
– In the United States, there are more than 500 small
freshwater prawn farms (M. rosenbergii).
– Resemble giant tiger shrimp, but they're bigger,
chunkier, lighter in color, and their shells are always on.
– If the bottom part of the shell on the second tail segment
overlaps the shell on the first and third segments, it's a
freshwater prawn.
Shrimp...
• Brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus)
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–
–
–
Found in Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico
Most abundant of the three Gulf Shrimp
Closely related to the pink shrimp
The brown shrimp is found in murkier and
often deeper water.
– Spawn offshore from November to April.
– Young adults move out of protected marsh
areas from May to July.
• Excellent bait species
candidate!
More Species
• White (Atlantic) shrimp
(Litopenaeus setiferus)
– Found in Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico
– Second most harvested species in the three Gulf Shrimp
– The white shrimp is generally found in waters that are
muddier, shallower, and less salty than waters where
pink shrimp and brown shrimp live
– Spawn offshore from March to October
– Juvenile whites tolerate low salinity better than browns
– Young adults migrate offshore from July to November
Shrimp Species
• Pink shrimp
(Farfantepenaeus duorarum)
– Found in Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico
– Least abundant of the three Gulf Shrimp
– This species generally lives in clear
waters.
– Spawn offshore from May through
November
– Migrate out of marshes from April to
September
Broodstock Performance
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40 g females, 35 g males
Daily spawning rate (natural mating),
As a % of the total female population: 5-8%/day
Egg Production: 200-250,000 per female per
spawn.
• Nauplii production: 100-150,000 per female per
spawn.
• Useful productive life of the broodstock: 3-6
months
• Total spawns per female during her useful life:
10-15
Specific Pathogen Free
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White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV)
Taura Syndrome Virus (TSV)
Yellow Head Virus (YHV)
IHHN Virus (IHHNV)
MBV
BP/MBV
HPV
NHP
Gregarines
Microsporidians
Haplosporidians
Pond Design
• 1 to 25 A in size
• Silt soil
• Good water source
– Saline well
– Pumped from
ocean
– Hauled from
ocean
• Rectangular in
shape
Pond Preparation
Levels of Pond Culture
Extensive
Semiintensive
Intensive
Superintensive
Density
0.2 – 5 /m2
5 – 20 /m2
15 – 50 /m2
50 – 200 /m2
Nutrition
Nat. Prod.
Supp. + Nat.
Prod.
Feed
Feed
Aeration
None
Sometimes
Continuous
Continuous
Water
Exchange
Rate/day
Tidal
1-20% Evap.
Loss
5-30%
50-200%
Water Quality for Growout Ponds
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•
•
•
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•
Temperature: > 68F
Salinity: 0.5 - 35 ppt
Dissolved Oxygen: > 5 ppm
pH: 7.0 – 8.3
Unionized Ammonia: < 0.01 ppm
Nitrite: < 1.0 ppm
Nitrate: < 60 ppm
Aeration!!!
Potential Pond Production
• 1500-3000 lbs/A
– Low salinity 0 – 2000 lbs/A (Mean 650
lbs/A)
• Mean individual weights should
range between 15-30g
• 80 + % survival
• Feed conversion 2:1
Biosecure Zero Exchange
System
BioZEST System in Arizona
Acclimation to Low Salinity
Salinity
Change (PPT)
Change Per
Hour (PPT)
32 to 16
Time
(hrs)
8
16 to 8
8
1
8 to 4
8
0.5
4 to 2
8
0.25
2 to 1
8
0.125
1 to 0.5
8
0.063
2
Marketing Shrimp
• Price ranges from $1-4/lb heads on or
$4-10/lb tails (Size dependant)
• Sell to wholesaler
• Process
– Remove head
– HACCP certification required
– Market IQF or block frozen product
Culture of
Marine Shrimp
By
Leonard Lovshin
Department of Fisheries and
Allied Aquaculture
Auburn University, AL 36849
USA
Major Culture Species
Pacific white shrimp
Peneaus vannamei
Pacific tiger shrimp
Peneaus monodon
Native Range
P. vannamei
P. monodon
Pacific white shrimp biology
Food habits – benthic organizms, detritus
Preferred water temperatures – 25 to 30o C
Preferred salinity – 15 to 25 ppt
Sexual maturity - 1 year
Life Cycle
Adults spawn at
sea, the eggs and
larvae drift to
inshore estuaries
where the
juveniles grow.
Adults move back
to sea to spawn.
Marine shrimp have
been harvested from
coastal waters,
processed and
shipped as frozen
product for many
years. Shrimp
farmers took
advantage of the
infrastructure to
market cultured
shrimp.
Shrimp postlarvae can be
captured from the wild
Push nets
Shrimp postlarvae can be produced in
hatcheries
Nauplii stage
Mysis
stage
Zoea stage
Mature adults for spawning
in hatcheries are captured
from the ocean or raised in
captivity.
captivity
Ocean
broodstock
Wild and hatchery
produced postlarvae
are stocked into
earthen ponds for
grow-out
Ponds should be
built on salt
flats, which are
covered during
high tide twice a
month.
Mangrove forest
should be
preserved.
Mangroves are
flooded daily by the
high tides
Ponds are 5 to 10 ha in area, water
depth averages 1 m and bottoms are flat
and slope to a drain to aid shrimp
harvest.
Ponds are
filled with
saltwater
pumped from
estuaries into
canals that
distribute
water to
every pond.
diesel pumps
Drain
structures are
“monks” or
sluice gates
which control
water level, top
or bottom water
release and
keep shrimp
from escaping
the pond.
Shrimp can be cultured:
1.Extensively
2.Semi-intensively
3.Intensively
Extensive
culture
Postlarvae enter
the pond with the
tide or are stocked
at < 4/m3.
Sometimes the
pond entrance is
screened to limit
entrance of
predators. Water is
not fertilized and
shrimp are not fed.
Semi-intensive culture
Postlarvae are stocked into ponds at 15
to 25/m3 and are fed daily. Some water
exchange is practiced to maintain water
quality.
Shrimp are fed sinking
pellets which are
distributed over the
pond surface. Feeding
trays are sometimes
used to help determine
shrimp appetite.
Intensive Culture
Shrimp are
stocked at 35 250/m2 in tanks
and small ponds
with heavy
aeration and
water exchange.
Intensive Culture
Ponds are fed daily
Shrimp are
sampled weekly
to check growth
rate
Expansion of
pond area leads to
poor water quality
and high shrimp
mortality
Water intake pipes
and effluent
release in Taiwan
Diseases have reduced the shrimp
harvest in many countries.
Black-spot disease
Taura virus
Shrimp are benthic animals and live on the
pond bottom. Pond bottoms should be dried
to oxidize organic matter in pond mud before
stocking shrimp. Reducing organic material
improves water quality.
Shrimp are harvested as they pass
through the sluice gate during pond
draining.
Yields are:
1. Extensive – 500 kg/ha/crop
2. Semi-intensive – 1,000 to 1,500
kg/ha/crop
3. Intensive – 10,000 to 20,000
kg/ha/crop
Shrimp are transported to processors
that freeze the whole or deheaded
shrimp in blocks of water by size.
Most cultured shrimp is exported to the
U. S., Europe and Japan.
The harvest of marine shrimp by wild
capture and aquaculture in 2000
aquaculture
26%
1,087 mmt
3,081 mmt
capture
74%
World harvest of farmed marine
shrimp in 2000 was 1,087,111 MT
China
114,000 MT
India
73,000 MT
Ecuador
81000 MT
Indonesia
98,000 MT
Thailand
204,000 MT
The East produced 90% of the
world farmed marine shrimp
while the West produced 10 %.
Harvest of marine shrimp in the U. S.
in 1999 was 2,098 MT, less than 0.2 %
of world harvest.
Excellent markets and
ease of culture has made
shrimp one of the fastest
growing aquaculture
industries during the
past 20 years.
THE END