Transcript LABOUR FORCE SURVEY TIME USE SURVEY The aim is to show that only an integrated approach to these data makes the contribution of Italian.

LABOUR FORCE SURVEY
TIME USE SURVEY
The aim is to show that only an integrated
approach to these data makes the contribution
of Italian women to the economy more visible
Italy’s situation relative to the labour market is still strongly
gender differentiated
The level of participation in the labour market is among the
lowest ones in Europe (equal to 62.5 percent).
In 2005, only Malta and Hungary presented a participation level
lower than Italy’s.
Activity rates
Men Women
Total
Italy
EU-25
EU-15
74,6
77,8
78,9
50,4
62,5
63,2
62,5
70,2
71,0
The gap between Italy and the other countries mainly
involves the female component of its population.
As regards employment too, differences between Italy
and the rest of Europe interest almost exclusively
women.
For women, the difference between Europe’s and Italy’s
employment rate reaches 11 percentage points. Italy’s
female employment rate indeed equals 45.3 percent, that
is, higher only to that registered for Malta.
Consequently, the female employment rate is still very
distant from the European average, despite the growth
registered in the last years
Who are the women who have trouble in entering the labour
market or in remaining in it?
The family context strongly influences the presence of women in
the labour market:
ROLE IN THE HOUSEHOLD
One-person household
Lone-parent
Partner in couple without children
Partner in couple with children
-With one child
-With two children
-With three or more children
Child
Total
25-34
83,7
70,2
93,8
92,1
93,2
90,4
88,6
70,9
80,1
Men
35-44
45-54
89,2
90,0
95,1
94,0
94,9
94,1
90,7
75,6
91,2
84,0
88,0
88,8
89,9
90,1
90,3
88,6
67,9
88,1
Women
25-34 35-44
45-54
86,7
75,6
76,5
55,1
66,2
53,4
37,4
64,2
61,3
75,9
66,8
51,3
49,7
52,2
50,7
39,1
61,2
53,5
81,3
67,0
75,3
46,3
54,3
39,0
25,8
58,4
58,2
Data on the time daily devoted to paid work confirm a
strong gender difference: on an average day, employed
men devote 6h03’ to paid work while employed women
dedicate 4h28’ to it.
In addition, women spend more time working when they have no
family workload, and thus when they are single or live at home with
their parents. The fact of living with a partner and, especially, having
children, indeed involves a decrease in the time dedicated to paid
work.
7:00
6:00
Hours and minutes
Graph 1 - Time devoted
by employed
women to paid
work by family
role
5:09
5:02
5:00
4:45
4:40
4:03
4:00
3:00
2:00
1:00
0:00
Child
One-person
household
Lone-parent
Partner in
couple without
children
Partner in
couple with
children
If they work less, do they have more time for themselves,
or simply free time?
Graph 2 - Time devoted by employed people to unpaid work by gender and family
role on an average day
2:40
Women
One-person household
Partner in
couple w ith children
Partner in
couple w ithout children
5:15
3:39
4:03
Lone-parent
1:30
Child
1:23
Men
One-person household
Partner in
couple w ith children
Partner in
couple w ithout children
1:30
1:15
Lone-parent
Child
0:00
1:38
0:30
1:00
2:00
3:00
4:00
Hours and minutes
5:00
6:00
In Europe, the Italian women have the greatest
household workload
Swedish women have the least
Even among the employed women, the unpaid
workload is greater in Italy
Italian men dedicate less time than other European
men to housework and care activities and more to paid
work
The 77% of time dedicated to unpaid work by both
partners is charged on women
The total workload (paid and unpaid) is much higher
for women, and that in all the days of the week and in
all the family situations.
Graph 3 - Time for total work (paid and unpaid) of employed people living as
partners in couple with children by gender and type of day
Men
Average day
6:16
Week day
7:39
Saturday
Sunday
4:02
1:19
Women
Average day
Saturday
1:14
2:19
2:00
4:07
Week day
9:22
5:15
5:04
5:02
2:34
Sunday 0:42
7:46
1:30
6:07
5:32
0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00
Paid work
Unpaid work
Hours and minutes
Even for part-time female workers, work remains the main activity.
Paid work is simply substituted with household work while the
recovery of free time is still contained.
Women who work part-time have only 34 minutes more of total time
free from work than those who work full-time.
Graph 4 - Time devoted by women in couple with children to (paid and unpaid) work by
working hours
10:00
hours and minutes
9:00
8:00
7:00
6:00
5:00
4:00
3:00
2:00
1:00
0:00
Unpaid work
Paid work
Full time
Part time
Total work
In Italy the traditional role division has persisted: men invest
more in paid work and women take care of most of the
household work, even when they have entered the labour market
and must deal with a work overload that is difficult to manage.
With such work overload, unsurprisingly more than two millions of
inactive women (18,3% of inactive women), justify their condition
exclusively with family reasons.
Very often family reasons are indicated also by non-employed
women who have stopped working (32.7% of the total).
The necessity of taking care of the children is the most frequent
reason for inactivity or for leaving the labour market, given by
Italian women from all generations, young and less young.
The amount of unpaid work in Italy and its consequences on the
female participation to the labour market makes more important
the estimate of a satellite account, which assigns an economic
value to the productive activities performed by households and, in
particular, by Italian women.
In practical terms, regular official statistics of unpaid work and
production don’t exist and the knowledge of the economic value of
the households’ value added seems difficult to gain and to compare.
Anyway in Italy we are very interested in the building of a satellite
account and we are starting to work on this subject, thanks also to
a project involving Istat economic and social researchers and some
academic experts.
The data presented up until now are the result of an
integrated analysis of two different sources.
A new approach
The awareness of the strong inter-relations between
the two surveys has given rise to an experiment of
statistical matching which is being carried out in
collaboration with the University of Trieste.
The aim of such matching is to create a synthetic archive
of both surveys at a micro level in order to study the
relations between the specific variables of each survey.
1.
The integration of the two sources could enrich the
labour market analyses, as it would provide
information on the perceived life quality and on the
organisation of the life times.
2.
Likewise, the more general analysis of the time
budgets offered by the Time Use Survey could be
integrated with the in-depth studies on the working
condition characteristics as surveyed by the Labour
Force survey.
In particular, the aggregates object of attention could include the
“grey area” (mostly made up of women), that is a group of
persons that do not officially result in search of a job from a
strictly definition point of view but that “gravitate” very closely to
the unemployment area.
The grey area notoriously represents a context of strategic
analysis for the work policies, as it represents an area of possible
intervention that would help raise the level of participation.
This area of inactivity can be observed from the viewpoints
that the Time Use Survey proposes (budget time, perceived
quality of life and of lifetimes) and that could be explored even
through the innovative methodological approaches.