Chapter Introduction Section 1: America and the World Section 2: World War II Begins Section 3: The Holocaust Section 4: America Enters the War Visual Summary.
Download ReportTranscript Chapter Introduction Section 1: America and the World Section 2: World War II Begins Section 3: The Holocaust Section 4: America Enters the War Visual Summary.
Splash Screen
America and the World
World War II Begins
The Holocaust
America Enters the War
Chapter Menu
Could World War II Have Been Prevented?
In the 1930s, global economic problems brought dictators to power in Europe and Japan, and another world war erupted. Many Americans, disillusioned by World War I, wanted to remain neutral, but when Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, the United States was forced to join the war. • What problems do you think World War I created that contributed to the outbreak of World War II?
• Do you think different American policies in the 1920s and 1930s could have prevented World War II?
Chapter Intro
Chapter Timeline
Chapter Timeline
America and the World
How did events after WWI lead to dictatorships and American neutrality?
Chapter Intro 1
World War II Begins
What steps led to war in Europe in the late 1930s?
Chapter Intro 2
The Holocaust
How did the Nazis persecute the Jewish people?
Chapter Intro 3
America Enters the War
How did the United States become involved in World War II?
Chapter Intro 4
Chapter Preview-End
Big Ideas
Government and Society
In the years following World War I, aggressive and expansionistic governments took power in both Europe and Asia. Section 1-Main Idea
Content Vocabulary
• fascism • collective • internationalism
Academic Vocabulary
• exploit • dominate Section 1-Key Terms
People and Events to Identify
• Benito Mussolini • Vladimir Lenin • Joseph Stalin • Adolph Hitler • Manchuria • Neutrality Act of 1935 • Axis Powers Section 1-Key Terms
Should the United States take measures to stop dictators from ruling other countries?
A.
Yes
B.
No
A 0%
A. A B. B
0% B
Section 1-Polling Question
The Rise of Dictators
Dictators took control of the governments of Italy, the Soviet Union, Germany, and Japan.
The Rise of Dictators, 1922 –1933
Section 1
The Rise of Dictators
(cont.)
• In 1919,
Benito Mussolini
Fascist Party.
founded Italy’s −
Fascism
was an aggressive nationalistic movement that considered the nation more important than the individual.
− Once in office, Mussolini worked quickly to set up a dictatorship.
Italy Invades Ethiopia, 1935
Section 1
The Rise of Dictators
(cont.)
• After the Russian Revolution, the Communist Party, led by
Vladimir Lenin
, established communist governments throughout the Russian Empire.
− In 1922 they renamed these territories the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).
Section 1
The Rise of Dictators
(cont.)
• By 1926,
Joseph Stalin
new Soviet dictator.
had become the − Family farms were combined and turned into
collectives
.
− Between 8 and 10 million people died during Stalin’s rule, which lasted until his death in 1953.
Section 1
The Rise of Dictators
(cont.)
• One of the new political parties in Germany was called the National Socialist German Workers’ Party, or the Nazi Party.
− The party was nationalistic and anticommunist, calling for Germany to expand its territory and not abide by the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. − They were also anti-Semitic.
Section 1
The Rise of Dictators
(cont.)
• After
Adolf Hitler
’s first plan to seize power in Germany failed, he focused on getting Nazis elected to the Reichstag.
− By 1932, the Nazis were the largest party in the Reichstag.
− The following year, the German president appointed Hitler as chancellor.
− In 1934, Hitler became president, giving himself the title of Der F ührer.
Section 1
The Rise of Dictators
(cont.)
• In Japan, difficult economic times helped undermine the political system.
• Japanese military leaders and their civilian supporters argued that seizing
Manchuria
was the only way Japan could get the resources it needed.
− The Japanese prime minister was assassinated when he tried to stop the war by negotiating with China.
Japan Invades Manchuria, 1931
Section 1
The Rise of Dictators
(cont.)
• Japan’s civilian government supported the nationalist policy of expanding the empire and appointed a military officer to serve as prime minister.
Japan Invades Manchuria, 1931
Section 1
Which of the following dictators wrote Mein Kampf?
A.
Benito Mussolini
B.
Vladimir Lenin
C.
Joseph Stalin
D.
Adolph Hitler A. A B. B
A 0% B
D. D
0% D
Section 1
American Neutrality
Most Americans did not want to get involved in another European war, despite Roosevelt’s emphasis on internationalism.
Section 1
American Neutrality
(cont.)
• Isolationist ideas became stronger in the early 1930s for two reasons: − In 1934, all of the debtor nations except Finland announced they would no longer repay their war debts.
− The Nye Committee documented the huge profits that arms factories had made during the war, creating the impression that these businesses influenced the decision to go to war.
Section 1
American Neutrality
(cont.)
• Worried that the actions of Italy and Germany might lead to war, Congress passed the
Neutrality Act of 1935
.
− Later, they passed the Neutrality Act of 1937, which required the countries at war to pay cash and to send their own ships to pick up any nonmilitary supplies.
The Neutrality Acts, 1935 –1937
Section 1
American Neutrality
(cont.)
• Germany, Italy, and Japan became known as the
Axis Powers
September 1940.
, although they did not formally become military allies until • FDR supported
internationalism
and authorized the sale of weapons to China after Japanese forces launched a full-scale attack.
Section 1
The Neutrality Acts prohibited which of the following?
A.
Engaging in war with any nation
B.
Speaking to any dictators
C.
Selling arms to any country at war
D.
Importing goods from warring nations A. A B. B
A 0%
C. C
0%
D. D
B 0% C 0% D
Section 1
Section 1-End
Big Ideas
Trade, War, and Migration
World War II officially began with the Nazi invasion of Poland and the French and British declarations of war on Germany in September 1939. Section 2-Main Idea
Content Vocabulary
• appeasement • blitzkrieg
Academic Vocabulary
• violation • regime • concentrate • transport Section 2-Key Terms
People and Events to Identify
•
Anschluss
• Munich Conference • Maginot Line • Winston Churchill • Battle of Britain Section 2-Key Terms
Do you think that war could have been avoided if Europe’s leaders had not tried to appease Hitler?
A.
Yes
B.
No
A 0%
A. A B. B
0% B
Section 2-Polling Question
Path to War
European nations tried to prevent war by giving in to Adolf Hitler’s demands.
Section 2
Path to War
(cont.)
• Europe’s leaders believed that a deal could be reached with Hitler and war could be avoided for three reasons: − They wanted to avoid a repeat of the bloodshed of World War I.
− Some thought most of Hitler’s demand were reasonable.
− Many people assumed that the Nazis would be more interested in peace once they gained more territory.
Section 2
Path to War
(cont.)
• In late 1937 Hitler called for the unification of all German-speaking people, including those in Austria and Czechoslovakia.
− Hitler sent troops into Austria in March 1938 and announced the
Anschluss
of Austria and Germany.
The Causes of World War II in Europe, 1935 –1939
Section 2
Path to War
(cont.)
• Hitler next announced German claims to the Sudetenland, an area of Czechoslovakia with a large German-speaking population.
− At the
Munich Conference
, on September 29, 1938, Britain and France agreed to Hitler’s demands, a policy that came to be known as
appeasement
.
The Causes of World War II in Europe, 1935 –1939
Section 2
Path to War
(cont.)
• However, in March 1939 Germany sent troops into Czechoslovakia and divided the country.
− The Czech lands became a German protectorate.
• A month after the Munich Conference, Hitler demanded control of Danzig, a part of Poland.
− He also requested a highway and railroads across the Polish Corridor.
The Causes of World War II in Europe, 1935 –1939
Section 2
Path to War
(cont.)
• On March 31, 1939, Britain announced that if Poland went to war to defend its territory, Britain and France would come to its aid.
• Poland refused to give in to Germany’s demands.
• Germany and the USSR signed a nonaggression pact on August 23, 1939.
Section 2
What was Hitler’s initial act that eventually led to war?
A.
Declaring war on Poland
B.
Defying the Treaty of Versailles
C.
Dividing Czechoslovakia
D.
Aligning with Russia
A 0%
A. A B. B C. C
0% C 0% D
Section 2
The War Begins
After Poland and France fell to the Nazis, the British evacuated thousands of trapped troops from Dunkirk.
Section 2
The War Begins
(cont.)
• By October 5, 1939, the Germans had defeated the Polish military.
• The Polish army was outdated; plus, the Germans used a new type of warfare called
blitzkrieg
.
• Rather than risk their troops by attacking, the French preferred to wait behind the
Maginot Line
for the Germans to approach.
Section 2
The War Begins
(cont.)
• This decision proved to be disastrous for two reasons: − It allowed Germany to Poland first before turning west to face the British and French.
concentrate
on − Hitler decided to go around the Maginot Line, which protected France’s border with Germany, but not France’s border with Belgium.
Section 2
The War Begins
(cont.)
• As soon as the attack began, British and French forces raced north into Belgium.
− When the Germans reached France, the British and French were still in Belgium and could not move back quickly enough.
− The Germans began to drive them toward the English Channel.
Section 2
What was the downside to the evacuation at Dunkirk?
A.
Almost all of the British army’s equipment remained there.
B.
The boats used to transport the troops were ruined in the process.
C.
Hitler had time to plan another attack during these three days.
A. A B. B
0%
C. C
0% D.
The French refused to take part in the evacuation.
A C 0% D
Section 2
Britain Remains Defiant
Despite the bombing of London and other major cities, Britain’s Winston Churchill stood firm against the threat of Nazi invasion.
Section 2
Britain Remains Defiant
(cont.)
• On June 4, 1940,
Winston Churchill
delivered a defiant speech in Parliament, vowing that Britain would never surrender.
• The
Luftwaffe
and the Royal Air Force battled from June 1940 into the fall of 1940, an air battle that became known as the
Battle of Britain
.
• On August 23, German bombers accidentally bombed London.
• In return, the British bombed Berlin.
Section 2
Britain Remains Defiant
(cont.)
• Although the Royal Air Force was outnumbered, the British used a new technology called radar to detect the arrival of German planes.
• The British fighters inflicted more losses on the Germans than they suffered themselves, and on October 12, 1940, Hitler canceled the invasion of Britain.
Section 2
How many more planes did the Germans lose than the British?
A.
212
B.
415
C.
650
D.
818
A 0%
A. A B. B
B
D. D
0% D
Section 2
Section 2-End
Big Ideas
Group Action
The Nazis believed Jews to be subhuman. They steadily increased their persecution of Jews and eventually set up death camps and tried to kill all the Jews in Europe. Section 3-Main Idea
Content Vocabulary
• concentration camp • extermination camp
Academic Vocabulary
• prohibit • assume • virtually Section 3-Key Terms
People and Events to Identify
•
Shoah
• Nuremberg Laws • Gestapo • Wannsee Conference Section 3-Key Terms
Should the Unites States allow refugees or victims of persecution to immigrate at any time?
A.
Yes
B.
No
A 0%
A. A B. B
0% B
Section 3-Polling Question
Nazi Persecution of the Jews
Nazi laws stripped Jews of citizenship and full fundamental rights; immigration restrictions in other countries made leaving Germany difficult.
Section 3
Nazi Persecution of the Jews
(cont.)
• During the Holocaust, the Nazis killed nearly 6 million European Jews.
− The Hebrew term for the Holocaust is
Shoah
, meaning “catastrophe.” • Although the Nazis persecuted anyone who dared oppose them, as well as the disabled, Gypsies, homosexuals, and Slavic peoples, they reserved their strongest hatred for the Jews.
Section 3
Nazi Persecution of the Jews
(cont.)
• After the Nazis took power, they quickly moved to deprive German Jews of many established rights.
− In September 1935 the
Nuremberg Laws
took citizenship away from Jewish Germans and
prohibited
marriage between Jews and other Germans.
− Soon, other rights, such as the ability to work in certain professions, were taken away as well.
Section 3
Nazi Persecution of the Jews
(cont.)
• On November 7, 1938, a young Jewish refugee named Herschel Grynszpan shot and killed a German diplomat in Paris.
− In retaliation, Hitler ordered his minister of propaganda, Joseph Goebbels, to stage attacks against the Jews that would seem like a spontaneous reaction to news of the murder.
Section 3
Nazi Persecution of the Jews
(cont.)
• The anti-Jewish violence that erupted throughout Germany and Austria that night came to be called
Kristallnacht
, or “night of broken glass.” − Following the night of violence, the
Gestapo
arrested at least 20,000 wealthy Jews, releasing them only if they agreed to emigrate and surrender all their possessions.
Section 3
Nazi Persecution of the Jews
(cont.)
• Between 1933, when Hitler took power, and the start of World War II in 1939, some 350,000 Jews escaped Germany.
− However, many Jews remained trapped in Nazi-dominated Europe.
Section 3
Nazi Persecution of the Jews
(cont.)
• Several factors limited Jewish immigration to the United States: − Jews could not take more than about four dollars out of Germany, and American immigration laws forbade granting a visa to anyone “likely to become a public charge.” − High unemployment rates in the 1930s made immigration unpopular.
− Some Americans were anti-Semitic.
Section 3
Nazi Persecution of the Jews
(cont.)
− The existing immigration policy allowed only 150,000 immigrants annually.
• At an international conference on refuges in 1938, several European countries, the United States, and Latin America stated their regret that they could not take in more of Germany’s Jews.
• The SS
St. Louis
, with 930 Jewish refugees on board, was denied permission to dock in Cuba or the United States and turned back to Europe.
Section 3
Jews were deprived of the following rights EXCEPT
A.
holding public office.
B.
voting.
C.
keeping their German-sounding names.
D.
leaving the country.
A 0%
A. A B. B
B
D. D
C 0% D
Section 3
The Final Solution
Nazi atrocities included sending millions of Jews, Gypsies, Slavs, the disabled, and others to concentration camps and extermination camps.
Section 3
The Final Solution
(cont.)
• On January 20, 1942, Nazi leaders met at the
Wannsee Conference
to determine the “final solution of the Jewish question.” − They decided to round up healthy Jews from the vast areas of Nazi-controlled Europe and take them to detention centers known as
concentration camps
.
The Holocaust, 1939 –1945
Section 3
The Final Solution
(cont.)
− Most others, including the elderly, the infirm, and young children, would be sent to
extermination camps
.
− Some camps include Buchenwald, Auschwitz, and Treblinka.
• In only a few years, Jewish culture, which had existed in Europe for over 1,000 years, had been
virtually
obliterated by the Nazis in the lands they conquered.
The Holocaust, 1939 –1945
Section 3
Which country suffered the most Jewish losses?
A.
Belgium
B.
Germany
C.
Hungary
D.
Poland A. A B. B
A 0% B
D. D
0% D
Section 3
Section 3-End
Big Ideas
Government and Society
After World War II began, the United States attempted to continue its prewar policy of neutrality. Section 4-Main Idea
Content Vocabulary
• hemispheric defense zone • strategic materials
Academic Vocabulary
• revise • purchase • underestimate Section 4-Key Terms
People and Events to Identify
• America First Committee • Lend-Lease Act • Atlantic Charter Section 4-Key Terms
Should the United States have remained neutral in World War II?
A.
Yes
B.
No
A
A. A
0%
B. B
0% B
Section 4-Polling Question
FDR Supports England
President Roosevelt favored changes in American neutrality laws, although Americans remained divided about the war and American involvement.
Section 4
FDR Supports England
(cont.)
• Soon after the war began, Roosevelt called Congress into a special session to
revise
the neutrality laws.
− Under the Neutrality Act of 1939, warring nations could buy weapons from the U.S. only on a “cash-and-carry” basis.
− He used a loophole in the neutrality act to send 50 old American destroyers to Churchill in exchange for the right build American bases on British-controlled Newfoundland, Bermuda, and islands in the Caribbean.
Section 4
FDR Supports England
(cont.)
• A heated neutrality debate took place during the 1940 presidential election campaign.
• There were three committees with different viewpoints: − The Fight for Freedom Committee − The Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies − The
America First Committee
Section 4
Which stance did FDR take during the 1940 presidential election?
A.
A course between neutrality and intervention
B.
An isolationist stance
C.
An internationalist stance
D.
He aligned himself with the Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies.
A 0%
A. A B. B C. C
0% B
D. D
C 0% D
Section 4
Edging Toward the War
In 1940 and 1941, the United States took more steps to provide aid to Great Britain.
Section 4
Edging Toward the War
(cont.)
• By December 1940, Great Britain had run out of funds to wage war against Germany.
− Roosevelt proposed the
Lend-Lease Act
, which allowed the United States to lend or lease arms to any country considered “vital to the defense of the United States.” − After Hitler invaded the Soviet Union, this act also helped them.
Section 4
Edging Toward the War
(cont.)
• Because the United States was still technically neutral, Roosevelt could not order the U.S. Navy to protect British cargo ships.
− Instead, he developed the idea of a
hemispheric defense zone
.
− He then ordered the U.S. Navy to patrol the western Atlantic and reveal the location of German submarines to the British.
Aiding Britain, 1939 –1941
Section 4
Edging Toward the War
(cont.)
• In August 1941, Roosevelt and Churchill agreed on the text of the
Atlantic Charter
.
− By late September, an additional 15 anti-Axis nations had signed the charter.
• In early September 1941, a German U-boat fired on an American destroyer.
− Another U-boat sank the
Reuben James
, killing 115 sailors.
− As the end of 1941 drew near, Germany and the U.S. continued a tense standoff.
Section 4
The United States and England agreed to which terms in the Atlantic Charter?
A.
A postwar world of peace
B.
Always helping the other in times of war
C.
Defeating Germany
D.
Keeping a stockpile of weapons for the other country A. A
B A
C. C D. D
0% C 0% D
Section 4
Japan Attacks
The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor led the United States to declare war on Japan.
Section 4
Japan Attacks
(cont.)
• As German submarines sank British ships in the Atlantic, the British began moving warships from Southeast Asia, leaving India and other colonial possessions vulnerable to the Japanese.
− FDR applied economic pressure to hinder Japanese aggression.
Section 4
Japan Attacks
(cont.)
• In July 1940 Congress gave the president the power to restrict the sale of
strategic materials
to Japan.
− Furious, the Japanese signed an alliance with Germany and Italy, becoming a member of the Axis.
Section 4
Japan Attacks
(cont.)
• In 1941, Roosevelt began sending lend-lease aid to China in hopes of enabling the Chinese to tie down the Japanese and prevent them from attacking elsewhere.
− This strategy failed, and Japan sent military forces into southern Indochina.
Section 4
Japan Attacks
(cont.)
• Roosevelt froze all Japanese assets in the United States, reduced the amount of oil being shipped to Japan, and sent General Douglas MacArthur to the Philippines to build up American defenses.
• The Japanese then planned a series of attacks, including in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.
• Congress voted in favor of declaring war on Japan.
Section 4
Japan Attacks
(cont.)
• On December 11, Germany and Italy both declared war on the United States.
Section 4
How much of Japan’s oil did the United States supply at the time?
A.
20 percent
B.
50 percent
C.
80 percent
D.
90 percent A. A B. B
A 0% C B
D. D
0% D
Section 4
Section 4-End
Causes of the Rise of Dictators
Italy
• Mussolini’s Fascist Party believed in the supreme power of the state. • In 1922 Mussolini threatened to march on Rome; the king appointed Mussolini as the premier. VS 1
Causes of the Rise of Dictators
(cont.) Germany
• Hitler’s Nazi Party believed in an all-powerful state, territorial expansion, and ethnic purity. • Hitler believed that Germans needed more living space and called for Germany to expand east into Poland and Russia. • Germany invaded Poland in 1939, France in 1940, and the USSR in 1941.
VS 2
Causes of the Rise of Dictators
(cont.) Japan
• Military leaders pushed for territorial expansion. • Japan attacked Manchuria in 1931. • Japan invaded China in 1937. • Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in 1941.
VS 3
Effects
Holocaust
• During the Holocaust, the Nazis killed an estimated 6 million Jews. • Jews were targeted and sent to concentration or extermination camps throughout Europe.
VS 4
Effects
(cont.) World War II
• Leaders of France and Britain tried to appease Hitler by allowing territorial growth. • Britain and France declared war on Germany following the invasion of Poland. • The United States sent aid to the Allied forces through the lend-lease program and cash-and-carry provision. VS 5
Effects
(cont.) World War II
• France was defeated by the Nazis, who occupied the country in 1940. • The United States declared war on Japan in 1941, after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.
VS 6
VS-End
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
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fascism
a political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition Vocab1
collective
a farm, especially in communist countries, formed from many small holdings collected into a single unit for joint operation under governmental supervision Vocab2
internationalism
a national policy of actively trading with foreign countries to foster peace and prosperity Vocab3
exploit
use or manipulate to one’s advantage Vocab4
dominate
to command or control Vocab5
appeasement
accepting demands in order to avoid conflict Vocab6
blitzkrieg
name given to sudden violent offensive attacks the Germans used during World War II; “lightning war” Vocab7
violation
the disregard for, or breaking of, the law Vocab8
regime
a form of government Vocab9
concentrate
to bring or direct one’s powers, efforts, or attention toward a common objective Vocab10
transport
to convey from one place to another Vocab11
concentration camp
a camp where persons are detained or confined Vocab12
extermination camp
a camp where prisoners were sent to be executed Vocab13
prohibit
to make illegal by an authority Vocab14
assume
to take as granted or true Vocab15
virtually
almost entirely; nearly Vocab16
hemispheric defense zone
national policy during World War II that declared the Western Hemisphere to be neutral and that the United States would patrol this region against German submarines Vocab17
strategic materials
materials needed for fighting a war Vocab18
revise
to make changes to an original document Vocab19
purchase
to gain by paying money or its equivalent Vocab20
underestimate
to make too low an estimate of the quantity, degree, or worth of Vocab21
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