Transcript SECOND SEMESTER Third Marking Period THE LOOK AHEAD TO GRADUATION... THE ROADMAP TO JUNE 5TH PASSES THROUGH THE LAND OF...

SECOND SEMESTER
Third Marking Period
THE LOOK AHEAD
TO GRADUATION...
THE ROADMAP
TO JUNE 5TH
PASSES THROUGH THE LAND OF...
Graduation!
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The Wonderful World
of
Satire
The Restoration and
the Eighteenth Century
1
Poets
William
Wordsworth &
S.T. Coleridge
I. Time Period: 1660-1800 in England
A. Expansion from England to North America
Jonathan 1. America prospers and rebels by 1775
Swift
Gulliver’s 2. England exhausted by civil and colonial
Travels
war, a plague and a fire, yet by 1800
had
itself
Daniel transformed
Defoe
Robinson
a. despite losses, the military and
Crusoe
upper classes thrive; the middle
Samuel Johnson
class grew
Dictionary of the
English
b. an old nation produced brilliant
Language
literature
II. An Age With Several Names
2
A. The Augustan Age
1. England compared reign of Roman Emperor
Augustus (63 B.C.-A.D. 14) who restored
peace & order to Rome after Julius Caesar’s
assassination
2. The Stuart monarchs restored peace & order
to England after civil wars led to the execution of King Charles I in 1649.
a. As Augustus was hailed the second
founder of Rome, Charles II was hailed
as their savior.
Interesting fact: The body of Oliver Cromwell, the first
“commoner” to rule England, was dug up and beheaded by
Charles II’s supporters as a warning
B. The Neoclassical Age
1. During this time, English writers modeled
their works on the old Latin classics
3
a. “neo” means “new”
b. The classics were valuable because they
represented what was permanent and
universal in human experience
C. The Age of Reason - The Enlightenment
1. A shift in people’s thinking
a. from superstition/religion to reason
i. example: events & nat’l phenomena
have some meaning behind them; after,
they are
seen without those lenses
III. The Birth of Modern English Prose: Paring Down
A. The Royal Society for the Promotion of
Natural Knowledge gathers to change the
way scientists and all knowledge is written
1. avoiding elaborate metaphors and long
sentences.
4
a. cf. “When in the Course of human
events, it becomes necessary
for one
people to dissolve the
political bands
which have connected them
with another, and to assume among
them, a decent respect to the opinions of
5
mankind requires that they should
declare
Jefferson,
of Independence”,
the Thomas
causes
which“Dec.
impel
them to the1776
IV.separation.
Changes in Religion: More Questions
A. Deism - A religion based on reason and
the observation of nature.
1. miracles, divinity of Christ, Virgin Birth
thrown out
a. Philosophers: Jean Jacques Rousseau
(”noble savage”; original sin out)
b. Statesmen: Jefferson, Franklin, Paine
i. Jefferson’s Bible
c. Writers: Alexander Pope: “Nature and
Nature’s laws lay hid in night: God said,
Let Newton be! and all was light.
Alexander Pope, epitaph intended for Sir Isaac Newton
B. Rationalism
1. emphasized the authority of reason
a. reason is more powerful than sensory
experience
b. through reason, human beings can understand the nature of reality
C. Religion & Politics
2. Religion determined people’s politics
a. Charles II reestablishes the Anglican
Church as the official church - and outlawed the Puritans and Independents
i. persecution
6
V. The Bloodless Revolution
7
A. Charles II has no heir. Dies in 1685. His brother
James II succeeds.
1. Problem - he’s a Catholic
a. widely believed Catholics set fire to London and plotted to hand country to pope
2. Plot thickens - James has a son, a Catholic
heir!
3. Oh oh! Better get outta here!
a. In 1688, the royal family fled to France
i. the Glorious (bloodless) Revolution;
James II succeeded by his Protestant
daughter Mary & husband William of
Orange. Ever since, English rulers
been Protestants
VI. Addicted to the Theater
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A. Theaters were closed for more than 20 years
when the Puritans held power. Charles II,
in exile in France, became addicted to
theatergoing - so he repeals the ban on
play performances.
1. for the 1st time, female actors acted
VII. The Age of Satire: Attacks on Immorality &
Bad Taste
A. Writers such as Swift were appalled by the
squalor and shoddiness in art, manners, and
morals - the underside of 18th Century life.
B. Swift was not satisfied with the world, deploring corrupt politics and the commercialism
and materialism of the middle class.
VIII. Journalism - A New Profession
A. Daniel Defoe - saw himself as a reformer
IX. Public Poetry
A. Is real poetry “conceived in the soul” or only
in the mind? Augustan poets:
1. had no desire to expose their soul
2. were usually composed for an occasion
3. Example - an Augustan elegy didn’t tell the
truth about a dead person - but the best
things the poet could think of saying
B. At the opposite extreme, a poet might think
a person should be exposed to public ridicule;
the poet would write a satire - a type of
writing that doesn’t make a just and balanced
judgment but say the worst thing he can think.
X. The First English Novels
A. Writers began writing fictional narratives
called “novels” (”novel” means “something new”
1. They were funny
2. They show us what life was like at the time
3. They help us understand the humor and disappointments of human experience in all
ages.