Chapter 11 Alcohol and Other Drugs This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law.

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Chapter 11

Alcohol and Other Drugs

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Myth or Fact?

 Heroin addicts are as likely to be high on alcohol as heroin when they commit crimes.

 The most serious drug problem in the U.S. is the flow of heroin, cocaine and marijuana from overseas.

Fact Myth

What is a Drug?



A drug is any substance that, when consumed, alters one or more of the functions of the human body.

What is a Drug?

 The term drug refers to any chemical substance that:  has a direct effect on the user’s physical, psychological, and/or intellectual functioning  has the potential to be abused  has adverse consequences for the individual and/or society.

Drug Use and Abuse Around the World

 Globally, 5% of the world’s population between the ages of 15 and 64 —208 million people —reported using at least one illicit drug in the previous year.

 The lifetime prevalence of illicit drug use varies from 46% of adults in the United States, to 36% in England, 26% in Italy, 18% in Poland, and 9% in Sweden.

The Netherlands

 U.S. citizens visiting the Netherlands may be shocked or surprised to find people smoking marijuana and hashish openly in public.

 Pictured here is a tourist using a water pipe to smoke marijuana in a coffee shop.

Drug Policies: Netherlands

 The Netherlands has officially treated use of marijuana, hashish, and heroin as health issues rather than a crime since the 1970s.

 This is commonly referred to as a “medical model.”  Initially there was no increase in drug use but in the 1990s “cannabis cafes” may have led to increases in marijuana use.

Drug Policies: England

 Great Britain has also adopted a medical model for cocaine and heroin.

 The recommendation was made to downgrade marijuana to a Class C drug (the lowest possible) noting it was less dangerous than tobacco or alcohol.

Drug Policies: Malaysia

 Penalties for possession, use, or trafficking in illegal drugs in Malaysia are severe.

 There is a mandatory death penalty for convicted drug traffickers.

 Individuals arrested in possession of 15 grams (1/2 ounce) of heroin or 200 grams (seven ounces) of marijuana are presumed by law to be trafficking in drugs. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Historical Perspective

 Until the early 1900s opium and morphine were legally available.

 Amphetamine based inhalers were legally available until 1949.

 Cocaine was an ingredient in Coca-Cola until 1906.

Opium Den

Heroin Cough Medication

Heroin Teething Medication

What Do You Think?

 On February 23, 2009, Tom Ammiano, a California State Assembly member, introduced legislation that would “regulate the cultivation and sale of marijuana, and then tax it” (Mieszkowski 2009, p. 1).

What Do You Think?

 According to U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) estimates, marijuana is California’s largest cash crop, bringing in $14 billion a year (Stateman 2009). If passed, the Marijuana Control, Regulation, and Education Act would allow California to control marijuana in the same way it controls alcohol and, in the same way, would generate much needed state revenues. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What Do You Think?

 Do you think marijuana should be legalized? If so, what age limits, if any, would you impose?

% Reporting Drug Use, 2007

Drug Marijuana and Hashish Cocaine Crack Heroin Lifetime 46.1

14.5

3.5

1.5

Past Year 10.1

2.3

0.6

0.1

Past Month 5.8

0.8

0.2

0.06

% Reporting Drug Use, 2007

Drug LSD PCP Ecstasy Inhalants Lifetime 9.1

2.5

5.0

9.1

Past Year 0.3

0.1

0.9

0.8

Past Month 0.1

0.0

0.2

% Reporting Drug Use, 2007

Drug Pain Relievers Tranquilizers Methamphetamine Sedatives Cigarettes Alcohol Lifetime 13.3

8.2

5.3

3.4

65.3

N/A Past Year 5.0

2.1

0.5

0.3

28.5

N/A Past Month 2.1

0.7

0.3

0.1

24.2

51.1

Drug Abuse

 Occurs when acceptable social standards of drug use are violated, resulting in adverse physiological, psychological, and/or social consequences.  Chemical dependency - Drug use is compulsive; users are unable to stop.

Drug Use and Abuse

 Opinions about drug use vary greatly as to whether drug use itself is a social problem.

 Much of the concern about drugs of abuse relates to their effects on people:  Dependence  Drug addiction  Tolerance  Cross-dependence  Cross-tolerance Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Social Costs of Drug Abuse

 Accidents  Alcohol consumption is associated with fatal traffic, airplane, and occupational accidents.  Crime  In well over half of homicides in the U. S., the victim, the perpetrator, or both were drinking at the time of the crime.

The Social Costs of Drug Abuse

 Family Problems  Alcoholics are seven times more likely to become separated or divorced from their spouses.

The Social Costs of Drug Abuse

 Work Problems  People who abuse alcohol or illicit drugs have higher rates of absenteeism, are more likely to jump between jobs, are more likely to be fired and are more likely to be involved in workplace accidents.  Health Problems  Most psychoactive drugs that are taken in large quantities produce severe health problems and even death. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Extent of Drug Abuse in the U.S.

 Alcohol  Alcoholism is the consumption of alcohol at a level that produces serious personal, social, or health consequences.

 People with certain social characteristics are more likely to become alcoholic.

 Rates of alcoholism vary by gender, age, religion and socioeconomic status.

Alcoholism

 The chances of being alcohol dependent also increase if an individual’s parents:  Are alcoholics  Drink  Have a positive attitude about drinking  Use discipline sporadically Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Tobacco

  In 2008, 60.1 million American —24.2 percent of those 12 and older —are current cigarette smokers Use of all tobacco products, including smokeless tobacco, cigars, pipe tobacco, and cigarettes, is higher for high school graduates than for college graduates, males, and Native Americans and Alaska Natives.  In 2007, 3.1 million youths between the ages of 12 and 17 reported use of a tobacco product in the past month.

Tobacco Packaging

 The Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids calls the introduction of candy-flavored cigarettes and smokeless tobacco an “outrageous” tactic to lure youth into using tobacco products. Note the appeal to African-American youth and women in some of the packaging.

Gateway Drug

 A drug (e.g., marijuana) that is believed to lead to the use of other drugs (e.g., cocaine).

Marijuana

 Most commonly used and trafficked illicit drug.

 Globally, there are 166 million marijuana users, representing 3.9% of the world’s adult population.

 Regionally, marijuana is the most dominant illicit drug and its consumption in North America is particularly high.  Despite eradication campaigns that destroyed 80% of Mexico’s crop, the remaining 20% is sufficient to supply a large portion of the U.S. marijuana market.

Marijuana

 There are more than 14.4 million current marijuana users, representing 5.8% of the U.S. population age 12 and older.

 44.8% of twelfth graders have used marijuana or hashish at least once in their lifetime.

Cocaine

 Cocaine, made from the coca plant, has been used for thousands of years.

 According to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health:  2.1 million Americans 12 years and older are current cocaine users —a slight although not statistically significant decrease from 2007.

Crack

 A crystallized product made by boiling a mixture of baking soda, water, and cocaine.  The result, also called rock, base, and gravel, is relatively inexpensive and was not popular until the mid-1980s.

 Crack dealers often give drug users their first few “hits” free, knowing the drug’s intense high and addictive qualities are likely to produce returning customers.

Crack

  An addiction to crack can take 6 –10 weeks.

An addition to pure cocaine can take 3 –4 years.

 According to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 610,000 current crack users between the ages of 15 and 64 in the United States, down from 702,000 in 2006. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Methamphetamine

 Methamphetamine (meth, speed, crank) is a central nervous system stimulant that can be injected, snorted, smoked, or ingested orally and is highly addictive.

 It produces a short “rush” followed by periods of increased activity, decreased appetite, and a sense of well-being which can last between 20 minutes and 12 hours.

Methamphetamine Use

 For those who use methamphetamine the physical transformation is remarkable (3.5 years).

Other Drugs

 Club drugs  A general term for illicit, often synthetic, drugs commonly used at nightclubs or all night dances called “raves.”  Date-rape drugs  Drugs that are used to render victims incapable of resisting sexual assaults.

Heroin

 Heroin (dope, H, smack, horse) is a painkiller and is the most commonly abused opiate drug.  Highly addictive, heroin can be injected, snorted, or smoked.

 If intravenous injection is used, the euphoric effects are felt within 7 –8 seconds; if heroin is snorted or smoked, the effects are felt within 10 –15 minutes.

What Do You Think?

 According to Jeffrey Reiman on the “basis of available scientific evidence, there is every reason to suspect that we do our bodies more irreversible damage by smoking cigarettes and drinking liquor than by using heroin.”  How would a social constructionist explain the legality of alcohol and tobacco products?

 Why do you think alcohol and tobacco products are legal, whereas heroin continues to be a target of the war on drugs?

Family Costs of Drug Use

 It is estimated that 1 in 10 U.S. children live with at least one parent in need of treatment for drug or alcohol dependency.  Children of alcoholics are four times more likely to have alcohol or drug problems than children of nonalcoholics.

 Nearly 5 million adults who abuse alcohol have children younger than age 18 living with them.

Alcohol Related Motor Vehicle Accidents

 According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration:  13,000 people were killed in alcohol-impaired driving crashes in 2007, accounting for 32 percent of all motor vehicle traffic fatalities in the United States.

 Ten million people 12 years of age and older reported driving while under the influence of an illicit drug.

Biological & Psychological Explanations

 Biological explanations  suggest that hereditary factors may be involved in people’s proneness to addiction to various drugs  Psychological explanations  suggest that abuse arises from some psychological process or is the result of some emotional or personality disorder Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Sociological Explanations

 The Functionalist Perspective  The strains, inconsistencies, and contradictions in the social system contribute to the drug problem.

Sociological Explanations

 The Conflict Perspective  Whether a drug is considered dangerous or not depends on which groups have the most control over the political and legal systems.

 Some groups benefit in economic and other ways from the consumption of drugs by others and it is in their interests to make drugs available and to encourage their use.

Sociological Explanations

 The Interactionist Perspective  Drug use and abuse arise from the social influences that can be found in a particular context.  Cultural transmission theories view crime and drug abuse as learned behaviors that are transmitted through the socialization process of a particular culture. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Future Prospects

 Drug abuse is a serious and complex problem for which there is not an easy answer.  Some programs can help mitigate some of its more serious consequences.

Chapter 11 Alcohol and Other Drugs This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law.

Transcript Chapter 11 Alcohol and Other Drugs This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law.

Chapter 11

Alcohol and Other Drugs

Myth or Fact?

What is a Drug?

A drug is any substance that, when consumed, alters one or more of the functions of the human body.

What is a Drug?

Drug Use and Abuse Around the World

The Netherlands

Drug Policies: Netherlands

Drug Policies: England

Drug Policies: Malaysia

Historical Perspective

Opium Den

Heroin Cough Medication

Heroin Teething Medication

What Do You Think?

What Do You Think?

What Do You Think?

% Reporting Drug Use, 2007

% Reporting Drug Use, 2007

% Reporting Drug Use, 2007

Drug Abuse

Drug Use and Abuse

The Social Costs of Drug Abuse

The Social Costs of Drug Abuse

The Social Costs of Drug Abuse

Extent of Drug Abuse in the U.S.

Alcoholism

Tobacco

Tobacco Packaging

Gateway Drug

Marijuana

Marijuana

Cocaine

Crack

Crack

Methamphetamine

Methamphetamine Use

Other Drugs

Heroin

What Do You Think?

Family Costs of Drug Use

Alcohol Related Motor Vehicle Accidents

Biological & Psychological Explanations

Sociological Explanations

Sociological Explanations

Sociological Explanations

Future Prospects

Directory