Need-finding and Ideating John C. Tang September 4, 2007 Turn in your Idea Lists! Sit at tables in groups of SIX (6)
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Need-finding and Ideating
John C. Tang September 4, 2007 Turn in your Idea Lists!
Sit at tables in groups of SIX (6)
Today’s newspaper (S.J. Merc)
Today
Complete intro to contextual inquiry Other methods – Task analysis – Ethnography Design – Ideating – Sketching – Brainstorming
Intro Christine Robson
Last time: Doing a Contextual Inquiry
Direct Observation + Interviewing In natural context of activity Intentionally pick participants, location, time Follow where the participant leads (partner) Learn user’s vocabulary Gather artifacts, recordings
Outcome of CI
Experiencing it is perhaps the most important!
What are we going to do with all this data?
– Analyze – Reporting Goal: Gain understanding of user
Understanding of user
What resources are used to accomplish task?
What hindrances encountered in accomplishing task?
Analyze data to get better description and understanding of resources and hindrances
Resources used
Tools, devices – Cell phone, computer, shovel Information – Web page, phone directory Other people – Expert, peer, grad student
Hindrances encountered
Not having the right tool – Workarounds Unable to access resources needed – Can’t find information – People unavailable Unaware of important information – Confusion
Analyzing data is collaborative
Researchers involved in CI Designers Project leads Software developers Users Multiple perspectives elicit details
Analysis session
Each researcher presents each CI case – Resources used to accomplish activity – Hindrances encountered – Things that surprised you – Things that seem unusual, interesting Other participants ask questions, share similar or contrasting examples from their data
Analysis session (2)
After all cases are presented, team looks for patterns across cases Commonly used resources Commonly encountered hindrances Common themes, patterns, sequences Try out possible design ideas – What if…?
Report
Descriptive understanding of activity – Common resources used – Common hindrances encountered – Common patterns – Illustrated with stories, pictures, clips Design implications / insights
Revisiting Jim and dating
Resources – Great looks – Witty stories – Good listening skills Hindrances – Facial bruise from ultimate frisbee – Matching story with prospect’s interests – Noisy environment
Contextual Inquiry in CS160
Asking for a Contextual Inquiry of group project (future assignment) Each group member should do at least one contextual inquiry Analysis done by whole group Report
Task analysis
Goals – A state of the system that the user wishes to achieve Tasks – The activities required, used, or believed to be necessary to achieve a goal Actions – Simple tasks that involves no problem solving or control structure
Task analysis example
Communicate with family Ask for $$ Add personality Write email Add to email Add emphasis Open Compose window Type text Type text [email protected]
Starting the school year Hi Mom and Dad, The school year has gotten off to a fast start. I’m in a great Human-Computer Interface class!
Oh, by the way, please send more money for books. Gotta go!
Task analysis example
Communicate with family Ask for $$ Add personality Write email Add to email Add emphasis Open Compose window Type text Type text Format text [email protected]
Starting the school year Hi Mom and Dad, The school year has gotten off fast
great
Human-Computer Interface class!
go!
please more money for books. Gotta luv u bunches , student
Task analysis example
Communicate with family
Identify bundles
Ask for $$ Add personality Write email Add to email
Elicit breadth of tasks and goals
Add emphasis Open Compose window Type text Type text Format
Use standard actions
text [email protected]
Starting the school year Hi Mom and Dad, The school year has gotten off to a fast start. I’m in a
great
Human-Computer Interface class!
Oh, by the way, go!
please send more money for books. Gotta luv u bunches , student
Ethnography
noun
-- The branch of anthropology that deals with the scientific description of specific human cultures. Typically applied to study of foreign cultures
It’s a jungle out there
Ethnography in the workplace Lucy Suchman, Human-Machine Reconfigurations: Plans and Situated Actions
Ethnography
Natural settings – a commitment to studying activities in the “natural” setting in which they occur Descriptive – an interest in developing detailed descriptions of the lived experience Members’ point of view – understanding the participant’s activity from the participant’s point of view Focuses on what people actually do – understanding the relationship between activities and environment
Ethnographic HCI studies
Long-term, direct observation Rich, detailed, qualitative description Analysis takes at least 2X duration of data recorded To learn, apprentice with a mentor
Other terms you’ll hear
Participatory Design (PD) – Besides partnering in the observation process, users can also actively participate in the design process – Primarily reacting to prototype designs User-Centered Design (UCD) – Focused on the user, not the technology (we’ve been presuming this)
Design
Ideating – expressing ideas Representing – Sketching – Enacting Brainstorming – More ideas better more creative – Group vs. individual creativity
NEEDS EVALUATE DESIGN IMPLEMENT
Design “ideology”
Sketching – “Visual Thinking” Number of ideas, alternatives
Sketching in design
Allows quick iteration through many ideas (fast and cheap) Suggests and explores rather than confirm Stimulates left-brain / right-brain interaction Invites sharing ideas Product design roots
Sketching & Cartooning
Design sketch
http://www.visionunion.com/article.jsp?code=200504140031
Screen sketch
http://www.agilemodeling.com/essays/initialRequirementsModeling.htm
Screen sketch
http://www.graphicalwonder.com/?p=12
Sketching exercise
Buying / Pumping gas in 6-8 frames From memory of using these devices Draw actions focus on goals and tasks Individually create series of sketches – Quality of drawings, details not important – Must convey the interface and the interactions Learning by doing!
10-minutes
Approach pump Open gas lid Payment mode Type in zip code Select grade of fuel (optional services) Pumping gas (auto-on feature) Do you want a receipt?
Reflecting on sketching
Hard? Easy?
Did exercise suggest any ways of improving the taskflow to better match users’ goals?
Collect: Please make sure your name is on it Discussion section: Perspective drawing
Computational sketching
Many software tools for “sketching” Freeware gimp – GNU Image Manipulation Program http://www.gimp.org/windows/
Screenshots (Windows)
Windows “Print Screen” key Typically found in upper right corner Puts screenshot into paste buffer – Currently active window only
Screenshot (Macintosh)
Copy entire screen –
Brainstorming
Technique for facilitating group creativity Popularized by Alex Osborn, 1930s,
Applied Imagination
– Defer judgement – Wildest possible ideas – Go for quantity – Build on others’ ideas
Rules for brainstorming
1. Be visual 2. Defer judgment 3. Encourage wild ideas 4. Build on the ideas of others 5. Go for quantity 6. One conversation at a time 7. Stay focused on the topic
Brainstorming exercise
Create ideas that would help you communicate with your family, from your 90 yr. old grandfather, to your 10 yr. old younger sister What are their user characteristics?
What kinds of info would you like to communicate with them?
Work in groups 15 minutes
Brainstorming +
1. Be visual 2. Defer judgment 3. Encourage wild ideas 4. Build on the ideas of others 5. Go for quantity 6. One conversation at a time 7. Stay focused on the topic
Alternatives Magnify Minimize Reverse Leverage Distort Integrate
Reflecting on brainstorming
Explore new ideas?
Surprised at number of ideas?
How much longer would you go?
“Manipulative” verbs
Adapt Modify Magnify Minify Substitute Rearrange Reverse Combine Multiply Divide Eliminate Subdue Invert Separate Transpose Unify Distort Rotate Flatten Squeeze Complement Submerge Freeze Soften Fluff-up By-pass Add Subtract Lighten Repeat Thicken Stretch Extrude Repel Protect Segregate Integrate Symbolize Abstract Dissect
Processing a brainstorm
Take a short break Poll on interesting ideas (~10%) Group ideas together Identify and apply criteria Prioritize Identify follow-up tasks
Assignment: Map of Berkeley (Due Sept. 11)
Draw conceptual map of Berkeley that conveys your experience of the area – Introduce me to Berkeley!
– Express visually, not with words (like Pictionary) – Create feature list Show map to one other person not in CS160 – “Here’s a map of Berkeley I drew—tell me what you learn from it” – Record number of features they recognize Hand in 2 copies (black & white copy OK)
Example
Feature list BART station Soda Hall Hill between BART and Soda “The Play”, Cal vs. Stanford, 1982
Next time
Return to Soda 405 Readings: – Millen, Feinberg, & Kerr, "Dogear: Social Bookmarking in the Enterprise" – Kathy J. Lee "What Goes Around Comes Around: An analysis of del.icio.us as social space“ Guest speaker from facebook: – Dave Fetterman, Senior Engineer, founder of Facebook Platform – Ami Vora, Facebook Developer Community My office hours TODAY 2:00-3:00 6 th floor alcove