Introduction and Welcome AdS/CFT Intersects Nuclear Beams at Columbia W.A. Zajc Columbia University 26-Oct-07 W.A. Zajc RHIC Perspectives W.A.

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Transcript Introduction and Welcome AdS/CFT Intersects Nuclear Beams at Columbia W.A. Zajc Columbia University 26-Oct-07 W.A. Zajc RHIC Perspectives W.A.

Introduction and Welcome

26-Oct-07

AdS/CFT Intersects Nuclear Beams at Columbia W.A. Zajc Columbia University

W.A. Zajc

26-Oct-07 W.A. Zajc

26-Oct-07

Outline of My Talk

W.A. Zajc

Really, It’s A Meta-Talk

26-Oct-07 Introduction, Motivation, Definition of terms up to here Two major discoveries: Flow Jet quenching W.A. Zajc

Really, It’s A Meta-Talk

26-Oct-07 Flow, v 2 scaling with n q W.A. Zajc

Really, It’s A Meta-Talk

26-Oct-07 Jet quenching, away-side disappearance, direct photons Mach cones, re-appearance of the away side W.A. Zajc

Really, It’s A Meta-Talk

26-Oct-07 Perfect liquid, KSS bound as QM result Viscosity primer W.A. Zajc

Really, It’s A Meta-Talk

26-Oct-07 The d énouement!

AdS/CFT connection h /s values W.A. Zajc



The Primacy of QCD

While the (conjectured) bound

h  

4 

is a purely quantum mechanical result . . .

 

It was derived in and motivated by the Anti-de Sitter space / Conformal Field Theory correspondence Weak form:



“Four-dimensional

=4 supersymmetric SU(N c ) gauge theory is equivalent to IIB string theory with AdS 5 x S 5 boundary conditions.” ( The Large N limit of superconformal field theories and supergravity , J. Maldacena, Adv. Theor. Math. Phys. 2, 231, 1998 hep-th/9711200 )



Strong form:



“Hidden within ( every non-Abelian gauge theory, even within the weak and strong nuclear interactions, is a theory of quantum gravity.” Gauge/gravity duality , G.T. Horowitz and J. Polchinski, gr-qc/0602037 )



Strongest form: fascinating connections over the full range of the coupling constant to study QGP



Only with QCD can we explore

Quantum Gauge Phluid

experimentally these

26-Oct-07 W.A. Zajc

 

The (Assumed) Connection

Exploit Maldacena’s “D-dimensional strongly coupled gauge theory stringy gravity”



Thermalize with massive black brane (D+1)-dimensional h

mn   

Calculate viscosity

= “Area”/16



G Normalize by entropy (density) s = “Area” / 4G Dividing out the infinite “areas” : A

Infinite “Area” !

  (

) 1 4 

m  

Conjectured to be a lower bound “ for all relativistic quantum field theories at finite temperature and zero chemical potential ”. See “ Viscosity in strongly interacting quantum field theories from black hole physics ”, P. Kovtun, D.T. Son, A.O. Starinets, Phys.Rev.Lett.94:111601, 2005, hep-th/0405231

26-Oct-07 W.A. Zajc



New Dimensions in RHIC Physics

“The stress tensor of a quark moving through

=4 thermal plasma”, J.J. Friess et al ., hep-th/0607022 Our 4-d world The stuff formerly known as QGP Jet modifications from wake field String theorist’s 5+5-d world Heavy quark Energy loss from string drag moving through the medium

26-Oct-07 W.A. Zajc



Measuring

/s

Damping (flow, fluctuations, heavy quark motion) ~

 

FLOW: Has the QCD Critical Point Been Signaled by Observations at RHIC?, R. Lacey et al ., Phys.Rev.Lett.98:092301,2007 ( nucl-ex/0609025 ) The Centrality dependence of Elliptic flow, the Hydrodynamic Limit, and the Viscosity of Hot QCD , H.-J. Drescher et al ., ( arXiv:0704.3553

)

 ( 1 .

1  0 .

2  1 .

2 ) 1 4  h

 ( 1 .

9  2 .

5 ) 1 4 

C H A R M

 

FLUCTUATIONS: Measuring Shear Viscosity Using Transverse Momentum Correlations in Relativistic Nuclear Collisions , S. Gavin and M. Abdel-Aziz, Phys.Rev.Lett.97:162302,2006 ( nucl-th/0606061 ) DRAG, FLOW: Energy Loss and Flow of Heavy Quarks in Au+Au Collisions at √s NN = 200 GeV A. Adare et al ., (PHENIX Collaboration), to appear in Phys. Rev. Lett. ( nucl-ex/0611018 )

h s  ( 1 .

0  3 .

8 ) 1 4  h s  ( 1 .

3  2 .

0 ) 1 4  W.A. Zajc

Has the QCD Critical Point Been Signaled by Observations at RHIC?, R. Lacey et al ., Phys.Rev.Lett.98:092301,2007 ( nucl-ex/0609025 )

 

Signature: FLOW Calculation:

h On-shell transport model



for gluons

Z. Xu and

 165

c s

 3 Fit v 2 ~I 1 (w)/I 0 (w); w = m T /2T MeV C. Greiner, hep-ph/0406278.

c s



  0 .

35 0 .

3   0 .

05 0 .

03 fm 

Payoff Plot:

 h  1

( 1 .

1  0 .

2  1 .

2 ) 4  PHENIX v 2 / e data (nucl-ex/0608033) compared to R.S. Bhalerao et al. (nucl-th/0508009) 26-Oct-07 W.A. Zajc

Measuring Shear Viscosity Using Transverse Momentum Correlations in Relativistic Nuclear Collisions , S. Gavin and M. Abdel-Aziz, Phys.Rev.Lett.97:162302,2006 ( nucl-th/0606061 )

 

Signature: FLUCTUATIONS Calculation:

 

 h

 2

Difference in correlation widths for central and peripheral  2   0 2  4 h

  1

collisions  

f c

, 2

 ~  1

2 fm  4 h

, 0      



P f

~     0  20 1 0

 

fm   Diffusion eq. for fluctuations

Compare to STAR data on centrality dependence of rapidity width  of p T fluctuations 

Payoff Plot:

 h

 ( 1  3 .

8 ) 1 4  26-Oct-07 W.A. Zajc

The Centrality dependence of Elliptic flow, the Hydrodynamic Limit, and the Viscosity of Hot QCD , H.-J. Drescher et al ., ( arXiv:0704.3553

)



Signature: FLOW



Calculation:



  

   1

 1

dN dy

   (

c S

 )  

A dN dy c S

 Knudsen number K

Payoff Plot:

e 2 

e 2

perfect

  1 

1 /

0  

0   h

0 .

7  ,

c S

( 1 .

9  2 .

5 )  1/ 1 4  3 , h  1 .

264

/  Decrease in flow due to finite size ,

 4

Fits to PHOBOS v2 data to determine  Glauber and for CGC initial conditions 26-Oct-07 W.A. Zajc

Energy Loss and Flow of Heavy Quarks in Au+Au Collisions at √s Collaboration), A. Adare NN = 200 GeV (PHENIX et al ., Phys. Rev. Lett. 98:172301,2007 ( nucl-ex/0611018 )

 

Signature: FLOW, ENERGY LOSS Calculation:

D HQ

~ ( 4  6 ) 2 

Rapp and van Hees Phys.Rev.C71:034

D HQ

/  h /( e 

)  ~ 6 907,2005, to fit

both

PHENIX v 2 (e) and R AA (e)  h

 ( 1 .

3  2 .

0 ) 1 4  for

N f

 3 Moore and Teaney Phys.Rev.C71:064 904,2005 (perturbative, argue ~valid non-perturbatively) 

Payoff Plot:

26-Oct-07 W.A. Zajc

(Some) Things I’d Like To Know



Are there better ways to extract

/s ?

 

Can these existing estimates be improved ?

(In particular, can systematic errors be understood?)



All of these methods rely on

+P = Ts .



How does this change in the presence of a conserved charge ?



In ordinary fluids,

/s has a pronounced minimum near the critical point.



Can AdS/CFT say anything about this for gauge fluids?

26-Oct-07 W.A. Zajc

(More) Things I’d Like To Know



Are AdS/CFT predictions falsifiable ?



What if Song and Heinz

/s < 1/4

 

is correct?

Suppression of elliptic flow in a minimally viscous quark-gluon plasma, H. Song and U. Heinz, arXiv:0709.0742v1

 

What if Mach cone angles different from data ?

What if 1/√

not seen in J/

suppression ?

 

What data can best constrain initial conditions?

(Will we ever be able to eliminate this source of ambiguity between Glauber, CGC, … ?)



Are there AdS/CFT setups to do elliptic flow dynamically?



Can they say anything about the observed scaling ?

26-Oct-07 W.A. Zajc



Perfect

The “fine structure” v hydrodynamics 2 (p T ) for different mass particles shows good agreement with ideal (“perfect fluid”)

KE T



2 

p T

2  26-Oct-07

Roughly: ∂



Work-energy theorem

  

P d(vol) =

E K



m T – m 0

 D

KE T

W.A. Zajc



The “Flow” Knows Quarks

The “fine structure” v hydrodynamics 2 (p T ) for different mass particles shows good agreement with ideal (“perfect fluid”) baryons mesons



Scaling flow parameters by quark content n q resolves meson-baryon separation of final state hadrons

26-Oct-07 W.A. Zajc



(More) Things I’d Like To Know

What does flow scaling tell us about degrees of freedom?



Hadronic Modes and Quark Properties in the Quark-Gluon Plasma, M. Mannarelli and R. Rapp, arXiv:hep-ph/0505080v2 : m ~ 150 MeV ,

~ 200 MeV .



Is any form of quasiparticle consistent with KSS bound?

 

All(?) AdS/CFT calculations find drag ~ √



= √g 2 N C . What is this telling us about the degrees of freedom ?



Is there a unique prescription for fixing coupling ?



Is there well-controlled expansion away from ‘t Hooft limit?



Calibrate it with lattice ‘data’ ?



ASIDE: Those who most often pronounce “AdS/CFT is useless because the coupling doesn’t run” are those most likely to do calculations with

s = 0.5 .

26-Oct-07 W.A. Zajc

(Big ) Things I’d Like To Know



Can one start from confining, chiral Sakai-Sugimoto and push it through a phase transition ?



Hod tells us



> 1 /





Universal Bound on Dynamical Relaxation Times and Black-Hole Quasinormal Ringing , S. Hod, arXiv:gr-qc/0611004v1



Can AdS/CFT address this ?



What does it mean to have a gravity dual ?



In particular, how do I find it ?



What is the impact of the KSS conjecture on other fields ?

26-Oct-07 W.A. Zajc

What Follows is the Un-Meta-Talk…

26-Oct-07 W.A. Zajc

Working Title: The Fluid Nature of QGP

 

From the Oxford English Dictionary: 1) Primary definition: (adj.) " fluid : Having the property of flowing; consisting of particles that move freely among themselves, so as to give way before the slightest pressure. (A general term including both gaseous and liquid substances.) ” 2) Secondary definition: (adj.) " Flowing or moving readily; not solid or rigid; not fixed, firm, or stable.

” SUMMARY: Following a) a discovery period , during which time our understanding of “quark-gluon plasma” was fluid( 2 ), and b) a paradigm shift, we are now developing a solid understanding of the extraordinary fluid( 1 ) produced at RHIC.

26-Oct-07 W.A. Zajc

Expectations circa 2000

RHIC would create a quark-gluon plasma; a “gas” of weakly interacting quarks and gluons

26-Oct-07

As encoded in the Nuclear Physics Wall Chart, http://www.lbl.gov/abc/wallchart/

W.A. Zajc



The Plan circa 2000 Use RHIC’s unprecedented capabilities



Large √s

 

Access to reliable pQCD probes



Clear separation of valence baryon number and glue



To provide definitive experimental evidence for/against Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP)



Polarized p+p collisions



See earlier talk by M. Grosse Perdekamp

Two small detectors, two large detectors



Complementary capabilities



Small detectors envisioned to have 3-5 year lifetime

26-Oct-07 

Large detectors ~ facilities



Major capital investments



Longer lifetimes



Potential for upgrades in response to discoveries

W.A. Zajc

26-Oct-07

RHIC and Its Experiments

STAR

W.A. Zajc

   

Since Then…

Accelerator complex

 

Routine operation at 2-4 x design luminosity (Au+Au) Extraordinary variety of operational modes



Species: Au+Au, d+Au, Cu+Cu, p



 

Energies: 22 GeV (Au+Au, Cu+Cu, p



), 56 GeV (Au+Au), 62 GeV (Au+Au,Cu+Cu, p



) , 130 GeV (Au+Au), 200 GeV (Au+Au, Cu+Cu, d+Au, p



), 410 GeV (p



), 500 GeV (p



) Experiments:



Worked !

Science

 

>160 refereed publications, among them > 90 PRL’s Major discoveries Future



Demonstrated ability to upgrade

 

Key science questions identified Accelerator and experimental upgrade program underway to perform that science

26-Oct-07 W.A. Zajc

Approach

Will present sample of results from various points of the collision process: 2. Initial State Hydrodynamic flow from initial spatial asymmetries 3. Probes of dense matter 1. Final State Yields of produced particles Thermalization, Hadrochemistry

W.A. Zajc 26-Oct-07

26-Oct-07 

Assertion

( In these complicated events, we have a posteriori ) control over the event geometry:



Degree of overlap “Central”



Orientation with respect to overlap “Peripheral”

W.A. Zajc

Language



We all have in common basic nuclear properties



A, Z …



But specific to heavy ion physics

  

v 2 R AA T

  m

Fourier coefficient of azimuthal anisotropies



“flow” 1 if yield = perturbative value from initial parton-parton flux Temperature ( MeV ) Baryon chemical potential ( MeV ) ~

net

Viscosity ( MeV 3 ) baryon density



s Entropy density ( MeV 3 ) ~ “particle” density

26-Oct-07 W.A. Zajc

26-Oct-07

Final State

Does the huge abundance of final state particles reflect a thermal distribution?: 1. Final State Yields of produced particles Thermalization, Hadrochemistry Consistent with

thermal production

T ~ 170 MeV ,

B ~ 30 MeV

W.A. Zajc



RHIC’s Two Major Discoveries

Discovery of strong “elliptic” flow:

 

Elliptic flow in Au + Au collisions at √s NN = 130 GeV, STAR Collaboration, ( K.H. Ackermann et al.

). Phys.Rev.Lett.86:402-407,2001 318 citations



Discovery of “jet quenching”

 

Suppression of hadrons with large transverse momentum in central Au+Au collisions at √s NN = 130 GeV, PHENIX Collaboration ( K. Adcox et al.

), Phys.Rev.Lett.88:022301,2002 384 citations

26-Oct-07 W.A. Zajc

Initial State

How are the initial state densities and asymmetries imprinted on the detected distributions?

3. Initial State Hydrodynamic flow from initial spatial asymmetries

26-Oct-07 W.A. Zajc

 

Motion Is Hydrodynamic

When does thermalization occur?



Strong evidence that final state reflects the initial state bulk behavior geometry Because the initial persists in the final state dn/d

~ 1 + 2 v 2 (p T ) azimuthal asymmetry cos (2

) + ...

y x z 2v 2

W.A. Zajc 26-Oct-07



Perfect

The “fine structure” v hydrodynamics 2 (p T ) for different mass particles shows good agreement with ideal (“perfect fluid”)

KE T



2 

p T

2  26-Oct-07

Roughly: ∂



Work-energy theorem

  

P d(vol) =

E K



m T – m 0

 D

KE T

W.A. Zajc



The “Flow” Knows Quarks

The “fine structure” v hydrodynamics 2 (p T ) for different mass particles shows good agreement with ideal (“perfect fluid”) baryons mesons



Scaling flow parameters by quark content n q resolves meson-baryon separation of final state hadrons

26-Oct-07 W.A. Zajc

Probes of Dense Matter

Q. How dense is the matter?

A. Do pQCD Rutherford scattering on deep interior using “auto-generated” probes:

26-Oct-07

2. Probes of dense matter

W.A. Zajc

 

Baseline p+p Measurements with pQCD

Consider measurement of



0 ’s in p+p collisions at RHIC.

Compare to pQCD calculation

 

f a

(

x a

, m 2 ) 

f b

(

x b

, m 2 ) •

parton distribution functions, for partons a and b

•

measured in DIS, universality

  

(







)

•perturbative cross-section (NLO) •requires hard scale •factorization between pdf and cross section



D h

(

z h

, m 2 ) •

fragmentation function

•

measured in e+e-



Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 241803 (2003)

26-Oct-07 W.A. Zajc

Au+Au: Systematic Suppression Pattern

26-Oct-07  

constancy for pT > 4 GeV/c for all centralities?

W.A. Zajc



The Matter is Opaque

STAR azimuthal correlation function shows ~ complete absence of “away-side” jet GONE

 DF 

Partner in hard scatter is completely absorbed in the dense medium

0 26-Oct-07 W.A. Zajc

Schematically (Partons)

Scattered partons on the “near side” but emerge; lose energy , those on the “far side” are totally absorbed

26-Oct-07 W.A. Zajc

Control: Photons shine, Pions don’t



Direct photons are

 26-Oct-07

Rather: shine not inhibited by hot/dense medium through consistent with pQCD

W.A. Zajc

Schematically (Photons)

Scattered partons on the “near side” but emerge; lose energy ,

26-Oct-07

the direct photon always emerges

W.A. Zajc

Precision Probes



This one figure encodes rigorous control of systematics

central

N coll

= 975  94

= =



in four different measurements over many orders of magnitude

26-Oct-07 W.A. Zajc

Connecting Soft and Hard Regimes

Scattered partons on the “near side” but emerge; lose energy , those on the “far side” are totally absorbed



Really ?

26-Oct-07 W.A. Zajc



Fluid Effects on Jets ?

Mach cone?

☑

Jets travel faster than the speed of sound in the medium.

☑

While depositing energy via gluon radiation.



QCD “sonic boom” (?)



To be expected in a dense fluid which is strongly-coupled

26-Oct-07 W.A. Zajc



High p

Parton

The “ disappearance ” is that of the high p T partner



Low p

“Mach Cone”?



But at low p T , see re-appearance



and



“Side-lobes” (Mach cones?)

26-Oct-07 W.A. Zajc



Suggestion of Mach Cone?

Modifications to di-jet hadron pair correlations in Au+Au collisions at √s PHENIX Collaboration ( S.S. Adler et al.

), Phys.Rev.Lett.97:052301,2006 NN = 200 GeV,

A “perfect” fluid response!

W.A. Zajc 26-Oct-07



How Perfect is “Perfect” ?

All “realistic” hydrodynamic calculations for RHIC fluids to date have assumed zero viscosity

  h

= 0



“perfect fluid” But there is a (conjectured) quantum limit: “ A Viscosity Bound Conjecture ”, P. Kovtun , D.T. Son , A.O. Starinets , hep-th/0405231

h   4  (

Entropy Density

)   4 

26-Oct-07 

Where do “ordinary” fluids sit wrt this limit?



RHIC “fluid” be at ~1 on this scale (!) might T=10 12 K

W.A. Zajc

 

Viscosity Primer

Remove your organic prejudices



Don’t equate viscous with “sticky” !

Think instead of a not-quite-ideal fluid:

 

“not-quite-ideal”



Viscosity

then defined as “supports a shear stress”

F A x

  h 



y x



Dimensional estimate:

η   (

momentum n p mfp



n density

)  (

mean p

n

σ 

p

free path

) 

small viscosity



Large

cross sections



Large



Strong

cross sections



couplings



strong

couplings perturbation theory difficult !

26-Oct-07 W.A. Zajc



The Primacy of QCD

While the (conjectured) bound

h  

4 

is a purely quantum mechanical result . . .

 

It was derived in and motivated by the Anti-de Sitter space / Conformal Field Theory correspondence Weak form:



“Four-dimensional



Strong form:





Strongest form: fascinating connections over the full range of the coupling constant to study QGP



Only with QCD can we explore

Quantum Gauge Phluid

experimentally these

26-Oct-07 W.A. Zajc

 

The (Assumed) Connection

Exploit Maldacena’s “D-dimensional strongly coupled gauge theory stringy gravity”



Thermalize with massive black brane (D+1)-dimensional h

mn 

Calculate viscosity

= “Area”/16



G A

m 

Normalize by entropy (density) s = “Area” / 4G A

Infinite “Area” !



Dividing out the infinite “areas” : See next talk: QGP- Theoretical Overview, U. Wiedemann

  (

) 1 4   

26-Oct-07 W.A. Zajc



New Dimensions in RHIC Physics

“The stress tensor of a quark moving through

26-Oct-07 W.A. Zajc



Measuring

/s

Damping (flow, fluctuations, heavy quark motion) ~

 

)

 ( 1 .

1  0 .

2  1 .

2 ) 1 4  h

 ( 1 .

9  2 .

5 ) 1 4 

C H A R M

 

h s  ( 1 .

0  3 .

8 ) 1 4  h s  ( 1 .

3  2 .

0 ) 1 4  W.A. Zajc

Has the QCD Critical Point Been Signaled by Observations at RHIC?, R. Lacey et al ., Phys.Rev.Lett.98:092301,2007 ( nucl-ex/0609025 )

 

Signature: FLOW Calculation:

h On-shell transport model



for gluons

Z. Xu and

 165

c s

 3 Fit v 2 ~I 1 (w)/I 0 (w); w = m T /2T MeV C. Greiner, hep-ph/0406278.

c s



  0 .

35 0 .

3   0 .

05 0 .

03 fm 

Payoff Plot:

 h  1

( 1 .

1  0 .

2  1 .

2 ) 4  PHENIX v 2 / e data (nucl-ex/0608033) compared to R.S. Bhalerao et al. (nucl-th/0508009) 26-Oct-07 W.A. Zajc

Measuring Shear Viscosity Using Transverse Momentum Correlations in Relativistic Nuclear Collisions , S. Gavin and M. Abdel-Aziz, Phys.Rev.Lett.97:162302,2006 ( nucl-th/0606061 )

 

Signature: FLUCTUATIONS Calculation:

 

 h

 2

Difference in correlation widths for central and peripheral  2   0 2  4 h

  1

collisions  

f c

, 2

 ~  1

2 fm  4 h

, 0      



P f

~     0  20 1 0

 

fm   Diffusion eq. for fluctuations

Compare to STAR data on centrality dependence of rapidity width  of p T fluctuations 

Payoff Plot:

 h

 ( 1  3 .

8 ) 1 4  26-Oct-07 W.A. Zajc

The Centrality dependence of Elliptic flow, the Hydrodynamic Limit, and the Viscosity of Hot QCD , H.-J. Drescher et al ., ( arXiv:0704.3553

)



Signature: FLOW



Calculation:



  

   1

 1

dN dy

   (

c S

 )  

A dN dy c S

 Knudsen number K

Payoff Plot:

e 2 

e 2

perfect

  1 

1 /

0  

0   h

0 .

7  ,

c S

( 1 .

9  2 .

5 )  1/ 1 4  3 , h  1 .

264

/  Decrease in flow due to finite size ,

 4

Fits to PHOBOS v2 data to determine  Glauber and for CGC initial conditions 26-Oct-07 W.A. Zajc

Energy Loss and Flow of Heavy Quarks in Au+Au Collisions at √s Collaboration), A. Adare NN = 200 GeV (PHENIX et al ., Phys. Rev. Lett. 98:172301,2007 ( nucl-ex/0611018 )

 

Signature: FLOW, ENERGY LOSS Calculation:

D HQ

~ ( 4  6 ) 2 

Rapp and van Hees Phys.Rev.C71:034

D HQ

/  h /( e 

)  ~ 6 907,2005, to fit

both

PHENIX v 2 (e) and R AA (e)  h

 ( 1 .

3  2 .

0 ) 1 4  for

N f

 3 Moore and Teaney Phys.Rev.C71:064 904,2005 (perturbative, argue ~valid non-perturbatively) 

Payoff Plot:

26-Oct-07 W.A. Zajc



RHIC and the Phase “Transition”

The lattice tells us that collisions at RHIC map out the interesting region from



High T

init

~ 300 MeV

to ?



Low T

final

~ 100 MeV

Recall per massless degree of

freedom

(

4 )   30 2 26-Oct-07 W.A. Zajc

  

LHC

How could we not choose to investigate “QGP” at every opportunity?

LHC offers unparalleled increase in √s Will this too create a strongly-coupled fluid?



Active pursuit via

 

Dedicated experiment (ALICE) Targeted studies (CMS, ATLAS)

W.A. Zajc 26-Oct-07

26-Oct-07

World Context

: 2009



: 2000



RHIC II



: 2012

 W.A. Zajc

  

Physics for Many INPC’s To Come!

RHIC



RHIC II LHC Exploration



~ Completed



Discovery!

  

Preparation GSI-FAIR

 

Preparation

26-Oct-07

Characterization



Photon+Jet

 

Heavy Flavor Energy Scans Exploitation (of upgrade potential)

  

Source Detectors Luminosity

   

(Anticipation) Exploration

 

~ Completed Discovery!

Characterization

  

Photon+Jet Heavy Flavor Energy Scans Exploitation

     

(Anticipation) Exploration

 

~ Completed Discovery!

Characterization

  

Photon+Jet Heavy Flavor

W.A. Zajc

Energy Scans