LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011 Wardhaugh Ch 7 Slide 1 Wardhaugh – Chapter 7 – SOME FINDINGS Socioling studies cliff’s notes: http://www.putlearningfirst.com/language/research/research.html You should.
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Transcript LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011 Wardhaugh Ch 7 Slide 1 Wardhaugh – Chapter 7 – SOME FINDINGS Socioling studies cliff’s notes: http://www.putlearningfirst.com/language/research/research.html You should.
LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011
Wardhaugh Ch 7
Slide 1
Wardhaugh – Chapter 7 – SOME FINDINGS
Socioling studies cliff’s notes:
http://www.putlearningfirst.com/language/research/research.html
You should be able to provide basic info for at least Milroy, Labov and
Trudgill
LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011
Slide 2
Wardhaugh Ch 7
Wardhaugh – Chapter 7 – SOME FINDINGS
Fischer (1958)
Variable = (ing) = runnin’ vs. running
Findings: boys use -in’ more than girls
More use of -ing in formal styles
Difference between model boy and typical boy
See p. 167 for fancy charts!
LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011
Slide 3
Wardhaugh Ch 7
Wardhaugh – Chapter 7 – SOME FINDINGS
Fischer (1958)
Variable = (ing) = runnin’ vs. running
Findings: boys use -in’ more than girls
More use of -ing in formal styles
Difference between model boy and typical boy
See p. 167 for fancy charts!
LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011
Slide 4
Wardhaugh Ch 7
Wardhaugh – Chapter 7 – SOME FINDINGS
Labov - NYC (and from article)
Variable = (r) =
Department store study and Lower East Side study - diff methodologies,
similar findings
Dept Store - where are the women’s shoes? Fourth floor. Excuse me?
Fourth Floor! - see p. 169
LES study shows hypercorrection pattern (see next slide) – style shifting
shows some consciousness/prestige
Also investigated (th) = use of stop [t] instead of fricative in words like thin
(see p. 169)
Sharp stratification between MC and WC shown in (th) data – indicates
some consciousness - prestige
LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011
Wardhaugh Ch 7
Slide 5
Wardhaugh – Chapter 2
What does this graph show?
LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011
Wardhaugh Ch 7
Slide 6
Wardhaugh – Chapter 2
What does this graph show?
LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011
Wardhaugh Ch 7
Slide 7
Wardhaugh – Chapter 2
What does this graph show?
Sharp stratification
LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011
Slide 8
Wardhaugh Ch 7
Wardhaugh – Chapter 7 – SOME FINDINGS
England - Norwich (Trudgill) and Reading (Cheshire)
Trudgill looks at 16 phonological variables
Finds social correlation with (ng), (t) and (h)
Similar patterns to Labov - style and class show distribution with more
attention, more standard, and higher class, more standard (and women, more
standard)
Chershire looks at grammatical variable (s) [and others]
She finds that there are linguistic factors as well as social ones - what word
the variable is in = uses a vernacular index to indicate how vernacular a child
was in participating in various events and how vernacular a word was (kill
more vernacular)
Covert prestige vs. overt prestige
Gender differences
LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011
Slide 9
Wardhaugh Ch 7
Wardhaugh – Chapter 7 – SOME FINDINGS
England - Norwich (Trudgill) and Reading (Cheshire)
Trudgill 1972 (article)
LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011
Slide 10
Wardhaugh Ch 7
Wardhaugh – Chapter 7 – SOME FINDINGS
Detroit - Wolfram and Shuy
African Americans in Detroit
Variables (ng), (z) = 3rd person singular present tense agreement
(ng) finds [again!] that more formal styles, more standard (more -ing); higher
social class has more standard variant; women have higher standard variant
See graphs p. 178-179 - contrast (z) grammatical variable vs. (r)
phonological one shows sharp stratification vs. gradual stratification,
respectively
LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011
Slide 11
Wardhaugh Ch 7
Wardhaugh – Chapter 7 – SOME FINDINGS
Detroit - Wolfram and Shuy
Sharp stratification (morphosyntax) vs. Gradual stratification (phonological)
LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011
Slide 12
Wardhaugh Ch 7
Wardhaugh – Chapter 7 – SOME FINDINGS
Various
Macaulay finds variation within variation
Each class had variation that was more continuous than the group averages
indicate - reflect more complexities of social structure
Still informative because each class varies around a central point and those
point (averages) are different for each class
LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011
Slide 13
Wardhaugh Ch 7
Wardhaugh – Chapter 7 – SOME FINDINGS
Various
Kiesling (1998) - frat men
Uses discourse analysis and comes up with explanations for men who do not
fit pattern of (ing) usage (see p. 181)
He has an article on use of DUDE as a discourse marker indicating solidarity
in American Speech if interested!
LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011
Slide 14
Wardhaugh Ch 7
Wardhaugh – Chapter 7 – SOME FINDINGS
Various
Kiesling (1998) - frat men – not all men behave the same (p. 77)
LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011
Slide 15
Wardhaugh Ch 7
Wardhaugh – Chapter 7 – SOME FINDINGS
Various
Kiesling (1998) - frat men – not all men behave the same (p. 78)
LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011
Slide 16
Wardhaugh Ch 7
Wardhaugh – Chapter 7 – SOME FINDINGS
Various
Kiesling (1998) - frat men – not all men behave the same in contexts (p. 85)
LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011
Slide 17
Wardhaugh Ch 7
Wardhaugh – Chapter 7 – SOME FINDINGS
Various
Kiesling (1998) - frat men – not all men behave the same – ling factors (p. 82)
LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011
Slide 18
Wardhaugh Ch 7
Wardhaugh – Chapter 7 – SOME FINDINGS
Montreal French
Various studies (Sankoff and Cedegren) or (Sankoff and Vincent) show that
linguistics factors are important as well as social ones
See p. 182 for discussion
Teheran Persian
Hudson’s discussion of Jahangiri of Tehran Persian
See p. 180 for clear differentiations and use of standard deviation - different
than Maccaulay
LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011
Slide 19
Wardhaugh Ch 7
Wardhaugh – Chapter 7 – SOME FINDINGS
Belfast - the Milroys
Looked at 3 communities in Northern Ireland: Ballymacaarrett, the Hammer,
and the Clonard
(a) and (dh) variables
Show mixed findings but links social networks with the use of vernacular
forms - indicating that a close-knit network serves as a norm enforcement
mechanism which means the ling norms (use of vernacular forms) can be more
enforced in close-knit networks than not - not the same orientation to the
standard forms if the “standard” within the group is seen as a different form
Kind of like covert prestige
LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011
Slide 20
Wardhaugh Ch 7
Wardhaugh – Chapter 7 – SOME FINDINGS
Other issues
Final consonant cluster reduction or AKA t/d deletion AKA coronal stop
deletion - Wolfram and Labov show that there is a mix of linguistic and social
factors affecting the variation
This shows linguistic and social effects
Variable rules used to more to satisfy Chomsky (Sociolinguists use Varbrul
to calculate weight of effect of variable – over .5 means that this factor favors
production – under .5 means this factor disfavors production)
Variable analysis now used to compare the weight of all these factors on
their influence of variation - VARBRUL = Variable Rule program http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/lang/webstuff/goldvarb/
See p. 187-194
With respect to t/d/ deletion - With ling factors, there is an order of
constraints - which factors affect the variation the most
LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011
Slide 21
Wardhaugh Ch 7
Wardhaugh – Chapter 7 – SOME FINDINGS
Other issues
Labov shows a different order for some speakers rather than others (e.g.,
before pause)
Table on p. 191 shows that different varieties have a different constraint
system - one ling variable is realized in different ways in different varieties not just that one variable EXISTS in some varieties but not others; rather how
each variety treats that variable is what differentiates it from another variety
Variable rules used to be used more to satisfy Chomsky
Variable analysis now used to compare the weight of all these factors on
their influence of variation
LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011
Wardhaugh Ch 7
Slide 22
Wardhaugh – Chapter 7 – SOME FINDINGS
Other issues
t/d deletion – Labov (1994)
p. 553
p. 554 – What does
functional/counterfunctional mean?