Transcript PAN AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY Specialized Organization of the OAS WB/FIG Conference Land Governance in Support of the MDGs: Responding to.

PAN AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY
Specialized Organization of the OAS
WB/FIG Conference
Land Governance in Support of the MDGs: Responding to New Challenges
March 9 and 10, 2009 Washington, DC
Building Spatial Data Infrastructures in Latin America
Santiago Borrero,
PAIGH Secretary General
Presented as part of Theme 2: Sustainable Systems for Land Administration
SYS1: Building sustainable well governed land administration systems
Land Administration and Spatial Data
Infrastructures: Basic Concepts
“Land administration is the ‘process of determining, recording and disseminating
information about ownership, value and use of land, when implementing Land
Management Policies”
(United Nations, 1996).
“Spatial Data Infrastructure supports ready access to geographic
information. This is achieved through the coordinated actions of nations
and organizations that promote awareness and implementation of
complimentary policies, common standards and effective mechanisms for
the development and availability of interoperable digital geographic data and
technologies to support decision making at all scales for multiple
purposes. These actions encompass the policies, organizational remits,
data, technologies, standards, delivery mechanisms, and financial and
human resources necessary to ensure that those working at the global and
regional scale are not impeded in meeting their objectives”
(GSDI, 2001)
Land management = Land information infrastructure + Land policies + Land
Administration (Stig Enemark, 2004)
Land Administration and Spatial Data
Infrastructures: A Direct Connection
The availability of reliable information about land and its resources emerged as a vital
issue. If relevant and good decisions are to be made by public authorities, private
resource users or community bodies, they must be based on sound information
about the land and environment in order to contribute to sustainable development.
(UN/FIG Bathurst Declaration on Land Administration, 1999)
SDI is an increasingly component in many WB projects. Because of the high fixed cost
associated it’s necessary to demonstrate the economic value of SDI. This is a weak link
in this process. In Central America land administration programs incorporates up to
US$1,000 million and SDI components share 50% of the project costs. (WB, 2004)
“There are difficulties being faced by many States in the region when designing
appropriate spatial data infrastructures to support effective land administration, and in
integrating cadastral and interoperable topographic spatial data. Therefore, there is a
need to improve capacity to design, build and manage land administration
systems, which incorporate appropriate spatial data infrastructures”
(The UN/FIG/PCIDEA Aguascalientes Statement, 2004)
Land management = Land information infrastructure +
Land policies + Land Administration (Enemark, 2004)
In spite of improved LIS and parcel-based property registries, SDI development often
remains a separate way from land information infrastructures. No clear connectivity
between NSDI efforts, Land Administration Systems and e-government activities.
The SDI Resulting from Current Concepts,
Practices and Projects in the Americas
In LAC as in other parts of the world, the way geographic data is being produced,
accessed and applied is part of a process leading to improved decision making in
endless situations associated with the MDGs. (The example of Poverty Mapping at the
WB)
Because the state of the regional SDI in LAC is still inhibiting communities from a fullgrown asset, there is need to pay greater attention to the:
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Formalization of National Geospatial Data Infrastructures;
Endorsement of public policies at different levels to stimulate
greater use of geospatial information for Integral Development;
Production of digital and structured geographical information
transcending national frontiers;
Attainment of long term sustainability of NSDI efforts and
Budget increments in the production of basic spatial
standardized data sets, rather than in mere technological
infrastructure plans
“Technology itself does not ensure the successful use and application of digital data
and information technology, infrastructure, and connectivity do not necessarily equate
to information access and a real bridging of the Digital Divide”. (Borrero, 2003)
SDI in the Americas:
A Long Term Process with many cycles
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From IGDN to PCIDEA and the works of the PAIGH in Cartography
From the UNRCC 5 in 1997 to the UNRCC 8 in 2009
From ICDE, IDEMEX and SNIT to IDGES and INDE
From GSDI 5 (Colombia, 2001), GSDI 9 (Chile, 2007) and GSDI 11
From digital data bases to visualization technologies and networking
From electronic formats to Open Source and GSDI/GEOSS environments
Spatial Data Information Infrastructures (SDIs) are the entranceway to non-limited
possibilities for progress and democracy. In regional planning, environmental
applications or natural disasters management a good number of examples of
positive impact exists, in spite of historical inequalities, imperfect land markets
and limited information available.
Over the last decade in the Americas different professional activities have contributed
to raise awareness on the importance of fostering land information activities in
connection with the building of SDIs in the region, including the value of integrating
cadastres, land administration and registration with the production of interoperable
spatial data.
On-going regional SDI initiatives in Latin America
and its relation to Land Management
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Geocentric Reference System for the Americas (SIRGAS)
Geographic Spatial Information for Integral Development in the Americas
OAS/PAIGH)
GeoSur (CAF, PAIGH, IABIN, EDC/USGS)
SDI Community of Andean Nations –IDECAN
Latin American Metadata Profile –LAMP (PAIGH, ISO)
Global Map of the Americas (PAIGH’s Cartography Commission)
SDI Committee for the La Plata River Community of Nations
Permanent Committee on the Spanish-American Cadastre (CPCI)
Mu-Net Cadastral Project, OAS (SEDI)
SDI for Sustainable Development in the Americas and the Caribbean
(IDEDES-CYTED)
Meso-American Territorial Information System for Natural Disasters
(CATHALAC)
The SDI in the LAC region is what is resulting from current concepts, practices
and projects in the Americas. It is not necessarily harmonic and consistent but it
reflects the reality of the region and the efforts of many entities and specialists.
Spatial Data Production and NSDI building developing
economies, to be successful, require a minimum level
of financial and institutional sustainability
Argentina (PROSIGA-IDERA) http://www.sig.gov.ar/
Brazil (INDE) http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/
Chile (SNIT) http://www.snit.cl/
Colombia (ICDE) http://www.geoportal.gov.co/
Cuba (IDERC) http://www.iderc.co.cu/
Ecuador (IEDG) http://www.geoportaligm.gov.ec/
El Salvador (IDGES) http://www.cnr.gob.sv/
Jamaica (JNSDI) http://www.licj.org.jm/
Mexico (IDEMEX) http://www.inegi.org.mx/geo/
Peru (IDEP) http://www.idep.gob.pe/
There are many initiatives at the institutional, local and state levels.
Examples: the SDI initiative for Bogota, leaded by the city cadastre and SDI
for the Santa Fe Province in Argentina
http://www.idesf.santafe.gov.ar/idesf/system/index.php
The e-Cadaster experience in Colombia is a sound example
of current NSDI efforts in Land Management in the region
PROCESOS CATASTRALES
ICDE
Interrelación Catastro Registro
Observatorio del Suelo y del
Mercado Inmobiliario
Servicios catastrales
SIC
Sistema de
Información Catastral
Digitalizació
Digitalización y Depuració
Depuración
CARTA CATASTRAL
Procesos Catastrales
Formación
Actualización
Avalú
Avalúos
IVP
Conservación
(IGAC, Gómez- Guzmán, El Catastro y las IDE, Guatemala, 2007)
In the case of Colombia, the Geographic Institute –IGAC is at the same the NSDI
coordinating office and the national authority in charge of the cadastre. There is a
greater than average connection between cadastre and the building process of a
national SDI.
Land Administrations Programs (PRONAT) in Central
America should contribute to NSDI and Land Information
Infrastructures. The case of El Salvador
El Salvador is one Central American nation where a significant Land
Administration Program is in execution with funds incoming from a WB loan. As
part of the NSDI initiative, the CNR is forming the basic national spatial data sets
to organize IDGES as a national on-line geospatial service
Every SDI Component Counts, yet Capacity Building
Remains the Key and Partially Solved Issue for
Land Information Infrastructures
“All land administration organizations face similar challenges: they need to
become less bureaucratic, simpler, cheaper and more transparent (…).
Developing countries face the challenge of pro-poor land management and
administration.
(Lemmen, 2006)
Since 1997 PAIGH has sponsored and assisted Member States with more than 30
SDI projects with a total budget allocated of US$ 546,169. PAIGH has organized at
least once per year international SDI related capacity building meeting in the
Americas.
“To recommend to member states that, in the course of institution-building and
development of related capacities, they strengthen the geographic identity of the
respective existing agencies and, in particular, the maintenance and integrity of
cartographic databases containing basic data for each country, in keeping with
international parameters fostering their use in the formulation of regional
projects.” (PAIGH, 2007)
SDI development requires a political and institutional
framework, one that stimulates national capacity and that
soundly considers local characteristics and culture
Of all the entities that produce and apply geographic data and information,
institutes responsible for national geography and cartography are the natural
agencies to promote, coordinate and harmonize SDI initiatives in each country.
For this reason it is essential there:
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To improve the quality of geographic data.
To deal with the subjects of pricing, licensing, copyrights, privacy and
distribution of data.
To enhance institutional capacities aimed at the implementation of on-line
geographic services and projects that apply geospatial data.
To identify the synergy and overlap of projects currently being undertaken
To improve the availability of seamless databases that assist in dealing with
situations of a supranational nature.
In every country SDI will reflect local social and economic conditions, cultural
aspects and elements related to national identity. Culture then is a relevant
variable for SDI development. There are different: social organizations;
values and beliefs; ways to learnt behavior and environments (Borrero, 2005)
Land information should be organized as a spatial data infrastructure
at national, regional and local levels: an Educational, Professional and
Institutional Capacity Building Challenge (FIG, 2004)
In the SDI context, one of the key issues relates to capacity building components as part of wider
SDI efforts, including sustainable educational, institutional, legal, financial and technical processes
as part of a comprehensive and integrated strategy. (Enemark, 2004)
From a product to a process model
From data producers to data users
From database creation to data sharing
From centralized to decentralized structures
From formulation to implementation
From coordination to governance
From single-level to multilevel participation
From existing to new organizational structures (Masser, 2005)
“The profile of the land management profession in the third millennium will include a mix of
technical surveying and mapping professionals, business practitioners, spatial data
managers, land and environmental resource managers and legal and financial consultants on
land management matters” (Enemark, 2004)
“There is need for a new profession, in view of the increasing complexities of managing
human natural resources and the need for multipurpose land and resources records from
local to global scales, dedicated to foster social and economic growth out of the local and
national SDI and the subsequent development of a community knowledge base”
(Pethersohn,1997)
FIG Capacity Building for Land Administration:
Looking at Practical Guidance for Managers of
Organizations
Paraphrasing the UN 2008 Development report, If the MDGs are the what of our
mandates, capacity development is the how, for the organizations dealing with
Land Administration Systems.
Strengthening institutions to empower land administration systems and the
societies they serve is at the core of the capacity building effort; however, it is the
sustainability component the one most difficult to attain, as the situation
concerning land information infrastructures is part of a long term process and
there is need to beat the endemic and chronic situation faced today by the
majority of nations in the region.
For all these reasons there is need to support the FIG Capacity Building Effort and
its policy implications for the spatial community at multilevel. The modernization
of the Geographic Institutions constituting the PAIGH is the key objective of the
Agenda 2010-2020 Agenda for the organization, currently in preparation.
PAN AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY – PAIGH
Specialized Agency of the organization of American States – OAS
"It may have been possible in the past,
for things to have happened in isolation,
but from this time forth,
the world must be seen as an organic whole,
everything affects everything“
Polibius, born c. 200, Megalopolis, Arcadia, Greece, died c. 118 BC
Refereed by Steeve Ebener, UN/WHO SALB