Transcript Part 1: Judaism Part 2: Christianity Lesson 14 Part 1: Judaism Theme: Religion and Conflict Lesson 14

Part 1: Judaism
Part 2: Christianity
Lesson 14
Part 1: Judaism
Theme: Religion and Conflict
Lesson 14
ID & SIG
• Abraham, Canaan, covenant, diaspora,
Joshua, Kingdom of David, Kingdom of
Solomon, Moses, Passover, Talmud,
Temple, Ten Commandments, Torah,
Yahweh, Yom Kippur
Abraham
• Originally from the Sumerian city of Ur (a polytheistic
place)
• Migrated to Palestine around 1850 B.C. on God’s
command (Genesis 12:1)
• God established a covenant with Abraham (Genesis
17:7-8)
– “I will establish my covenant as an everlasting covenant between
me and you and your descendants after you for the generations
to come, to be your God and the God of your descendants after
you. The whole land of Canaan, where you are now an alien, I
will give as an everlasting possession to you and your
descendants after you; and I will be their God.”
• It is from this passage that modern Jews claim Israel
belongs to them
Moses
• Moses led the
Hebrews out of
slavery in Egypt to
Canaan, the land God
had promised them
(Exodus 12: 31)
• Along the way, God
gave Moses the Ten
Commandments
(Exodus 20: 1-17)
Statue of Moses
by Michelangelo
Ten Commandments
• I. Thou shalt have no
other gods before me.
• II. Thou shalt not make
unto thee any graven
image.
• III. Thou shalt not take
the name of the Lord
thy God in vain.
• IV. Remember the
Sabbath day, to keep it
holy.
• V. Honor thy father
and thy mother.
• VI. Thou shalt not kill.
• VII. Thou shalt not
commit adultery.
• VIII. Thou shalt not
steal.
• IX. Thou shalt not bear
false witness against
thy neighbor.
• X. Thou shalt not covet
anything that is thy
neighbor's.
Yahweh
• The God of Abraham and Moses was
Yahweh
– The only god; all others were false imposters
(monotheism)
– A personal god who expected the Israelites to
worship him alone and to observe high moral
and ethical standards
Torah
• Between 1000 and 400 B.C., Israelite religious
leaders compiled Yahweh’s teachings into the
Torah
– Part of what Christians call the Old Testament
• Yahweh would punish or reward both the
individuals and the community based on how
well they observed his commandments
– Many would see the exile imposed by the New
Babylonian Empire in 586 B.C. as an example of
Yahweh’s punishment
Rabbis
• Rabbi means teacher or master
• They are Jewish religious officials trained
in Jewish law, ritual, and tradition
• The synagogue is the Jewish place of
assembly for prayer and study
– It is not required for a synagogue to have a
rabbi, but if it does, he is appointed by the lay
leadership
Talmud
• An authoritative record of
rabbinic discussions on Jewish
laws, Jewish ethics, customs,
legends and stories
• Fundamental source of
legislation, customs, case
histories and moral
exhortations
– For example, the Torah
does not prohibit
pronouncing the name of
God, but the Talmud does
(Talmud, Sanhedrin 90a)
Joshua
• Joshua succeeded Moses as
the one to lead the Israelites into
the Promised Land
• A series of battles occurred
between the invading Israelites
and the native Canaanites:
– Jericho (Joshua 5:13–6:27)
– Ai and Bethel (Joshua 8:129)
– Against an alliance of
southern cities (Joshua 10:143)
– Against an alliance of
northern cities (Joshua 11:115)
Conquest of Canaan
• Formative event in Israel’s history
– Now the Israelites could describe themselves
as the inhabitants of the land God had
promised to their forefathers.
• Israel is now a land, not just a people
– But this event will also set up continuing
conflict between the Jews who claim the land
is given them by God and the Palestinians
who are displaced from it
Kingdoms
• Kingdom of David
(1000-970 B.C.)
– Extended the kingdom
by war
– Made Jerusalem the
political capital
– Drew up plans for the
Temple
• Kingdom of Solomon
(970-930 B.C.)
– Asserted “federal
power” over “tribal
power”
• Divided the country into
12 taxable units
• Centralization
– Preserved the
kingdom by peace
(David had extended it
by war)
Temple
• Under King Solomon, the
Jews built an elaborate
temple in their new capital
of Jerusalem
– Housed the Ark of the
Covenant and the Ten
Commandments
• Romans destroyed the
Temple in 70 A.D.
• In 638 A.D., Muslim
invaders captured
Jerusalem and eventually
built two mosques on the
site of the old Jewish
temple, including the Dome
of the Rock
Jerusalem: A Divided City
• The Dome of the Rock is
the holiest Islamic shrine
in Jerusalem.
• It stands over the rock
from which Muslims
believe Muhammad rose
to heaven.
• For Jews, the shrine
stands on the traditional
location of the Temple of
Solomon.
• Jews believe the site to
be where Abraham
prepared to sacrifice his
son Isaac.
Diaspora
• After King Solomon, tribal tensions led to a
division of the larger kingdom into Israel in the
north and Judah in the south
• Eventually both Israel and Judah came under
foreign domination
• As a result of these various conquests, the
Jewish people were displaced from their
homeland
• Babylonian, Archaemenid, Alexandrian,
Seleucid, and Roman regimes all ruled over the
Jewish Diaspora
Diaspora
• All these regimes embraced
many different ethnic and
religious groups and mostly
tolerated the cultural
preferences of their subjects
so long as the communities
paid their taxes and
refrained from rebellion
• However they sometimes
created state cults which
honored their emperors as
gods
• This created a problem for
the monotheistic Jews
18th Century icon of Shadraeh,
Meshaeh, and Abed-nego in the
furnace (Daniel 3:8-12) and
Daniel in the lion’s den (Daniel
6:10-13)
Jewish Rebellions
• Relations between the Jews and Romans
were especially tense as the Romans
expanded their empire into the eastern
Mediterranean
• Between the 3rd Century B.C. and the 1st
Century A.D., the Jews mounted several
rebellions, but were decisively defeated in
the Jewish War of 66 to 70 A.D.
Conquered Jerusalem
• 324… Byzantine rule
– The Roman Empire,
including Jerusalem,
became Christian under
Emperor Constantine and
Theodosius
• 614 - 638… Jerusalem fell to
the Persians (614), Byzantines
(629) and Arab Muslims (638)
– 688 - 691… Dome of the
Rock and Al-Aqsa built
• 1099… First Crusaders
captured Jerusalem (We’ll
discuss the Crusades in
Lesson 22)
The UN Partition Plan, 1947
• Some 6 million Jews
were killed during the
Holocaust
– Led to demands for
a Jewish homeland
• On November 29,
1947, the United
Nations voted to
partition western
Palestine into a
Jewish and an Arab
state
Israeli War of Independence, 1948
• On the day Israel
declared its
independence,
combined Arab
forces attacked
• Israel defeated
the attacks
PLO
• The Palestine Liberation
Organization (PLO) was
established in 1964 as a
political and paramilitary
organization of
Palestinians dedicated to
the establishment of an
independent Palestinian
state
• Palestinians fought
“intifada” against Israeli
forces into the early
1990s
The Six Day War, 1967
• Israel
launched a
preemptive
strike against
Arab armies
and ended up
occupying the
Sinai, the
Gaza Strip,
the Golan
Heights and
the West Bank
Terrorism
• At the 1972 Munich
Olympics, five Arab
terrorists killed 11 Israeli
athletes
• Arab terrorists repeatedly
used suicide attacks against
Israeli civilian targets
• Israel responded with air
strikes against Syria which
it accuses of supporting
Islamic Jihad and Hamas
terrorists
Black September
terrorist at Munich
Yom Kippur War, 1973
• Egypt and Syria
attacked on the
Jewish holy day;
other Arab states
joined in
• Israel militarily
recovered from the
initial surprise, but
diplomatically it
was an Arab victory
because Israel
agreed to give up
territory it had
previously seized
Camp David Accords, 1979
• Israel agreed to
withdraw from the Sinai
– Represented the
controversial Israeli
philosophy of “land for
peace”
• The Multinational Force
and Observers was
established to supervise
the implementation of
the security provisions of
the peace treaty
Egyptian President Sadat,
Israeli Prime Minister
Begin, and US President
Carter celebrate the
peace agreement
Attempts at Peace and More
Fighting
• In 2005, Israel
completed a unilateral
withdrawal of civilian
settlements and military
personnel from the
Gaza strip and the
northern West Bank
• In 2006, Israel attacked
Hezbollah forces in
Lebanon in response to
the kidnapping of two
Israeli soldiers
Major Jewish Holy Days
• Passover
– Celebrates the deliverance of the Jewish people from slavery in
Egypt
• Chanukah
– Commemorates the successful revolt against the Seleucids and
rededication of the Temple in Jerusalem
• Rosh Hashanah
– First of the year
– Begins the Days of Awe which are a time of introspection
culminating in Yom Kippur
• Yom Kippur
– “Day of Atonement” for sins man commits against God
Major World Religions
Source: About, Inc
http://christianity.about.com/library/weekly/blreligiontop.htm
Religion
Members
Christianity
Islam
Hinduism
Buddhism
Judaism
Sikhism
Baha‘i
Confucianism
Jainism
Shintoism
Wicca
Zoroastrianism
2 Billion
1.2 Billion
785 Million
360 Million
17 Million
16 Million
5 Million
5 Million
4 Million
3 Million
.7 Million
.2 Million
Divisions of Judaism Today
• Orthodox
– Jewish law comes from God and cannot be changed
– Torah is the fundamental text and study of the Talmud is stressed
• Conservative
– Accept the binding nature of Jewish law but believe that the law
can change
– Use the Talmud along with the Torah, but are more flexible about
the texts than Orthodox Jews are
• Reformed
– Most liberal (i. e., open to change)
– The process of reinterpretation of the Torah to the language of
today is ongoing, and that every Jew has a stake and a role in
that restatement and extension.
Ideas Unifying Judaism
•
•
•
•
•
One people (Abraham is their forefather)
The Chosen People (holy people)
Covenant relationship (Promised Land)
Temple/synagogue
Torah and Talmud
Jewish Concept of the Messiah
• Hebrew word is moshiach (annointed)
• The moshiach will be chosen by God to put an
end to all evil in the world, rebuild the Temple,
bring the exiles back to Israel, and usher in the
world to come.
• “I believe with perfect faith in the coming of the
moshiach, and though he may tarry, still I await
him every day.” (Principle 12 of Rambam’s 13
Principle’s of Faith)
– Rambam is Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon, one of the
greatest medieval Jewish scholars
Afterlife
• Olam Ha-Ba is Hebrew for “the World to Come”
and also the term used to refer to the spiritual
afterlife.
• When the moshiach comes to initiate the perfect
world of peace and prosperity, the righteous
dead will be brought back to life and given the
opportunity to experience the perfected world
that their righteousness helped to create.
– The wicked dead will not be resurrected.
• Jews prepare for the Olam Ha-Ba through study
of the Torah and good deeds
Part 2: Christianity
Theme: How religions grow and spread
Lesson 14
ID & SIG
• Calvin, epistles, Gentiles, Hermensen
(Arminius), Jesus, Luther, New Testament,
Paul (Saul), Pharisees, Reformation,
salvation by faith, spread of early
Christianity, St. Augustine
Jesus
• Born sometime before 4
B.C. in Bethlehem
– Virgin birth as the Son of
God (Luke 1:34-35)
• John the Baptist began
preaching before Jesus
and Jesus began his
ministry with a message
of repentance similar to
John’s
• Called Twelve Apostles to
assist him
Jesus’ Ministry
• Met resistance from Jewish authorities
who considered his claims to be the
Messiah blasphemy and Roman
authorities who considered his call for “the
kingdom of God” to be a political threat
• Jews brought Jesus before the Roman
authorities who acquiesced to the Jews’
demands to crucify Jesus
Resurrection
• Jesus’ followers
proclaimed he had risen
from the dead and that
his death and
resurrection served as a
sacrifice to offset their
sins
– Now they too can survive
death and live eternally in
heaven
• Jesus’ followers called
him “Christ” which means
“the anointed one” and
they became known as
Christians (Acts 11:26)
New Testament
• Christians compiled a body of writings
including accounts of Jesus’ life, reports of
his followers’ works, and letters outlining
Christian teachings
• Becomes known as the “New Testament”
and Christians refer to the Jews’ Hebrew
scriptures as the “Old Testament”
Saul
• The Christians were subjected to persecutions
from Jews who disagreed with the new faith
• One of the chief persecutors was Saul
– Zealous Pharisee
– Held the people’s coats while Stephen was
being stoned (Acts 4:58)
• Was on his way to Damascus to see whether
there is any Christian influence in the synagogue
there when God encountered him
– “Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me?” (Acts
9:4)
Paul
• God made Saul “a chosen
vessel unto me, to bear my
name before the Gentiles,
and kings, and the children of
Israel” (Acts 9:15)
– Came to be known as Paul
– Greatest theologian of the
early Church
– Apostle to the greatest
sphere of Christian
missionary expansion– to
the Gentile world to the
west
Paul’s Mission Trips
Epistles
Paul’s Method
• The cities in which Paul established
churches were politically, culturally, and
economically important
• They were also located on the main
thoroughfares of the Roman Empire,
ensuring mobility of the message
• Christianity would radiate from these major
cities to others and eventually to the
countryside
Factors Aiding the Spread of
Christianity
• Paul wrote in Greek
– The conquests of Alexander had introduced
Greek as the common language from Italy to
India (We’ll study Alexander in Lesson 18)
• Roman system of good roads and the lack
of piracy or serious crime (Pax Romana)
– Allowed Paul to travel and preach throughout
Asia Minor, Thrace, Greece, and Italy
Factors Aiding the Spread of
Christianity
• Presence of the synagogue
– Gave Paul a forum to preach, dispute with the
Jews, and attract converts
• Roman toleration of religion
– Paul and the other missionaries were able to
freely debate the cause of Christianity,
provided they said nothing subversive to
Rome’s political authority
Factors Aiding the Spread of
Christianity
• Degenerate nature of Roman society
– Rome’s idle, lascivious aristocracy amused
itself with such pursuits as mortal combat for
entertainment and created a spiritual void that
needed to be filled
• Broad Appeal
– Open to lower classes, urban populations,
and women
– Accorded honor and dignity to individuals who
did not enjoy high standing in Roman society
Result
• Less than 300 years
after the crucifixion,
Christianity became the
most dynamic and
influential religion in the
Mediterranean basin
• Sometime shortly before
337 A.D., Constantine
became the first
Christian emperor
• In 380 A.D., Theodosius
proclaimed Christianity
the official religion of the
Roman Empire
The baptism of Constantine
Institutional Church
• In the absence of organized leadership, the
earliest Christians had generated a wide range
of sometimes conflicting doctrines
• To standardize the faith, Christian leaders
instituted a hierarchy of church officials
– The bishop in Rome and patriarchs in Jerusalem,
Antioch, Alexandria, and Constantinople
– As Roman imperial authority crumbled, the bishop of
Rome (known as the pope) emerged as the spiritual
leader of Christian communities in the western part of
the empire
Evolving Doctrine
• In 325 A.D., Constantine called the
Council of Nicea which brought together
Christian leaders to consider the views of
the Arians
– Arians taught that Jesus was a mortal man
rather than God Himself
– Arianism was condemned as heresy
• (We talked about this in Lesson 6)
Nicean Creed
We believe in one God
the Father, the Almighty,
maker of heaven and earth,
of all that is, seen and unseen.
We believe in one Lord, Jesus Christ,
the only Son of God,
eternally begotten of the Father,
God from God, Light from Light,
true God from true God,
begotten, not made,
of one Being with the Father;
through him all things were made.
For us and for our salvation
he came down from heaven,
was incarnate of the Holy Spirit
and the Virgin Mary
and became truly human.
For our sake he was crucified
under Pontius Pilate;
he suffered death and was buried.
On the third day he rose again
in accordance with the
Scriptures;
he ascended into heaven
and is seated at the right hand
of the Father.
He will come again in glory
to judge the living and the dead,
and his kingdom will have no end.
We believe in the Holy Spirit, the Lord,
and the giver of life,
who proceeds from the Father and
the Son,
who with the Father and the Son
is worshiped and glorified,
who has spoken through the
prophets.
We believe in the one holy catholic
(Christian) and apostolic church.
We acknowledge one baptism
for the forgiveness of sins.
We look for the resurrection of the
dead,
and the life of the world to come.
Amen.
Added Philosophical Sophistication
• The earliest Christians had come from the
ranks of ordinary people
• Their doctrine seemed unsophisticated to
intellectual elites
• Until the 3rd Century Christianity grew as a
popular religion of salvation favored by the
masses
• During the 4th Century, intellectual elites
began to give it a reasoned doctrine of
intellectual substance
St. Augustine of Hippo (354-430)
• Well educated and conversant
with all the leading intellectual
currents of his day
• Converted to Christianity in 387
• Worked to reconcile Christianity
with Greek and Roman
philosophical traditions,
especially Platonism
• Tried to articulate Christianity in
terms that were familiar to
educated classes
• Wrote Confessions and The
City of God
Martin Luther
• In 1517, Martin Luther
distributed his Ninety Five
Thesis which was a public
challenge to debate the
Church practice of selling
indulgences
– Indulgences were a type of
pardon that excused
individuals from doing
penance for their sins and
facilitated entry into heaven
– Church officials thought
indulgences were great–
encouraged believers to
reflect piously on their
behavior and served as a
large source of income
Reformation
• In 1520, Pope Leo X
excommunicated Luther
• Though expelled from the Church,
Luther still considered himself a
Christian and he began to attract
followers
• The movement spread from
Wittenberg, throughout Germany,
to Switzerland, and throughout
western Europe
– The printing press was
instrumental in spreading the
word
• The dissidents became known as
“Protestants” because they were
protesting against the established
order
Other Reformers
• John Calvin
– Converted to Protestantism in
the 1530s and left France for
Switzerland to escape
persecution
– Founded a model Protestant
community in Geneva which
also served as a missionary
center
– Advanced the doctrine of
predestination
– Great influence on
Presbyterianism
Other Reformers
• Jacob Hermensen
(Latinized Arminius)
– Revolted against strict
Calvinism in favor of
free will
– Argued that people
must make an active
choice to be saved
– Profoundly influenced
John Wesley and
Methodism
Major World Religions
Source: About, Inc
http://christianity.about.com/library/weekly/blreligiontop.htm
Religion
Members
Christianity
Islam
Hinduism
Buddhism
Judaism
Sikhism
Baha‘i
Confucianism
Jainism
Shintoism
Wicca
Zoroastrianism
2 Billion
1.2 Billion
785 Million
360 Million
17 Million
16 Million
5 Million
5 Million
4 Million
3 Million
.7 Million
.2 Million
Next
• Islam