WOMEN IN BIOMEDICAL CAREERS: THE MANDATE OF THE OFFICE OF RESEARCH ON WOMEN’S HEALTH ***** Vivian W.
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WOMEN IN BIOMEDICAL CAREERS: THE MANDATE OF THE OFFICE OF RESEARCH ON WOMEN’S HEALTH *****
Vivian W. Pinn, M.D.
Associate Director for Research on Women’s Health Director, Office of Research on Women’s Health National Institutes of Health
American Society for Investigative Pathology April 2002
MISSION OF THE OFFICE OF RESEARCH ON WOMEN’S HEALTH: THE FOCAL POINT FOR WOMEN’S HEALTH RESEARCH AT NIH
Strengthen, develop, and increase research about diseases, disorders, and conditions that affect women, and related sex/gender factors; Establish an agenda for future directions in women’s health research ( “
Agenda for Research on Women’s Health for the 21 st Century”)
; Ensure that women are appropriately represented in biomedical and behavioral research studies; and Develop opportunities for the recruitment, retention, re-entry and advancement of women in biomedical careers.
CONCEPTS OF WOMEN’S HEALTH 21 ST IN THE CENTURY
********************************
Progress, Principles & Priorities For Research & Health Care
Biological Sciences BS Degrees 70,000 60,000 BS Total % Women 60% 50% 50,000 40% 40,000 30% 30,000 20% 20,000 10% 10,000 0 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1996 0%
7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 1966 Biological Sciences PhDs Total PhDs % Women 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 20% 15% 10% 5% 1994 1996 0% 45% 40% 35% 30% 25%
Distribution of Female Biological Scientists Across Employment Sectors 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% Education Industry Hospitals Government Non-Profit Other 0% 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995
Women Biological Scientists in Academic Positions as a Percentage of Total (Male & Female) 45% Tenured Tenure-Track Other Academic Postdocs 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995
Assistant Professors: Percent Female 50% 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 1973 1979 1989 1995 15% 10% 5% 0% All S&E Physical Science Mathematical Engineering Biological Sciences Sciences Social Sciences
25% Full Professors: Percent Female 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% All S&E Physical Science Mathematical Engineering Biological Sciences Sciences Social Sciences 1973 1979 1989 1995
WOMEN ON MEDICAL SCHOOL FACULTIES, 1999
37% of total faculty 85% of instructors 53% of assistant professors 30% of associate professors 13% of full professors 7.5% of departments chairs (in 1998) as of 9/1/99, only 6 of the 125 medical school deans were women.
Source: AAMC Data Book,2000 & AAMC, Women in U.S. Academic Medicine: Statistics 1998-1999
WHY WOMEN LEAVE SCIENCE
Women in Cell Biology, ASCB Newsletter, 8/97
What contributes to contrast between almost 50% representation of women at undergraduate and graduate levels of science & engineering
vs.
26% representation in life sciences workforce?
(based on NSF data) Why do more women than men begin leaving science even as undergraduates? (based on NSF data) Kane & Williams
WHY WOMEN LEAVE SCIENCE
Women in Cell Biology, ASCB Newsletter, 8/97
Different expectations and requirements of women often not understood, ignored, or belittled, including: self-confidence networking and mentoring with faculty Need of women for guides, advisors, older peers and faculty who validate their concerns and assist in determining essential learning and surviving strategies Kane & Williams
WHY WOMEN LEAVE SCIENCE
Women in Cell Biology, ASCB Newsletter, 8/97
Many women choose ‘alternative’ careers: *more compatible with having a family *more intellectually and financially rewarding Aggressive & persistent behavior in women may be viewed as negative by colleagues Very ‘feminine’ women scientist may not be taken seriously regardless of research productivity Disconnect between reward system and competitive vs. collaborative environment in science Kane & Williams
WHY WOMEN LEAVE SCIENCE
Women in Cell Biology, ASCB Newsletter, 8/97
Caroline Kane & Laura Williams
Networking & mentoring that help in determining career in science also needed for young and senior professionals, e.g.: * introductions at national meetings * appointments to institutional committees Networking & mentoring needed related to ability to successfully pursue the discipline
WOMEN’S SALARIES IN LIFE SCIENCES ONE-THIRD LESS
Martha Downs, Women’s Enews, 2001 • From AAAS survey, salary differences build throughout careers: Post-doc, Assist. Prof: $6,000-$8,000 Univ Admin, CEO: $40,000 • ??Women not in senior positions long enough?
• Shirley Malcom:
‘accumulated inequity’
WOMEN’S SALARIES IN LIFE SCIENCES ONE-THIRD LESS
Martha Downs, Women’s Enews, 2001 • Catherine Didion (AWIS): earning gap due to complex issues, including: *different approaches to publication *lack of clearly articulated expectations for raises and promotions *
’captive spouse’
syndrome • Sonnert: women tend to write fewer papers, BUT attempt more substantial synthesis, publish more book chapters and symposia…
ELEMENTS OF SUCCESS IN SCIENCE Sonnert, 1975
*Choice of institution
(college, graduate, postdoctoral study)
*Choice of research topic and field
(specialized, highly focused)
*Publication of research results
(publication rate is a predictor of peers’ judgments)
*Mentors
(among the most crucial career advantages)
*Political game
(forge relationships with departmental colleagues)
*Networking
(achieve visibility among a wide group of colleagues)
*Hard work
(described as more important than intelligence)
ELEMENTS OF SUCCESS FOR WOMEN IN SCIENCE
Sonnert, 1975
*Solving the two-body problem of marriage
(spouse’s career, esp. if he is in science)
*Affirmative action
(merit vs. “women doing things as women in science”)
*Persistence
(identified as more important for women than for men)
*How to react to gender discrimination
(ignore incidents, humor, compliance)
*De-emphasize femininity
(particularly difficult for pregnant women)
*Avoidance
(detect potentially discriminatory situations and try to avoid them - choose your battles)
TRAVERSING CAREER CHANGES GRACEFULLY
Page Morahan, Academic Physician & Scientist, 2002 Recognize you’re ready for a career change Identify your professional & personal passions Investigate career ideas generated by these passions Understand career transition involves an emotional roller coaster
<<<<>>>>
“Research shows it’s particularly important for women to obtain significant line experience to be competitive for major leadership roles.”
LEADERSHIP IN RESEARCH CAREERS AND PRACTICE Not just recruitment and entry, but providing, supporting, and encouraging opportunities for retention and advancement in biomedical research careers with appropriate knowledge and ethical tools and principles...
RECRUITMENT, RETENTION, REENTRY & ADVANCEMENT OF WOMEN IN BIOMEDICAL CAREERS and HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONS **********************
T
he ORWH Mandate
************************
Nurturing Women & Minorities for Successful Careers and Leadership Positions in Biomedical Research and Health Care Professions **********************
ORWH PROGRAMS TO ENHANCE WOMEN IN BIOMEDICAL CAREERS
Public Hearing & Workshop
WOMEN IN BIOMEDICAL CAREERS: DYNAMICS OF CHANGE; STRATEGIES FOR THE 21 ST CENTURY
BARRIERS TO/FACTORS FOR BIOMEDICAL CAREERS FOR WOMEN
Recruiting women & girls into scientific careers Lack of female role models & mentors Career paths/rewards (salaries, promotions, etc.) Family responsibilities/duel roles Need for reentry into biomedical careers Sex discrimination and sexual harassment Gender sensitivity Racial bias/special needs of minority women Research initiatives on women’s health
DIVERSITY OF HEALTH PROFESSIONALS
Percentage of Underrepresented Minorities Enrolled in Health Professions Schools 20% 18% 16% 14% 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% Nursing Enrollees Allopathic Med. Matrics Veterinary Enrollees Public Health Enrollees Dental Matrics Osteopathic Med. Matrics Pharmacy Enrollees 2% 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Source: Institute of Medicine Symposium Summary
RESEARCH ON WOMEN’S HEALTH FOR THE 21 ST CENTURY:
CAREER ISSUES FOR WOMEN SCIENTISTS WORKING GROUP
Co-Chairs
: Catherine Didion (AWIS) Joan Y. Reede, M.D. (Harvard Medical School) Joan P. Schwartz, Ph.D. (NIH) Eleanor G. Shore, M.D., MPH (Harvard Medical School)
CCRWH/NIH CAREER DEVELOPMENT SUBCOMMITTEE
Estella Parrott, M.D., MPH, NICHD, & Joyce Rudick, ORWH,
Co-Chairs
Julia Freeman, Ph.D., NIAMS Miriam Kelty, Ph.D., NIA Anne Sassaman, Ph.D., NIEHS Jim Alexander, OE Wally Schaefer, Ph.D., OER Gloria Seelman, OSE Bonnie Kalberer, OSE Ellen Liberman, Ph.D., NEI Sharon Hrynkrow, Ph.D., FIC Eleanor Hanna, Ph.D., NIAAA
ORWH CAREER DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS 2002
<<<>>>
Current trends focus on: Interdisciplinary Research & Development Mentoring Reentry and Bridging Collaboration with Professional Societies
2001 ORWH CAREER DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS
ORWH Reentry Program Women’s Reproductive Health Research Career Development Centers with NICHD Building Interdisciplinary Research Careers in Women’s Health (BIRCWH) Professional Opportunities for Women in Research and Education (POWRE) with NSF WISH-net: Mentoring Women http://wish-net.org
Achieving XXcellence in Science (A XX S) http://www4.od.nih.gov/axxs/ WHI Minority Investigator Career Development Award
Recommendations from the ORWH Philadelphia Meeting
Define, Facilitate, and Reward Mentoring
Train individuals to be mentors. While some people may be natural mentors, others would be good mentors if provided effective training.
Reward mentoring institutionally. Counteract institutional attitudes that penalize mentors for their efforts. In academia and industry, individuals in the highest leadership roles should assume the responsibility of counteracting the negative influences on mentors.
ORWH Mandate: Women in Biomedical Careers
Grappling with Perpetual Problems and Finding Responsible Solutions:
Mentorship
FUTURE PRIORITIES FOR WOMEN’S HEALTH RESEARCH & HEALTH CARE
Need to decrease fragmentation of health care for women Need to encourage interdisciplinary research as foundation for integrated care Need to provide support for development of interdisciplinary collaborations Need to fund mechanisms for development of women’s health researchers in a mentored environment
ORWH Sponsored RFA with NIH IC’s & AHCPR
Building Interdisciplinary Research Careers in Women’s Health
To promote the performance of research and transfer of findings that will benefit the health of women through institutional career development awards...
9434
ORWH Sponsored RFA with NIH ICs & AHRQ BUILDING INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH CAREERS IN WOMEN’S HEALTH <<<>>>
Institutional,
interdisciplinary
,
career development
and
mentoring
award for junior faculty members recently completing clinical training or postdoctoral fellowships and commencing basic, translational, clinical or health services research relevant to women’s health…
BUILDING INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH CAREERS IN WOMEN’S HEALTH (BIRCWH) <<<>>>
Baylor College of Medicine, Houston University of Alabama, Birmingham University of California, Los Angeles University of California, San Francisco University of Connecticut Health Center University of Kentucky, Lexington University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey University of Michigan, Ann Arbor University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Virginia Commonwealth University Washington University, St. Louis Yale University, New Haven
PROVIDING A FEDERAL EMPHASIS ON WOMEN’S HEALTH AND RESEARCH
Increasing Legislative Initiatives And Attention To Address Women’s Health and Family Issues at the Federal & State levels
From House Appropriations Committee Report Language, October 2001
…The additional funding provided in fiscal year 2002 will permit the Office to continue to enhance, stimulate, and co-fund meritorious research on sex and gender factors in basic and clinical studies…
From House Appropriations Committee Report Language, October 2001
…These funds should also be used for new research activities in a variety of health issues and new and expanded career development programs for women scientists, such as BIRCWH…
From House Appropriations Report Language, October 2001
…The Committee also urges ORWH to enhance research on multi-systemic diseases in women through all available mechanisms, as appropriate, including the establishment of interdisciplinary research centers…
ORWH Sponsored RFA with NIH ICs & AHRQ BUILDING INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH CAREERS IN WOMEN’S HEALTH <<<>>>
REISSUED
RFA OD-02-001 Letters of intent: February 14, 2002 Application due date: March 14, 2002
ORWH Sponsored RFA with NIH ICs
SCOR
SPECIALIZED CENTERS OF RESEARCH on SEX and GENDER FACTORS AFFECTING WOMEN’S HEALTH <<<>>> RFA OD-02-002
Letters of intent: February 14, 2002 Application due date: March 14, 2002
A
XX
S ‘99 and beyond…
Initiative of NIH women scientists, ORWH, and the American Society for Cell Biology, …
‘Designed to allow scientific societies to encourage women to: *Enter scientific fields *Develop effective programs to build careers *Facilitate mentoring *Identify ways to overcome barriers *Share strategies for promoting careers, and *Develop products that can be utilized with each scientific discipline
A
XX
S ’99 into A
XX
S 2002!
Mentoring and Networking Career Development: Mid- and Senior Levels Representation in Scientific Societies Model Systems that Work Outreach and Collaboration within and between Societies and Organizations
2001 ORWH CAREER DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS with The Office of Science Education
Health Science Curriculum Online Snapshots of Science and Medicine NIH Speakers Bureau HHMI Second Summer Women are Scientists Video and Poster Series Women in Science Poster Series NIH Virtual Mentor
2001 ORWH CAREER DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS with The Office of Education
Postbaccalaurate Trainees Premed Advising Workshop Fellows Award for Research Excellence (FARE) NIH Academy Curriculum Postdoctoral Fellows-Survival Skills Workshop Speaking & Writing About Science Advanced Courses: Speaking & Writing About Science Job Fair 2001 Employment Opportunities on the Web Special Lecture: Maximizing Opportunities for Women
2001-2002 ORWH CAREER DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS Other Initiatives Supported
Undergraduate Loan Repayment Scholarship Program (OIR) The TAU/Sackler Medical Faculty-NIH Program (OIR/NIDDK)
Pearls of Wisdom: Succeeding in Biomedical Careers
Have a mentor… & Be a mentor…
Pearls of Wisdom: Succeeding in Biomedical Careers
Overcome barriers & Exceed expectations
***************************
By having confidence, and being academically and strategically prepared…
GENDER DIVERSITY: Women in Science & Research Careers
As women increase in general population, and in entry into science and research careers, potential for contributions to advancements in science becomes an even more valuable resource for our nation… Overcoming perceived and real inequities of opportunity for women to advance in scientific careers must be an imperative for our efforts…