Transcript Boars heading for 2018 : An Italian Viewpoint Marcello G. Marchesi Gruppo Martini.

Boars heading for 2018 :
An Italian Viewpoint
Marcello G. Marchesi
Gruppo Martini
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OUTLINE
 Italian
production and costs
 Parma Ham
 Age at puberty
 Field experience with immuno
castration
 Future developments
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EU Carcase Weights
140,00
120,00
100,00
80,00
60,00
40,00
20,00
0,00
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BIG PIGS !!
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PDO (Protected Designation of
Origin;EU Reg 102/2008)
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Italian Expression of Excellence
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PARMA HAM
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9.823.000 hams
164 curing plants
120 slaughter plants
5.500 farms
3.000 employees
€ 1.700.000.000 retail sales
2.257.000 exported hams ( € 360
mil)(2010)
Exports to 85 different countries
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IPQ Regulations
Decreto Min. 253 15/02/1993
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Humidity
 Salt
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Distance from head of femur , 18 cm
Age of pigs at slaughter
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4,5 – 6,7 %
Trimmed hams :
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59 – 63,5 %
Minimum 9 months
Fat cover
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30 mm for hams > 9 kg
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Economic Value of Parma
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Trimmed Parma hams 12,5/16 kg,
€ 4,14
Trimmed non Parma hams € 3,06
Average weight 14,0 kg
Difference € 15,12 /ham ,
€ 30,24 / pig
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AGE AT PUBERTY
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Age at Puberty
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Gray at al , sampled testosterone
levels in the spermatic vein, in
boars aged from 3 to 9 months.
Peak production reached between 5
and 7 months.
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Significantly higher levels of
testosterone found in boars with higher
backfat levels
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Age at puberty
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FlorCruz and Lapwood studied
epididymal development and
testosterone profiles in boars aged
from 43 to 241 days
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Onset of spermatogenesis was found in
the range 90 to 127 days
First observations of spermatozoa in
the seminierous tubules were made at
127 to 146 days
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Age at Puberty
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Allrich et al , monitored groups of
boars from 40 to 250 days , with
castration at 30 day intervals.
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Leydig cell weights increased steadily
from 40 to 130 d, then increased 75 %
from 130 to 170d
Maximum testosterone production was
found from 130-160d
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Age at Puberty
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Schinkel et al , measured testicular
growth rate in 377 boars.
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Testes weight more than tripled from
120 to 160 d
Selection in lines for ovulation rate has
resulted in a 10% increase in testes
weight
Selection for lean growth rate has
delayed sexual maturity
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Age at Puberty
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Malmgren et al, studied testicular
differentiation and the maturation of
epididymal spermatozoa
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First observations of spermatozoa seen
at 125 days
Not all of the boars sampled had
mature spermatozoa at 180 days.
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PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE
WITH IMMUNO CASTRATION
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Boar taint physiology
GnRF
Hypothalamus
Brain
Fertility
Libido
Behaviour
Androstenone
Pituitary
LH & FSH
Skatole
Many steroids
Natural GnRF
Testes
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Improvac mode of action
Hypothalamus
Brain
X
X
Fertility
Libido
Behaviour
Androstenone
Pituitary
X
LH & FSH
Skatole
X
Many steroids
Natural GnRF
Antigen
Second dose antibodies
Testes
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PRIOR TO 2° VACCINATION
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In lairage prior to slaughter
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Residual Testes,prior to trimming
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Residual Scrotum
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Lean Carcase
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FIELD TRIAL RESULTS
Final
Weight
kg
Average
Daily
Gain
g/day
Feed
Conversio
n Rate
Mortality
Phys. Castr.
150
780
3,20
3,9%
Improvac
152
820
3,02
2,4%
ITALY
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Trimmed hams
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Difference between “Parma”+ “Tivoli”
trimmed hams
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FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS
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NUTRITION
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Skatole levels can be affected by
nutrional and environmental factors
Increasing the souces of
fermentable carbohydrate promotes
the growth of hindgut microbial
biomass and reduces the conversion
of trytophan to skatole.
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NB risk of increased incidence of HBS in
susceptible genetic types
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Factor
Androstenone
Skatole
Note
Source
High protein diet
NO
SI
Reduced blood skatole levels
Lin e coll., 1992
High protein diet
NO
SI
Reduced skatole in fat
Lundstrom e coll., 1992
Low energy, high fiber diet
NO
SI
Incresed skatole in fat
Lundstrom e coll., 1992
High ebergy diet
NO
SI
Increased blood skatole
Claus e coll., 1996
Antibiotici auxinici
NO
SI
Reduced skatole levels
Hansen e coll., 2000
Raw potatoe starch
NO
SI
Reduced skatole in blood, faeces and fat
Claus e coll., 2003
Raw potatoe starch
NO
SI
Reduced skatole
Zamaratskaia, 2004
Raw potatoe starch
NO
SI
Reduced skatole
Losel e Claus, 2005
Raw potatoe starch
NO
SI
Reduced skatole in blood and fat
Pauly e coll., 2008
Soya bean hulls
NO
NO
No effect
Van Oeckel e coll., 1998
Jerusalem artichoke
NO
SI
Reduced skatole in faeces
Farnworth e coll., 1995
Sugar beet pulp
NO
SI
Reduced skatole in faeces
Hawe e coll., 1992
Sugar beet pulp
NO
NO
Fat skatole level unchanged
Hawe e coll., 1992
Sugar beet pulp
NO
NO
Fat skatole level unchanged
Overland e coll., 1995
Sugar beet pulp
NO
NO
Fat skatole level unchanged
Van Oeckel e coll., 1998
Sugar beet pulp
NO
SI
Reduced fat skatole levels
Whittington e coll., 2004
Sugar beet pulp
NO
SI
Reduced skatole levels in blood and faeces
Knarreborg e coll., 2002
Sugar beet pulp and straw
NO
SI ?
Slight increase of skatole in fat
Wiseman e coll., 1999
Sugar beet pulp plus yeast
NO
SI
Reduced skatole in fat
Jensen e coll., 1995
Linseed
NO
SI
Reduced skatole in fat
Matthews e coll., 2000
Linseed
NO
SI
Reduced skatole in fat
Kouba e coll., 2003
Yeast
NO
SI
Increased skatole in fat
Jensen e coll., 1995
Casein
NO
SI ?
Non significant reduction of skatole in fat
Jensen e coll., 1995
Lysine HCl
NO
NO
No relavent effect
Andersson e coll., 1997
Inulin
NO
SI
Reduced level of skatole
Rideout e coll., 2004
FOS 0,75 g/head/day
NO
NO
No effect
Roussel e coll., 1998
FOS 1,5 g/head/day
NO
SI
Reduced skatole in faeces
Roussel e coll., 1998
Effect of diet composition on Boar taint
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WELFARE
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Straw Pens
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When poorly managed , will increase
skatole
Council Directive 2008/120/EC
Access to “ a sufficient quantity of material
to enable proper investigation and
manipulation activities.”
 When poorly managed , will increase
skatole
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Genetic Solutions ?
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Squires and Schenkel from Univ.
Guelph are working on an exciting
project to identify single nucleotide
polymorphisms (SNPs) in candidate
genes that encode the enzyme
involved in the synthesis and
degradation of androsterone and
skatole.None of the markers are
associated with negative effects on
production traits.
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Conclusions
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Italy produces the biggest pigs in the
world
Sexual maturity occurs at least three
months before the Italian typical
slaughter weight.
Immuno castration will improve
productivity, but has undesirable negative
side effects for Parma ham production
Immuno castration may be a possible
solution for the “non Parma” areas of
production
Italy will require a special exemption from
the proposed 2018 regulations.
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Thank you for your attention !
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