Transcript 4th WORLD WATER FORUM Risk Management in the Iullemeden Aquifer System 4th World Water Forum, Mexico 2006 Mexico, Marsh 17th, 2006

4th WORLD WATER FORUM
Risk Management in the
Iullemeden Aquifer System
4th World
Water Forum,
Mexico 2006
Mexico, Marsh 17th, 2006
GEOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW
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IAS OVERVIEW
•Countries : Mali, Niger, Nigeria
Area : 525 000 km²
•Mali : 31000 km² (6%)
•Niger : 434000 km² (83%)
•Nigeria : 60000 km² (11%).
Mali
R. Niger
Niger
Aquifers :
• Cretaceous Intercalary
Continental
• Tertiary Terminal Continental
• > 2000 billion m3
Niger river :
• 30 billion m3 per year
Nigeria
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Population :
• 15 million (2000)
• 28 million (2025)
NATURAL RESOURCES
Non renewable Groundwater > 2000 billion m3
Renewable Groundwater > 2 billion m3
Surface water (Niger river) : 30 billion m3/y
160 billion m3/y to Atlantic ocean
« W » National parc (Niger Republic)
Fisheries > 200 species
Livestock > 4 million cattle
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Irrigation land > 300 000 ha
SHARED IAS ISSUES
•Increased water demand because of
growing population : 15 millions in 2000,
double in 2025
•Climate change
•Decreased groundwater recharge rate
•Land degradation 100 000 ha/year
•Deforestation > 1 million ton firewood
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•Silting : river, lake, pools
SHARED IAS ISSUES
• Lack of exchange information between
countries sharing and exploiting the
same resource
• Lack of cooperation on aquifers
although Basins Authorities exit in the
region : NBA, LGA, etc…
• Aquifers only studied in the limits of
the national borders
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GENERAL OBJECTIVE
Within the goal of sustainable :
• environmental protection and subregional and national development
• cooperative framework for joint
management of risk and uncertainty
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To establish the capacity, to identify,
reduce and mitigate transboundary
risks from changing land and water use
and from climate change in the shared
Iullemeden Aquifer System
PROJECT OUTCOMES
•Joint mechanisms for identification of
transboundary risk issues in the IAS;
•A joint development and conservation
strategy for the IAS;
•A joint tripartite legal and institutional
cooperative framework for the IAS;
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•Joint programmes for awareness,
participation and inter-governmental
communication.
IAS PROJECT COMPONENTS
•Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis ;
•Strengthening the State of knowledge
of IAS;
•Consultative Mechanism;
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•Awareness, Participation, Capacity
Building;
PROJECT STRUCTURE
STEERING COMMITTEE
(Periodic control and Evaluation)
Countries :
Partners :
DNH - Mali
- UEP/GEF
DRE/MHE/LCD - Niger
- IAEA
- ESA
- IRD
DHH/FWRM - Nigeria
- FAO
- IGRAC
- GTZ
UNESCO
OSS
Scientific Supervision
Implementation Agency
IAS Project
- Coordination and Technical Management
- Regional Coordination
- Scientific Control
Experts
National Teams
Scientific Audit
National Coordinator
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National Focal Point
National Coordination
Committee
Scientific Evaluation
Validation of final reports
Transboundary Diagnostic
Analysis
Consultative Mechanism
Recharge
Modelling
Remote Sensing
ACHIEVEMENTS SO FAR :
• Three national reports for TDA (Mali, Niger
and Nigeria) for further IAS wide analysis
(under implementation) ;
• Common digitalized maps for a further
hydrogeological risks analysis;
• Analysis of information/data availability in
support of cooperation among countries;
• Legal and consultative mechanism ;
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• Management tool development (database)
RISKS IDENTIFIED
Mali
Nigeria
H
M
H
Lack of knowledge of Surface Water and Groundwater
connexion
H
H
H
Basin Awareness
H
H
H
H
Climatic changes : floods, droughts
H
H
H
H
Deforestation
H
H
H
H
Groundwater exploitation
W
W
M
W
Decline of Artesianism uncontrolled
M
H
H
H
Water pollution
H
H
H
H
Soil salinisation
M
M
W
M
Inadequate groundwater network
H
M
H
H
Non consultative groundwater Exploitation
H
H
H
H
RISKS
Lack of knowledge of groundwater flow patterns
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Mean
value
Niger
H = High Risk
M = Medium Risk
W = Weak Risk
H
H
PARTIAL CAUSAL CHAIN ANALYSIS
DIRECT CAUSES
(Natural origin)
Climatic changes,
(reduced rainfall and
runoff)
Frequent droughts
Reduced connexion
between surface
water and
groundwater
because of silting,
sand dunes
established
High concentration
of fluoride, nitrates
Climatic change:
droughts,
desertification,
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ENVIRONMEN
TAL
ISSUES
DIRECT CAUSES
IMPACTS
(Human origin)
Groundwater
resources
scarcity
Increase in water demand
(growth population, mining
and agricultural activities)
Inadequate water
infrastructure
Reduced
groundwater
recharge
Decline of artesian
water pressure
Reduced renewable
groundwater
resource
Alternative water
resources
Groundwater
quality
degradation
Pollution by urban,
industrial and mining
activities
Agricultural activities
(pesticides, manures)
Land use and inadequate
change in land use
Soil Salinization
Less production in
agriculture
Diseases
Loss of
Biodiversity
and Biotic
resources
Deforestation (firewood)
Uncontrolled hunting
activities
Clearing of land for
agriculture
Migration of the population
from deserted zone to
wetlands
Land use and inadequate
change in land use
Employment
(firewood)
Reduced tourism
Increase water
erosion
COMMON BASIC
CAUSES
Deficient political
and legal practical
framework
Inadequate basin
awareness
Insufficient
knowledge and
participation in
sustainable water
resource
management
Lack of consultative
mechanism in
groundwater
resources
management
although several
Basin Authorities
Deficiency in
application of law
ENVIRON. ISSUES & TRANSBOUNDARY MANIFESTATIONS
ENVIRONMENTAL
ISSUES
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EFFECTS & SYMPTOMS
TRANSBOUNDARY
MANIFESTATIONS
STRATEGIC ACTIONS
Groundwater
resources scarcity
Increase of percentage of
population without access of
drinking water
Less agriculture (reduced area
under irrigation)
Transfer water (big towns,
mining areas)
Transboundary migration of
the population increasing
water demand in the new
habitat
Increase potential conflicts
between farmers and
pastoralists using the same
water point (well, dug well,
boreholes)
Sustainable and jointly
development of water
resources
Operational consultative
mechanism of water
resource management
(exchange data,
groundwater exploitation
modelling, ) to alert water
scarcity
Groundwater
quality degradation
Change option in water
demand (fluoride)
Less production of agriculture
Sanitation issues (diseases)
More importation of food
Change option of water use
Transport pollutions with
effects on human population,
ecosystem.
Transport of diseases
Prevention and control of
risk pollution
“Pollutant-Payer”, taxes
Operational legal
framework
Loss of Biodiversity
and Biotic
resources
Reduced wildlife populations
of flora and fauna
Reduced biological properties
of the soil (fertilisation)
Increase of denuded areas
and loss of wetlands
Increase of water erosion, and
sand dunes establishment
Migration of fauna and flora
to wetland and peaceful
zones
Migration of the population
including diseases migration,
destruction of new humid
habitat
Migration and increase
potential conflicts between
farmers and pastoralists
Strengthening public
awareness in support of
decision-making processes;
Environmental education
for civil society
“Pollutant-Payer”, taxes
DIRECT NATURAL CAUSE : CLIMATIC CHANGE
Sliding of isohyets southwards by 100 km:
decrease of 20%- 30% of the rainfall
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DIRECT NATURAL CAUSE : CLIMATIC CHANGE
Development
of sand dunes
Erosion and silting in Niger river
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CLIMATIC IMPACTS
Evolution des Débits annuels : Ecart à la Moyenne
600
Ecart / Moyenne (864 m3/s)
500
300
Ecart (m3/s)
Reduced Niger river
runoff at Niamey :
36,2%
400
200
100
0
-100
-200
-300
-400
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2002
1998
1994
1990
1986
1982
1978
1974
1970
1966
1962
1958
1954
1950
-500
CLIMATIC IMPACTS
Reduction of groundwater recharge
4,00
3
Ecr (Pluie)
Ecr (Débit)
Cumul Ecr.-Piézo.
3,00
2,00
2
1
1,00
0
0,00
-1
-1,00
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
-4
1985
-4,00
1984
-3
1983
-3,00
1982
-2
1981
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-2,00
(R. Dessouassi et G. Mahé , 1997)
DIRECT HUMAN CAUSE
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DIRECT NATURAL CAUSE : FLUORIDE (6mg/l)
Bony Fluorosis
Apatite :
Ca5(PO4)3 (OH, F, Cl)
More than 300 victims mainly children incurably deformed
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TEMPORAL CONSULTATIVE MECHANISM
COMITE DE PILOTAGE
Facilitateur)
SECRETARY
(Political level)
Facilitator)
NIGER
MALI
Comité Technique
Technical Committee
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STEERING COMMITTE
MALI
Comité Technique
SECRETAIRE
(Niveau Politique)
NIGERIA
NIGER
Comté Technique
Technical Committee
Technical Committee
NIGERIA
PERMANENT CONSULTATIVE MECHANISM
STEERING COMMITTEE
(Political Level)
EXECUTIVE SECRETARY
Maintenance of Database;
coordination national committee
activities ; preparation of
decisions to the Steering
committee
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MALI
NIGER
NIGERIA
Technical
Committee
Technical Committee
Technical
Committee
COMMON DATABASE
Surface Water
Climatology
Administrative Domains
Groundwater
Users
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COMMON DIGITALIZED GEOLOGICAL MAP
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REMOTE SENSING : PILOT SITES
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CHALLENGES
• Definition, Quantification and
Analysis of Transboundary risks in IAS
• Addressing lack of data/information
: A need for country capacity
building ;
• Rational management of surface
water and groundwater ; and
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• “ Implementable “ consultative
mechanism for cooperation and
coordination.
END
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