Transcript Migration Policy in Russian Federation Olga Chudinovskikh Moscow State University [email protected] Plan 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. What kind of data do we need for migration policy planning? Two periods in RF.

Migration Policy in Russian
Federation
Olga Chudinovskikh
Moscow State University
[email protected]
1
Plan
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
What kind of data do we need for migration policy
planning?
Two periods in RF migration policy. Changes in
priorities.
Basic laws relevant to migration policy.
Migration policy institutes . Functions and rights of
Federal Migration Service.
Tools and mechanisms of migration management.
Basic shortcomings of RF migration policy, main
directions for improvement.
Conclusions.
2
What data do we need for migration
policy planning ?
• Data on migration situation (stocks, flows, trends)
• Demographic profiles, trends and projections
• Estimation of labour market development and other
economic considerations
• Data on public opinion related to migration and
migrants, tolerance, xenophobia, etc.
• Estimation of MP costs and resources that authorities
are ready to spend on migration policy
• Etc.
•
Lack of reliable data is a background for incompetent interpretation of
available statistics and manipulations with public and policy-makers’ opinion,
increase in xenophobia, stimulation of federal budget redistribution, growth of
MP costs
3
Migration trends in RF
(source- M.Denissenko)
4
Immigration estimation (flows between Russia and former
SU republics, 1992-2002, thousands)
source – M.Denissenko
In- migration
Out-migration
Net-Migration
Caucasus republics
966
130
836
Baltic States
247
36
211
Central Asia
1557
237
1320
Kazakhstan
1970
411
1560
Ukraine
1475
1039
436
Byelorussia
240
268
-28
Moldova
170
82
88
6626
2203
4423
Total
5
Migration in/from Far Abroad 19922002 , RF, (thousands)
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
period
In- migration
88
56
45
25
16
15
19
13
9
7
7
301
Out-migration
138
124
114
118
100
84
80
85
62
59
54
1018
Net migration
-50
-68
-69
-93
-84
-69
-62
-72
-53
-51
-46
-717
6
Reasons for move structure, in-migration .
RF, urban and rural areas, %.
Rural areas.
Urban areas
100%
100%
90%
90%
80%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
30%
20%
20%
10%
10%
19
69
&
19
<
70
-1
97
19
4
75
-1
97
9
19
80
-8
4
19
85
-8
8
19
89
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
0%
Family circumstances
Job
Unsatisf.living conditions
Other reasons
Education
Ethnic conflicts
To the prev.place of residence
0%
1969 1970- 1975- 1980- 1985- 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
& < 1974 1979 84 88
Family circumstances
Education
Job
Ethnic conflicts
Unsatisf.living conditions
To the prev.place of residence
Other reasons
7
Influence of economic crisis
(1998) on net migration in Russia
Net migration by months 1998-1999 related to the same month of the
previous year- 1998 to 1997, 1999 to 1998
Russian Federation, Goskomstat data.
160%
140%
120%
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
Jan . 00
Dec .99
Nov .99
Oct .99
Sept .99
Aug .99
Jul .99
Jun .99
May,99
Apr .99
Mar .99
Feb .99
Jan .99
Dec .98
Nov .98
Oct .98
Sept .98
Aug .98
Jul .98
Jun .98
May, 98
Apr .98
Mar .98
Feb .98
Jan .98
0%
8
Two periods in RF migration policy
• 1) 1992-2000:
Concentration of efforts and
resources on solution of
forced migration problems
• First experience of migration
policy was obtained
• First laws related to
migration were worked out
• Federal migration service
was established
• RF fulfilled its humanitarian
mission as a host country
for forced migrants
• 2) since 2002:
Attempts to restrain irregular
(labour) migration and to
manage migration flows in
general
• Development of legislation
in the sphere of migration
management
• More civilized ways and
mechanisms of migration
management
• Experience in migration
management in progress
9
Russian Federation in the world:
2000
2050
Territory
13.0
13.0 (?)
Population
2.4
1.12050 World population- 9.000.000.000
RF population 80.000.000 - 100.000.000
Russia
10
RF Census 1989 / 2002
Population by age and sex. (Source-Goskomstat
of RF)
11
How many migrants does RF need?
Net migration (average, per year) necessary to maintain constant
population in active (labour) ages during 2000-2050.
Source : M.Denissenko,
Average net migration (annual, thousand)
Country or Zone
(Region)
Germany
2000-2050
(UN
Projection
1998)
Necessary for constant
quantity of active age
population
Difference
:
[3]=[2
]-[1]
Percentage( %) of
migrants and their
descendants,
(arrived after
1995) in total
population 2050 .
204
487
283
36,1
Italy
6
372
366
38,7
South Korea
-7
129
136
13,9
Russian
Federation
109
715
606
27,6
Great Britain
20
125
105
13,6
USA
760
359
401
7,9
France
7
109
102
11,6
Japan
0
647
647
30,4
Europe
376
3227
2851
25,8
EU
270
1588
1318
25,7
12
Legal base of internal and foreign migration
regulation in RF (Basic laws 1992-2002)











Federal law on refugees – 1993 (amendments-1997,1998,2000,2003)
Federal law on forced re-settlers (internal refugees)-1993 (amendments
- 1995,2001, 2003)
Law on freedom for move , choice of place of stay and residence in
Russian Federation (1993)
Law on rules of entry and exit to/from Russian Federation-1996
(amendments 1998,1999,2003)
Immigration control act 1993
Federal programs (1992-2000) of migration regulation
Law on juridical status of foreign citizens in Russian Federation (2002),
amendments – 2003.
Law on citizenship of Russian Federation (2002), amendments – 2003
The Concept of migration processes regulation (2003)
Amendments to the Crime Code – punishment for trafficking in human
beings (2003)
Dozens of derivative or related acts – decisions of Government, orders
of Federal ministries, instructions, including laws on quotas, etc. 13
The Concept of migration processes
regulation (2003)
•
Two spheres of regulation declared – internal and
foreign migration
•
Internal migration – one dominant: to avoid depopulation of Eastern and
Northern regions (declaration rather than real efforts)
Foreign migration – two dominants:
1.
recognition of migration as main demographic resource and
comprehension of necessity to attract migrants to the country with
ageing and decreasing population .
Human capital is a resource and a reason for competition between
countries.(This is the main geopolitical consideration: Russia must try
not to loose in competition with other countries with rapidly developing
labour markets.)
•
2.
intention to protect Russia from negative consequences of migration –
increase in crime, illegal employment and its support by shadow
economy, drugs traffic etc.
14
Rules of Entry
• Without visa ( CIS countries except
Georgia and Turkmenistan)
• Visa is compulsory (all other countries)
• Residence permit
• Other documents (for some categories)
15
Main definitions of
foreigner’s status in Russia
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Temporary stay : term of stay - by visa expiry term , or <90 days.
Not not more than 12 months)
Temporary resident (<3 years, annual re-registration)
Permanent resident ( <5 years and re-registration, number of reregistrations is unlimited)
Military status (5 year contract)
Special status (diplomats)
Foreign employee
Refugee
According to the Law foreign citizen must be registered in
police during three days after his/her arrival. Ukraine citizens
– 90 days .
16
Temporary residence permit
• Temporary residence permit is granted
within the limits of a quota, adopted by
government on proposals of RF
Regions (2004 - 205.633) .
• Granted for 3 years
• (after 1 year of stay the foreigner may apply for permanent
residence permit)
• It may also be granted beyond quota for several
categories of foreigners.
•
(Finger-prints registration, duty payment)
17
(Permanent)
Residence permit
• Within the period of temporary residence
permit validity a foreigner may apply for
(permanent) residence permit. To get the residence
permit a foreigner must reside in RF with status of
temporary resident at least for 1 year.
• It is valid for five years with annual reregistration. After expiration it must be
prolonged for another five years. The number
of prolongations of residence permit is not
limited.
18
Main Institutes and authorities
responsible for migration policy
Parliament (Laws) > Government (Decisions) >
• Home office (Ministry of Interior)Federal Migration Service
• Federal Security Service + Federal border
service
• Ministry of foreign affairs
• Ministry of labour, Ministry of Education,
• Ministry of Justice
19
Brief History of Russian Federation
Federal Migration Service – FMS (19902002)
•
•
•
•
•
•
1990
-
Refugees and forced migrants affairs agencyMinistry of labour (Union ”Migration”, chairman- Vice minister
of labour.)
X. 1991 - Committee on migration affairs –
Ministry of labour and employment
VI. 1992 - Federal migration service (with rights of a federal ministry)
V. 2000 - FMS’s functions are delegated to the
Ministry of Federation affairs, ethnic and migration policy.
X.2000 - Abolishment of the ministry, its functions of migration
management are delegated to the Ministry of home affairs.
V.2002. - Juridical definition of tasks , functions and rights of FMS as of
a separate department of Ministry of home affairs.
AUTUMN 2004 – REGISTRATION AND PASSPORT SYSTEM CONTROL FUNCTIONS
ARE DELEGATED TO FMS – New rights and responsibilities of FMS
(List of rights contains 29 positions)
20
Main tasks of FMS
FMS- official representative to execute functions of control, watch and
official services in the sphere of migration
• Work with applications for Russian Federation Citizenship, issue of
documents of RF citizens’ identification ,
• Registration of RF citizens in the place of residence and temporary
stay
• Issue of documents for foreigners for entry, stay and residence in
Russian Federation
• Control over foreigners in the sphere of rules of temporary stay and
residence execution
• Activities to prevent irregular migration
• Activities in the sphere of refugees and asylum seekers
• Control over foreign labour force employment in RF and RF citizens
employment abroad
• Coordination of activities of FMS regional departments
21
Federal migration service structure
(Chief – Vice minister of home affairs )
Departments:
1. Dept. of citizenship (+ affairs of refugees and asylum seekers)
2. Immigration control dept.
3. Dept. of visa and registration
4. Dept. of crisis situations
5. Dept. of foreign labour migration
6. Dept. of passport issue and registration of population
7. Dept. of information resources
8. Dept of international co-operation and juridical supply
9. Managerial and analytical dept.
10.Financial and economic dept.
11. Dept. of control and office work
+ FMS representatives abroad
FMS Centres
Passport and visa information centre
Centre of citizens’ claims dealing with passport and visa issue
questions
Centre on information on invitations for foreign citizens
22
Main tools of foreign migration
management
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Migration card
Visa system
Temporary residence permit
Residence permit (after 1 year of temporary residence)
Work permit
Military service contract (for foreigners)
RF citizenship granting
Quotation of labour migration and temporary residence permits
Penalties-
23
Migration card
(Part A – arrival, part B – departure)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Card number 770400042136
Surname
Given name
Patronymic
Date of birth
Sex
Passport #
Nationality (citizenship)
Purpose of visit : Service, tourism, commerce,
education, private, employment, transit
• Address (or Host organization) in Russia
• Planned period stay (from – until)
Signature
24
Types of Visa (Law on rules of entry and exit,
1996, with amendments- 2003)
•
•
•







•
•
Diplomatic (for foreigners with diplomatic passports, as a
rule for 3 months, for diplomatic carriers – for period of trip)
Service (for foreigners with service passports, usually < 3
months, for military servicemen & family members 1 year)
Ordinary:
private (3 months or 90 days),
business (12 months),
tourist (1 month),
work (12 months max., usually –for period mentioned in labour invitation),
study (12 months),
humanitarian (12 months), (scientific, cultural, religious co-operation, etc.)
asylum-seekers (3 months)
Transit (< 10 days)
For temporary residence permit application ( 4 months, could be
prolonged )
25
Entries in Russia with visa and without visa
(estimation by country of origin, Federal Border service data)
*Approximate data: country of
origin may not coincide
with citizenship
Million persons
%
2002
2003
2002
2003
14,4
13,6
62%
60%
Turkmenistan and Baltic
countries
2,7
2,4
11%
11%
With visa - other countries
6,3
6,5
27%
29%
23,3
22,5
100%
100%
Without Visa - CIS countries
(except Georgia and
Turkmenistan)
With visa - Georgia,
Total
26
Russian citizenship
• a) at birth
• b) via citizenship granting
procedure
• c) via RF citizenship restoration
procedure
• d) other considerations
27
RF citizenship granting procedure
at birth
• Child obtains citizenship by birth, if both or one of
the parents were Russian citizens at the moment of
child’s birth;
• One of the parents is a citizen of Russian
Federation, and the child was born on the territory
of Russian Federation;
• Both parents are foreign citizens, child was born in
Russian Federation, and the country/eis of the
parents’ citizenship refuse to grant him citizenship
•
Child found at the territory of RF if his/her parents’ place of stay is
unknown and can not be defined within 6 months.
28
Granting the RF citizenship via common
procedure
•
•
•
•
•
(5 year period of residence)
A person (18 y.o.) resides in Russian Federation from the day of
residence permit issue until the day of submitting application for
citizenship within five-year period. The period of residence is considered
uninterrupted if person was absent from Russian Federation for less
than three months during 1 year period. ( total – 6 years of residence)
Respect RF Constitution,
Have legal source of income
Have applied to the foreign state authorities with a request to abolish
their former citizenship (refuse from the second citizenship is not
necessary if RF has a bilateral treaty with the state)
Have good knowledge of Russian (*130 institutions have right to issue
certificate after an examination)
29
Simplified granting of RF citizenship.
(Privileged categories)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
(less than 5 years of residence)
CIS citizens at military service in RF, after 3 years of service
Having at least one parent – RF citizen and resident
Former USSR citizens, living in the countries of the former USSR and never acquired
citizenships of these countries, (stateless persons);
Persons born at the territory of the RSFR and having citizenship of the former USSR;
Disabled, having able-bodied adult son or daughter - citizens of RF. Those born at the
territory of the RSFR and used to have the citizenship of the former USSR;
Spouses of the RF citizens (period of marriage >3 years)
Asylum seekers
Refugees
Deserved persons
Stateless persons (having the USSR citizenship) who arrived in Russian Federation from
former USSR republics and registered in the place of residence in Russian Federation by
July, 01, 2002, or those who received the temporary residence permit in Russian
Federation, if till January 01, 2006 they declare their intention to obtain the citizenship of
Russian Federation.
The WW2 veterans, - citizens of the former USSR, residents of Russian Federation.
Citizens of the former republics of the USSR, who got professional education in
Russian Federation after July 01, 2002;
Citizens of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Byelorussia (do need to reside in RF before)
30
Employment of foreigners in RF
•
•
•
•
Legal entry
Registration (1 year + 1 year maximum)
Work permit
Work permit is not necessary for foreigners with temporary
residence permit and permanent residence permit (*these persons
may work only in the region of registration)
• Simplified procedure for foreign employers
and some categories of professions
•
What an employer of foreign labour force must do to employ a foreigner (8
conditions)
Some figures: 2003 – 378.000 work permits for foreigners in
RF
31
What an employer of foreign labour force must do
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
8 conditions:
To have
) иметь разрешение на привлечение и использование иностранных работников;
2) обеспечить получение иностранным гражданином разрешения на работу;
3) представить документы, необходимые для регистрации иностранного гражданина по
месту пребывания в Российской Федерации;
4) уведомить налоговый орган по месту своего учета о привлечении и об использовании
иностранных работников в течение десяти дней со дня подачи ходатайства о выдаче
иностранному гражданину приглашения в целях осуществления трудовой деятельности, 5)
содействовать выезду иностранного работника из Российской Федерации по истечении
срока заключенного с ним трудового договора или гражданско-правового договора на
выполнение работ (оказание услуг);
6) оплачивать расходы, связанные с административным выдворением за пределы
Российской Федерации или депортацией иностранного гражданина, принятого на работу с
нарушением установленного настоящим Федеральным законом порядка привлечения и
использования иностранных работников;
7) направлять в федеральный орган исполнительной власти, ведающий вопросами
внутренних дел, или его территориальный орган информацию о нарушении иностранным
работником условий трудового договора или гражданско-правового договора на
выполнение работ (оказание услуг), а также о досрочном расторжении таких договоров;
8) направлять в федеральный орган исполнительной власти, ведающий вопросами
внутренних дел, или его территориальный орган и территориальный орган федерального
органа исполнительной власти, ведающего вопросами безопасности, информацию о
самовольном оставлении иностранным работником места работы или места пребывания.
32
Quotation of immigration
• Labour migrants (quotation only
for persons who need visa for
entry to RF)
• 2003 - 530. 000(total inflow - less than 400.000)
2004 - 213. 000 (expected total inflow - more than 450.000)
• Students - 7000 per year (2002 - 14003, CIS - 6221, other- 7782)
• Temporary residence permits
• 2003- 439.080 (Jan.-Sept. 2003 - 2900 persons granted)
2004- 205.633
33
Penalties and punishments
USD (appr.)
Type of legislation breach
(1 USD = 28 RUR)
Illegal entry- for migrants – 200000 RUR
min
max
7140
For organizers -50000-100000 RUR
1790
3570
36
54
For inviting (receiving) side : private person-500-2000 RUR
20
70
official person (+ organizations) - 500-5000 RUR
20
180
Physical persons – 1000-2000 RUR
36
70
Official persons – 2000-5000 RUR
70
180
360
1800
36
90
36
90
2500-10000 RUR
90
360
50000-200000 RUR
1780
7100
Illegal stay For migrants-
1000-1500 RUR (+ possible deportation)
Illegal stay support (supply with dwelling, transport, etc.)
Juridical persons – 10000-50000 RUR
Illegal employmentEmployee – 1000-2500 RUR (+deportation)
Employer: Physical personOfficial person
Juridical person-
1000-2500 RUR
Trafficking in human beings – prison for 3-15 years
34
Some figures (FMS report 2003)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Foreign labour in Russia in 2003 - 378.000 (Moscow -66.000)
Forced migrants (accumulated) – 398.100 persons (165.000 families)
Issue of permits for foreign labour force employment let to earn 1.6 mlrd roubles(appr.
54 mln $)
Controlled at the borders – 4.4 mln of foreigners
Identified with incorrect documents - 15.600
Deported- 45.000 (2002- 35.000),
460 cases of fines of illegal migration organizers
Raids organized at 200.000 enterprises with foreign labour force
14.700 breaks of rules of foreign workers employment were identified
194.600 foreigners were fined (cases of fine)
In Moscow – 3000 companies were checked , in 1574 – migrants were employed with
legislation violation
40570 crimes were committed by foreigners (from CIS countries – 37305)
10441 foreigners and stateless persons were victims of crime
12.300 persons returned to Chehnya from the camps of temporary allocation in
Ingushetiya
Transfers estimations – at least 2.5 mlrd USD (*other estimations - 6-12 mlrd USD)
Only one of 10 foreign workers employers pays taxes (1 legal per 10 illegal labour
migrants)
35
Public opinion and migration
Public Opinion Fund surveys
(2000) Your attitude towards migrants?
34% - Positive
24% - Indifferent
20% - Negative
22% - No opinion
(2003)- Do you dislike representatives of other ethnic
groups?
67% - No
29% - Yes
4% - No opinion
•
•
•
Maximum of confidence to migrants from: Byelorussia, Bulgaria, France, Australia;
Minimum of confidence: USA, Caucasus, Asia (except Kazakhstan, India, Baltic States)
Virus of personal xenophobia: 65 expressed negative attitude to people from Caucasus, Central Asia,
Vietnam, Arabian countries and Africa
36
Citizenship of foreigners in RF
(Census-2002 data)
15,2%
Azerbaijan
13,4%
Armenia
4,0%
Byelorussia
5,2%
Geiorgia
6,8%
Kazakhstan
2,8%
Kirgyzstan
Baltic countries
0,8%
Tadjikistan
6,3%
7,0%
Uzbekistan
22,6%
Ukraine
Vietnam
0,8%
3,0%
China
Turkey
Other countries
154,9
15,2%
Armenia
136,8
13,4%
Byelorussia
40,3
4,0%
Geiorgia
52,9
5,2%
Kazakhstan
69,5
6,8%
Kirgyzstan
28,8
2,8%
8,5
0,8%
Moldova
51,0
5,0%
Tadjikistan
64,2
6,3%
Uzbekistan
70,9
7,0%
230,5
22,6%
8,2
0,8%
Vietnam
22,5
2,2%
China
30,6
3,0%
Turkey
5,0
0,5%
44,4
4,4%
1019,0
100,0%
Ukraine
Afganistan
2,2%
0,5%
4,4%
%
Azerbaijan
Baltic countries
5,0%
Moldova
Afganistan
Thousand
Other countries
Total
37
Federal Border Service data on entries in/
departures from Russia, foreign citizens, (millions)
as a source of incorrect data interpretation
Year
1999 2000
2001 2002 2003
Entries
18,9 21,2
21,6
23,3
22.5
Departu
res
14,3 17,9
18,7
20,9
20.6
2,9
2,4
1,9
Residual
4,5
3,3
“Accumulated
illegal
migration”
1999-2003
15 mln
38
Pseudo “Net migration” by reasons (purposes) for move. Federal border
service data, 2002, persons.
Business
Tourism
Private
For
residence
Total
276872
26197
1915094
-5474
126272
56846
2395807
Former
USSR
233317
25765
1873296
305
125257
70766
2328706
Other
countries
43555
432
41798
-5779
1015
-13920
67101
Transit
Maintenance staff
Total
39
Main shortcomings of basic laws and practices
in migration management in RF
Contradictions between “needs” and “fears”, between
strategy and tactics of migration policy, prevalence of
restrictions rather than stimuli
• Terms of residence permit and temporary residence permit
granting are too strict and complicated
• Terms of work permit granting are too strict and complicated
(and it takes too much time to get it)
• Police registration procedure is complicated and inconvenient
• Deportation is the main measure to battle illegal migration
Additional limitations for efficient migration policy:
•
•
•
•
Corruption among people responsible for migration management
Inefficient border control
Resources limitation: Cadres, Finance, Information (especially statistics) No estimation of economic effect of migration in RF, no
estimation of MP costs, no reliable statistics on flows.
No civil control over FMS activities
40
Main (preferable) directions of future
Migration policy in RF
• Regularization programs
• Stimulation of resettlement (for residence)
• Stimulation of temporary immigration (economic - special programs of
stimulation of skilled migrants, investors and workers; educational
migr.)
•
Quotation of refugees (and more efficient support of those who really need help).
• Better control at the borders (equipment, training of staff, etc.)
• Control over illegal migration(economic and penetentiary mechanisms)
• More strict approach to illegal migration organizers and corruption
among persons, responsible for migration control.
• Revision of migration estimation and registration schemes,
introduction of new and reformation of existing data collection
systems (Registers of foreign population, surveys, current statistics
reform).
41
Conclusions
• RF authorities should revise their attitude towards
immigration and make their policy friendlier.
• The legislation should be changed and unreasonable
limitations which make Russia not attractive for
migration should be revised as well.
• Information about migration must be collected within
frameworks of transparent methodology and access to it
should be free.
• Decision-making process in the sphere of migration
management must not be monopolized by one ministry
and should involve representatives of civil society.
• Professional training should be provided for people
responsible for migration management
42
• Some additional figures and
information about migration in
RF
43
Diseases not permitted for entry
•
•
•
•
AIDS
Leprosy
Tuberculosis
Venereal diseases (3 items)
44
Structure of arrivals by reason for entry (Federal
border statistics), 2001-2002, average,
65,0%
2001-2002
70%
60%
50%
40%
13,5%
12,2%
30%
0,1%
20%
2,3%
6,9%
10%
0%
Service
Tourism
Private
Residence
Transit
Transport
staff
45
Internal refugees (forced re-settlers)
(Chechnya conflict)
• 01.01.2004 - 265.500 persons registered
• Allocated not in Chechnya 55.000:
• In Ingushetia
48.700
• Since 01.01.2003 17.600 left for
Chechnya from Ingushetia, >12.000 with
FMS aid.
46
Foreign Labour force in RF (2003)
• CIS countries – 50 %
• Spheres of employment (%)
• 41 - construction
• 22 - trade
• 12.9 industry
47
Population and territory of RF federal
regions
% of terrirory
% of
population
Density of
population
Russain Federation
100
100
8,5
Central Federal region
3,8
26,2
58,4
North-West Federal region
9,8
9,6
8,3
South Federal region
3,5
15,8
38,9
Volga Federal region
6,1
21,5
30,0
Urals Federal region
10,5
8,5
6,9
Siberia Federal region
30,0
13,8
3,9
Far East Federal region
36,4
4,6
1,1
48
Ethnic composition of RF
population (1989-2002 Censuses
data)
1989г.
2002 /
1989 ( % )
2002г.
1989г.
2002г.
147022
145167
100
100
100
119866
115889
96,7
81,50
79,80
Татары
5522
5555
100,6
3,80
3,80
Украинцы UKRANIANS
4363
2943
67,5
3,00
2,00
Башкиры
1345
1673
124,4
0,90
1,20
Чуваши
1774
1637
92,3
1,20
1,10
Чеченцы
899
1360
151,3
0,60
0,90
Армяне ARMENIANS
532
1130
212,4
0,40
0,80
Мордва
1073
843
78,6
0,70
0,60
Аварцы
544
814
149,6
0,40
0,60
1206
808
67,0
0,80
0,60
Казахи KAZAKHS
636
654
102,8
0,40
0,50
Удмурты
715
637
89,1
0,50
0,40
Азербайджанцы AZERBAIJANIS
336
622
185,1
0,20
0,40
Марийцы
644
604
93,8
0,40
0,40
Немцы
842
597
70,9
0,60
0,40
Кабардинцы
386
520
134,7
0,30
0,40
Осетины
402
515
128,1
0,30
0,40
Даргинцы
353
510
144,5
0,20
0,40
Буряты
417
445
106,7
0,30
0,30
Якуты
380
444
116,8
0,30
0,30
Кумыки
277
422
152,3
0,20
0,30
Ингуши
215
413
192,1
0,10
0,30
Лезгины
257
412
160,3
0,20
4038
5720
141,7
2,75
Русские RUSSIANS
Белорусы
Прочие
GERMANS
OTHER
0,30
49
3,94
Forced migrants:
•
• Refugees (foreigners)
• Refugee is a non-citizen of
Russia, who, being scared of
racial, social, political
repressions was forced to leave
his home country and is unable
or does not want to use
protection from the side of this
state due to the above fears.
(Not for economic or environmental
reasons)
January 1, 2003 (since1992):
• 13790
• 578 from Far Abroad (399 – from
Afghanistan)
•
Forced re-settlers (internal
refugees)
Forced re-settler is a person who
had to leaves his/her place of
residence within RF territory
because of violations committed
against him/her or members of
his/her family or the threat of
being persecuted. Or RF citizens
forced to move from another
country to RF. (Not for economic or
environmental reasons)
•
•
Forced re-settlers can be Russian
citizens and non-Russian citizens
January 1, 2003 (since 1993):
492.000
50
Information resources
• www.demoscope.ru (general information
and publications review)
• www.socpol.ru (surveys data)
• www.iet.ru (archives, working
papers,#61p)
51
Main emigration flows from Russia in 1989-2002
Source-M Denissenko
Countries of
destination
Flows
(%)
Germany
738.166
58.3
Israel
310.408
24.5
USA
138.000
10.9
Other countries
67.0
5.3
Canada
11.0
0.9
1265000
100
Total
52