Lower Limb Skeleton (homologous with upper limb) Muscles--anterior, posterior compartments Nerves--sciatic, femoral Surface anatomy Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb.
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Lower Limb Skeleton (homologous with upper limb) Muscles--anterior, posterior compartments Nerves--sciatic, femoral Surface anatomy Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb Upper-Lower Limb Comparison See Table M&M, Table 8.1 Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb Tibia/fibula Tibia--big toe side Fibula--little toe side (no pronation/supination) Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb Ankle Tarsus--forms ankle joint Calcaneus--forms heel Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb Foot Function: Support weight Act as lever when walking Tarsals Talus = ankle • Between tibia + fibula • Articulates w/both Calcaneus = heel • Attachment for Calcaneal tendon • Carries talus Metatarsals Phalanges Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb Homologous to metacarpals Smaller, less nimble Joints of Lower Limb Hip (femur + acetabulum) Knee (femur + patella) Plane Gliding of patella Synovial Knee (femur + tibia) Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb Ball + socket Multiaxial Synovial Hinge Biaxial Joints of Lower Limb Proximal Tibia + Fibula Distal Tibia + Fibula pg 218 Slight “give” Fibrous Ankle (Tibia/Fibula + Talus) Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb Plane Gliding Synovial Hinge Uniaxial Synovial Lower Limb Movements Hip Bending on posterior side is flexion (except hip) Bending on anterior sided is extension (except hip) Knee Dorsiflexion/plantarflexion Inversion/eversion Toes Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb Flexion/extension Ankle Flexion/extension Abduction/adduction Lateral/medial rotation Flexion/extension Anterior/Posterior compartments ANTERIOR POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT COMPARTMENT MOVEMENT Extension Flexion MUSCLES Quads Shin Hamstrings Gastrocs NERVES Femoral n. (lumbar plexus) Sciatic n. (sacral plexus) Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb Thigh movements by compartment Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb Posterior Thigh Gluts (gluteal nn.) Lateral rotators (spinal nn.) Piriformis syndrome Hamstrings (sciatic n.) Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb Maximus—extensor of thigh Medius--pelvic tilt Biceps femoris Semimembranous Semitendinous Anterior thigh (femoral n.) Sartorius (Tailor’s muscle) Quads (four) Rectus femoris (crosses hip) 3 vastus mm. (vast--big) Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb Medial compartment (obturator n.) Adductor muscles Gracilis Adductor • Magnus • Longus • brevis Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb Leg movements by compartment (in leg all nn are branches of sciatic) Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb Anterior Leg (deep fibular n.) Fibularis (peroneus) longus Extensor digitorum longus Extensor hallicus longus Tibialis anteriorus Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb Lateral Leg (superficial fibular n.) Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb Fibularis brevis/longus Posterior Leg (tibial n.) Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb Gastrocs and soleus Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallucus longus Intrinsics of foot Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb With leg out to side like quadruped, lumbar-anterior, sacral-posterior makes sense Lumbar plexus (femoral nerve) Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb Sacral plexus (sciatic nerve) Dermatomes show twisting of leg in development Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb Blood supply to lower limb Internal Iliac Cranial + Caudal Gluteals= gluteals Internal Pudendal = perineum, external genitalia Obturator = adductor muscles External Iliac Femoral = lower limb • Deep femoral = adductors, hamstrings, quadriceps Popliteal (continuation of femoral) • Geniculars = knee • Anterior Tibial = ant. leg muscles, further branches to feet • Posterior Tibial = flexor muscles, plantar arch, branches to toes Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb Surface Anatomy: Posterior Pelvis Iliac crest Gluteus maximus = cheeks Natal/gluteal cleft = crack Gluteal folds = bottom of cheek Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb pg 789 pg 792 Surface Anatomy: Anterior Thigh + Leg Palpate Femoral Triangle pg 785 Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb Patella Condyles of femur Sartorius (lateral) Adductor longus (medial) Inguinal ligament (superior) Femoral a + v, lymph nodes Surface Anatomy: Posterior Leg Popliteal fossa Boundaries pg 793 Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb Biceps femoris (sup-lat) Semitendinosis + semimembranosis (supmed) Gastrocnemius heads (inf) Contents Diamond-shape fossa behind knee Popliteal a + v Calcaneal (Achilles) tendon