Diana Valencia
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Transcript Diana Valencia
Public Health Birth Defects Surveillance
Diana Valencia MS,
R.J Berry, MD, MPH
National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Atlanta, GA USA
Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) in Pregnancy, Breastfeeding and Beyond
Johannesburg, South Africa
18-20 June, 2012
Public Health Birth Defects Surveillance
The ongoing and systematic collection,
analysis, and interpretation of health data
essential to the planning, implementation, and
evaluation of public health practice
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What Are Birth Defects?
Abnormalities of structure or function, present at
birth with medical, social, or cosmetic consequences
(typically requiring intervention)
More than 4,000 birth defects are known
Mental or physical disabilities or death
Leading cause of death in children under 5 years of
age in many countries
~8 million babies are born/year worldwide with birth
defects
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Source: March of Dimes 2006
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Planning for Birth Defects Surveillance
Defining a public health problem
What are the real needs?
What is the perceived need or purpose for surveillance?
Are there concerns about exposure to Efavirenz (EFV) ?
What is the impact of Efavirenz therapy on neural tube defect
rates/birth defect rates?
Who has a stake/interest in the solution or outcome?
Can surveillance help address the problem? How?
Base-line data
Serves as a sentinel system for birth defects vs. reassurance
Implementation of prevention strategies
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Planning for Birth Defects Surveillance
Clear goals and objectives
Plan for implementation
Procurement of resources: people, time, infrastructure
Training of personnel
Harmonization with MoH data systems and forms
Quality and value: relevant, recent, reliable
Focus on quality (accuracy, timeliness, completeness)
Focus on the needs/purpose of the system
Plans for supervision/evaluation
Plans for analysis and reporting/communicating
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Prevalence of Neural Tube Defects
Neural tube defects are rare
World estimate ~ 323,904 per year
Prevalence of 2.5/1,000 live births
Small studies in African hospitals
Prevalence 0.23/1,000 to 7/1,000 live births
Malawi: Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital
Prevalence of NTDs (0.62 /1,000)
Other birth defects
• Orofacial clefts (0.67/1,000)
• Hydrocephaly (0.23/1,000)
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Neural Tube Defects
Anencephaly
Spina bifida
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Hospital-based Birth Defects Surveillance Systems
Advantages:
Requires fewer resources and simpler protocol
Can generate high quality case data, including exposures
Useful when trying to establish (approximate) baseline data
Useful for documenting that a problem exists or not
Useful for alerting health and government officials to the need for
investing further in surveillance and prevention strategies
Very useful in settings where
Most births occur in hospitals
Surveillance at lower level facilities or in community is not
feasible
Able to calculate a prevalence estimate for the condition in a
particular hospital(s) if there is an accurate estimate of the
source population/denominator for that hospital
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Hospital-based Birth Defects Surveillance Systems
Disadvantages:
Limited to prevalence estimates for hospital sites
Target population is limited to those born in the hospital
sites where data are collected
Hospital participation can change over time, making the
interpretation of findings and trends difficult
Prevalence estimates can be unreliable
Referral/selection bias can be variable, significant, difficult
to estimate: extrapolation to entire population is uncertain
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Protocol for Data Collection
Standardize data collection
Uniform examination of all deliveries
Uniform identification of mothers on EFV-based ART
Uniform classification of birth defects
Uniform criteria for inclusion of cases
Uniform coding (ICD-10)
Use of structured abstraction form
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Inclusion Criteria
All Live Births and Fetal Deaths (stillbirths)
Identified at participating hospital(s)
Birth defect must be diagnosed
At birth, or within the first 12 hours after birth
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Example of
abstraction
form
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Protocol for Birth Defects Surveillance
Protocol will be standard for every country
Hospitals will
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Complete a reporting form for all deliveries
Make sure that forms are complete
Verify data
Send forms to a central office
Central office will
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Verify data
Assign a number to each individual
Analyze data
Report data to MoH and other stake holders
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Potential Uses of Birth Defects Surveillance
EFV-based ART Data
Surveillance for any increase in BD over and above
expected baseline prevalence
Reassurance vs. elevated concern
Can be used to look at more than one exposure of
concern: EFV, other ARVs, other new or commonly
used drugs
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Potential Uses of Birth Defects Surveillance Data
Case registry for case-control studies of possible
risk
Link cases to health services
Case registry for studies of outcomes (e.g., survival,
development)
Evaluate the impact of prevention interventions
Education, advocacy, and health promotion
Monitor trends
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Why is Surveillance Important?
Without a surveillance system, you cannot
Capture adverse birth outcomes
Capture rare conditions
Identify potential risk factors
Efavirenz and NTDs
Estimate the prevalence of a condition in a population
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QUESTIONS?
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RJ Berry - [email protected]
Diana Valencia - [email protected]
For more information please contact Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention
1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333
Telephone: 1-800-CDC-INFO (232-4636)/TTY: 1-888232-6348
E-mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.cdc.gov
The findings and conclusions in this report are those
of the authors and do not necessarily represent the
official position of the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention.
National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities
Division of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities
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