Transcript SPM Course – Zurich 2008 Voxel-Based Morphometry Practical Ged Ridgway For SPM5, using data from www.oasis-brains.org Any problems, please email [email protected].

SPM Course – Zurich 2008
Voxel-Based Morphometry Practical
Ged Ridgway
For SPM5, using data from www.oasis-brains.org
Any problems, please email [email protected]
Background
• Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a progressive
neurodegenerative disease affecting over 24 million
people world-wide (Ferri et al, Lancet, 2005)
• At present, researchers know of no single cause, nor
of a cure, though prototype drugs are in development
• Histopathology (microscopic analysis of post-mortem
tissue samples) reveals “amyloid plaques” and
“neurofibrillary tangles”, with varying distribution
through the brain, that changes with disease severity
Background
• MRI has the potential to find systematic differences
between the brains of AD patients and healthy elderly
controls in vivo
• MRI may have potential to advance our understanding
of the disease, to allow earlier diagnosis, and to track
disease progression or drug response over time
Introduction
• In this practical we will perform Voxel Based
Morphometry with SPM5 to determine local patterns
of significant grey-matter differences between AD
patients and healthy controls
• The data come from the Open Access Series of
Imaging Studies, www.oasis-brains.org
Preliminary SPM Setup
• Edit spm_defaults
– defaults.stats.maxmem = 2^29; % 2^29bytes = 500MB
• This will make things much faster later
– defaults.analyze.flip = 1;
• LEFT/RIGHT FLIPPING IS IMPORTANT!
• SPM shows images with what it thinks is anatomical-right on
screen-right – you can check this is correct by comparing
SPM’s display with the www.oasis-brains.org website after
browsing to one of the cross-sectional images
Data
• We will consider a subset of the complete crosssectional OASIS dataset (which contains over 400
subjects), with 30 controls and 30 AD patients
• There is a comma-separated-variables spreadsheet
oasis_subset.csv which you can open in Excel, or in
MATLAB using oasis_read_csv.m
[H C] = oasis_read_csv;
(H{n} contains the nth column heading, C{n} contains
the data for the nth column)
• The first 30 rows are controls, the next 30 are patients
Getting the data
• If you want to download some of the data, you can get individual
subjects from www.oasis-brains.org
– browse to the cross-sectional study, and particular subject-ID – you
only need the “RECONSTRUCTIONS” (about 44MB per subject)
• To get the complete subset, you need
–
–
–
–
The xnat tools from www.xnat.org
The MATLAB functions oasis_read_csv.m and oasis_get_xnat.m
A “comma-separated variables” spreadsheet, like oasis_subset.csv
Note that you probably want to use oasis_get_xnat with a –proc
argument, see “help oasis_get_xnat” in MATLAB
Reorientation
• Newly downloaded OASIS data is not correctly
oriented for SPM (0,0,0mm is way outside the brain)
• The script oasis_reorient.m should fix this
– Check reg with spm5/templates/T1.nii afterwards!
– Right click the image and select reorient this image
from the check reg context menu if you need to make
manual adjustments (you don’t need the AC perfectly at
0,0,0, or the PC perfectly on the same x and z coords,
but you do need rough alignment of the subject and
template in order for the segmentation step to work well
Tissue Segmentation
•
•
•
•
Newly downloaded data needs segmenting
Click the “segment” button in the top-left window
Select your newly downloaded t88_gfc images as the data
Under “output files”
– Choose “modulated normalised” grey matter, and “none” for white
matter and CSF
– Don’t output bias corrected
– Don’t do clean-up
• Leave the custom options. Click run (it should take 20-60mins)
Spatial Smoothing
•
•
•
•
Click the smooth button in the top-left window
For images to smooth, select the 60 mwc1 images
Leave the data type as “same”
Set the Full-Width at Half-Maximum (FWHM) of the
Gaussian kernel to 10mm isotropic ([10 10 10])
– You might like to explore different values
Creating a mask
• First use imcalc with the data matrix option to produce an
average of your smwc1 images, with the expression mean(X)
• Then use imcalc (without data-matrix) and the expression i1>0.1
to threshold the average, giving a binary mask that includes all
voxels with more than 10% probability on average of being GM
– (This interpretation is not completely true, since the
data are modulated, but it’s close enough for the mask
to be reasonable)
Statistical Parametric Mapping
• We will now perform voxel-wise statistics on the segmentations
(this is the essence of Voxel-based morphometry)
• Choose “basic models” from the top-left window
• Under design, select “two sample t-test”
• Enter the controls (smoothed smwc1 images) as “group 1
scans”, and the AD patients as group 2
• Leave “independence” as yes; set “variance” to unequal
– Equal variance probably won’t make much difference, but you
could try if you are interested
– With equal variance, the resultant SPM t-statistic at a particular
voxel would match a simple two-group t-test in Excel or SPSS, etc.,
if you extracted the voxel intensity from each smoothed image
• Leave “grand mean scaling” and “ANCOVA” as no
Covariates
• Under covariates, add a new covariate
• Use estimated Total Intracranial Volume (eTIV)
– This is the 10th column of the oasis_subset.csv spreadsheet
– You might like to test using gender instead or as well, or not
using a covariate at all. For gender (or orther
boolean/categorical variables) you need indicator variables,
e.g. a binary female=1, male=0 variable (not ‘M’ or ‘F’!)
• Use oasis_read_csv to get the variable in the workspace, then
evaluate this variable as the “vector” (the values should appear
in the window) and specify eTIV (or Female, etc.) as the name
• Leave interactions as none and centering as overall mean
Masking and globals
• Under masking, leave threshold masking as none, implicit
masking as yes, and then under explicit mask select the mask
you created earlier
• Leave global calculation and global normalisation
Checking the design
• Select the output directory as
twogroup_tiv_s10
– (or other covariate and
smoothing options)
– (SPM won’t make this
directory; ensure it exists
first)
• Click run (this step should
only take a few seconds)
• A design summary will
appear, and various aspects
may be checked
GLM Estimation
• Now we are ready to fit the model we just designed
• Click the estimate button from the top-left window, and
select SPM.mat in the output directory you specified
• Wait for the estimation to complete...
Results
• Once estimation has finished, click the results button
• Select the SPM.mat in your results directory
• Click “define new contrast”, enter the name as hc>ad
and the contrast vector as [1 -1], then “done”
• Don’t mask with other contrasts
• Leave the title as hc>ad
• Choose FWE correction and leave the p-value at 0.05
• Leave the extent threshold at 0
Glass-brain MIP
• You should see a “glass-brain” Maximum Intensity
Projection of the significant voxels
• Click the “whole brain” button under the p-values tab
of the bottom-left (interactive) window, this should add
a table of results below your glass brain
• Click the SPM-Print button in the menu bar of the
right-hand (graphics) window, choose other print file
and give the name mip.ps
– Overleaf is an example with 13mm smoothing...
Presenting results
• Interpreting complicated 3D datasets can be difficult
• The glass brain display is one of several options
• We would also like to overlay the significant regions
on the smoothed average image s10subjmean.img or
your equivalent (see the masking and globals slide
earlier)
• While the glass brain is showing, click the “save”
button near the bottom-right of the bottom-left window,
and enter the filename “spmT_thresh”
Presenting results
• Produce a figure showing the spmT_thresh image
overlaid on the mwc1 average
– Use SPM’s check registration
– Display the average, right click and choose “blobs ->
add coloured image” from the context menu, then select
spmT_thresh
– Use the spm-print button to store the figure with the
filename overlay.ps
• You might also like to investigate “slover”
– slover(‘basic_ui’); % will get you started…
Looking at global GM
• The function get_totals.m is a simple script to find the total
(probabilistic) volume of a segmentation in ml
• Use this function on all control and patient mwc1 images, collecting the
volumes into a 60-vector
– Note that results should be almost identical if you used native c1 images
or unsmoothed mwc1 images, thanks to the properties of the smoothing
kernel and thanks to the modulation process
• You might like to produce plots of GM volume against covariates from
the oasis_subset.csv spreadsheet, using the MATLAB plot command
– E.g. age, eTIV, and MMSE (separately)
– You can distinguish the patients from controls with different colours, e.g.
• plot(age(1:30), totalGM(1:30), ‘b’, age(31:60), totalGM(31:60), ‘r’);
– Can you see any interesting correlations?
– You can use MATLAB’s corrcoef to quantify the relationships (r and p)
Looking at global GM
• How does mean GM volume compare to mean eTIV? (i.e. on
average what fraction of the brain is GM?)
• Produce a scatter plot of eTIV against gender
– plot(0, eTIV(female==0), 'b+', 1, eTIV(female==1), 'ro');
– title('eTIV by gender'); ylabel(‘eTIV (ml)’); xlim([-0.5 1.5])
– set(gca, 'Xtick', [0 1]); set(gca, 'XtickLabel', {'male', 'female'});
• You might like to repeat this for GM volume, and for GM volume
divided by eTIV, exploring how the sexes differ in these scatter
plots
VBM adjusted for global differences
• Repeat your previous VBM statistical analysis, but this
time use the global GM volume you have just
computed as a covariate instead of the eTIV/gender
covariate that you used before.
– Use twogroup_totalGM_s10 as the output directory
• Think about the differences between adjusting for
eTIV or gender compared to global GM volume
– Is AD likely to cause or correlate with decreased skullsize? Certainly not as strongly as it causes global GM
reduction
Final points
• Both global volume and VBM show differences
between controls and AD patients
• Each approach has relative advantages and
disadvantages with regard to
– Ease of interpretation
– Potential contribution to disease understanding
– Ease of use for classifying potential disease carriers
and for tracking disease progress over time
– Power to detect a range of disease progressions