Transcript Chapter Introduction Section 1: Immigration Section 2: Urbanization Section 3: The Gilded Age Section 4: Populism Section 5: The Rise of Segregation Visual Summary

Chapter Introduction
Section 1: Immigration
Section 2: Urbanization
Section 3: The Gilded Age
Section 4: Populism
Section 5: The Rise of
Segregation
Visual Summary
Why Do People
Migrate?
European and Asian immigrants
arrived in the United States in great
numbers during the late 1800s.
Providing cheap labor, they made
rapid industrial growth possible.
They also helped populate the
growing cities.
• How do you think life in big
cities was different from life on
farms and in small towns?
• How do you think the immigrants
of the late 1800s changed
American society?
Immigration
Why did Europeans come
to America in the late
1800s?
Urbanization
What are some of the
characteristics of cities?
The Gilded Age
What were the
characteristics of the
Gilded Age?
Populism
What is populism and how
did it affect the United
States?
The Rise of
Segregation
What is racial segregation?
Why is it inherently wrong?
Big Ideas
Trade, War, and Migration Many people from Europe
came to the United States to escape war, famine, or
persecution or to find better jobs.
Content Vocabulary
• steerage
• nativism
Academic Vocabulary
• immigrant
• ethnic
People and Events to Identify
• Ellis Island
• Jacob Riis
• Angel Island
• Chinese Exclusion Act
Did your ancestors immigrate to the
United States?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
0%
A
0%
B
Europeans Flood Into America
Immigrants from Europe came to the
United States for many reasons and
entered the country through Ellis
Island.
Europeans Flood Into America (cont.)
• In the late 1890s—a period known as the
“new” immigration—more than half of all
immigrants in the United States were from
eastern and southern Europe.
“Old” and “New” Immigrants to
the United States, 1865–1914
Europeans Flood Into America (cont.)
• Europeans emigrated to the United States
for many reasons:
− plenty of available jobs
− escape from poverty and the restrictions of
social class in Europe
− to avoid forced military service
− high food prices
“Old” and “New” Immigrants to
the United States, 1865–1914
Europeans Flood Into America (cont.)
− religious persecution
− Moving to the United States was an easy
process.
− to live under a democratic government
“Old” and “New” Immigrants to
the United States, 1865–1914
Europeans Flood Into America (cont.)
• The voyage to the United States was often
very difficult.
− Most immigrants booked passage in
steerage.
− At the end of the 14-day journey, the
passengers usually disembarked at Ellis
Island.
Europeans Flood Into America (cont.)
• By the 1890s, immigrants made up a large
percentage of the population of major cities,
including New York, Chicago, Milwaukee,
and Detroit.
• Jacob Riis, a Danish-born journalist,
observed the large number of different
nationalities in New York City.
Immigration Settlement Patterns
Europeans Flood Into America (cont.)
• In the cities, immigrants lived in
neighborhoods that were often separated
into ethnic groups.
About how many immigrants passed
through Ellis Island between 1892
and 1954?
A. 2 million
B. 6 million
C. 12 million
D. 20 million
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Asian Immigration
Asian immigrants arrived on the West
Coast, where they settled mainly in
cities.
Asian Immigration (cont.)
• China was already overpopulated; then, in
1850, the Taiping Rebellion erupted and
thousands of Chinese left for the west coast
of the United States.
• Japanese immigrated due to economic
problems at home.
• In January 1910, California opened a
barracks on Angel Island for Asian
immigrants.
In the early 1860s, which
development led to further Chinese
immigration?
A. Central Pacific Railroad
construction
B. A gold rush
C. More land on the Plains
became available.
D. A drought in China
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Nativism Resurges
Economic concerns and religious and
ethnic prejudices led some Americans
to push for laws restricting
immigration.
Nativism Resurges (cont.)
• Eventually, the wave of immigration led to
increased feelings of nativism on the part of
many Americans.
• Nativists opposed immigration for many reasons:
− fear that the influx of Catholics would swamp
the mostly Protestant United States
− Labor unions argued that immigrants
undermined American workers because they
would work for low wages and accept jobs as
strikebreakers.
Nativism Resurges (cont.)
• Increased feelings of nativism led to the
founding of anti-immigrant organizations
such as the American Protective Association.
• Enacted in 1882, a new federal law banned
convicts, paupers, and the mentally disabled
from immigrating to the U.S.
Nativism Resurges (cont.)
• In the West, Denis Kearney organized the
Workingman’s Party of California in the
1870s to fight Chinese immigration.
− In 1882, Congress passed the Chinese
Exclusion Act.
− The law was not repealed until 1943.
Nativism Resurges (cont.)
• On October 11, 1906, the San Francisco
Board of Education ordered all Asian
children to attend a racially segregated
school.
− Japan took great offense at the treatment of
its people.
− In response, Theodore Roosevelt proposed a
deal known as the “Gentleman’s
Agreement”—he would limit Japanese
immigration if the school board would end
segregation.
Nativism Resurges (cont.)
• Although Presidents Taft and Wilson both
vetoed legislation to require literacy from
immigrants, the legislation eventually passed
in 1917.
The American Protective Association
vowed not to hire or vote for which
type of immigrant?
A. German
B. Asian
C. Irish
D. Polish
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Big Ideas
Government and Society The growth of and
problems in major cities led to political machines that
controlled local politics.
Content Vocabulary
• skyscraper
• party boss
• tenement
• graft
• political machine
Academic Vocabulary
• incentive
• trigger
People and Events to Identify
• Louis Sullivan
• George Plunkitt
• William “Boss” Tweed
Do you think that cities are still
divided by classes?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
0%
A
0%
B
Americans Migrate to the Cities
Rural Americans and immigrants
moved to the cities where skyscrapers
and mass transit were developed to
deal with congestion.
Americans Migrate to the Cities (cont.)
• After the Civil War, the urban population of the
United States grew from around 10 million in
1870 to more than 30 million in 1900.
• The physical appearance of cities also
changed dramatically.
− Skyscrapers began to appear as demand
raised for the price of land.
− No one contributed more to the design of
skyscrapers than Chicago’s Louis Sullivan.
Americans Migrate to the Cities (cont.)
• The following kinds of mass transit
developed:
− horsecars
− cable cars
− the electric trolley car
− elevated railroads
− subway systems
Where was the first subway system
built?
A. New York
B. Boston
C. Chicago
D. San Francisco
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Separation by Class
In the cities, society was separated by
classes, with the upper, middle, and
working classes living in different
neighborhoods.
Separation by Class (cont.)
• During the last half of the 1800s, the
wealthiest families established fashionable
districts in the heart of a city.
• The nation’s rising middle class included
doctors, lawyers, engineers, managers,
social workers, architects, and teachers.
• Few families in the urban class could hope to
own a home.
− Most spent their lives in crowded tenements.
Separation by Class (cont.)
• Within the working class, white native-born
men earned higher wages than anyone else.
− Many times the entire family, including the
children, worked.
The largest source of employment for
women was which of the following?
A. Teaching
B. Nursing
C. Domestic service
D. Factories
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Urban Problems
Major problems plagued the cities;
political machines provided help for
some residents but were frequently
corrupt.
Urban Problems (cont.)
• Crime, both major and minor, was a growing
problem in American cities.
− Alcohol contributed to violent crime, both
inside and outside the home.
− Disease and pollution posed even bigger
threats.
Urban Problems (cont.)
• The political machine came about partly
because cities had grown much faster than
their governments.
− In exchange for votes, political machines
and the party bosses who ran them
eagerly provided necessities.
Urban Problems (cont.)
• The party bosses who ran the political
machines also controlled the city’s finances.
− Many machine politicians grew rich as the
result of fraud or graft.
− George Plunkitt was one of New York’s
most powerful party bosses.
Urban Problems (cont.)
• Tammany Hall, the New York City
Democratic political machine, was the most
infamous such organization.
− William “Boss” Tweed was its leader
during the 1860s and 1870s.
From 1880 to 1900, the murder rate
jumped by how much?
A. 20 million
B. 55 million
C. 75 million
D. 100 million
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Big Ideas
Past and Present Ideas about wealth during the last
part of the 1800s continue to affect society today.
Content Vocabulary
• individualism
• settlement house
• Social Darwinism
• Americanization
• philanthropy
Academic Vocabulary
• evolution
• publish
People and Events to Identify
• Gilded Age
• Gospel of Wealth
• Mark Twain
• Social Gospel
• Jane Addams
Do you feel that people have total
control over the direction of their
lives or that outside forces play a role
as well?
A. Total control
A. A
B. B
B. Outside forces
0%
A
0%
B
Social Darwinism
Individualism and Social Darwinism
shaped Americans’ attitudes toward
industrial society.
Social Darwinism (cont.)
• In 1872, Mark Twain and Charles Warner
wrote a novel entitled The Gilded Age: A Tale
of Today.
− By calling this era the Gilded Age, they
were warning others that something might
appear to sparkle, but the inside is
probably made of cheaper material.
• Whether the era was golden or merely
gilded, it was certainly a time of great
cultural activity.
Social Darwinism (cont.)
• One of the strongest beliefs of the era was
the idea of individualism.
− Horatio Alger wrote more than 100 “rags to
riches” stories.
• Another powerful idea was Social
Darwinism.
− British philosopher Herbert Spencer applied
Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution and
natural selection to human society.
Social Darwinism (cont.)
• For many devout Christians, however,
Darwin’s conclusions were upsetting and
offensive.
• Andrew Carnegie advocated a gentler
version of Social Darwinism that he called
the Gospel of Wealth.
− This philosophy held that wealthy Americans
should engage in philanthropy and use their
great fortunes to create conditions that would
help people help themselves.
Andrew Carnegie helped fund the
creation of which of the following in
order to help people better
themselves?
A. Museums
B. Schools
C. Public libraries
0%
D. Parks
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
A Changing Culture
Artists and writers began portraying
life in America more realistically, and
cities offered new forms of
entertainment.
A Changing Culture (cont.)
• A new movement in art and literature called
realism began in the 1800s.
− Artists and writers tried to portray the
world realistically.
− Perhaps the best-known American painter
was Thomas Eakins.
− William Dean Howells and Mark Twain are
two famous writers from this era.
A Changing Culture (cont.)
• Popular culture changed considerably in the
late 1800s.
− As a place for social gathering, saloons
played a major role in the lives of male
workers.
− Amusement parks and watching
professional sports also became popular
during the late 1800s.
A Changing Culture (cont.)
− Playing tennis, golf, and croquet became
popular.
− Vaudeville and ragtime music echoed the
hectic pace of city life.
Which sport was invented in 1891?
A. Soccer
B. Baseball
C. Basketball
D. Volleyball
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Politics in Washington
The two major parties were closely
competitive in the late 1800s; tariff
rates and big business regulation were
hotly debated political issues.
Politics in Washington (cont.)
• When Rutherford B. Hayes became
president in 1877, he tried to end patronage
by firing officials who had been given their
jobs under the spoils system.
− His actions divided the Republican Party
between “Stalwarts” (who supported
patronage) and the “Halfbreeds” (who
opposed it).
Politics in Washington (cont.)
• When James A. Garfield became president,
his assassination turned public opinion
against the spoils system and in 1833
Congress passed the Pendleton Act.
− This marked the beginning of professional
civil service.
Politics in Washington (cont.)
• In 1884, the Democratic Party nominated
Grover Cleveland for president and the
Republican Party nominated James G.
Blaine.
• As the first elected Democratic president
since 1856, Grover Cleveland faced a horde
of supporters who expected him to reward
them with jobs.
− However, “Mugwumps” expected him to
increase the number of jobs protected by
the civil service system.
Politics in Washington (cont.)
• Many Americans were concerned by the
power of large corporations, especially the
railroads.
• Many states passed laws regulating railroad
rates, but the Supreme Court ruled that only
the federal government could regulate
interstate commerce.
• In 1887, Cleveland signed the Interstate
Commerce Act, which created the Interstate
Commerce Commission (ICC).
Politics in Washington (cont.)
• In December 1887, President Cleveland
proposed lowering tariffs, which became a
major issue in the election of 1888.
• Harrison’s victory in the election of 1888
gave the Republicans control of both houses
of Congress as well as the White House.
− The McKinley Tariff lowered federal
revenue causing a budget deficit.
Politics in Washington (cont.)
• In 1890, Congress passed the Sherman
Antitrust Act; however, the law had little
impact.
Who ran against Grover Cleveland in
the election of 1888?
A. William McKinley
B. Benjamin Harrison
C. Chester A. Arthur
D. James A. Garfield
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
The Rebirth of Reform
Reformers developed new methods
and philosophies for helping the urban
poor.
The Rebirth of Reform (cont.)
• In 1879, journalist Henry George published
Progress and Poverty, a book challenging
Social Darwinism.
• In 1883, Lester Frank Ward published
Dynamic Sociology, in which he argued that
humans were different from animals because
they had the ability to make plans to produce
future outcomes they desired.
− Ward’s ideas came to be known as
Reform Darwinism.
The Rebirth of Reform (cont.)
• In 1888, Edward Bellamy published Looking
Backward, a book about a perfect socialistic
society.
• Criticism of industrial society also appeared in
a new style of writing known as naturalism.
− Naturalists believed that some people
failed in life due to circumstances beyond
their control.
− Famous writers include Stephen Crane,
Jack London, and Theodore Dreiser.
The Rebirth of Reform (cont.)
• The plight of the urban poor prompted some
reformers to find new ways to help.
− Their efforts gave rise to the Social
Gospel movement, the Salvation Army,
the YMCA, and settlement houses.
• Jane Addams opened a famous settlement
house in Chicago—the Hull House—in 1889.
The Rebirth of Reform (cont.)
• Public schools were crucial to the success of
immigrant children.
− They were taught English and learned
about American history and culture, a
process known as Americanization.
Which of the following worked to
better conditions in cities according
to the biblical ideals of charity and
justice?
A. The Social Gospel Movement
0%
D
0%
C
D. Settlement houses
B
C. The YMCA
A. A
B. B
C. C
0%
0%
D. D
A
B. The Salvation Army
Big Ideas
Economics and Society The Populist movement and
its presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan
strongly supported silver as the basis for currency.
Content Vocabulary
• populism
• deflation
• greenbacks
• cooperatives
• inflation
• graduated income tax
Academic Vocabulary
• bond
• currency
• strategy
People and Events to Identify
• Farmers’ Alliance
• People’s Party
• William Jennings Bryan
• William McKinley
Do you feel that presidential
candidates must be eloquent
speakers in order to run for office?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
0%
A
0%
B
Unrest in Rural America
Deflation, low crop prices, and tariffs
hurt farmers economically.
Unrest in Rural America (cont.)
• Populism was a movement to increase
farmers’ political power and to work for
legislation in their interest.
• Some farmers thought adjusting the money
supply would solve their economic problems.
− During the Civil War the federal government
issued millions of dollars in greenbacks.
− This increase in the money supply without an
increase in goods for sale caused inflation.
Unrest in Rural America (cont.)
• To get inflation under control, the federal
government stopped printing greenbacks,
began paying off its bonds, and stopped
making silver coins.
• As the economy expanded, deflation began
and hit farmers especially hard.
Unrest in Rural America (cont.)
• In 1867, Oliver H. Kelley founded the first
national farm organization, the Patrons of
Husbandry, better known as the Grange.
• Grangers responded to the recession in
1873 by pressuring state legislatures to
regulate railroad and warehouse rates.
− They also tried to create cooperatives.
Why Were Farmers Having Problems?
Unrest in Rural America (cont.)
− None of the strategies the Grangers
employed improved farmers’ economic
conditions.
• As the Grange began to fall apart, the
Farmers’ Alliance began to form.
− When Charles W. Macune became the
leader of the Alliance, he announced a plan
to organize very large cooperatives, which he
called exchanges.
− Ultimately, the large cooperatives failed.
In the case of Wabash v. Illinois which
decision did the Supreme Court
make?
0
%
0
%
B
B. States could not regulate
railroads and commerce
that crossed state lines.
A. A
B. B
A
A. States could regulate railroads
and commerce that crossed
state lines.
The Rise of Populism
Farmers started the People’s Party to
fight for their interests and attracted
many supporters when a depression hit
in the 1890s.
The Rise of Populism (cont.)
• Members of the Kansas Alliance formed the
People’s Party, also known as the
Populists, and nominated candidates to run
for Congress and the state legislature.
• To get the Southern Democrats to support
the Alliance, Charles Macune introduced the
subtreasury plan.
− Macune believed the plan would enable
farmers to hold their crops off the market in
large enough quantities to force prices up.
The Rise of Populism (cont.)
• The Populists nominated James B. Weaver
to run for president in 1892.
• The Populist platform endorsed the
following:
− a return to unlimited coinage of silver at a
ratio that gave 16 ounces of silver the same
value as one ounce of gold
− federal ownership of railroads
The Rise of Populism (cont.)
− a graduated income tax
− proposals designed to appeal to organized
labor
• Grover Cleveland won the election.
The People’s Party called for which of
the following?
A. Free coinage of silver
B. An end to protective tariffs
and national banks
C. Tighter regulation of railroads
D. A and B
E. All of the above
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
0%
B
A
B
C
D
E
0%
0%
0%
C
D
E
The Election of 1896
Although William Jennings Bryan had
the support of the Populists and the
Democrats, Republican William
McKinley defeated him.
The Election of 1896 (cont.)
• The Democrats nominated William
Jennings Bryan as their candidate.
− He transformed the campaign for silver
into a crusade.
− The Populists decided to support Bryan
instead of possibly splitting the silver vote.
Election of 1896
The Election of 1896 (cont.)
• The Republicans nominated William
McKinley as their candidate.
− Due to McKinley’s reputation as a
moderate on labor issues and as tolerant
toward ethnic groups, he won the
campaign.
• The Populist Party declined after 1896.
Election of 1896
Which of the candidates launched a
“Front Porch Campaign”?
A. William Jennings Bryan
B. William McKinley
A. A
B. B
0%
A
0%
B
Big Ideas
Individual Action Several prominent African
Americans led the fight against racial discrimination.
Content Vocabulary
• poll tax
• Jim Crow laws
• segregation
• lynching
Academic Vocabulary
• discrimination
People and Events to Identify
• Ida B. Wells
• Booker T. Washington
• W.E.B. Du Bois
Would you fight for your rights or
earn your education first?
A. Rights
B. Education
A. A
B. B
0%
A
0%
B
Resistance and Repression
Many African Americans fled the South,
but some stayed and joined the
Populist Party.
Resistance and Repression (cont.)
• In the mid-1870s, Benjamin “Pap” Singleton
became convinced that African Americans
would never be given a chance to get ahead
in the South.
• He urged African Americans to move west,
specifically to Kansas.
• In 1886, African American farmers
established the Colored Farmers’ National
Alliance.
The Exodus to Kansas
Resistance and Repression (cont.)
• Many African Americans also joined the
Populist Party when it formed in 1891.
• To win back the poor white vote, Democratic
leaders began appealing to racism, warning
whites that support for Populism would
return the South to “Black Republican” rule.
− In addition, election officials began using
various methods to make it harder for
African Americans to vote.
The African Americans who migrated
to Kansas came to be known by
which of the following names?
A. Nomads
B. Wanderers
C. Exodusters
D. Hebrews
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Imposing Segregation
Southern states passed laws that
imposed segregation and denied
African American men their voting
rights.
Imposing Segregation (cont.)
• In the late 1800s, Southern states began
imposing restrictions that, while not
mentioning race, were designed to make it
difficult or impossible for African Americans
to vote.
• In 1890, Mississippi began requiring all citizens
registering to vote to pay a poll tax of $2.
• Mississippi also instituted a literacy test,
requiring voters to read and understand the
state constitution.
Imposing Segregation (cont.)
• Other Southern states adopted similar
restrictions, and the number of voters
declined significantly.
• African Americans in the North were often
barred from public places, but segregation
in the South was far worse.
− Southern states passed Jim Crow laws.
Imposing Segregation (cont.)
• In 1883, the Supreme Court set the stage for
legalized segregation when it overturned the
Civil Rights Act of 1875.
− Southern states then passed a series of
laws that established racial segregation in
virtually all public places.
• In the 1896 case of Plessy v. Ferguson, the
Supreme Court set out a new doctrine of
“separate but equal” facilities for African
Americans.
Whom did the “grandfather clause”
allow to vote?
A. People over 70 regardless of race
0%
0%
0%
D
D. White men whose ancestor
could read before 1850
A
0%
A
B
C
D
C
C. Women
A.
B.
C.
D.
B
B. Anyone whose ancestor could
vote in 1867
The African American Response
Some African American leaders
focused on practical vocational
education, while others pushed for full
civil rights and education
opportunities.
The African American Response (cont.)
• Between 1890 and 1899, there was an
average of 187 lynchings each year.
• In 1892, Ida B. Wells launched a crusade
against lynching.
• Mary Church Terrell fought a lifelong battle
against lynching, racism, and sexism.
− She helped found the National Association
of Colored Women and the National
Association for the Advancement of
Colored People.
The African American Response (cont.)
− She also formed the Women WageEarners Association.
• Booker T. Washington proposed that
African Americans concentrate on achieving
economic goals rather than political ones.
• Booker’s Atlanta Compromise speech
provoked a strong challenge from W.E.B. Du
Bois, who saw no advantage to giving up
civil rights, even temporarily.
Who wrote The Souls of Black Folk?
A. Ida B. Wells
B. Mary Church Terrell
C. Booker T. Washington
D. W.E.B. Du Bois
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Effects of Industrialization
1. Immigration and Urbanization
• Rise of large factories greatly
increases the demand for labor in
the United States, encouraging
immigrants to move to America in
large numbers.
• The increase in industrial jobs encourages large
numbers of Americans and immigrants to settle in
cities.
• As cities grow large, pollution, crime, disease, and fire
become serious problems.
Effects of Industrialization
1. Immigration and Urbanization
• New industrial technology allows
cities to grow even larger with the
development of the skyscraper, the
elevator, and the trolley car.
• Large urban areas change the nature of politics
creating corrupt urban political “machines” such as
Tammany Hall in New York.
Effects of Industrialization
2. Farm Problems
• Industrialization and new technology increases farm
production and creates the ability to ship farm products
across the country.
• Farmers produce huge
surpluses, driving down
food prices, while a money
shortage leads to high
interest rates; farmers
grow deeper in debt while
income falls.
Effects of Industrialization
2. Farm Problems
• High railroad rates in the West combine with high rents
for tenant farmers in the South to create a crisis for
farmers.
• Farmers form the Grange,
the Alliance, and the
Populist Party to help
address their concerns.
Effects of Industrialization
3. Changes in Culture
• Industrial society initially
leads to a strong belief in
individualism; Social
Darwinism emerges as the
idea that government should
not interfere in society.
• Ongoing social problems caused by industrialization
lead to Reform Darwinism and the emergence of
reformers who want to use government to help solve
society’s problems and regulate the economy.
Effects of Industrialization
3. Changes in Culture
• New forms of realist and
naturalist art and literature
depict industrial life in
serious and realistic ways.
Chapter Transparencies Menu
Why It Matters
Cause-and-Effect Transparency
Unit Time Line Transparency
Select a transparency to view.
steerage
cramped quarters on a ship’s lower
decks for passengers paying the
lowest fares
nativism
hostility toward immigrants
immigrant
one who enters and becomes
established in a country other than
that of their original nationality
ethnic
relating to large groups of people
classed according to common racial,
national, tribal, religious, linguistic, or
cultural origin or background
skyscraper
a very tall building
tenement
multifamily apartments, usually dark,
crowded, and barely meeting
minimum living standards
political machine
an organization linked to a political
party that often controlled local
government
party boss
the person in control of a political
machine
graft
the acquisition of money in dishonest
ways, as in bribing a politician
incentive
something that motivates a person
into action
trigger
to cause an action that causes a
greater reaction
individualism
the thought that no matter what a
person’s background was, they could
still become successful
Social Darwinism
based on Charles Darwin’s theories
of evolution and natural selection,
states that humans have developed
through competition and natural
selection with only the strongest
surviving
philanthropy
providing money to support
humanitarian or social goals
settlement house
institution located in a poor
neighborhood that provided
numerous community services such
as medical care, child care, libraries,
and classes in English
Americanization
causing someone to acquire
American traits and characteristics
evolution
the scientific theory that humans and
other forms of life have evolved over
time
publish
to make a document available to the
general public
populism
political movement founded in the
1890s representing mainly farmers,
favoring free coinage of silver and
government control of railroads and
other large industries
greenback
a piece of U.S. paper money first
issued by the North during the Civil
War
inflation
the loss of value of money
deflation
a decline in the volume of available
money or credit that results in lower
prices, and, therefore, increases the
buying power of money
cooperative
store where farmers buy products
from each other; an enterprise owned
and operated by those who use its
services
graduated income tax
tax based on the net income of an
individual or business and which
taxes different income levels at
different rates
bond
a note issued by the government that
promises to pay off a loan with
interest
currency
paper money used as a medium of
exchange
strategy
a plan or method for achieving a goal
poll tax
a tax of a fixed amount per person
that had to be paid before the person
could vote
segregation
the separation or isolation of a race,
class, or group
Jim Crow laws
statutes or laws created to enforce
segregation
lynching
an execution performed without lawful
approval
discrimination
to make a difference in treatment or
favor on a basis other than individual
merit
To use this Presentation Plus! product:
Click the Forward button to go to the next slide.
Click the Previous button to return to the previous slide.
Click the Home button to return to the Chapter Menu.
Click the Transparency button from the Chapter Menu, Chapter Introduction, or
Visual Summary slides to access the transparencies that are relevant to this
chapter. From within a section, click on this button to access the relevant Daily
Focus Skills Transparency.
Click the Return button in a feature to return to the main presentation.
Click the History Online button to access online textbook features.
Click the Reference Atlas button to access the Interactive Reference Atlas.
Click the Exit button or press the Escape key [Esc] to end the chapter slide show.
Click the Help button to access this screen.
Links to Presentation Plus! features such as Maps in Motion, Graphs in Motion,
Charts in Motion, Concepts in Motion, and figures from your textbook are located at
the bottom of relevant screens.
This slide is intentionally blank.