Transcript Gender of Violence.odp

Gender of violence
Aida Venegas
Table of Contents
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Slide 3 Men are more violent than women
Slide 4 Male Violence
Slide 5 Interpersonal & Intersocietal Violence
Slide 6 Why are men violent?
Slide 7 Reasons, why men are violent?
Slide 8 What is domestic violence?
Slide 9 –10 Violence against women
Slide 11 -12 Statistics
Slide 13- 14 Best Predictors
Table of Contents
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Slide 15
Study
Slide 16
Study Test
Slide 17 -20 Facts
Slide 21- 23 Global Statistics
Slide 24
Signs to look out for
Slide 25
Chart: Victims were offenders
Slide 26 Chart: Victims of Domestic
Violence
Slide 27
Chart: Domestic Violence
Table of Contents
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Slide 28 Charts: Shelter Services
Slide 29 Reflection Paper
Men are more violent than
women
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Men constitute 99% of all persons arrested for
rape
* 90% of those arrested for murder
* 88% of those arrested for robbery
* 79% for aggravated assault
* 75% other assaults
* 75% of all family violence
* 74% of disorderly conduct
90% of all murder victims are killed by men,
according to United States Department of
Justice’s Uniform Crime Reports
Male Violence
Research rely on biological differences
between women and men, suggesting that
“the durability, universality and generality
of the relative aggressiveness of males”
points definitively toward a genetic
difference.
Interpersonal & Intersocietal
1. The ideal for manhood
is the fierce and handsome warrior
Violence
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Public leadership is associated with male dominance, both of men
over other men and of men over women
Women are prohibited from public and political participation
Most public interaction is between men, not between men and
women or among women
Boys and girls are systematically separated from an early age
Initiation of boys is focused on lengthy constraint of boys, during
which time the boys are separated from women; taught male
solidarity, bellicosity; and endurance; and trained to accept
the dominance of older groups of men
Emotional displays of male virility, ferocity, and sexuality are
highly elaborated
The ritual celebration of fertility focuses on male generative ability
not female ability
Male economic activities and the products of male labor are prized
over female
Why men are violent?
Reasons, why men are
violent?
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The fear that boys who were not violent would not
grow up to be real men.
Violence is proof of masculinity; one is “real” man,
because one is not afraid to be violent.
A man recalls his days in a juvenile detention facility
where “you fought almost every day because
everybody trying to be tougher than the next
person.”
Sociologist Vic Seidler writes that “as boys, we have to
be constantly on the alert to either confront or
avoid physical violence. We have to be alert to
defend ourselves…Masculinity, the demonstrated
willingness to fight and the capacity for combat are
measures of worth and self-worth”
What is domestic Violence?
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According to Wikipedia, Domestic violence, also known
as domestic abuse, spousal abuse, battering, family
violence, and intimate partner violence (IPV), is
defined as a pattern of abusive behaviors by one
partner against another in an intimate relationship such
as marriage, dating, family, or cohabitation. Domestic
violence, so defined, has many forms, including
physical aggression or assault (hitting, kicking, biting,
shoving, restraining, slapping, throwing objects), or
threats thereof; sexual abuse; emotional abuse;
controlling or domineering; intimidation; stalking;
passive/covert abuse ; and economic deprivation.
Alcohol consumption and mental illness can be comorbid with abuse, and present additional challenges
in eliminating domestic violence. Awareness,
perception, definition and documentation of domestic
violence differs widely from country to country, and
from era to era.
Violence against women
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Men learn that violence is an accepted form of
communication among men and between
women and men.
1 out 5 victims of violence treated in hospital
emergency rooms was injured by a spouse, a
former spouse, or a current of former
boyfriend or girlfriend.
Age, gender are not only the good predictors of
violence but also region
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Young southern white men are more prone to
violence than young men in any other part of the
county
Violence against women
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Victims of Violence who were injured by spouses
or ex-spouses, women outnumbered men by
about 9 to 1.
Women were injured 8 times more by their
boyfriends than men were injured by their
girlfriends.
United States has among the highest rates in the
industrial world for rape, domestic violence,
and spousal murder.
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Domestic violence is the leading cause of injury to
women in the nation, claiming nearly 4 million
victims a years.
Statistics
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1/3 and ½ of all women are assaulted by a
spouse or partner at some point during
their lives
30% to 40% of all women are murder by a
spouse or partner at some point
Every 6 minutes a woman in the U.S is raped,
every 18 seconds a woman is beaten, and
every day 4 women are killed by their
batterers.
Statistics
Intimate Homicide Victims by Gender: 1976-2004
According to The Gender Society by Michael Kimmel
Best Predictors
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According to Anthropologist Peggy Reeves
Sanday the best predictors of rapeproneness were
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Militarism
Interpersonal violence in general
Ideologies of male toughness
Distant father child relationships
“The lower status of women relative to men, the
higher the rape rate”
Study
Two Michigan psychologists Dov Cohen
and Richard Nisbett conducted an experiment
to find out. They invited young men to fill out
a questionnaire in a classroom building at the
university, and then to drop it off at the end of
the hallway and then return to the classroom.
Half did it but the other half however,
encountered another guy in the narrow
hallway, who opened a drawer in a filling
cabinet as the “subject” walked by.
After the hallway was even narrower, and
the confederate look up, annoyed and
slammed the filling cabinet drawer shut and
mutter.
Study-test
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This guys were tested to see if the insult had any effect
on the guys who experienced it. They were
watched and their faces were recorded. They
shook their hands to see if their grip changed.
Saliva samples were taken to measure testosterone
levels.
The guys were asked to read a short story and supply
the ending, in order to see if the insulted guys
ending was more violent.
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For some guys, being insulted caused no changes at all
(control group)
For others, the insulted changed a lot.
(Most were from South)
Cohen and Nisbett concluded, that men are driven by a
strict coded of honor, insult that honor and they are
ready to fight.
Facts
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Fact #1: 18.3 % of women in the United States have survived a completed or attempted rape.
Of these, 12.3% were younger than age 12 when they were first raped, and 29.9% were
between the ages of 11 and 17
Fact #2: 22 million women in the United States have been raped in their lifetime. 63.84% of
women who reported being raped, physically assaulted, and/or stalked since age 18
were victimized by a current or former husband, cohabiting partner, boyfriend, or date.
Fact #3: Less than half of domestic violence incidents are reported to police. AfricanAmerican women are more likely than others to report their victimization to police
Lawrence A. Greenfeld et al.
Fact #4: The FBI estimates that only 37% of all rapes are reported to the police. U.S. Justice
Department statistics are even lower, with only 26% of all rapes or attempted rapes
being reported to law enforcement officials.
Fact #5: Almost one-third of female homicide victims are killed by an intimate partner.
Fact #6: The National College Women Sexual Victimization Study estimated that between 1
in 4 and 1 in 5 college women experience completed or attempted rape during their
college years
Fact #7: Men perpetrate the majority of violent acts against women
Fact #8: Every two minutes, somewhere in America, someone is sexually assaulted.
Fact #9: One out of every five American women have been the victims of an attempted or
completed rape in their lifetime.
Facts (con.)
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Fact #10: Factoring in unreported rapes, about 6% of rapists will ever spend a day in jail. 15
out of 16 will walk free.
Fact #11: Almost 10% of high school students are victims of dating violence each year.
Fact #12: Sexual violence and gender based violence is associated with a host of short- and
long-term problems, including physical injury and illness, psychological symptoms,
economic costs, and death
Fact #13: Rape victims often experience anxiety, guilt, nervousness, phobias, substance
abuse, sleep disturbances, depression, alienation, sexual dysfunction, and aggression.
They often distrust others and replay the assault in their minds, and they are at
increased risk of future victimization.
Fact #14: According to the 2010 National Crime Victimization Survey, more than 20,000
rapes or sexual assaults occurred in 2010; 169,370 of them occurred among females and
15,020, among males .
Fact #15: Sexual violence victims exhibit a variety of psychological symptoms that are similar
to those of victims of other types of trauma, such as war and natural disaster A number
of long-lasting symptoms and illnesses have been associated with sexual victimization
including chronic pelvic pain; premenstrual syndrome; gastrointestinal disorders; and a
variety of chronic pain disorders, including headache, back pain, and facial pain (Koss
1992).Between 4% and 30% of rape victims contract sexually transmitted diseases as a
result of the victimization
Fact #16: Most female victims are raped before the age of 25, and almost half of female
victims are under the age of 18.
Facts (con.)
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Fact #17: In 2006, 78,000 children were sexually abused. (Child Maltreatment 2006.) Because
majority of cases are not reported, it is estimated that the real number could be
anywhere from 260,000-650,000 a year
Fact #18: About 67.9% of rape victims are white; 11.9% are black; 14% are hispanic and 6%
are of other races.
Fact #19: About half of all rape victims are in the lowest third of income distribution; half are
in the upper two-thirds.
Fact #20: According to the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance Survey (YRBSS), a national
survey of high school students, 7.4% of students had been forced to have sexual
intercourse when they did not want to. Female students (10.5%) were significantly more
likely than male students (4.5%) to have been forced to have sexual intercourse. Overall,
black students (12%) were significantly more likely than white students (10%) to have
been forced to have sexual intercourse (CDC 2010).
Fact #21: Females ages 12 to 24 are at the greatest risk for experiencing a rape or sexual
assault (DOJ 2001).
Fact #22: Almost two-thirds of all rapes are committed by someone who is known to the
victim. 73% of sexual assaults were perpetrated by a non-stranger (— 48% of
perpetrators were a friend or acquaintance of the victim, 17% were an intimate and 8%
were another relative.)
Facts (Con)
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Fact #23: The costs of intimate partner violence against women exceed an estimated $5.8
billion. These costs include nearly $4.1 billion in the direct costs of medical care and
mental health care and nearly $1.8 billion in the indirect costs of lost productivity and
present value of lifetime earnings.
Fact #24: It is estimated that domestic violence occurs in approximately 25-33% of same-sex
relationships. (NYC Gay and Lesbian Anti-Violence Project, October 1996.) However, other
studies have indicated that anywhere between 17% and 52% of same-sex relationships
are abusive.
Fact #25: Boys who witness their fathers' violence are 10 times more likely to engage in
spouse abuse in later adulthood than boys from non-violent homes.
Fact #26: An estimated 17,500 women and children are trafficked into the United States
annually for sexual exploitation or forced labor.
Fact #27: Somewhere in America a woman is battered, usually by her intimate partner, every
15 seconds. (UN Study On The Status of Women, Year 2000)
Fact #28: A University of Pennsylvania research study found that domestic violence is the
leading cause of injury to low-income, inner-city Philadelphia women between the ages
of 15 to 44 - more common than automobile accidents, mugging and rapes combined. In
this study domestic violence included injuries caused by street crime.
Fact #29: A study reported in the New York Times suggests that one in five adolescent girls
become the victims of physical or sexual violence, or both, in a dating relationship.
Global Statistics
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Fact #30: At least 60 million girls who would otherwise be expected to
be alive are "missing" from various populations, mostly in Asia, as a
result of sex-selective abortions, infanticide or neglect. (UN Study
On The Status of Women, Year 2000) Fact #31: Globally, at least one in
three women and girls is beaten or sexually abused in her lifetime.
Fact #32: A recent survey by the Kenyan Women Rights Awareness
Program revealed that 70% of those interviewed said they knew
neighbors who beat their wives. Nearly 60% said women were to
blame for the beatings. Just 51% said the men should be punished.
(The New York Times, 10/31/97)
Fact #33: 4 million women and girls are trafficked annually. (United
Nations)
Fact #34: An estimated one million children, mostly girls, enter the sex
trade each year (UNICEF)
Fact #35: A 2005 World Health Organization study reported that nearly
one third of Ethiopian women had been physically forced by a
partner to have sex against their will within the 12 months prior to
the study.
Global Statistics (con)
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Fact #36: In a study of 475 people in prostitution from five countries
62% reported having been raped in prostitution.
73% reported having experienced physical assault in prostitution.
92% stated that they wanted to escape prostitution immediately.
Fact #37: The most common act of violence against women is being slapped—an experience reported by 9%
of women in Japan and 52% in provincial Peru. Rates of sexual abuse also varies greatly around the
world—with partner rape being reported by 6% of women from Serbia and Montenegro, 46% of
women from provincial Bangladesh, and 59% of women in Ethiopia.
Fact #38: So-called "honour killings" take the lives of thousands of young women every year, mainly in
North Africa, Western Asia and parts of South Asia. (UNFPA)
Fact #39: The Human Rights Commission of Pakistan reported that 2002 saw a 25% increase in “honor
killings” of women, with 461 women murdered by family members in 2002, in 2 provinces (Sindh and
Punjab) alone.
Fact #40: More than 90 million African women and girls are victims of female circumcision or other forms of
genital mutilation.
Fact #41: In eastern and souther Africa, 17 to 22% of girls aged 15 to 19 are HIV-positive, compared to 3 to
7% of boys of similar age. This pattern—seen in many other regions of the world—is evidence that
girls are being infected with HIV by a much older cohort of men.
Fact #42: : A 2005 study reported that 7% of partnered Canadian women experienced violence at the hands
of a spouse between 1999 and 2004. Of these battered women, nearly one-quarter (23%) reported being
beaten, choked, or threatened with a knife or gun.
Fact #43: In Zimbabwe, domestic violence accounts for more than 60% of murder cases that go through the
high court in Harare. (ZWRCN)
Fact #44: a study in Zaria, Nigeria found that 16 percent of hospital patients treated for sexually transmitted
infections were younger than 5. (UNFPA)
Signs to look out for:
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Attitude towards women: What does he say about women in general, how women dress etc? How does he value
women? Does he appreciate female colleges? If he is degrading and disrespectful towards women in general, he
will probably treat you the same way.
Jealousy. Men who show signs of exaggerated jealousy has a strong need for control. Be especially on the look out if
he starts to make you responsible for his feelings. If you skip your girls-night-out because of his attitude he is
starting to control your behaviour.
Violent behaviour: Does he get into a rage and break things in your home? These are violent acts with the purpose of
scaring you.
Isolation: When the process of isolation begins you can see patterns in his behaviour. He might give you a lift to and
from work/school. If you work he wouldn't mind you cutting down your hours, he wants you to spend as
much time with him as possible. He won't let you go to parties or meet up with your friends on your own. You
start to loose contact with your friends since he doesn't like you seeing them. Most of the time he doesn't tell
you what to do out loud, but by his reactions for eg. turning cold or grumpy, you get the message anyway.
Loss of control: In the beginning it's a question of him deciding everything in every situation, even if it's about you
and your life. He decides what you do and what you talk about when you are together. Eventually you don't
get to have your own opinion and in the end he is controlling everything -what you think, say and do.
If you or someone close to you are being abused there are a few things you can do:
Keep a secret diary: Write down every time he threats or hits you. It is difficult to remember afterwards what really
happened. You might keep this diary at work or somewhere else where he has no access.
Tell someone: Tell someone you trust what you are going through. Even if you don't have the strength to do anything
about it at the time, at least someone knows the situation.
Document: Write down and try to take photographs of the injuries. If you go to your doctor always ask for a
photograph to be taken. You don't have to use them but they will still be there if you decide to go to the police
one day.
Don't think it's not going to happen again: Arrange a way of getting out so that you can leave home any time of the
day. Contact a women's shelter, a friend or a relative. Ask someone close to you for a key to their home so that
you always have somewhere to go.
Contact a Domestic Violence Shelter: At a women's shelter they believe in your story and they will help you the day
you decide to leave him. They can support you in contacting the authorities if you need a hidden identity, new
housing etc. You will also meet other women with the same experiences and you can find support and
friendship.
Go to the police: Don't accept what he is doing to you. Violence against women and children is a crime. For your own
sake, and so that he will realize what he is doing is wrong, turn him in.
Victims was ofenders
Family Member
Murder
Sex Ofenses
Robbery
Simple Assault
Aggrevated Assault
Victims of Domestic Violence
Domestic Violence
Shelter Services
Reflection Paper
I decided to go with Gender Violence after I
presented with
my excerpt. I was interested and wanted to find more
information about the violence and why men are more
aggressive. I believe in biology and believe that it has to do
with testosterone, men are usually more aggressive for this
reason, once again this is my believe. Women are weaker
and is
the reason they are taken advantage over men.
However, I think that we as women should value
ourselves
more and believe that we could have better. Women, who
have
have a low self-esteem and think of themselves as lower
than men are more to live in life with men who abuses of
them.
Women can stop violence but for some reason or another