Transcript Chapter 1
PowerPoint Presentation to accompany Educational Psychology Fourth Edition by John W. Santrock 1 © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. CHAPTER 1 Educational Psychology: A Tool for Effective Teaching 2 © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Learning Goals 1. Describe some basic ideas about the field of educational psychology. 2. Identify the attitudes and skills of an effective teacher. 3. Discuss why research is important to effective teaching and how educational psychologists and teachers can conduct and evaluate research. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Educational Psychology: A Tool for Effective Teaching Exploring Educational Psychology Historical Background Teaching: Art and Science © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Educational Psychology… is a branch of psychology that specializes in understanding teaching and learning in educational settings. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Historical Background of Ed Psych 1850 1875 1900 1925 1950 William James John Dewey E. L. Thorndike © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. William James (1842-1910) Emphasized the importance of observing teaching and learning in the classroom for improving education © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. John Dewey (1859-1952) Viewed the child as an active learner Emphasized the child’s adaptation to the environment Pushed for competent education for all children © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. E. L. Thorndike (1874-1949) Initiated an emphasis on assessment and measurement of learning Promoted the idea that educational psychology must have a scientific base and that measurement should be a central focus © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Educational Psychology’s Historical Background Leta Hollingworth (1916) - First to use the term gifted to describe students who scored exceptionally high on IQ tests. George Sanchez (1932) - Researcher who demonstrated that intelligence tests were culturally biased against minority children. Mamie and Kenneth Clark (1939) - Pioneering researchers who studied African American children’s self-conceptions and identity. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Behavioral Approach B.F. Skinner (1938) Psychology as the science of observable behavior and controlling conditions 1950s programmed learning © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Cognitive Revolution 1950s Bloom’s Taxonomy of Cognitive Skills 1980s Cognitive Psychology memory, thinking, reasoning – to help student learn © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Teaching as Art & Science How is teaching both art and science? © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Educational Psychology: A Tool for Effective Teaching Effective Teaching Professional Knowledge and Skills Commitment and Motivation © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Reflection & Observation Reflection: What were the characteristics of the most effective teachers in your educational experience? © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Effective Teaching Professional Knowledge and Skills Effective Teachers: Exhibit subject matter competence Implement appropriate instructional strategies Set high goals for themselves and students and plan for instruction Create developmentally appropriate instructional materials and activities Manage classrooms for optimal learning Cont… © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Effective Teaching Professional Knowledge and Skills Effective Teachers: Use effective strategies to promote students’ motivation to learn Communicate well with students and parents Pay more than lip service to individual variations Work effectively with students from culturally diverse backgrounds Have good assessment skills Integrate technology into the curriculum © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Effective Teaching Commitment and Motivation Effective Teachers: Have a good attitude Care about students Invest time and effort Bring a positive attitude and enthusiasm to the classroom © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Characteristics of Best Teachers © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Characteristics of Worst Teachers © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Educational Psychology: A Tool for Effective Teaching Research in Educational Psychology Program Evaluation Research, Action Research, and the Teacher-asResearcher Why Research Is Important Research Methods © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Research in Educational Psychology Research Is Important Based on the scientific method, researchers Conceptualize the problem Collect data Draw conclusions Revise research conclusions and theory Theory Hypothesis 22 All rights reserved. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. The Scientific Research Approach The scientific research approach is objective, systematic, and testable. STEP 4 Revise Research Conclusions & Theory STEP 3 Draw Conclusions STEP 2 Collect Information STEP 1 Conceptualize the Problem © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Research Methods Descriptive Research Observations Laboratory Naturalistic observation Participant observation Interviews and questionnaires Standardized tests Cont… © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Research Methods Descriptive Research Case studies Ethnographic Studies Focus Groups Personal Journals and Diaries © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Research Methods Correlational Research Measures the strength of a relation between two variables Does NOT establish causal relation Experimental Research Random assignment Experimental vs. control groups Independent vs. dependent variables © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Possible Explanations of Correlational Data Observed correlation As permissive teaching increases, children’s self-control decreases Possible explanations for this correlation Permissive teaching causes Children’s lack of self-control causes Other factors, such as genetic tendencies, poverty, or sociohistorical circumstances Children’s lack of self-control Permissive teaching Permissive teaching cause both and Children’s lack of self-control © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Experimental Research Independent variable: The manipulated, influential experimental factor. Dependent variable: The factor that is measured in an experiment. Control group: A comparison group, no manipulation. Experimental group: The group whose experience is manipulated. Random assignment: Participants are assigned by chance. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Experimental Research A study of the effects of time management on students’ grades Participants randomly assigned to experimental and control groups Experimental Group Control Group (no time management program) (time management program) Students’ grades in school © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Time Span of Research Cross-sectional Studying groups of people at one time Researcher doesn’t have to wait until subjects grow older Provides no information about the stability of data over time Longitudinal Studying the same individuals over time Evaluates how children change over time Time consuming and costly © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Program Evaluation, Action Research, and Teacher-As-Researcher Program Evaluation: Designed to make decisions about a particular program. Action Research: Used to solve a particular classroom or school problem. Teacher-As-Researcher: Teachers conduct their own studies to improve their teaching. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Enter the Debate Should teachers conduct research using their students as subjects? YES NO © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Crack the Case The Case of the Curriculum Decision 1. What issues would need to be considered in conducting such a study? 2. What type of research would be most appropriate? Why? 3. If she compared the two different curricula and their outcomes, what would the independent variable be? Cont... © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Crack the Case The Case of the Curriculum Decision 4. 5. If she compared the two different curricula and their outcomes, what would the dependent variable be? How should Ms. Huang go about conducting her study? © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.