Transcript peranan-statistik-dalam-penelitian-alat
Slide 1
A Guide for Selecting Statistical
Techniques for Analyzing Social
Science Data
Slide 2
PERANAN STATISTIK DALAM
PENELITIAN
• Alat menghitung besarnya anggota sampel
yang diambil dari populasi.
• Alat menguji validitas dan reliabilitas
instrumen.
• Teknik untuk menyajikan data sehingga
data lebih komunikatif.
• Alat analisis data, menguji hipotesis.
Slide 3
Proses Penelitian dan Statistik
Yang Diperlukan
Perlu Statistik untuk
Uji Validasi dan
Reliabilitas
instrumen
Perlu
Statistik
Menentukan
Masalah
Berteori
sampel
Perlu
Instrumen
Mengumpulkan
data
Perlu
Statistik
Menyajikan
data
Perlu
Statistik
Menganalisa
data
Pembahasan
Kesimpulan
data
Slide 4
MACAM-MACAM STATISTIK
• Deskriptif :
untuk menggambarkan atau menganalisis suatu statistik
hasil penelitian, tapi tidak untuk membuat kesimpulan
yang lebih luas (generalisasi / inferensi)
• Inferensial :
untuk menganalisis data sampel yang hasilnya akan
digeneralisasikan untuk populasi dimana sampel
diambil.
- Statistik Parametris
- Statistik Non parametris
Slide 5
Macam-macam Statistik
Deskriptif
Statistik
Parametris
Inferensial
Nonparametris
Slide 6
TIPE-TIPE KESALAHAN
STATISTIK
Kesalahan
Kerangka sampel
Kesalahan
Pemilihan
sampel
Kesalahan Unit
sampel
Kesalahan
Pemilihan Sampel
secara Acak
Kesalahan
Statistik
Nonresponse
Bias
Kesalahan
Responden
Response
Bias
Kesalahan
Sistematis
Kesalahan
Pemprosesan Data
Kesalahan
Administrasi
Kesalahan
Pewawancara
Kecurangan
Pewawancara
Slide 7
TIPE DATA STATISTIK
• DATA KUALITATIF (QUALITATIVE
DATA)
- Nominal
- Ordinal
• DATA KUANTITATIF (QUANTITATIVE
DATA)
- Data Interval
- Data Rasio
Slide 8
PEMILIHAN METODE STATISTIK
Dipengaruhi oleh 3 faktor utama :
1. Tujuan studi
2. Jumlah variabel yang diteliti
3. Skala pengukuran yang digunakan
Slide 9
PROBLEM OBJECTIVE ???
(Suatu Refiew)
1
2
3
4
Description of a single populations
Comparison of two populations
Comparison of two or more populations
Analysis of the relationship between two
variables
5 Analysis of the relationship among two or
more variables
Slide 10
Description of a single populations
Description of a single populations
1
Data Scale ?
ordinal
Not
Covered
Nominal
Number of
Categories
Two or more
Interval ratio
Two
Z-test and
Estimator of τ
Type of descriptive
measurement ?
Variability
X2 test and
estimator of τ2
Location
Is σ known ?
No
t-test and
estimator of μ
Y
e
s
Z-test and
estimator of μ
X2 test of a
multinomial
experiment
Slide 11
COMPARISON OF TWO POPULATIONS
2
COMPARISON OF TWO POPULATIONS
Data scale ?
ordinal
Experiment
design
Matched pains
Nominal
Sign test
Interval ratio
Independent
samples
Z-test and
Estimator of P1- P2
Type of
descriptive
measurements ?
Variability
F-test and estimator
of τ12/ τ22
Location
Experimental
design ?
Wilcoxon rank sum
test for
independent
samples
Matched pairs
No
Are X1 and X2
Normal ?
Yes
Independent
samples
t-test and
estimator of μ
No
Are X1 and X2
Normal ?
Yes
Are σ1 and
τ2 known ?
Wilcoxon rank sum
test for
independent
samples
Yes
Z-test and
estimator of μ1 – μ2
No
Yes
Are n1 and
n2 > 30 ?
No
t-test and
estimator of μ1 – μ2
Z-test and Yes
estimator of μ1 – μ2
Wilcoxon signed
rank sum test for
Matched pairs
Slide 12
Comparison of two or more population
3
Comparison of two or more
populations
Data Scale ?
ordinal
Nominal
Interval ratio
X2-test of a
Contingency table
Block
Experimental
design ?
Blocks
Friedman
test
Are X1 and X2
Xn Normal ?
No
Independent
samples
Friedman
test
Independent
samples
Yes
Analysis of
variance
randomized block
design
Are
X1 and X2
Xn Normal ?
No
Kruskal-Walls
test
Yes
Analysis of
completely
randomized block
design
Kruskal-Walls
test
Slide 13
Analysis of the Relationship Two Variables
4
Data scale ?
Analysis of the Relationship Two
Variables
ordinal
Nominal
Interval ratio
X2-test of a
Contingency table
Regression and
correlation
Spearman rank
correlation
Slide 14
Analysis of the Relationship Among
Two or more Variables
5
Data scale ?
Nominal
Interval ratio
Not covered
Multiple
Regression
Analysis of the Relationship Among
Two or more Variables
ordinal
Not covered
Slide 15
APLIKASI TEST PARAMETRIK DAN
NONPARAMETRIK
APLIKASI
Dua sampel saling
berhubungan
(Two dependent samples)
Dua sampel tidak
berhubungan
(Two dependent samples)
Beberapa sampel
berhubungan
(Several Dependent
samples)
Beberapa sampel tidak
berhubungan
(Several Independent
samples)
TEST PARAMETRIK
T test
Z Test
T test
Z Test
ANOVA test
(F test)
TEST
NONPARAMETRIK
Sign test
Wilcoxon Signed-Rank
Mc Nemar Change test
Mann-Whitney U test
Moses Extreme reactions
Chi-Square test
Kolmogorov-Smirnov test
Walt-Wolfowitz runs
Friedman test
Kendall W test
Cochran’s Q
Kruskal-Wallis test
Chi-Square test
Median test
Slide 16
PENGGUNAAN STATISTIK PARAMETRIS
DAN NONPARAMETRIS UNTUK MENGUJI
HIPOTESIS
MACAM
DATA
Nominal
Deskriptif
(satu
variable)
Binomial
X2 One
Sample
Ordinal
Run test
BENTUK
Komparatif
(Dua sampel)
Related
Independen
Fisher Exact
Probalility
MC
Nemar
X2 Two
Sample
Median test
Sign test
MannWilcoxo Whitney U
n
test
matched
pairs
KolmogorovSmirnov
HIPOTESIS
Komparatif
(lebih dari dua sampel)
Related
Independen
2
X for k
sample
X2 for k
sample
Cochran Q
Median
Extension
Asosiatif
(hubungan)
Contigency
Coefficient C
Spearman
Rank
Correlation
Friedman
Two Way
Anova
KruskalWalls
One Way
Anova
One Way
Anova*
One Way
Anova*
Pearson
Product
Moment*
Two Way
Anova*
Two Way
Anova*
Partial
Correlation*
Kendall Tau
WaldWoldfowitz
Interval
Ratio
t-test*
t-test of
Related
t-test*
Independent
Multiple
Correlation*
Slide 17
BERBAGAI TEKNIK STATISTIK UNTUK MENGUJI
HIPOTESIS KOMPARATIF
BENTUK KOMPARASI
MACAM
DATA
Interval Ratio
Dua Sampel
Korelasi
t-test* dua
sampel
Independen
t-test* dua sampel
k sampel
Korelasi
One Way
Anova*
Independen
One Way Anova*
Two Way Anova
Nominal
Ordinal
Mc Nemar
Fisher Exact
Sign test
Chi Kuadrat
Two sample
Median test
Two Way
Anova
Chi kuadrat
for k sampel
Chi kuadrat for k sampel
Cochran Q
Median Extension
Wilcoxon
Matched Pairs
Mann-Whitney
U test
Koimogorov
Smirnov
Wald-Wolvowitz
Friedman
Two Way
Anova
Kruskal-Walls
One Way
Anova
Slide 18
SELESAI
TERIMA KASIH
A Guide for Selecting Statistical
Techniques for Analyzing Social
Science Data
Slide 2
PERANAN STATISTIK DALAM
PENELITIAN
• Alat menghitung besarnya anggota sampel
yang diambil dari populasi.
• Alat menguji validitas dan reliabilitas
instrumen.
• Teknik untuk menyajikan data sehingga
data lebih komunikatif.
• Alat analisis data, menguji hipotesis.
Slide 3
Proses Penelitian dan Statistik
Yang Diperlukan
Perlu Statistik untuk
Uji Validasi dan
Reliabilitas
instrumen
Perlu
Statistik
Menentukan
Masalah
Berteori
sampel
Perlu
Instrumen
Mengumpulkan
data
Perlu
Statistik
Menyajikan
data
Perlu
Statistik
Menganalisa
data
Pembahasan
Kesimpulan
data
Slide 4
MACAM-MACAM STATISTIK
• Deskriptif :
untuk menggambarkan atau menganalisis suatu statistik
hasil penelitian, tapi tidak untuk membuat kesimpulan
yang lebih luas (generalisasi / inferensi)
• Inferensial :
untuk menganalisis data sampel yang hasilnya akan
digeneralisasikan untuk populasi dimana sampel
diambil.
- Statistik Parametris
- Statistik Non parametris
Slide 5
Macam-macam Statistik
Deskriptif
Statistik
Parametris
Inferensial
Nonparametris
Slide 6
TIPE-TIPE KESALAHAN
STATISTIK
Kesalahan
Kerangka sampel
Kesalahan
Pemilihan
sampel
Kesalahan Unit
sampel
Kesalahan
Pemilihan Sampel
secara Acak
Kesalahan
Statistik
Nonresponse
Bias
Kesalahan
Responden
Response
Bias
Kesalahan
Sistematis
Kesalahan
Pemprosesan Data
Kesalahan
Administrasi
Kesalahan
Pewawancara
Kecurangan
Pewawancara
Slide 7
TIPE DATA STATISTIK
• DATA KUALITATIF (QUALITATIVE
DATA)
- Nominal
- Ordinal
• DATA KUANTITATIF (QUANTITATIVE
DATA)
- Data Interval
- Data Rasio
Slide 8
PEMILIHAN METODE STATISTIK
Dipengaruhi oleh 3 faktor utama :
1. Tujuan studi
2. Jumlah variabel yang diteliti
3. Skala pengukuran yang digunakan
Slide 9
PROBLEM OBJECTIVE ???
(Suatu Refiew)
1
2
3
4
Description of a single populations
Comparison of two populations
Comparison of two or more populations
Analysis of the relationship between two
variables
5 Analysis of the relationship among two or
more variables
Slide 10
Description of a single populations
Description of a single populations
1
Data Scale ?
ordinal
Not
Covered
Nominal
Number of
Categories
Two or more
Interval ratio
Two
Z-test and
Estimator of τ
Type of descriptive
measurement ?
Variability
X2 test and
estimator of τ2
Location
Is σ known ?
No
t-test and
estimator of μ
Y
e
s
Z-test and
estimator of μ
X2 test of a
multinomial
experiment
Slide 11
COMPARISON OF TWO POPULATIONS
2
COMPARISON OF TWO POPULATIONS
Data scale ?
ordinal
Experiment
design
Matched pains
Nominal
Sign test
Interval ratio
Independent
samples
Z-test and
Estimator of P1- P2
Type of
descriptive
measurements ?
Variability
F-test and estimator
of τ12/ τ22
Location
Experimental
design ?
Wilcoxon rank sum
test for
independent
samples
Matched pairs
No
Are X1 and X2
Normal ?
Yes
Independent
samples
t-test and
estimator of μ
No
Are X1 and X2
Normal ?
Yes
Are σ1 and
τ2 known ?
Wilcoxon rank sum
test for
independent
samples
Yes
Z-test and
estimator of μ1 – μ2
No
Yes
Are n1 and
n2 > 30 ?
No
t-test and
estimator of μ1 – μ2
Z-test and Yes
estimator of μ1 – μ2
Wilcoxon signed
rank sum test for
Matched pairs
Slide 12
Comparison of two or more population
3
Comparison of two or more
populations
Data Scale ?
ordinal
Nominal
Interval ratio
X2-test of a
Contingency table
Block
Experimental
design ?
Blocks
Friedman
test
Are X1 and X2
Xn Normal ?
No
Independent
samples
Friedman
test
Independent
samples
Yes
Analysis of
variance
randomized block
design
Are
X1 and X2
Xn Normal ?
No
Kruskal-Walls
test
Yes
Analysis of
completely
randomized block
design
Kruskal-Walls
test
Slide 13
Analysis of the Relationship Two Variables
4
Data scale ?
Analysis of the Relationship Two
Variables
ordinal
Nominal
Interval ratio
X2-test of a
Contingency table
Regression and
correlation
Spearman rank
correlation
Slide 14
Analysis of the Relationship Among
Two or more Variables
5
Data scale ?
Nominal
Interval ratio
Not covered
Multiple
Regression
Analysis of the Relationship Among
Two or more Variables
ordinal
Not covered
Slide 15
APLIKASI TEST PARAMETRIK DAN
NONPARAMETRIK
APLIKASI
Dua sampel saling
berhubungan
(Two dependent samples)
Dua sampel tidak
berhubungan
(Two dependent samples)
Beberapa sampel
berhubungan
(Several Dependent
samples)
Beberapa sampel tidak
berhubungan
(Several Independent
samples)
TEST PARAMETRIK
T test
Z Test
T test
Z Test
ANOVA test
(F test)
TEST
NONPARAMETRIK
Sign test
Wilcoxon Signed-Rank
Mc Nemar Change test
Mann-Whitney U test
Moses Extreme reactions
Chi-Square test
Kolmogorov-Smirnov test
Walt-Wolfowitz runs
Friedman test
Kendall W test
Cochran’s Q
Kruskal-Wallis test
Chi-Square test
Median test
Slide 16
PENGGUNAAN STATISTIK PARAMETRIS
DAN NONPARAMETRIS UNTUK MENGUJI
HIPOTESIS
MACAM
DATA
Nominal
Deskriptif
(satu
variable)
Binomial
X2 One
Sample
Ordinal
Run test
BENTUK
Komparatif
(Dua sampel)
Related
Independen
Fisher Exact
Probalility
MC
Nemar
X2 Two
Sample
Median test
Sign test
MannWilcoxo Whitney U
n
test
matched
pairs
KolmogorovSmirnov
HIPOTESIS
Komparatif
(lebih dari dua sampel)
Related
Independen
2
X for k
sample
X2 for k
sample
Cochran Q
Median
Extension
Asosiatif
(hubungan)
Contigency
Coefficient C
Spearman
Rank
Correlation
Friedman
Two Way
Anova
KruskalWalls
One Way
Anova
One Way
Anova*
One Way
Anova*
Pearson
Product
Moment*
Two Way
Anova*
Two Way
Anova*
Partial
Correlation*
Kendall Tau
WaldWoldfowitz
Interval
Ratio
t-test*
t-test of
Related
t-test*
Independent
Multiple
Correlation*
Slide 17
BERBAGAI TEKNIK STATISTIK UNTUK MENGUJI
HIPOTESIS KOMPARATIF
BENTUK KOMPARASI
MACAM
DATA
Interval Ratio
Dua Sampel
Korelasi
t-test* dua
sampel
Independen
t-test* dua sampel
k sampel
Korelasi
One Way
Anova*
Independen
One Way Anova*
Two Way Anova
Nominal
Ordinal
Mc Nemar
Fisher Exact
Sign test
Chi Kuadrat
Two sample
Median test
Two Way
Anova
Chi kuadrat
for k sampel
Chi kuadrat for k sampel
Cochran Q
Median Extension
Wilcoxon
Matched Pairs
Mann-Whitney
U test
Koimogorov
Smirnov
Wald-Wolvowitz
Friedman
Two Way
Anova
Kruskal-Walls
One Way
Anova
Slide 18
SELESAI
TERIMA KASIH