Transcript File - Ms. Vande`s Class
Slide 1
Medieval Europe
Describe the dominant characteristics,
contributions of, and interactions among
major civilizations of Asia, Europe, Africa,
the Americas and the Middle East in ancient
and medieval times
Slide 2
A Time of Transition
• The time following the decline of western
Europe was a time of transition from ancient
to modern times
• Germanic rulers gained a strong hold first
Slide 3
Merovingian Rulers
• Clovis
– Brutal and cunning warrior
– Became King of the Franks
– 1st ruler to accept Catholicism
Slide 4
Merovingian Rulers
• Charlemagne
– One of the greatest monarchs
– Doubled the borders of the Kingdom
– For the first time since the Roman Empire, most
of W. Europe was ruled by one government
Slide 5
Charlemagne’s Empire
• Attempted to revive learning, by
establishing a palace school
• Brought military to protect Pope Leo III
against the nobles
• Crowned new Roman Emperor
Slide 6
Charlemagne’s Death
•
•
•
•
Grandson’s fight for the land
Divided kingdom into three realms
Feuding weakened the kingdom
Most threatening attacks came from the
Vikings (raiders from Scandinavia)
Slide 7
The Vikings
• Explorers, skilled in sailing and trading
• Raided isolated villages, weakening
monarchy
• Local officials and nobles took over the
defense – a new political and social system
begins
Slide 8
Feudalism
• Feudalism – a highly decentralized form of
government that stressed alliances of
varying degrees of power
• Based on the military giving land to nobles
in exchange for loyalty and military aid, the
land came with peasants to work it
• Focuses on political relationship
between nobles
Slide 9
Feudal Relationships
Slide 10
Feudalism Hierarchy
Monarch
Lords or
Nobles
Peasants
Slide 11
Obligations
• To receive a fief (a tract of land) a vassal (a
noble who served a higher ranking lord) had
to pledge to provide knights or warriors for
the royal army
Slide 12
Emergence of Castles
• Warfare was common because of a weak
central government
• Castles were built to provide protection
– Outer walls
– Turrets
– Keep
• Often cold, dingy, and damp
Slide 13
Life of the Nobility
• Made up of Ladies, Lords, and Knights
• Lords
– Almost total authority in his fief
– Collected rent in the form of goods
Slide 14
• Ladies
– Few if any rights
– Duties included bringing up children and
housework
– Took pride in their needlework and embroidery
– Made medicines from plants and herbs
– Looked after estate when lords were at war
Slide 15
Noble Entertainment
• Tournaments – mock battles between
knights
• Hunt
• Falconry and Archery
Slide 16
Slide 17
Manorial System
• Manorialism – a system centered around
agricultural production
• Manors (estates) varied in size consisted of
Lord’s house, pastures, fields, forests, and
peasant village
• Focuses on the economic ties between
nobles and peasants
Slide 18
Work on a Manor
• Peasants provided labor and in returned
allowed to use lord’s facilities like the mill
– If peasants used the facilities they were
expected to leave a portion for the lord
• Manors had to be self sufficient because
warfare and invasions made trade nearly
impossible
Slide 19
Improvements in Production
• Better plow
• 3 Field crop rotation
Slide 20
Peasant Life
• Life of poverty and hardship, few lived past
40 years old
• Faced famine, disease, and warfare
• The manorial system did provide a stable
and secure way of life during a time of
uncertainty
Slide 21
The Medieval Church
• Primary mission was spiritual, but with the
decline of the Roman Empire they were left
to assume political and social tasks
• Pope believed he was the spiritual authority
over all Christians
Slide 22
Religious Role
• Taught all people were sinners and
dependent on God’s grace
• To obtain grace, one had to take part in the
sacraments or rituals of the church
– Baptism, Matrimony, Communion, Etc
• Most people could not read or write or
understand Latin and therefore
learned most from stained glass
windows, paintings, etc
Slide 23
Benedict’s Rule
• Benedict formed a monastery at Monte
Cassino in Italy
• Became a model for monks in communities
• Drew up a list of rules that provided for
manual work, meditation, and prayer
• Could not own goods, couldn’t
marry
and were bound to obey monastic rules
Slide 24
Monastic Life
• Monks wore simple, long robes made of
coarse material, tied at the waist with a cord
• Rule of silence, could only converse with
each other for short periods of time
• Nuns wore simple clothes and wrapped a
white cloth around their face
• Nuns taught needlework to
daughters of nobles
Slide 25
Influences of Monasteries
• Scribes copied books by hand
• Illuminated manuscripts – decorated with
rich colors and intricate pictures
• Provided schools, hospitals, food, guest
houses for travelers, taught skills
Slide 26
Power of the Church
• Had their own laws and courts that dealt
with the clergy, doctrine, and morals
• Disobedience resulted in severe
punishments
• Feudal ties boosted wealth and political
power
Slide 27
Church Reform
• Called for the end of feudal ties to the
church because it gave too much power to
the nobles
Slide 28
Fighting Heresy
• Condemned drunkenness, feasting and
dancing
• Heresy, or the denial of basic church
teachings had risen because of corruption
– First tried to convert
– Then threatened to excommunicate (not
allowed to take part in the sacraments
necessary for salvation)
Slide 29
The Inquisition
• A court set up to seek out and punish people
suspected of heresy
• Often accused people without sufficient
proof
Slide 30
The Jews
• As church power increased, the position of
the Jews worsened
• Seen as outsiders
• The most powerful source of anti-Semitism,
or hatred of the Jews, came from those who
blamed the Jews for the death of Jesus
Slide 31
Rise English Monarchy
• Alfred the Great brings the area now known
as England under his control
• William the Conquer takes over the throne
by force when Alfred dies – first census
• Henry I – Treasury
• Henry II – common law and jury
Slide 32
Eleanor of Aquitaine
• Wife of Henry II, mother to Richard I (the
Lionhearted) and John
• Even though the husband wife relationship
turned bad, she still was able to set policy
because of her sons power
Slide 33
Disney’s Robin Hood
• Using the white boards or scrap paper,
identify characteristics of King John
• Look for how the people felt about him and
why
• See copy of lyrics for additional information
Slide 34
King John
Slide 35
King John
• Wasn’t well liked
– He increased taxes
– Punished people without a trial
– Nobles disliked him because they lost feudal
rights
• Nobles disliked him so much they forced
him to sign the Magna Carta
Slide 36
Magna Carta
• One of the most important documents in the
history of representative government
• Placed clear limits on royal power
• Prevented the king from collecting taxes
without the consent of the Great Council
• Assured freemen the right to trial by
jury
• Overtime the charter began
protecting
all English people
Slide 37
Parliament
• Henry III (John’s son) reign saw increases in
population leading to towns and cities, a new
social class emerged – the Middle Class
• Knights and Burgesses (important townspeople)
were added to the Great Council, now called
Parliament
• House of Lords (made up of nobles and clergy)
and House of Commons
(knights and
burgesses)
Slide 38
Rise of French Monarchy
• Rulers following Charlemagne were weak
• Hugh Capet seized control
– Established the tradition of the eldest son
inheriting the throne
– Feudal lords under royal control
Slide 39
Philip II or Philip Augustus
• Doubled land holdings
• Seized land back from the English
• Acquired land through marriage
Slide 40
Holy Roman Empire
• German King Otto I helped Pope John XII
defeat the Roman Nobles and was crowned
the Holy Roman Emperor
• Emperor claimed the right to intervene in
the election of Popes and the Popes claimed
the right to depose Kings
• Power struggles are constant
Slide 41
Concordat of Worms
• Allowed the emperor to name bishops and
grant land but also gave the pope the right to
reject unworthy candidates
Slide 42
The Crusades
• A series of expeditions to recover the holy
land from Muslims
• In 600 AD, Muslims take over Jerusalem,
but were tolerant of other religions
• In the 1000’s, Seljuk Turks took Jerusalem
and left Palestine in chaos
Slide 43
First Crusade
• Pope Urban II asks for a volunteer army to
take Jerusalem and Palestine back from the
Turks
• Knights and Peasants vowed to fight
– Knights got to put their skills to practice
– Peasants got freedom from feudal ties
Slide 44
• All were promised immediate salvation in
heaven
• The First Crusade marked the onset of a
long period of Christian persecution of the
Jews
– On their way to the holy land it was common for
them to massacre Jewish communities
• Jerusalem falls in 1099
• Reinforced the authority of the church
and strengthened
confidence of western
Europeans
Slide 45
Second Crusade
• Seljuks conquer part of Palestine less than
50 years later
• Pope Eugneius IV calls for a second crusade
• Lasted from 1147-1149 and was unsuccessful
because the Kings quarreled and were a poor
military threat
Slide 46
Third Crusade
• Saladin – diplomatic and forceful leader
who united the Muslim forces and captured
Jerusalem
• People of western Europe were shocked
• Kings Crusade – because HRE Frederick
Barbarossa, French King Philip Augustus,
and English King Richard I assembled the
warriors
Slide 47
•
•
•
•
•
Third Crusade not successful either
Frederick dies on the way
Philip decides to goes back home
Richard is left leading his troops
Eventually Richard signs a truce and asks
for Jerusalem, but Saladin says no
• Saladin does allow the Christian Pilgrims
access to Holy Land
Slide 48
Effects of the Crusades
• Sped up the changes
– Broke down feudalism
– Increased the authority of the Kings
• European monarchs levied taxes, raised
armies, and cooperated in large scale
Slide 49
• Nobles needed money and chose to sell land
or allow serfs to buy their freedoms
– Feudalism declines
• Desire of Eastern luxury goods (spices,
sugar, melons, tapestries, silk, etc)
• Commerce increase
• Muslim ideas spread (maps, compasses,
weaponry)
Slide 50
Economic Expansion
• By 1000AD agricultural production
increased trading opportunities encouraged
town growth
Slide 51
Agricultural Advance
• Heavier plows
• Migrated to new lands
• Collared harness – meant they could use
horses instead of oxen which were slow
Slide 52
Trade Expansion
• Roman roads were rebuilt and used for lots
of trading
Slide 53
Banking
• Money system – use of a common medium
of exchange became necessary
• Moneychangers (often Jews or Italians)
exchanged money and determined value
• Developed transfer procedures, deposits,
loans, becoming the
first bankers
Slide 54
Growth of Towns
• Near water sources and well-traveled roads
• Streets were narrow and winding
• Little sanitation, constant smell from
garbage and sewage tossed into the street
• Rapid spread of disease (most notably the
Bubonic Plague)
Slide 55
Guilds
• Goal = to obtain a monopoly on local
markets for its members
• Prevented competition between members by
setting price regulation and ensuring a
standard of quality
Slide 56
How Guilds Worked
Apprentice (no pay, learning the trade)
Journeyman (paid worker after length of time)
Master (only after getting approval from guild)
Slide 57
Rise of the Middle Class
• People who made money like the merchants,
bankers, and artisans became part of the
middle class
• Helped organize the chaos
Slide 58
Town Governments
• People living in towns hated paying taxes
and having to serve feudal lords
• The lords were afraid of the rising power of
the upper class and strictly enforced feudal
law
• The king granted them charters which
allowed them to maintain
their own
affairs (freedom from feudal lords)
Slide 59
Education
• Need for educated people to solve problems
rise
• Universities – guilds of scholars
• Studied Aristotle which many church
officials opposed
Slide 60
Medieval Literature and Art
• Songs and epics put in writing for the first
time
– Beowulf
• Troubadours – traveling poet musicians
composed lyrics about love and feats of
knights helped define the idea of chivalry
Slide 61
Hundred Years War
• 1337-1453
• Between France and England
• English saw early victory with the use of a
early type of cannon and the long bow
• The long bow could pierce armor up to 300
yards away
Slide 62
Joan of Arc
• 17 year old French girl
• Told King of France heavenly voices had
called her to save France
• With King’s support troops rallied and won
a victory at Orleans
• Later captured by English and
tried for
witchcraft and burned
at the stake
Slide 63
Effects of the Hundred Years War
•
•
•
•
French soil devastated but country united
English bitter and divided
Knights and castles become outdated
Monarchs raise own army and people
willingly pay taxes to support them
Slide 64
War of the Roses
• Between the House of Lancaster and Tudor
(both families emblems were roses)
• Eventually Henry Tudor wins the struggle
and becomes Henry VII, the first Tudor
King
Slide 65
Ferdinand and Isabella
• Spain is fighting for control of Muslim lands
• 3 Christian realms: Portugal, Aragon, and
Castile
• Ferdinand and Isabella marry but their
governments remain separate
• They end religious tolerance
and
want everyone to be Catholic
Slide 66
Pope Moves from Italy to France
• Pope Clement V moves his court to France
to avoid the civil wars in Italy
• Italians fear that French will gain power and
that the pope was abusing power and was
corrupt
Slide 67
The Great Schism
• Pope Gregory XI brings court back to Italy
• When Gregory died, Italians force the
election of an Italian Pope
• The College of Cardinals later say they were
forced to vote under pressure and that the
election was not valid
Slide 68
So…they fix their mistake (not)
• They elect another pope who resides in
France (now there are two Popes)
• Calls for reform begin – the easiest solution
was to call a general church council
• Councils were called by the Pope and
neither one of the Popes wanted
to call
a council that would limit
their power
Slide 69
• Because so many people were behind the
calling of a council, they elect a 3rd Pope
who calls the council
• The council then forced the resignation of
all 3 popes and elected Pope Martin V
ending the Great Schism
Slide 70
Calls for Reform
• Unhappy with the wealth of the clergy
– Charged for every time of service
– Sold church positions
• John Wycliffe – one of the major criticizers
of the church
– Bible was the sole authority of truth
– Translated Bible from Latin to
English so
common people could
read it
Medieval Europe
Describe the dominant characteristics,
contributions of, and interactions among
major civilizations of Asia, Europe, Africa,
the Americas and the Middle East in ancient
and medieval times
Slide 2
A Time of Transition
• The time following the decline of western
Europe was a time of transition from ancient
to modern times
• Germanic rulers gained a strong hold first
Slide 3
Merovingian Rulers
• Clovis
– Brutal and cunning warrior
– Became King of the Franks
– 1st ruler to accept Catholicism
Slide 4
Merovingian Rulers
• Charlemagne
– One of the greatest monarchs
– Doubled the borders of the Kingdom
– For the first time since the Roman Empire, most
of W. Europe was ruled by one government
Slide 5
Charlemagne’s Empire
• Attempted to revive learning, by
establishing a palace school
• Brought military to protect Pope Leo III
against the nobles
• Crowned new Roman Emperor
Slide 6
Charlemagne’s Death
•
•
•
•
Grandson’s fight for the land
Divided kingdom into three realms
Feuding weakened the kingdom
Most threatening attacks came from the
Vikings (raiders from Scandinavia)
Slide 7
The Vikings
• Explorers, skilled in sailing and trading
• Raided isolated villages, weakening
monarchy
• Local officials and nobles took over the
defense – a new political and social system
begins
Slide 8
Feudalism
• Feudalism – a highly decentralized form of
government that stressed alliances of
varying degrees of power
• Based on the military giving land to nobles
in exchange for loyalty and military aid, the
land came with peasants to work it
• Focuses on political relationship
between nobles
Slide 9
Feudal Relationships
Slide 10
Feudalism Hierarchy
Monarch
Lords or
Nobles
Peasants
Slide 11
Obligations
• To receive a fief (a tract of land) a vassal (a
noble who served a higher ranking lord) had
to pledge to provide knights or warriors for
the royal army
Slide 12
Emergence of Castles
• Warfare was common because of a weak
central government
• Castles were built to provide protection
– Outer walls
– Turrets
– Keep
• Often cold, dingy, and damp
Slide 13
Life of the Nobility
• Made up of Ladies, Lords, and Knights
• Lords
– Almost total authority in his fief
– Collected rent in the form of goods
Slide 14
• Ladies
– Few if any rights
– Duties included bringing up children and
housework
– Took pride in their needlework and embroidery
– Made medicines from plants and herbs
– Looked after estate when lords were at war
Slide 15
Noble Entertainment
• Tournaments – mock battles between
knights
• Hunt
• Falconry and Archery
Slide 16
Slide 17
Manorial System
• Manorialism – a system centered around
agricultural production
• Manors (estates) varied in size consisted of
Lord’s house, pastures, fields, forests, and
peasant village
• Focuses on the economic ties between
nobles and peasants
Slide 18
Work on a Manor
• Peasants provided labor and in returned
allowed to use lord’s facilities like the mill
– If peasants used the facilities they were
expected to leave a portion for the lord
• Manors had to be self sufficient because
warfare and invasions made trade nearly
impossible
Slide 19
Improvements in Production
• Better plow
• 3 Field crop rotation
Slide 20
Peasant Life
• Life of poverty and hardship, few lived past
40 years old
• Faced famine, disease, and warfare
• The manorial system did provide a stable
and secure way of life during a time of
uncertainty
Slide 21
The Medieval Church
• Primary mission was spiritual, but with the
decline of the Roman Empire they were left
to assume political and social tasks
• Pope believed he was the spiritual authority
over all Christians
Slide 22
Religious Role
• Taught all people were sinners and
dependent on God’s grace
• To obtain grace, one had to take part in the
sacraments or rituals of the church
– Baptism, Matrimony, Communion, Etc
• Most people could not read or write or
understand Latin and therefore
learned most from stained glass
windows, paintings, etc
Slide 23
Benedict’s Rule
• Benedict formed a monastery at Monte
Cassino in Italy
• Became a model for monks in communities
• Drew up a list of rules that provided for
manual work, meditation, and prayer
• Could not own goods, couldn’t
marry
and were bound to obey monastic rules
Slide 24
Monastic Life
• Monks wore simple, long robes made of
coarse material, tied at the waist with a cord
• Rule of silence, could only converse with
each other for short periods of time
• Nuns wore simple clothes and wrapped a
white cloth around their face
• Nuns taught needlework to
daughters of nobles
Slide 25
Influences of Monasteries
• Scribes copied books by hand
• Illuminated manuscripts – decorated with
rich colors and intricate pictures
• Provided schools, hospitals, food, guest
houses for travelers, taught skills
Slide 26
Power of the Church
• Had their own laws and courts that dealt
with the clergy, doctrine, and morals
• Disobedience resulted in severe
punishments
• Feudal ties boosted wealth and political
power
Slide 27
Church Reform
• Called for the end of feudal ties to the
church because it gave too much power to
the nobles
Slide 28
Fighting Heresy
• Condemned drunkenness, feasting and
dancing
• Heresy, or the denial of basic church
teachings had risen because of corruption
– First tried to convert
– Then threatened to excommunicate (not
allowed to take part in the sacraments
necessary for salvation)
Slide 29
The Inquisition
• A court set up to seek out and punish people
suspected of heresy
• Often accused people without sufficient
proof
Slide 30
The Jews
• As church power increased, the position of
the Jews worsened
• Seen as outsiders
• The most powerful source of anti-Semitism,
or hatred of the Jews, came from those who
blamed the Jews for the death of Jesus
Slide 31
Rise English Monarchy
• Alfred the Great brings the area now known
as England under his control
• William the Conquer takes over the throne
by force when Alfred dies – first census
• Henry I – Treasury
• Henry II – common law and jury
Slide 32
Eleanor of Aquitaine
• Wife of Henry II, mother to Richard I (the
Lionhearted) and John
• Even though the husband wife relationship
turned bad, she still was able to set policy
because of her sons power
Slide 33
Disney’s Robin Hood
• Using the white boards or scrap paper,
identify characteristics of King John
• Look for how the people felt about him and
why
• See copy of lyrics for additional information
Slide 34
King John
Slide 35
King John
• Wasn’t well liked
– He increased taxes
– Punished people without a trial
– Nobles disliked him because they lost feudal
rights
• Nobles disliked him so much they forced
him to sign the Magna Carta
Slide 36
Magna Carta
• One of the most important documents in the
history of representative government
• Placed clear limits on royal power
• Prevented the king from collecting taxes
without the consent of the Great Council
• Assured freemen the right to trial by
jury
• Overtime the charter began
protecting
all English people
Slide 37
Parliament
• Henry III (John’s son) reign saw increases in
population leading to towns and cities, a new
social class emerged – the Middle Class
• Knights and Burgesses (important townspeople)
were added to the Great Council, now called
Parliament
• House of Lords (made up of nobles and clergy)
and House of Commons
(knights and
burgesses)
Slide 38
Rise of French Monarchy
• Rulers following Charlemagne were weak
• Hugh Capet seized control
– Established the tradition of the eldest son
inheriting the throne
– Feudal lords under royal control
Slide 39
Philip II or Philip Augustus
• Doubled land holdings
• Seized land back from the English
• Acquired land through marriage
Slide 40
Holy Roman Empire
• German King Otto I helped Pope John XII
defeat the Roman Nobles and was crowned
the Holy Roman Emperor
• Emperor claimed the right to intervene in
the election of Popes and the Popes claimed
the right to depose Kings
• Power struggles are constant
Slide 41
Concordat of Worms
• Allowed the emperor to name bishops and
grant land but also gave the pope the right to
reject unworthy candidates
Slide 42
The Crusades
• A series of expeditions to recover the holy
land from Muslims
• In 600 AD, Muslims take over Jerusalem,
but were tolerant of other religions
• In the 1000’s, Seljuk Turks took Jerusalem
and left Palestine in chaos
Slide 43
First Crusade
• Pope Urban II asks for a volunteer army to
take Jerusalem and Palestine back from the
Turks
• Knights and Peasants vowed to fight
– Knights got to put their skills to practice
– Peasants got freedom from feudal ties
Slide 44
• All were promised immediate salvation in
heaven
• The First Crusade marked the onset of a
long period of Christian persecution of the
Jews
– On their way to the holy land it was common for
them to massacre Jewish communities
• Jerusalem falls in 1099
• Reinforced the authority of the church
and strengthened
confidence of western
Europeans
Slide 45
Second Crusade
• Seljuks conquer part of Palestine less than
50 years later
• Pope Eugneius IV calls for a second crusade
• Lasted from 1147-1149 and was unsuccessful
because the Kings quarreled and were a poor
military threat
Slide 46
Third Crusade
• Saladin – diplomatic and forceful leader
who united the Muslim forces and captured
Jerusalem
• People of western Europe were shocked
• Kings Crusade – because HRE Frederick
Barbarossa, French King Philip Augustus,
and English King Richard I assembled the
warriors
Slide 47
•
•
•
•
•
Third Crusade not successful either
Frederick dies on the way
Philip decides to goes back home
Richard is left leading his troops
Eventually Richard signs a truce and asks
for Jerusalem, but Saladin says no
• Saladin does allow the Christian Pilgrims
access to Holy Land
Slide 48
Effects of the Crusades
• Sped up the changes
– Broke down feudalism
– Increased the authority of the Kings
• European monarchs levied taxes, raised
armies, and cooperated in large scale
Slide 49
• Nobles needed money and chose to sell land
or allow serfs to buy their freedoms
– Feudalism declines
• Desire of Eastern luxury goods (spices,
sugar, melons, tapestries, silk, etc)
• Commerce increase
• Muslim ideas spread (maps, compasses,
weaponry)
Slide 50
Economic Expansion
• By 1000AD agricultural production
increased trading opportunities encouraged
town growth
Slide 51
Agricultural Advance
• Heavier plows
• Migrated to new lands
• Collared harness – meant they could use
horses instead of oxen which were slow
Slide 52
Trade Expansion
• Roman roads were rebuilt and used for lots
of trading
Slide 53
Banking
• Money system – use of a common medium
of exchange became necessary
• Moneychangers (often Jews or Italians)
exchanged money and determined value
• Developed transfer procedures, deposits,
loans, becoming the
first bankers
Slide 54
Growth of Towns
• Near water sources and well-traveled roads
• Streets were narrow and winding
• Little sanitation, constant smell from
garbage and sewage tossed into the street
• Rapid spread of disease (most notably the
Bubonic Plague)
Slide 55
Guilds
• Goal = to obtain a monopoly on local
markets for its members
• Prevented competition between members by
setting price regulation and ensuring a
standard of quality
Slide 56
How Guilds Worked
Apprentice (no pay, learning the trade)
Journeyman (paid worker after length of time)
Master (only after getting approval from guild)
Slide 57
Rise of the Middle Class
• People who made money like the merchants,
bankers, and artisans became part of the
middle class
• Helped organize the chaos
Slide 58
Town Governments
• People living in towns hated paying taxes
and having to serve feudal lords
• The lords were afraid of the rising power of
the upper class and strictly enforced feudal
law
• The king granted them charters which
allowed them to maintain
their own
affairs (freedom from feudal lords)
Slide 59
Education
• Need for educated people to solve problems
rise
• Universities – guilds of scholars
• Studied Aristotle which many church
officials opposed
Slide 60
Medieval Literature and Art
• Songs and epics put in writing for the first
time
– Beowulf
• Troubadours – traveling poet musicians
composed lyrics about love and feats of
knights helped define the idea of chivalry
Slide 61
Hundred Years War
• 1337-1453
• Between France and England
• English saw early victory with the use of a
early type of cannon and the long bow
• The long bow could pierce armor up to 300
yards away
Slide 62
Joan of Arc
• 17 year old French girl
• Told King of France heavenly voices had
called her to save France
• With King’s support troops rallied and won
a victory at Orleans
• Later captured by English and
tried for
witchcraft and burned
at the stake
Slide 63
Effects of the Hundred Years War
•
•
•
•
French soil devastated but country united
English bitter and divided
Knights and castles become outdated
Monarchs raise own army and people
willingly pay taxes to support them
Slide 64
War of the Roses
• Between the House of Lancaster and Tudor
(both families emblems were roses)
• Eventually Henry Tudor wins the struggle
and becomes Henry VII, the first Tudor
King
Slide 65
Ferdinand and Isabella
• Spain is fighting for control of Muslim lands
• 3 Christian realms: Portugal, Aragon, and
Castile
• Ferdinand and Isabella marry but their
governments remain separate
• They end religious tolerance
and
want everyone to be Catholic
Slide 66
Pope Moves from Italy to France
• Pope Clement V moves his court to France
to avoid the civil wars in Italy
• Italians fear that French will gain power and
that the pope was abusing power and was
corrupt
Slide 67
The Great Schism
• Pope Gregory XI brings court back to Italy
• When Gregory died, Italians force the
election of an Italian Pope
• The College of Cardinals later say they were
forced to vote under pressure and that the
election was not valid
Slide 68
So…they fix their mistake (not)
• They elect another pope who resides in
France (now there are two Popes)
• Calls for reform begin – the easiest solution
was to call a general church council
• Councils were called by the Pope and
neither one of the Popes wanted
to call
a council that would limit
their power
Slide 69
• Because so many people were behind the
calling of a council, they elect a 3rd Pope
who calls the council
• The council then forced the resignation of
all 3 popes and elected Pope Martin V
ending the Great Schism
Slide 70
Calls for Reform
• Unhappy with the wealth of the clergy
– Charged for every time of service
– Sold church positions
• John Wycliffe – one of the major criticizers
of the church
– Bible was the sole authority of truth
– Translated Bible from Latin to
English so
common people could
read it