Transcript The Story of the Humble Simpur
Slide 1
The Story of the
Humble Simpur
Prepared by:
Amalina F. Abu Bakar
1 of 33
Slide 2
2 of 33
Simpur (Dillenia)
Kingdom:
Division:
Plantae (all plants)
Angiospermae (flowering plants)
Class:
Dicotyledonae (dicotyledons)
Order:
Guttiferales (dipterocarps & others)
Family:
Dilleniaceae (mempelas & simpur)
Genus:
Dillenia (simpur)
Slide 3
3 of 33
What is Simpur?
Flowering plants of around 100 species.
Also known as Simpoh or Simpor.
Consists of trees and shrubs which are evergreen or semi-evergreen.
Can grow in various habitats.
Simple and spirally arranged leaves.
Insect-pollinated: Bees and beetles collect the pollen.
Leaves and flowers often eaten by deer.
Flowers: Petals are usually transparent yellow and conspicuous. Stamens in
the middle of the flower.
The appearance is similar to Magnolia flowers.
Slide 4
4 of 33
Among the species of Simpur
D. alata
D. grandifolia
D. pulchella
D. beccariana
D. indica
D. reticulata
D. borneensis
D. ingens
D. serrata
D. cauliflora
D. magnoliifolia
D. suffruticosa
D. crenatifolia
D. ovata
D. sumatrana
D. excelsa
D. philippinensis
D. fischeri
D. ptempoda
Slide 5
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The habitat of Simpur
Native
to tropical and subtropical regions of
southern Asia, Australasia and the islands of the
Indian Ocean.
Can
be found on swampy areas, lowland inland
forests, wastelands, eroded soil, white sand areas
and in secondary growth.
Around
9 species can be found in Brunei.
Slide 6
6 of 33
Maps of southern Asia, Australasia
and Indian Ocean
Southern Asia
Australasia
Islands of Indian Ocean
Slide 7
7 of 33
The Species of Simpur in Brunei
Species
Common name
D. beccariana
River Simpur
D. borneensis
Ubah rusa
D. excelsa
Simpur Ungu, Simpur Laki
D. grandifolia
Simpur Daun Merah
D. indica
-
D. reticulata
Simpur Gajah
D. pulchella
Simpur Paya
D. suffruticosa
Simpur Air, Simpur Bini
D. sumatrana
Simpur Laki
Slide 8
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Distribution of Simpur in Brunei
Species
Location
D. beccariana
Borneo endemic. Common on clay slopes in lower Temburong and Batu Apoi
valleys. In Ulu Tutong and Tasek Merimbun.
D. borneensis
Rare in Brunei. On clay soils in mixed dipterocarp forests at Temburong.
D. excelsa
Throughout Brunei. In moist valleys and lower slopes.
D. grandifolia
Uncommon in Brunei. In Ulu Ingei and Andulau Forest Reserve. Belait, Kuala
Belalong and Amo.
D. indica
Not native to Brunei. Only cultivated.
D. reticulata
On sandy soils in floodplains in Andulau Forest Rerserve and Ulu Belait
D. pulchella
Mixed peat swamp forests, swampy kerangas, near the coast.
D. suffruticosa
On degraded land, river banks, open place, downriver and poor soils.
D. sumatrana
Common in Brunei. In lowland mixed dipterocarp forest, on leached sandy,
sandy soils in Belait and Tutong.
Slide 9
9 of 33
Map of Brunei
Tutong
Belait
Temburong
Slide 10
10 of 33
The Flowers of Simpur
Solitary, or in terminal racemes.
Flowers have five sepals and five petals.
Numerous stamens and a cluster of 5-20 carpels.
Flowers of different species are not similar.
No scent and no nectar.
racemes
Slide 11
11 of 33
The Flowers of Simpur
Blooms from 3-4 years of age.
Lifespan of 50-100 years.
Flower buds face down.
Bud become swelling and
turns yellow.
Flowers open one at a time.
Slide 12
12 of 33
The Flowers of Simpur
Flowers open at 3 am the next day.
By 4 pm, the petals start to drop
off. The sepals fold back on the
young fruit.
Flowers stalks rotates from
pointing down to pointing up
slowly.
Slide 13
13 of 33
The Life-cycle of Simpur
Flower
Fruit bud
Ripe fruit
Plant
Flower bud
Slide 14
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The Flowers of Simpur
D. alata
D. albifos
Slide 15
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The Flowers of Simpur
D. excelsa
Slide 16
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The Flowers of Simpur
D. beccariana
D. indica
Slide 17
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The Flowers of Simpur
D. philippinesis
D. reticulata
Slide 18
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The Flowers of Simpur
D. suffruticosa
D. sumatrana
Slide 19
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The Fruits of Simpur
Fruit buds face upwards.
Unopened fruits: Surrounded by red sepals
which are thick.
Fruits: Take five weeks to set.
Ripe fruits open at 3 am.
Fruit: Star-shaped when splits open, exposing
the seeds.
Empty husk of the fruits falls off at 8 am the
next day.
Slide 20
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The Fruits of Simpur
Almost all of the dehiscent fruits
are covered by the red aril (soft
red membrane).
D. indica have soft white
membrane covering its seeds.
D. ovata and D. reticulata has
ex-arillate seeds.
Slide 21
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The Fruits of Simpur
D. alata
D. indica
Slide 22
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The Fruits of Simpur
D. beccariana (fruit bud)
D. beccariana (ripe fruit)
Slide 23
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The Fruits of Simpur
D. excelsa
Slide 24
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The Fruits of Simpur
D. ingens
D. ovata
Slide 25
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The Fruits of Simpur
D. philippinensis
D. serrata
Slide 26
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The Fruits of Simpur
Evergreen shrubs.
Can grow up to 10
meters.
Leaves: Broad and oval
with slight toothed
edge.
D. suffruticosa
Slide 27
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The Uses of Simpur
Leaves are used to wrap food such as tempeh (fermented
soya bean cakes), nasi lemak and tapai (fermented rice).
Rolled into shallow cones to contain traditional food rojak.
Mature and old leaves contain deposit of silica – used as
sandpaper.
Tapai
Slide 28
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The Uses of Simpur
As an indicator of water source (D.
suffruticosa) – the tap roots can reach
underground water source.
As traditional medicine to staunch
bleeding wounds (young shoots).
Fruit pulp use to wash hair.
Leaves are used by birds as nest.
D. suffuticosa provides shades for young
plants.
Slide 29
29 of 33
Additional Information about Simpur
National flower of Brunei.
Drawn in Brunei art as ‘Ayer Muleh’.
Used as the logo of APEC 2000 held in Brunei.
Depicted on the front side of Brunei one-dollar note.
Brunei one-dollar note
APEC 2000 logo
“Ayer Muleh’ design
Slide 30
30 of 33
References
Dr. S Idris M. Said. (2000). Bunga Simpor. Available at:
http://www.apec2000.gov.bn/simpor.html
(Retrieved on 5th September 2011)
Earl of Cranbrook, Edwards, D.S. (1994). Belalong: A Tropical Rainforest. The Royal
Geographical Society, United Kingdom and Sun Tree Publishing, Singapore.
Tan, R., (2001). Simpoh Air. Available at:
http://www.naturia.per.sg/buloh/plants/simpoh_air.html
(Retrieved on 5th September 2011)
The Total Vascular Flora of Singapore Online (2010). Dillenia suffruticosa. Available at:
http://floraofsingapore.wordpress.com/2010/08/21/dillenia-suffruticosa
(Retrieved on 5th September 2011)
Slide 31
31 of 33
References
Wikipedia, (2011). Dillenia. Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dillenia
(Retrieved on 5th September 2011)
Wikipedia, (2011). Dilleni suffruticosa. Available at:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dillenia_suffruticosa
(Retrieved on 5th September 2011)
Wild Singapore, (2008). Simpoh Air. Available at:
http://www.wildsingapore.com/wildfacts/plants/others/dillenia/suffruticosa.html
(Retrieved on 5th September 2011)
Yunos, R. (2009). Brunei’s National Flower? Available at:
http://bruneiresources.blogspot.com/2009/09/bruneis-national-flower.html
(Retrieved on 5th September 2011)
Slide 32
32 of 33
Acknowledgement
This
project is done under the guidance of Dr. Leong
YP of UBD.
Photos
are taken at Kampong Rimba in Brunei-Muara,
Kampong Danau and Kampong Kiudang in Tutong.
Special
And
thanks to Lee KH for some of the photos.
for those who involved directly or indirectly.
Slide 33
33 of 33
Prepared by:
Amalina Fadilah Hj. Abu Bakar
B. Ed. General Science
Universiti Brunei Darussalam
2011
The Story of the
Humble Simpur
Prepared by:
Amalina F. Abu Bakar
1 of 33
Slide 2
2 of 33
Simpur (Dillenia)
Kingdom:
Division:
Plantae (all plants)
Angiospermae (flowering plants)
Class:
Dicotyledonae (dicotyledons)
Order:
Guttiferales (dipterocarps & others)
Family:
Dilleniaceae (mempelas & simpur)
Genus:
Dillenia (simpur)
Slide 3
3 of 33
What is Simpur?
Flowering plants of around 100 species.
Also known as Simpoh or Simpor.
Consists of trees and shrubs which are evergreen or semi-evergreen.
Can grow in various habitats.
Simple and spirally arranged leaves.
Insect-pollinated: Bees and beetles collect the pollen.
Leaves and flowers often eaten by deer.
Flowers: Petals are usually transparent yellow and conspicuous. Stamens in
the middle of the flower.
The appearance is similar to Magnolia flowers.
Slide 4
4 of 33
Among the species of Simpur
D. alata
D. grandifolia
D. pulchella
D. beccariana
D. indica
D. reticulata
D. borneensis
D. ingens
D. serrata
D. cauliflora
D. magnoliifolia
D. suffruticosa
D. crenatifolia
D. ovata
D. sumatrana
D. excelsa
D. philippinensis
D. fischeri
D. ptempoda
Slide 5
5 of 33
The habitat of Simpur
Native
to tropical and subtropical regions of
southern Asia, Australasia and the islands of the
Indian Ocean.
Can
be found on swampy areas, lowland inland
forests, wastelands, eroded soil, white sand areas
and in secondary growth.
Around
9 species can be found in Brunei.
Slide 6
6 of 33
Maps of southern Asia, Australasia
and Indian Ocean
Southern Asia
Australasia
Islands of Indian Ocean
Slide 7
7 of 33
The Species of Simpur in Brunei
Species
Common name
D. beccariana
River Simpur
D. borneensis
Ubah rusa
D. excelsa
Simpur Ungu, Simpur Laki
D. grandifolia
Simpur Daun Merah
D. indica
-
D. reticulata
Simpur Gajah
D. pulchella
Simpur Paya
D. suffruticosa
Simpur Air, Simpur Bini
D. sumatrana
Simpur Laki
Slide 8
8 of 33
Distribution of Simpur in Brunei
Species
Location
D. beccariana
Borneo endemic. Common on clay slopes in lower Temburong and Batu Apoi
valleys. In Ulu Tutong and Tasek Merimbun.
D. borneensis
Rare in Brunei. On clay soils in mixed dipterocarp forests at Temburong.
D. excelsa
Throughout Brunei. In moist valleys and lower slopes.
D. grandifolia
Uncommon in Brunei. In Ulu Ingei and Andulau Forest Reserve. Belait, Kuala
Belalong and Amo.
D. indica
Not native to Brunei. Only cultivated.
D. reticulata
On sandy soils in floodplains in Andulau Forest Rerserve and Ulu Belait
D. pulchella
Mixed peat swamp forests, swampy kerangas, near the coast.
D. suffruticosa
On degraded land, river banks, open place, downriver and poor soils.
D. sumatrana
Common in Brunei. In lowland mixed dipterocarp forest, on leached sandy,
sandy soils in Belait and Tutong.
Slide 9
9 of 33
Map of Brunei
Tutong
Belait
Temburong
Slide 10
10 of 33
The Flowers of Simpur
Solitary, or in terminal racemes.
Flowers have five sepals and five petals.
Numerous stamens and a cluster of 5-20 carpels.
Flowers of different species are not similar.
No scent and no nectar.
racemes
Slide 11
11 of 33
The Flowers of Simpur
Blooms from 3-4 years of age.
Lifespan of 50-100 years.
Flower buds face down.
Bud become swelling and
turns yellow.
Flowers open one at a time.
Slide 12
12 of 33
The Flowers of Simpur
Flowers open at 3 am the next day.
By 4 pm, the petals start to drop
off. The sepals fold back on the
young fruit.
Flowers stalks rotates from
pointing down to pointing up
slowly.
Slide 13
13 of 33
The Life-cycle of Simpur
Flower
Fruit bud
Ripe fruit
Plant
Flower bud
Slide 14
14 of 33
The Flowers of Simpur
D. alata
D. albifos
Slide 15
15 of 33
The Flowers of Simpur
D. excelsa
Slide 16
16 of 33
The Flowers of Simpur
D. beccariana
D. indica
Slide 17
17 of 33
The Flowers of Simpur
D. philippinesis
D. reticulata
Slide 18
18 of 33
The Flowers of Simpur
D. suffruticosa
D. sumatrana
Slide 19
19 of 33
The Fruits of Simpur
Fruit buds face upwards.
Unopened fruits: Surrounded by red sepals
which are thick.
Fruits: Take five weeks to set.
Ripe fruits open at 3 am.
Fruit: Star-shaped when splits open, exposing
the seeds.
Empty husk of the fruits falls off at 8 am the
next day.
Slide 20
20 of 33
The Fruits of Simpur
Almost all of the dehiscent fruits
are covered by the red aril (soft
red membrane).
D. indica have soft white
membrane covering its seeds.
D. ovata and D. reticulata has
ex-arillate seeds.
Slide 21
21 of 33
The Fruits of Simpur
D. alata
D. indica
Slide 22
22 of 33
The Fruits of Simpur
D. beccariana (fruit bud)
D. beccariana (ripe fruit)
Slide 23
23 of 33
The Fruits of Simpur
D. excelsa
Slide 24
24 of 33
The Fruits of Simpur
D. ingens
D. ovata
Slide 25
25 of 33
The Fruits of Simpur
D. philippinensis
D. serrata
Slide 26
26 of 33
The Fruits of Simpur
Evergreen shrubs.
Can grow up to 10
meters.
Leaves: Broad and oval
with slight toothed
edge.
D. suffruticosa
Slide 27
27 of 33
The Uses of Simpur
Leaves are used to wrap food such as tempeh (fermented
soya bean cakes), nasi lemak and tapai (fermented rice).
Rolled into shallow cones to contain traditional food rojak.
Mature and old leaves contain deposit of silica – used as
sandpaper.
Tapai
Slide 28
28 of 33
The Uses of Simpur
As an indicator of water source (D.
suffruticosa) – the tap roots can reach
underground water source.
As traditional medicine to staunch
bleeding wounds (young shoots).
Fruit pulp use to wash hair.
Leaves are used by birds as nest.
D. suffuticosa provides shades for young
plants.
Slide 29
29 of 33
Additional Information about Simpur
National flower of Brunei.
Drawn in Brunei art as ‘Ayer Muleh’.
Used as the logo of APEC 2000 held in Brunei.
Depicted on the front side of Brunei one-dollar note.
Brunei one-dollar note
APEC 2000 logo
“Ayer Muleh’ design
Slide 30
30 of 33
References
Dr. S Idris M. Said. (2000). Bunga Simpor. Available at:
http://www.apec2000.gov.bn/simpor.html
(Retrieved on 5th September 2011)
Earl of Cranbrook, Edwards, D.S. (1994). Belalong: A Tropical Rainforest. The Royal
Geographical Society, United Kingdom and Sun Tree Publishing, Singapore.
Tan, R., (2001). Simpoh Air. Available at:
http://www.naturia.per.sg/buloh/plants/simpoh_air.html
(Retrieved on 5th September 2011)
The Total Vascular Flora of Singapore Online (2010). Dillenia suffruticosa. Available at:
http://floraofsingapore.wordpress.com/2010/08/21/dillenia-suffruticosa
(Retrieved on 5th September 2011)
Slide 31
31 of 33
References
Wikipedia, (2011). Dillenia. Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dillenia
(Retrieved on 5th September 2011)
Wikipedia, (2011). Dilleni suffruticosa. Available at:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dillenia_suffruticosa
(Retrieved on 5th September 2011)
Wild Singapore, (2008). Simpoh Air. Available at:
http://www.wildsingapore.com/wildfacts/plants/others/dillenia/suffruticosa.html
(Retrieved on 5th September 2011)
Yunos, R. (2009). Brunei’s National Flower? Available at:
http://bruneiresources.blogspot.com/2009/09/bruneis-national-flower.html
(Retrieved on 5th September 2011)
Slide 32
32 of 33
Acknowledgement
This
project is done under the guidance of Dr. Leong
YP of UBD.
Photos
are taken at Kampong Rimba in Brunei-Muara,
Kampong Danau and Kampong Kiudang in Tutong.
Special
And
thanks to Lee KH for some of the photos.
for those who involved directly or indirectly.
Slide 33
33 of 33
Prepared by:
Amalina Fadilah Hj. Abu Bakar
B. Ed. General Science
Universiti Brunei Darussalam
2011