Slide 1

•

•

•

Became the nation’s largest
industry in 1920s.
10 million cars in U.S. in 1920, 26
million by 1929!
Assembly line started in 1913,
building 5 million cars/year by
1929.



Industry weakness: Those who buy a long
lasting item are out of the market for a few
years (fewer sales)

1920 Ford Model T Center Door Sedan










More Steel mills were needed
More Rubber Factories
More Glass Suppliers
Real Estate: Can now build homes outside the
cities in suburbs
Gas Stations replaced horse stables
Roads to be built








When automobile sales slow down so do all of
the other industries that supply them.
This causes a massive downturn in the
economy.
Jobs are lost in those other areas
This is why Auto industry helps drive the
economy (even today)



New industries appeared in the 1920s:
1. Electric Industry
a. Massive steam generators converted
coal to electricity (2/3 of all
Americans had electricity by 1929)
b. New Appliances: Washing Machines,
vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, ovens
c. These appliances led to more free time
- “chores” decreased, kids faced
boredom

2. Radio/Motion Pictures
a. In 1929 NBC became the 1st
successful radio network
- Amos N’ Andy was 1st famous
radio comedy (it featured
“blackface comedy”)
b. Allowed the spread of advertising
c. First talking movie in 1927: “The
Jazz Singer”, starring Al Jolson

3. Aluminum became a major business

4. Corporations grew, forcing out family
owned businesses
a. increasing dependence on mortgage
bankers like J.P. Morgan



Economic Weaknesses did occur
1. Decline in “traditional” industries
a. Railroads were poorly managed & hurt by the
new trucking industry
b. Coal Industry was being replaced by
natural gas & petroleum
c. Cotton declined due to rayon & synthetic
fibers
d. Agriculture was hardest hit of all
- farmers had expanded meat production
in WWI to feed the U.S. & Europe
- prices dropped after WWI. This hurt
farmers during 1920s. Later drought &
depression devastated them in 1930s.

2. Middle to Upper Class Prospered
a. Ended up with more money than
they could spend
b. Many ended up speculating heavily in the
stock market
- instead of investing in sound
markets
- idea was to get rich quick
c. 1920s was known as a time of plenty:
spend and not worry about the future

IV. Heroes of the Decade
1. Babe Ruth (home run king)
2. Jack Dempsey & Gene Tunney
(boxing legends)
3. Charles Lindberg (1st man to fly solo
across the Atlantic) – Spirit of St.
Louis
4. Rudolph Valentino – first major
Hollywood “Sex symbol”



A half-million blacks left the South for the North in
the 1920s
1. Higher paying jobs, left behind Southern farms
and sharecropping
2. Competed for jobs/housing with existing Northern
Whites
a. caused resentment
b. race riots erupted in 26 Northern cities
c. White media reported RUMORS of spreading
violence by Blacks – this increased
tensions/retaliation by Northern Whites

3. Migration also occurred due to blacks
being hired to replace striking whites
while unions formed
4. Marcus Garvey
a. founded “Back to Africa”
movement
b. Garvey felt Blacks couldn’t
compete with whites in America
c. Urged blacks to return to “mother
countries” in Africa to build strong
separate civilizations
d. “Black Pride” was started, gained
recognition

e. Garvey started the Black Star Line ships
to Africa
- B.S.L. failed
- Garvey was tried & convicted of
fraud by an all-white jury
- Many felt he was convicted mainly on
radical beliefs
- B.S.L. really failed due to
mismanagement, rather than fraud.
- served in jail from 1925-1927,
released and deported to Jamaica

5. Black Ghettos Today
a. Many were a result of the great
migration
b. Migrants were poor, moved into less
expensive city houses
c. Middle Class whites with cars moved to
the new suburbs
d. Inner city houses decayed with age & poor
couldn’t afford to move out – stuck there
e. Poor directly affected by economy, 1st to
lose jobs, no way out of their situation

6. The Harlem Renaissance
a. Many migrant Blacks settled in
Harlem, New York
- became the “Negro capital of the
world”
b. W.E.B. Du Bois and James Walden
Johnson became leaders of the
Harlem Renaissance
- was an expression of African
American writers who began
expressing their own identity and
anger at racism
- jazz music, rhythm & blues told stories of
racism/hard times : Louis Armstrong,
Duke Ellington



Sacco & Vanzetti Trial
1. Sacco & Vanzetti were immigrants who believed
in anarchy
2. They were tried and convicted of murder, based
on circumstantial evidence, not hard proof
3. Some felt they were convicted on their beliefs &
because they were immigrants
4. Executed in 1927. Later Names were cleared by
Governor Michael Dukakis in 1977.
5. Riots erupted after executions in U.S. & Europe



Palmer Raids
1.
2.
3.
4.

Palmer was President Wilson’s Attorney General
Palmer gathered information on radicals
Deported up to 600 immigrants (mostly to Soviet
Union) due to Communist fears
Most deported or arrested favored NON-Violent
radicalism, not Violent revolution



Feminism/Suffrage
1.

Women Suffrage
a. 19th Amendment Passed in 1920
b. 15th Amendment allowed all MEN to vote
c. Progressives helped push for women to vote to
help push through their reforms

d. Sheppard/Tower Act (1921) was 1st
Amendment to deal with Welfare reform
- assisted maternal & infant health care
- Child killers included: polio, diphtheria &
smallpox
e. Young Women Rebelled against Victorian
Constraints
- wore shorter dresses
- smoking/drinking in public for 1st time
- wild dancing, more promiscuous

2. Children/Teens
A. Kids no longer worked much thanks to progressive
reforms
B. More Time led to: Drinking, promiscuity, constant
search for excitement
C. More middle class attended school & given more
luxuries
D. Lower Class had more idle time
E. Gangs developed on city streets

3. Crime Increased
A. Due to Prohibition (18th Amendment in
1917)
- More middle/upper class were
willing to break laws for alcohol
B. Bootlegging became common
- Adult gangs developed: Al Capone

4. Prohibition
A. It was illegal to sell, drink, make or
transport more than 1% alcohol
B. Represented moral issues by
Progressives & Southerners who
migrated North
C. Law angered ethnic groups such as
Germans and Irish immigrants
D. Drinking did decline, but it was
repealed in 1933

1.

KKK Rebirth
a. KKK had only 34 members in 1914 – 5
million by 1925
b. The Red Scare helped to convince
many to join the KKK
c. KKK was a sanctuary to the
frightened & insecure

d. KKK gained political control of state governments
in Oklahoma & Texas
e. Hatred extended to Mexicans, Japanese, European
immigrants, Catholics, Jews, French Canadians,
Prostitutes and radical women in the 1920s
f. KKK felt all of those groups were beyond redemption

g. Similarities to the rise of Nazi’s in
Germany
h. KKK wanted “pure Americanism”
i. KKK fell quickly in the 1920s due to:
- clashes with the law
- scandals with sex/corruption
j. Racism remained and there would be no
major civil rights legislation until the
1960s

2. Immigration Restriction
a. 1924 National Origins Act
- created a “quota system”
- limited European immigrants to
150,000 per year
- based on fears of immigrants flooding
into the U.S. from a rebuilding Europe
- the law lasted into the 1960s
- Mexican immigrants were NOT restricted
and filled the need for unskilled workers

1. The Lost Generation
a. American writers who questioned why Materialism
ruled over intellectual, spiritual and artistic concerns
b. Writers moved to Europe and wrote pessimistically
of greed/emptiness of American lives in 1920s
- included: Ernest Hemingway, Gertrude Stein, F.
Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound,T.S. Elliot, Sinclair Lewis

2. Harlem Renaissance brought previously hidden
Black art, music & literature to the world
A. Rhythm & Blues music
- sounds of years of sorrow and struggle
B. Writers Claude McKay, Langston Hughes
- wrote about the Black struggle for
equality
C. Cultural Explosion
- marked by white & black authors who
were critical of mass production/wanting
a simpler lifestyle

3. Fundamentalist Controversy
A. Scopes Trial
- John Scopes was a Biology teacher
- Scopes taught theory of evolution,
which was against Tennessee law to
teach
- Prosecution used William Jennings
Bryan to testify, but contradicted by
taking Bible out of context after
saying it was a literal translation

- Scopes was found guilty, given a $100 fine
- Bryan was so hurt by trial that he died 6
days later
- Fundamentalism did survive despite the
trial

Famous Lawyers

John Scopes
High School Biology teacher

I. Warren G. Harding (President 19211923)
A. Republican candidate for
president in 1920. His slogan
was “back to normalcy”
B. Believed in importance of Big
Business
- supported by big business
leaders
C. Tried to have U.S. face calm after
WWI and Wilson’s Treaty failure

D. Teapot Dome Scandal
1. Two cabinet members took bribes
for big oil leases in Teapot Dome,
Wyoming.
2. Harding died of a stroke in 1923,
before scandals became public
3. He was a good man, surrounded
by corruption

II. Calvin Coolidge, (President 1923-1929)
A. “Silent Cal”, honest, integrity, a
friend of business
B. “The Business of America is
Business”
1. Believed big business must be
prosperous for America to prosper
2. This was popular strategy
throughout the 1920s
3. Chose not to run again in 1928

III. Herbert Hoover (President 1929-1933)
A. Self-made millionaire named “Wonder Boy”
B. Most intelligent President in the 1920s, served
as secretary of commerce under Harding and
Coolidge
C. Pushed for gov’t. regulations, but only
wanted volunteerism from businesses, not
having the gov’t. make it mandatory

IV. Republican Policies
A. Isolationism
1. Wanted to separate from Europe’s
troubles
B. Dawes Plan
1. Allies owed the U.S. $10 billion in
war debts they couldn’t pay until
Germany repaid them $33 billion
debt
2. France moved into Germany,
possibly threatening a new war

3. Dawes was sent to avert another
war. Got U.S. bankers to loan
Germany money to repay its debt,
so allies could repay the U.S.
4. Policy was to replace Europe’s
military dependence with big
business dependence
5. Only worked until the Great
Depression destroyed banking
industry

V. Brand-Kellogg Treaty
A. 14 Nations signed a treaty outlawing
war
B. Treaty declared war was illegal
1. Weakness was there was no
punishment if treaty was broken

VI. Scientific Management
A. Developed by Frederick Taylor
1. Taylor felt workers were lazy, sloppy
2. Felt efficiency could be measured to
improve productivity, raise wages &
profits
B. Time Study Analysis
1. Take a single task (welding a car frame)
2. Use a stop watch to time the person
- after several times, the average time
represents the standard time it takes
to weld a car together

3. After a year, Management saw what average
time was taken to do the task. If it was twice
the standard time, the worker was at 50%
efficiency
4. Aim was for 100% or better. If not improved
after a period of time, then firings, demotions
or new supervisors took over
5. Exceptions to improvement: When changes are
made to the product, or new workers are hired
C. Benefits of Scientific Management
1. Accountability, evaluation of talent, future cost
projections
2. The more you do something, usually you get
more accurate in less time

VI. Failures of the Republican policies
A. Crash came down during Hoover’s time due to
ignorance
1. When economy slowed in 1927, credit
should have been made more difficult to
get, but instead it was made easier
2. This would have created a mild
recession, instead of a sudden, hard
depression
B. Failure of Brand-Kellogg and League of
Nations to create punishments helped
Germany & Japan get aggressive & led to WWII


Slide 2

•

•

•

Became the nation’s largest
industry in 1920s.
10 million cars in U.S. in 1920, 26
million by 1929!
Assembly line started in 1913,
building 5 million cars/year by
1929.



Industry weakness: Those who buy a long
lasting item are out of the market for a few
years (fewer sales)

1920 Ford Model T Center Door Sedan










More Steel mills were needed
More Rubber Factories
More Glass Suppliers
Real Estate: Can now build homes outside the
cities in suburbs
Gas Stations replaced horse stables
Roads to be built








When automobile sales slow down so do all of
the other industries that supply them.
This causes a massive downturn in the
economy.
Jobs are lost in those other areas
This is why Auto industry helps drive the
economy (even today)



New industries appeared in the 1920s:
1. Electric Industry
a. Massive steam generators converted
coal to electricity (2/3 of all
Americans had electricity by 1929)
b. New Appliances: Washing Machines,
vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, ovens
c. These appliances led to more free time
- “chores” decreased, kids faced
boredom

2. Radio/Motion Pictures
a. In 1929 NBC became the 1st
successful radio network
- Amos N’ Andy was 1st famous
radio comedy (it featured
“blackface comedy”)
b. Allowed the spread of advertising
c. First talking movie in 1927: “The
Jazz Singer”, starring Al Jolson

3. Aluminum became a major business

4. Corporations grew, forcing out family
owned businesses
a. increasing dependence on mortgage
bankers like J.P. Morgan



Economic Weaknesses did occur
1. Decline in “traditional” industries
a. Railroads were poorly managed & hurt by the
new trucking industry
b. Coal Industry was being replaced by
natural gas & petroleum
c. Cotton declined due to rayon & synthetic
fibers
d. Agriculture was hardest hit of all
- farmers had expanded meat production
in WWI to feed the U.S. & Europe
- prices dropped after WWI. This hurt
farmers during 1920s. Later drought &
depression devastated them in 1930s.

2. Middle to Upper Class Prospered
a. Ended up with more money than
they could spend
b. Many ended up speculating heavily in the
stock market
- instead of investing in sound
markets
- idea was to get rich quick
c. 1920s was known as a time of plenty:
spend and not worry about the future

IV. Heroes of the Decade
1. Babe Ruth (home run king)
2. Jack Dempsey & Gene Tunney
(boxing legends)
3. Charles Lindberg (1st man to fly solo
across the Atlantic) – Spirit of St.
Louis
4. Rudolph Valentino – first major
Hollywood “Sex symbol”



A half-million blacks left the South for the North in
the 1920s
1. Higher paying jobs, left behind Southern farms
and sharecropping
2. Competed for jobs/housing with existing Northern
Whites
a. caused resentment
b. race riots erupted in 26 Northern cities
c. White media reported RUMORS of spreading
violence by Blacks – this increased
tensions/retaliation by Northern Whites

3. Migration also occurred due to blacks
being hired to replace striking whites
while unions formed
4. Marcus Garvey
a. founded “Back to Africa”
movement
b. Garvey felt Blacks couldn’t
compete with whites in America
c. Urged blacks to return to “mother
countries” in Africa to build strong
separate civilizations
d. “Black Pride” was started, gained
recognition

e. Garvey started the Black Star Line ships
to Africa
- B.S.L. failed
- Garvey was tried & convicted of
fraud by an all-white jury
- Many felt he was convicted mainly on
radical beliefs
- B.S.L. really failed due to
mismanagement, rather than fraud.
- served in jail from 1925-1927,
released and deported to Jamaica

5. Black Ghettos Today
a. Many were a result of the great
migration
b. Migrants were poor, moved into less
expensive city houses
c. Middle Class whites with cars moved to
the new suburbs
d. Inner city houses decayed with age & poor
couldn’t afford to move out – stuck there
e. Poor directly affected by economy, 1st to
lose jobs, no way out of their situation

6. The Harlem Renaissance
a. Many migrant Blacks settled in
Harlem, New York
- became the “Negro capital of the
world”
b. W.E.B. Du Bois and James Walden
Johnson became leaders of the
Harlem Renaissance
- was an expression of African
American writers who began
expressing their own identity and
anger at racism
- jazz music, rhythm & blues told stories of
racism/hard times : Louis Armstrong,
Duke Ellington



Sacco & Vanzetti Trial
1. Sacco & Vanzetti were immigrants who believed
in anarchy
2. They were tried and convicted of murder, based
on circumstantial evidence, not hard proof
3. Some felt they were convicted on their beliefs &
because they were immigrants
4. Executed in 1927. Later Names were cleared by
Governor Michael Dukakis in 1977.
5. Riots erupted after executions in U.S. & Europe



Palmer Raids
1.
2.
3.
4.

Palmer was President Wilson’s Attorney General
Palmer gathered information on radicals
Deported up to 600 immigrants (mostly to Soviet
Union) due to Communist fears
Most deported or arrested favored NON-Violent
radicalism, not Violent revolution



Feminism/Suffrage
1.

Women Suffrage
a. 19th Amendment Passed in 1920
b. 15th Amendment allowed all MEN to vote
c. Progressives helped push for women to vote to
help push through their reforms

d. Sheppard/Tower Act (1921) was 1st
Amendment to deal with Welfare reform
- assisted maternal & infant health care
- Child killers included: polio, diphtheria &
smallpox
e. Young Women Rebelled against Victorian
Constraints
- wore shorter dresses
- smoking/drinking in public for 1st time
- wild dancing, more promiscuous

2. Children/Teens
A. Kids no longer worked much thanks to progressive
reforms
B. More Time led to: Drinking, promiscuity, constant
search for excitement
C. More middle class attended school & given more
luxuries
D. Lower Class had more idle time
E. Gangs developed on city streets

3. Crime Increased
A. Due to Prohibition (18th Amendment in
1917)
- More middle/upper class were
willing to break laws for alcohol
B. Bootlegging became common
- Adult gangs developed: Al Capone

4. Prohibition
A. It was illegal to sell, drink, make or
transport more than 1% alcohol
B. Represented moral issues by
Progressives & Southerners who
migrated North
C. Law angered ethnic groups such as
Germans and Irish immigrants
D. Drinking did decline, but it was
repealed in 1933

1.

KKK Rebirth
a. KKK had only 34 members in 1914 – 5
million by 1925
b. The Red Scare helped to convince
many to join the KKK
c. KKK was a sanctuary to the
frightened & insecure

d. KKK gained political control of state governments
in Oklahoma & Texas
e. Hatred extended to Mexicans, Japanese, European
immigrants, Catholics, Jews, French Canadians,
Prostitutes and radical women in the 1920s
f. KKK felt all of those groups were beyond redemption

g. Similarities to the rise of Nazi’s in
Germany
h. KKK wanted “pure Americanism”
i. KKK fell quickly in the 1920s due to:
- clashes with the law
- scandals with sex/corruption
j. Racism remained and there would be no
major civil rights legislation until the
1960s

2. Immigration Restriction
a. 1924 National Origins Act
- created a “quota system”
- limited European immigrants to
150,000 per year
- based on fears of immigrants flooding
into the U.S. from a rebuilding Europe
- the law lasted into the 1960s
- Mexican immigrants were NOT restricted
and filled the need for unskilled workers

1. The Lost Generation
a. American writers who questioned why Materialism
ruled over intellectual, spiritual and artistic concerns
b. Writers moved to Europe and wrote pessimistically
of greed/emptiness of American lives in 1920s
- included: Ernest Hemingway, Gertrude Stein, F.
Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound,T.S. Elliot, Sinclair Lewis

2. Harlem Renaissance brought previously hidden
Black art, music & literature to the world
A. Rhythm & Blues music
- sounds of years of sorrow and struggle
B. Writers Claude McKay, Langston Hughes
- wrote about the Black struggle for
equality
C. Cultural Explosion
- marked by white & black authors who
were critical of mass production/wanting
a simpler lifestyle

3. Fundamentalist Controversy
A. Scopes Trial
- John Scopes was a Biology teacher
- Scopes taught theory of evolution,
which was against Tennessee law to
teach
- Prosecution used William Jennings
Bryan to testify, but contradicted by
taking Bible out of context after
saying it was a literal translation

- Scopes was found guilty, given a $100 fine
- Bryan was so hurt by trial that he died 6
days later
- Fundamentalism did survive despite the
trial

Famous Lawyers

John Scopes
High School Biology teacher

I. Warren G. Harding (President 19211923)
A. Republican candidate for
president in 1920. His slogan
was “back to normalcy”
B. Believed in importance of Big
Business
- supported by big business
leaders
C. Tried to have U.S. face calm after
WWI and Wilson’s Treaty failure

D. Teapot Dome Scandal
1. Two cabinet members took bribes
for big oil leases in Teapot Dome,
Wyoming.
2. Harding died of a stroke in 1923,
before scandals became public
3. He was a good man, surrounded
by corruption

II. Calvin Coolidge, (President 1923-1929)
A. “Silent Cal”, honest, integrity, a
friend of business
B. “The Business of America is
Business”
1. Believed big business must be
prosperous for America to prosper
2. This was popular strategy
throughout the 1920s
3. Chose not to run again in 1928

III. Herbert Hoover (President 1929-1933)
A. Self-made millionaire named “Wonder Boy”
B. Most intelligent President in the 1920s, served
as secretary of commerce under Harding and
Coolidge
C. Pushed for gov’t. regulations, but only
wanted volunteerism from businesses, not
having the gov’t. make it mandatory

IV. Republican Policies
A. Isolationism
1. Wanted to separate from Europe’s
troubles
B. Dawes Plan
1. Allies owed the U.S. $10 billion in
war debts they couldn’t pay until
Germany repaid them $33 billion
debt
2. France moved into Germany,
possibly threatening a new war

3. Dawes was sent to avert another
war. Got U.S. bankers to loan
Germany money to repay its debt,
so allies could repay the U.S.
4. Policy was to replace Europe’s
military dependence with big
business dependence
5. Only worked until the Great
Depression destroyed banking
industry

V. Brand-Kellogg Treaty
A. 14 Nations signed a treaty outlawing
war
B. Treaty declared war was illegal
1. Weakness was there was no
punishment if treaty was broken

VI. Scientific Management
A. Developed by Frederick Taylor
1. Taylor felt workers were lazy, sloppy
2. Felt efficiency could be measured to
improve productivity, raise wages &
profits
B. Time Study Analysis
1. Take a single task (welding a car frame)
2. Use a stop watch to time the person
- after several times, the average time
represents the standard time it takes
to weld a car together

3. After a year, Management saw what average
time was taken to do the task. If it was twice
the standard time, the worker was at 50%
efficiency
4. Aim was for 100% or better. If not improved
after a period of time, then firings, demotions
or new supervisors took over
5. Exceptions to improvement: When changes are
made to the product, or new workers are hired
C. Benefits of Scientific Management
1. Accountability, evaluation of talent, future cost
projections
2. The more you do something, usually you get
more accurate in less time

VI. Failures of the Republican policies
A. Crash came down during Hoover’s time due to
ignorance
1. When economy slowed in 1927, credit
should have been made more difficult to
get, but instead it was made easier
2. This would have created a mild
recession, instead of a sudden, hard
depression
B. Failure of Brand-Kellogg and League of
Nations to create punishments helped
Germany & Japan get aggressive & led to WWII


Slide 3

•

•

•

Became the nation’s largest
industry in 1920s.
10 million cars in U.S. in 1920, 26
million by 1929!
Assembly line started in 1913,
building 5 million cars/year by
1929.



Industry weakness: Those who buy a long
lasting item are out of the market for a few
years (fewer sales)

1920 Ford Model T Center Door Sedan










More Steel mills were needed
More Rubber Factories
More Glass Suppliers
Real Estate: Can now build homes outside the
cities in suburbs
Gas Stations replaced horse stables
Roads to be built








When automobile sales slow down so do all of
the other industries that supply them.
This causes a massive downturn in the
economy.
Jobs are lost in those other areas
This is why Auto industry helps drive the
economy (even today)



New industries appeared in the 1920s:
1. Electric Industry
a. Massive steam generators converted
coal to electricity (2/3 of all
Americans had electricity by 1929)
b. New Appliances: Washing Machines,
vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, ovens
c. These appliances led to more free time
- “chores” decreased, kids faced
boredom

2. Radio/Motion Pictures
a. In 1929 NBC became the 1st
successful radio network
- Amos N’ Andy was 1st famous
radio comedy (it featured
“blackface comedy”)
b. Allowed the spread of advertising
c. First talking movie in 1927: “The
Jazz Singer”, starring Al Jolson

3. Aluminum became a major business

4. Corporations grew, forcing out family
owned businesses
a. increasing dependence on mortgage
bankers like J.P. Morgan



Economic Weaknesses did occur
1. Decline in “traditional” industries
a. Railroads were poorly managed & hurt by the
new trucking industry
b. Coal Industry was being replaced by
natural gas & petroleum
c. Cotton declined due to rayon & synthetic
fibers
d. Agriculture was hardest hit of all
- farmers had expanded meat production
in WWI to feed the U.S. & Europe
- prices dropped after WWI. This hurt
farmers during 1920s. Later drought &
depression devastated them in 1930s.

2. Middle to Upper Class Prospered
a. Ended up with more money than
they could spend
b. Many ended up speculating heavily in the
stock market
- instead of investing in sound
markets
- idea was to get rich quick
c. 1920s was known as a time of plenty:
spend and not worry about the future

IV. Heroes of the Decade
1. Babe Ruth (home run king)
2. Jack Dempsey & Gene Tunney
(boxing legends)
3. Charles Lindberg (1st man to fly solo
across the Atlantic) – Spirit of St.
Louis
4. Rudolph Valentino – first major
Hollywood “Sex symbol”



A half-million blacks left the South for the North in
the 1920s
1. Higher paying jobs, left behind Southern farms
and sharecropping
2. Competed for jobs/housing with existing Northern
Whites
a. caused resentment
b. race riots erupted in 26 Northern cities
c. White media reported RUMORS of spreading
violence by Blacks – this increased
tensions/retaliation by Northern Whites

3. Migration also occurred due to blacks
being hired to replace striking whites
while unions formed
4. Marcus Garvey
a. founded “Back to Africa”
movement
b. Garvey felt Blacks couldn’t
compete with whites in America
c. Urged blacks to return to “mother
countries” in Africa to build strong
separate civilizations
d. “Black Pride” was started, gained
recognition

e. Garvey started the Black Star Line ships
to Africa
- B.S.L. failed
- Garvey was tried & convicted of
fraud by an all-white jury
- Many felt he was convicted mainly on
radical beliefs
- B.S.L. really failed due to
mismanagement, rather than fraud.
- served in jail from 1925-1927,
released and deported to Jamaica

5. Black Ghettos Today
a. Many were a result of the great
migration
b. Migrants were poor, moved into less
expensive city houses
c. Middle Class whites with cars moved to
the new suburbs
d. Inner city houses decayed with age & poor
couldn’t afford to move out – stuck there
e. Poor directly affected by economy, 1st to
lose jobs, no way out of their situation

6. The Harlem Renaissance
a. Many migrant Blacks settled in
Harlem, New York
- became the “Negro capital of the
world”
b. W.E.B. Du Bois and James Walden
Johnson became leaders of the
Harlem Renaissance
- was an expression of African
American writers who began
expressing their own identity and
anger at racism
- jazz music, rhythm & blues told stories of
racism/hard times : Louis Armstrong,
Duke Ellington



Sacco & Vanzetti Trial
1. Sacco & Vanzetti were immigrants who believed
in anarchy
2. They were tried and convicted of murder, based
on circumstantial evidence, not hard proof
3. Some felt they were convicted on their beliefs &
because they were immigrants
4. Executed in 1927. Later Names were cleared by
Governor Michael Dukakis in 1977.
5. Riots erupted after executions in U.S. & Europe



Palmer Raids
1.
2.
3.
4.

Palmer was President Wilson’s Attorney General
Palmer gathered information on radicals
Deported up to 600 immigrants (mostly to Soviet
Union) due to Communist fears
Most deported or arrested favored NON-Violent
radicalism, not Violent revolution



Feminism/Suffrage
1.

Women Suffrage
a. 19th Amendment Passed in 1920
b. 15th Amendment allowed all MEN to vote
c. Progressives helped push for women to vote to
help push through their reforms

d. Sheppard/Tower Act (1921) was 1st
Amendment to deal with Welfare reform
- assisted maternal & infant health care
- Child killers included: polio, diphtheria &
smallpox
e. Young Women Rebelled against Victorian
Constraints
- wore shorter dresses
- smoking/drinking in public for 1st time
- wild dancing, more promiscuous

2. Children/Teens
A. Kids no longer worked much thanks to progressive
reforms
B. More Time led to: Drinking, promiscuity, constant
search for excitement
C. More middle class attended school & given more
luxuries
D. Lower Class had more idle time
E. Gangs developed on city streets

3. Crime Increased
A. Due to Prohibition (18th Amendment in
1917)
- More middle/upper class were
willing to break laws for alcohol
B. Bootlegging became common
- Adult gangs developed: Al Capone

4. Prohibition
A. It was illegal to sell, drink, make or
transport more than 1% alcohol
B. Represented moral issues by
Progressives & Southerners who
migrated North
C. Law angered ethnic groups such as
Germans and Irish immigrants
D. Drinking did decline, but it was
repealed in 1933

1.

KKK Rebirth
a. KKK had only 34 members in 1914 – 5
million by 1925
b. The Red Scare helped to convince
many to join the KKK
c. KKK was a sanctuary to the
frightened & insecure

d. KKK gained political control of state governments
in Oklahoma & Texas
e. Hatred extended to Mexicans, Japanese, European
immigrants, Catholics, Jews, French Canadians,
Prostitutes and radical women in the 1920s
f. KKK felt all of those groups were beyond redemption

g. Similarities to the rise of Nazi’s in
Germany
h. KKK wanted “pure Americanism”
i. KKK fell quickly in the 1920s due to:
- clashes with the law
- scandals with sex/corruption
j. Racism remained and there would be no
major civil rights legislation until the
1960s

2. Immigration Restriction
a. 1924 National Origins Act
- created a “quota system”
- limited European immigrants to
150,000 per year
- based on fears of immigrants flooding
into the U.S. from a rebuilding Europe
- the law lasted into the 1960s
- Mexican immigrants were NOT restricted
and filled the need for unskilled workers

1. The Lost Generation
a. American writers who questioned why Materialism
ruled over intellectual, spiritual and artistic concerns
b. Writers moved to Europe and wrote pessimistically
of greed/emptiness of American lives in 1920s
- included: Ernest Hemingway, Gertrude Stein, F.
Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound,T.S. Elliot, Sinclair Lewis

2. Harlem Renaissance brought previously hidden
Black art, music & literature to the world
A. Rhythm & Blues music
- sounds of years of sorrow and struggle
B. Writers Claude McKay, Langston Hughes
- wrote about the Black struggle for
equality
C. Cultural Explosion
- marked by white & black authors who
were critical of mass production/wanting
a simpler lifestyle

3. Fundamentalist Controversy
A. Scopes Trial
- John Scopes was a Biology teacher
- Scopes taught theory of evolution,
which was against Tennessee law to
teach
- Prosecution used William Jennings
Bryan to testify, but contradicted by
taking Bible out of context after
saying it was a literal translation

- Scopes was found guilty, given a $100 fine
- Bryan was so hurt by trial that he died 6
days later
- Fundamentalism did survive despite the
trial

Famous Lawyers

John Scopes
High School Biology teacher

I. Warren G. Harding (President 19211923)
A. Republican candidate for
president in 1920. His slogan
was “back to normalcy”
B. Believed in importance of Big
Business
- supported by big business
leaders
C. Tried to have U.S. face calm after
WWI and Wilson’s Treaty failure

D. Teapot Dome Scandal
1. Two cabinet members took bribes
for big oil leases in Teapot Dome,
Wyoming.
2. Harding died of a stroke in 1923,
before scandals became public
3. He was a good man, surrounded
by corruption

II. Calvin Coolidge, (President 1923-1929)
A. “Silent Cal”, honest, integrity, a
friend of business
B. “The Business of America is
Business”
1. Believed big business must be
prosperous for America to prosper
2. This was popular strategy
throughout the 1920s
3. Chose not to run again in 1928

III. Herbert Hoover (President 1929-1933)
A. Self-made millionaire named “Wonder Boy”
B. Most intelligent President in the 1920s, served
as secretary of commerce under Harding and
Coolidge
C. Pushed for gov’t. regulations, but only
wanted volunteerism from businesses, not
having the gov’t. make it mandatory

IV. Republican Policies
A. Isolationism
1. Wanted to separate from Europe’s
troubles
B. Dawes Plan
1. Allies owed the U.S. $10 billion in
war debts they couldn’t pay until
Germany repaid them $33 billion
debt
2. France moved into Germany,
possibly threatening a new war

3. Dawes was sent to avert another
war. Got U.S. bankers to loan
Germany money to repay its debt,
so allies could repay the U.S.
4. Policy was to replace Europe’s
military dependence with big
business dependence
5. Only worked until the Great
Depression destroyed banking
industry

V. Brand-Kellogg Treaty
A. 14 Nations signed a treaty outlawing
war
B. Treaty declared war was illegal
1. Weakness was there was no
punishment if treaty was broken

VI. Scientific Management
A. Developed by Frederick Taylor
1. Taylor felt workers were lazy, sloppy
2. Felt efficiency could be measured to
improve productivity, raise wages &
profits
B. Time Study Analysis
1. Take a single task (welding a car frame)
2. Use a stop watch to time the person
- after several times, the average time
represents the standard time it takes
to weld a car together

3. After a year, Management saw what average
time was taken to do the task. If it was twice
the standard time, the worker was at 50%
efficiency
4. Aim was for 100% or better. If not improved
after a period of time, then firings, demotions
or new supervisors took over
5. Exceptions to improvement: When changes are
made to the product, or new workers are hired
C. Benefits of Scientific Management
1. Accountability, evaluation of talent, future cost
projections
2. The more you do something, usually you get
more accurate in less time

VI. Failures of the Republican policies
A. Crash came down during Hoover’s time due to
ignorance
1. When economy slowed in 1927, credit
should have been made more difficult to
get, but instead it was made easier
2. This would have created a mild
recession, instead of a sudden, hard
depression
B. Failure of Brand-Kellogg and League of
Nations to create punishments helped
Germany & Japan get aggressive & led to WWII


Slide 4

•

•

•

Became the nation’s largest
industry in 1920s.
10 million cars in U.S. in 1920, 26
million by 1929!
Assembly line started in 1913,
building 5 million cars/year by
1929.



Industry weakness: Those who buy a long
lasting item are out of the market for a few
years (fewer sales)

1920 Ford Model T Center Door Sedan










More Steel mills were needed
More Rubber Factories
More Glass Suppliers
Real Estate: Can now build homes outside the
cities in suburbs
Gas Stations replaced horse stables
Roads to be built








When automobile sales slow down so do all of
the other industries that supply them.
This causes a massive downturn in the
economy.
Jobs are lost in those other areas
This is why Auto industry helps drive the
economy (even today)



New industries appeared in the 1920s:
1. Electric Industry
a. Massive steam generators converted
coal to electricity (2/3 of all
Americans had electricity by 1929)
b. New Appliances: Washing Machines,
vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, ovens
c. These appliances led to more free time
- “chores” decreased, kids faced
boredom

2. Radio/Motion Pictures
a. In 1929 NBC became the 1st
successful radio network
- Amos N’ Andy was 1st famous
radio comedy (it featured
“blackface comedy”)
b. Allowed the spread of advertising
c. First talking movie in 1927: “The
Jazz Singer”, starring Al Jolson

3. Aluminum became a major business

4. Corporations grew, forcing out family
owned businesses
a. increasing dependence on mortgage
bankers like J.P. Morgan



Economic Weaknesses did occur
1. Decline in “traditional” industries
a. Railroads were poorly managed & hurt by the
new trucking industry
b. Coal Industry was being replaced by
natural gas & petroleum
c. Cotton declined due to rayon & synthetic
fibers
d. Agriculture was hardest hit of all
- farmers had expanded meat production
in WWI to feed the U.S. & Europe
- prices dropped after WWI. This hurt
farmers during 1920s. Later drought &
depression devastated them in 1930s.

2. Middle to Upper Class Prospered
a. Ended up with more money than
they could spend
b. Many ended up speculating heavily in the
stock market
- instead of investing in sound
markets
- idea was to get rich quick
c. 1920s was known as a time of plenty:
spend and not worry about the future

IV. Heroes of the Decade
1. Babe Ruth (home run king)
2. Jack Dempsey & Gene Tunney
(boxing legends)
3. Charles Lindberg (1st man to fly solo
across the Atlantic) – Spirit of St.
Louis
4. Rudolph Valentino – first major
Hollywood “Sex symbol”



A half-million blacks left the South for the North in
the 1920s
1. Higher paying jobs, left behind Southern farms
and sharecropping
2. Competed for jobs/housing with existing Northern
Whites
a. caused resentment
b. race riots erupted in 26 Northern cities
c. White media reported RUMORS of spreading
violence by Blacks – this increased
tensions/retaliation by Northern Whites

3. Migration also occurred due to blacks
being hired to replace striking whites
while unions formed
4. Marcus Garvey
a. founded “Back to Africa”
movement
b. Garvey felt Blacks couldn’t
compete with whites in America
c. Urged blacks to return to “mother
countries” in Africa to build strong
separate civilizations
d. “Black Pride” was started, gained
recognition

e. Garvey started the Black Star Line ships
to Africa
- B.S.L. failed
- Garvey was tried & convicted of
fraud by an all-white jury
- Many felt he was convicted mainly on
radical beliefs
- B.S.L. really failed due to
mismanagement, rather than fraud.
- served in jail from 1925-1927,
released and deported to Jamaica

5. Black Ghettos Today
a. Many were a result of the great
migration
b. Migrants were poor, moved into less
expensive city houses
c. Middle Class whites with cars moved to
the new suburbs
d. Inner city houses decayed with age & poor
couldn’t afford to move out – stuck there
e. Poor directly affected by economy, 1st to
lose jobs, no way out of their situation

6. The Harlem Renaissance
a. Many migrant Blacks settled in
Harlem, New York
- became the “Negro capital of the
world”
b. W.E.B. Du Bois and James Walden
Johnson became leaders of the
Harlem Renaissance
- was an expression of African
American writers who began
expressing their own identity and
anger at racism
- jazz music, rhythm & blues told stories of
racism/hard times : Louis Armstrong,
Duke Ellington



Sacco & Vanzetti Trial
1. Sacco & Vanzetti were immigrants who believed
in anarchy
2. They were tried and convicted of murder, based
on circumstantial evidence, not hard proof
3. Some felt they were convicted on their beliefs &
because they were immigrants
4. Executed in 1927. Later Names were cleared by
Governor Michael Dukakis in 1977.
5. Riots erupted after executions in U.S. & Europe



Palmer Raids
1.
2.
3.
4.

Palmer was President Wilson’s Attorney General
Palmer gathered information on radicals
Deported up to 600 immigrants (mostly to Soviet
Union) due to Communist fears
Most deported or arrested favored NON-Violent
radicalism, not Violent revolution



Feminism/Suffrage
1.

Women Suffrage
a. 19th Amendment Passed in 1920
b. 15th Amendment allowed all MEN to vote
c. Progressives helped push for women to vote to
help push through their reforms

d. Sheppard/Tower Act (1921) was 1st
Amendment to deal with Welfare reform
- assisted maternal & infant health care
- Child killers included: polio, diphtheria &
smallpox
e. Young Women Rebelled against Victorian
Constraints
- wore shorter dresses
- smoking/drinking in public for 1st time
- wild dancing, more promiscuous

2. Children/Teens
A. Kids no longer worked much thanks to progressive
reforms
B. More Time led to: Drinking, promiscuity, constant
search for excitement
C. More middle class attended school & given more
luxuries
D. Lower Class had more idle time
E. Gangs developed on city streets

3. Crime Increased
A. Due to Prohibition (18th Amendment in
1917)
- More middle/upper class were
willing to break laws for alcohol
B. Bootlegging became common
- Adult gangs developed: Al Capone

4. Prohibition
A. It was illegal to sell, drink, make or
transport more than 1% alcohol
B. Represented moral issues by
Progressives & Southerners who
migrated North
C. Law angered ethnic groups such as
Germans and Irish immigrants
D. Drinking did decline, but it was
repealed in 1933

1.

KKK Rebirth
a. KKK had only 34 members in 1914 – 5
million by 1925
b. The Red Scare helped to convince
many to join the KKK
c. KKK was a sanctuary to the
frightened & insecure

d. KKK gained political control of state governments
in Oklahoma & Texas
e. Hatred extended to Mexicans, Japanese, European
immigrants, Catholics, Jews, French Canadians,
Prostitutes and radical women in the 1920s
f. KKK felt all of those groups were beyond redemption

g. Similarities to the rise of Nazi’s in
Germany
h. KKK wanted “pure Americanism”
i. KKK fell quickly in the 1920s due to:
- clashes with the law
- scandals with sex/corruption
j. Racism remained and there would be no
major civil rights legislation until the
1960s

2. Immigration Restriction
a. 1924 National Origins Act
- created a “quota system”
- limited European immigrants to
150,000 per year
- based on fears of immigrants flooding
into the U.S. from a rebuilding Europe
- the law lasted into the 1960s
- Mexican immigrants were NOT restricted
and filled the need for unskilled workers

1. The Lost Generation
a. American writers who questioned why Materialism
ruled over intellectual, spiritual and artistic concerns
b. Writers moved to Europe and wrote pessimistically
of greed/emptiness of American lives in 1920s
- included: Ernest Hemingway, Gertrude Stein, F.
Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound,T.S. Elliot, Sinclair Lewis

2. Harlem Renaissance brought previously hidden
Black art, music & literature to the world
A. Rhythm & Blues music
- sounds of years of sorrow and struggle
B. Writers Claude McKay, Langston Hughes
- wrote about the Black struggle for
equality
C. Cultural Explosion
- marked by white & black authors who
were critical of mass production/wanting
a simpler lifestyle

3. Fundamentalist Controversy
A. Scopes Trial
- John Scopes was a Biology teacher
- Scopes taught theory of evolution,
which was against Tennessee law to
teach
- Prosecution used William Jennings
Bryan to testify, but contradicted by
taking Bible out of context after
saying it was a literal translation

- Scopes was found guilty, given a $100 fine
- Bryan was so hurt by trial that he died 6
days later
- Fundamentalism did survive despite the
trial

Famous Lawyers

John Scopes
High School Biology teacher

I. Warren G. Harding (President 19211923)
A. Republican candidate for
president in 1920. His slogan
was “back to normalcy”
B. Believed in importance of Big
Business
- supported by big business
leaders
C. Tried to have U.S. face calm after
WWI and Wilson’s Treaty failure

D. Teapot Dome Scandal
1. Two cabinet members took bribes
for big oil leases in Teapot Dome,
Wyoming.
2. Harding died of a stroke in 1923,
before scandals became public
3. He was a good man, surrounded
by corruption

II. Calvin Coolidge, (President 1923-1929)
A. “Silent Cal”, honest, integrity, a
friend of business
B. “The Business of America is
Business”
1. Believed big business must be
prosperous for America to prosper
2. This was popular strategy
throughout the 1920s
3. Chose not to run again in 1928

III. Herbert Hoover (President 1929-1933)
A. Self-made millionaire named “Wonder Boy”
B. Most intelligent President in the 1920s, served
as secretary of commerce under Harding and
Coolidge
C. Pushed for gov’t. regulations, but only
wanted volunteerism from businesses, not
having the gov’t. make it mandatory

IV. Republican Policies
A. Isolationism
1. Wanted to separate from Europe’s
troubles
B. Dawes Plan
1. Allies owed the U.S. $10 billion in
war debts they couldn’t pay until
Germany repaid them $33 billion
debt
2. France moved into Germany,
possibly threatening a new war

3. Dawes was sent to avert another
war. Got U.S. bankers to loan
Germany money to repay its debt,
so allies could repay the U.S.
4. Policy was to replace Europe’s
military dependence with big
business dependence
5. Only worked until the Great
Depression destroyed banking
industry

V. Brand-Kellogg Treaty
A. 14 Nations signed a treaty outlawing
war
B. Treaty declared war was illegal
1. Weakness was there was no
punishment if treaty was broken

VI. Scientific Management
A. Developed by Frederick Taylor
1. Taylor felt workers were lazy, sloppy
2. Felt efficiency could be measured to
improve productivity, raise wages &
profits
B. Time Study Analysis
1. Take a single task (welding a car frame)
2. Use a stop watch to time the person
- after several times, the average time
represents the standard time it takes
to weld a car together

3. After a year, Management saw what average
time was taken to do the task. If it was twice
the standard time, the worker was at 50%
efficiency
4. Aim was for 100% or better. If not improved
after a period of time, then firings, demotions
or new supervisors took over
5. Exceptions to improvement: When changes are
made to the product, or new workers are hired
C. Benefits of Scientific Management
1. Accountability, evaluation of talent, future cost
projections
2. The more you do something, usually you get
more accurate in less time

VI. Failures of the Republican policies
A. Crash came down during Hoover’s time due to
ignorance
1. When economy slowed in 1927, credit
should have been made more difficult to
get, but instead it was made easier
2. This would have created a mild
recession, instead of a sudden, hard
depression
B. Failure of Brand-Kellogg and League of
Nations to create punishments helped
Germany & Japan get aggressive & led to WWII


Slide 5

•

•

•

Became the nation’s largest
industry in 1920s.
10 million cars in U.S. in 1920, 26
million by 1929!
Assembly line started in 1913,
building 5 million cars/year by
1929.



Industry weakness: Those who buy a long
lasting item are out of the market for a few
years (fewer sales)

1920 Ford Model T Center Door Sedan










More Steel mills were needed
More Rubber Factories
More Glass Suppliers
Real Estate: Can now build homes outside the
cities in suburbs
Gas Stations replaced horse stables
Roads to be built








When automobile sales slow down so do all of
the other industries that supply them.
This causes a massive downturn in the
economy.
Jobs are lost in those other areas
This is why Auto industry helps drive the
economy (even today)



New industries appeared in the 1920s:
1. Electric Industry
a. Massive steam generators converted
coal to electricity (2/3 of all
Americans had electricity by 1929)
b. New Appliances: Washing Machines,
vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, ovens
c. These appliances led to more free time
- “chores” decreased, kids faced
boredom

2. Radio/Motion Pictures
a. In 1929 NBC became the 1st
successful radio network
- Amos N’ Andy was 1st famous
radio comedy (it featured
“blackface comedy”)
b. Allowed the spread of advertising
c. First talking movie in 1927: “The
Jazz Singer”, starring Al Jolson

3. Aluminum became a major business

4. Corporations grew, forcing out family
owned businesses
a. increasing dependence on mortgage
bankers like J.P. Morgan



Economic Weaknesses did occur
1. Decline in “traditional” industries
a. Railroads were poorly managed & hurt by the
new trucking industry
b. Coal Industry was being replaced by
natural gas & petroleum
c. Cotton declined due to rayon & synthetic
fibers
d. Agriculture was hardest hit of all
- farmers had expanded meat production
in WWI to feed the U.S. & Europe
- prices dropped after WWI. This hurt
farmers during 1920s. Later drought &
depression devastated them in 1930s.

2. Middle to Upper Class Prospered
a. Ended up with more money than
they could spend
b. Many ended up speculating heavily in the
stock market
- instead of investing in sound
markets
- idea was to get rich quick
c. 1920s was known as a time of plenty:
spend and not worry about the future

IV. Heroes of the Decade
1. Babe Ruth (home run king)
2. Jack Dempsey & Gene Tunney
(boxing legends)
3. Charles Lindberg (1st man to fly solo
across the Atlantic) – Spirit of St.
Louis
4. Rudolph Valentino – first major
Hollywood “Sex symbol”



A half-million blacks left the South for the North in
the 1920s
1. Higher paying jobs, left behind Southern farms
and sharecropping
2. Competed for jobs/housing with existing Northern
Whites
a. caused resentment
b. race riots erupted in 26 Northern cities
c. White media reported RUMORS of spreading
violence by Blacks – this increased
tensions/retaliation by Northern Whites

3. Migration also occurred due to blacks
being hired to replace striking whites
while unions formed
4. Marcus Garvey
a. founded “Back to Africa”
movement
b. Garvey felt Blacks couldn’t
compete with whites in America
c. Urged blacks to return to “mother
countries” in Africa to build strong
separate civilizations
d. “Black Pride” was started, gained
recognition

e. Garvey started the Black Star Line ships
to Africa
- B.S.L. failed
- Garvey was tried & convicted of
fraud by an all-white jury
- Many felt he was convicted mainly on
radical beliefs
- B.S.L. really failed due to
mismanagement, rather than fraud.
- served in jail from 1925-1927,
released and deported to Jamaica

5. Black Ghettos Today
a. Many were a result of the great
migration
b. Migrants were poor, moved into less
expensive city houses
c. Middle Class whites with cars moved to
the new suburbs
d. Inner city houses decayed with age & poor
couldn’t afford to move out – stuck there
e. Poor directly affected by economy, 1st to
lose jobs, no way out of their situation

6. The Harlem Renaissance
a. Many migrant Blacks settled in
Harlem, New York
- became the “Negro capital of the
world”
b. W.E.B. Du Bois and James Walden
Johnson became leaders of the
Harlem Renaissance
- was an expression of African
American writers who began
expressing their own identity and
anger at racism
- jazz music, rhythm & blues told stories of
racism/hard times : Louis Armstrong,
Duke Ellington



Sacco & Vanzetti Trial
1. Sacco & Vanzetti were immigrants who believed
in anarchy
2. They were tried and convicted of murder, based
on circumstantial evidence, not hard proof
3. Some felt they were convicted on their beliefs &
because they were immigrants
4. Executed in 1927. Later Names were cleared by
Governor Michael Dukakis in 1977.
5. Riots erupted after executions in U.S. & Europe



Palmer Raids
1.
2.
3.
4.

Palmer was President Wilson’s Attorney General
Palmer gathered information on radicals
Deported up to 600 immigrants (mostly to Soviet
Union) due to Communist fears
Most deported or arrested favored NON-Violent
radicalism, not Violent revolution



Feminism/Suffrage
1.

Women Suffrage
a. 19th Amendment Passed in 1920
b. 15th Amendment allowed all MEN to vote
c. Progressives helped push for women to vote to
help push through their reforms

d. Sheppard/Tower Act (1921) was 1st
Amendment to deal with Welfare reform
- assisted maternal & infant health care
- Child killers included: polio, diphtheria &
smallpox
e. Young Women Rebelled against Victorian
Constraints
- wore shorter dresses
- smoking/drinking in public for 1st time
- wild dancing, more promiscuous

2. Children/Teens
A. Kids no longer worked much thanks to progressive
reforms
B. More Time led to: Drinking, promiscuity, constant
search for excitement
C. More middle class attended school & given more
luxuries
D. Lower Class had more idle time
E. Gangs developed on city streets

3. Crime Increased
A. Due to Prohibition (18th Amendment in
1917)
- More middle/upper class were
willing to break laws for alcohol
B. Bootlegging became common
- Adult gangs developed: Al Capone

4. Prohibition
A. It was illegal to sell, drink, make or
transport more than 1% alcohol
B. Represented moral issues by
Progressives & Southerners who
migrated North
C. Law angered ethnic groups such as
Germans and Irish immigrants
D. Drinking did decline, but it was
repealed in 1933

1.

KKK Rebirth
a. KKK had only 34 members in 1914 – 5
million by 1925
b. The Red Scare helped to convince
many to join the KKK
c. KKK was a sanctuary to the
frightened & insecure

d. KKK gained political control of state governments
in Oklahoma & Texas
e. Hatred extended to Mexicans, Japanese, European
immigrants, Catholics, Jews, French Canadians,
Prostitutes and radical women in the 1920s
f. KKK felt all of those groups were beyond redemption

g. Similarities to the rise of Nazi’s in
Germany
h. KKK wanted “pure Americanism”
i. KKK fell quickly in the 1920s due to:
- clashes with the law
- scandals with sex/corruption
j. Racism remained and there would be no
major civil rights legislation until the
1960s

2. Immigration Restriction
a. 1924 National Origins Act
- created a “quota system”
- limited European immigrants to
150,000 per year
- based on fears of immigrants flooding
into the U.S. from a rebuilding Europe
- the law lasted into the 1960s
- Mexican immigrants were NOT restricted
and filled the need for unskilled workers

1. The Lost Generation
a. American writers who questioned why Materialism
ruled over intellectual, spiritual and artistic concerns
b. Writers moved to Europe and wrote pessimistically
of greed/emptiness of American lives in 1920s
- included: Ernest Hemingway, Gertrude Stein, F.
Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound,T.S. Elliot, Sinclair Lewis

2. Harlem Renaissance brought previously hidden
Black art, music & literature to the world
A. Rhythm & Blues music
- sounds of years of sorrow and struggle
B. Writers Claude McKay, Langston Hughes
- wrote about the Black struggle for
equality
C. Cultural Explosion
- marked by white & black authors who
were critical of mass production/wanting
a simpler lifestyle

3. Fundamentalist Controversy
A. Scopes Trial
- John Scopes was a Biology teacher
- Scopes taught theory of evolution,
which was against Tennessee law to
teach
- Prosecution used William Jennings
Bryan to testify, but contradicted by
taking Bible out of context after
saying it was a literal translation

- Scopes was found guilty, given a $100 fine
- Bryan was so hurt by trial that he died 6
days later
- Fundamentalism did survive despite the
trial

Famous Lawyers

John Scopes
High School Biology teacher

I. Warren G. Harding (President 19211923)
A. Republican candidate for
president in 1920. His slogan
was “back to normalcy”
B. Believed in importance of Big
Business
- supported by big business
leaders
C. Tried to have U.S. face calm after
WWI and Wilson’s Treaty failure

D. Teapot Dome Scandal
1. Two cabinet members took bribes
for big oil leases in Teapot Dome,
Wyoming.
2. Harding died of a stroke in 1923,
before scandals became public
3. He was a good man, surrounded
by corruption

II. Calvin Coolidge, (President 1923-1929)
A. “Silent Cal”, honest, integrity, a
friend of business
B. “The Business of America is
Business”
1. Believed big business must be
prosperous for America to prosper
2. This was popular strategy
throughout the 1920s
3. Chose not to run again in 1928

III. Herbert Hoover (President 1929-1933)
A. Self-made millionaire named “Wonder Boy”
B. Most intelligent President in the 1920s, served
as secretary of commerce under Harding and
Coolidge
C. Pushed for gov’t. regulations, but only
wanted volunteerism from businesses, not
having the gov’t. make it mandatory

IV. Republican Policies
A. Isolationism
1. Wanted to separate from Europe’s
troubles
B. Dawes Plan
1. Allies owed the U.S. $10 billion in
war debts they couldn’t pay until
Germany repaid them $33 billion
debt
2. France moved into Germany,
possibly threatening a new war

3. Dawes was sent to avert another
war. Got U.S. bankers to loan
Germany money to repay its debt,
so allies could repay the U.S.
4. Policy was to replace Europe’s
military dependence with big
business dependence
5. Only worked until the Great
Depression destroyed banking
industry

V. Brand-Kellogg Treaty
A. 14 Nations signed a treaty outlawing
war
B. Treaty declared war was illegal
1. Weakness was there was no
punishment if treaty was broken

VI. Scientific Management
A. Developed by Frederick Taylor
1. Taylor felt workers were lazy, sloppy
2. Felt efficiency could be measured to
improve productivity, raise wages &
profits
B. Time Study Analysis
1. Take a single task (welding a car frame)
2. Use a stop watch to time the person
- after several times, the average time
represents the standard time it takes
to weld a car together

3. After a year, Management saw what average
time was taken to do the task. If it was twice
the standard time, the worker was at 50%
efficiency
4. Aim was for 100% or better. If not improved
after a period of time, then firings, demotions
or new supervisors took over
5. Exceptions to improvement: When changes are
made to the product, or new workers are hired
C. Benefits of Scientific Management
1. Accountability, evaluation of talent, future cost
projections
2. The more you do something, usually you get
more accurate in less time

VI. Failures of the Republican policies
A. Crash came down during Hoover’s time due to
ignorance
1. When economy slowed in 1927, credit
should have been made more difficult to
get, but instead it was made easier
2. This would have created a mild
recession, instead of a sudden, hard
depression
B. Failure of Brand-Kellogg and League of
Nations to create punishments helped
Germany & Japan get aggressive & led to WWII


Slide 6

•

•

•

Became the nation’s largest
industry in 1920s.
10 million cars in U.S. in 1920, 26
million by 1929!
Assembly line started in 1913,
building 5 million cars/year by
1929.



Industry weakness: Those who buy a long
lasting item are out of the market for a few
years (fewer sales)

1920 Ford Model T Center Door Sedan










More Steel mills were needed
More Rubber Factories
More Glass Suppliers
Real Estate: Can now build homes outside the
cities in suburbs
Gas Stations replaced horse stables
Roads to be built








When automobile sales slow down so do all of
the other industries that supply them.
This causes a massive downturn in the
economy.
Jobs are lost in those other areas
This is why Auto industry helps drive the
economy (even today)



New industries appeared in the 1920s:
1. Electric Industry
a. Massive steam generators converted
coal to electricity (2/3 of all
Americans had electricity by 1929)
b. New Appliances: Washing Machines,
vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, ovens
c. These appliances led to more free time
- “chores” decreased, kids faced
boredom

2. Radio/Motion Pictures
a. In 1929 NBC became the 1st
successful radio network
- Amos N’ Andy was 1st famous
radio comedy (it featured
“blackface comedy”)
b. Allowed the spread of advertising
c. First talking movie in 1927: “The
Jazz Singer”, starring Al Jolson

3. Aluminum became a major business

4. Corporations grew, forcing out family
owned businesses
a. increasing dependence on mortgage
bankers like J.P. Morgan



Economic Weaknesses did occur
1. Decline in “traditional” industries
a. Railroads were poorly managed & hurt by the
new trucking industry
b. Coal Industry was being replaced by
natural gas & petroleum
c. Cotton declined due to rayon & synthetic
fibers
d. Agriculture was hardest hit of all
- farmers had expanded meat production
in WWI to feed the U.S. & Europe
- prices dropped after WWI. This hurt
farmers during 1920s. Later drought &
depression devastated them in 1930s.

2. Middle to Upper Class Prospered
a. Ended up with more money than
they could spend
b. Many ended up speculating heavily in the
stock market
- instead of investing in sound
markets
- idea was to get rich quick
c. 1920s was known as a time of plenty:
spend and not worry about the future

IV. Heroes of the Decade
1. Babe Ruth (home run king)
2. Jack Dempsey & Gene Tunney
(boxing legends)
3. Charles Lindberg (1st man to fly solo
across the Atlantic) – Spirit of St.
Louis
4. Rudolph Valentino – first major
Hollywood “Sex symbol”



A half-million blacks left the South for the North in
the 1920s
1. Higher paying jobs, left behind Southern farms
and sharecropping
2. Competed for jobs/housing with existing Northern
Whites
a. caused resentment
b. race riots erupted in 26 Northern cities
c. White media reported RUMORS of spreading
violence by Blacks – this increased
tensions/retaliation by Northern Whites

3. Migration also occurred due to blacks
being hired to replace striking whites
while unions formed
4. Marcus Garvey
a. founded “Back to Africa”
movement
b. Garvey felt Blacks couldn’t
compete with whites in America
c. Urged blacks to return to “mother
countries” in Africa to build strong
separate civilizations
d. “Black Pride” was started, gained
recognition

e. Garvey started the Black Star Line ships
to Africa
- B.S.L. failed
- Garvey was tried & convicted of
fraud by an all-white jury
- Many felt he was convicted mainly on
radical beliefs
- B.S.L. really failed due to
mismanagement, rather than fraud.
- served in jail from 1925-1927,
released and deported to Jamaica

5. Black Ghettos Today
a. Many were a result of the great
migration
b. Migrants were poor, moved into less
expensive city houses
c. Middle Class whites with cars moved to
the new suburbs
d. Inner city houses decayed with age & poor
couldn’t afford to move out – stuck there
e. Poor directly affected by economy, 1st to
lose jobs, no way out of their situation

6. The Harlem Renaissance
a. Many migrant Blacks settled in
Harlem, New York
- became the “Negro capital of the
world”
b. W.E.B. Du Bois and James Walden
Johnson became leaders of the
Harlem Renaissance
- was an expression of African
American writers who began
expressing their own identity and
anger at racism
- jazz music, rhythm & blues told stories of
racism/hard times : Louis Armstrong,
Duke Ellington



Sacco & Vanzetti Trial
1. Sacco & Vanzetti were immigrants who believed
in anarchy
2. They were tried and convicted of murder, based
on circumstantial evidence, not hard proof
3. Some felt they were convicted on their beliefs &
because they were immigrants
4. Executed in 1927. Later Names were cleared by
Governor Michael Dukakis in 1977.
5. Riots erupted after executions in U.S. & Europe



Palmer Raids
1.
2.
3.
4.

Palmer was President Wilson’s Attorney General
Palmer gathered information on radicals
Deported up to 600 immigrants (mostly to Soviet
Union) due to Communist fears
Most deported or arrested favored NON-Violent
radicalism, not Violent revolution



Feminism/Suffrage
1.

Women Suffrage
a. 19th Amendment Passed in 1920
b. 15th Amendment allowed all MEN to vote
c. Progressives helped push for women to vote to
help push through their reforms

d. Sheppard/Tower Act (1921) was 1st
Amendment to deal with Welfare reform
- assisted maternal & infant health care
- Child killers included: polio, diphtheria &
smallpox
e. Young Women Rebelled against Victorian
Constraints
- wore shorter dresses
- smoking/drinking in public for 1st time
- wild dancing, more promiscuous

2. Children/Teens
A. Kids no longer worked much thanks to progressive
reforms
B. More Time led to: Drinking, promiscuity, constant
search for excitement
C. More middle class attended school & given more
luxuries
D. Lower Class had more idle time
E. Gangs developed on city streets

3. Crime Increased
A. Due to Prohibition (18th Amendment in
1917)
- More middle/upper class were
willing to break laws for alcohol
B. Bootlegging became common
- Adult gangs developed: Al Capone

4. Prohibition
A. It was illegal to sell, drink, make or
transport more than 1% alcohol
B. Represented moral issues by
Progressives & Southerners who
migrated North
C. Law angered ethnic groups such as
Germans and Irish immigrants
D. Drinking did decline, but it was
repealed in 1933

1.

KKK Rebirth
a. KKK had only 34 members in 1914 – 5
million by 1925
b. The Red Scare helped to convince
many to join the KKK
c. KKK was a sanctuary to the
frightened & insecure

d. KKK gained political control of state governments
in Oklahoma & Texas
e. Hatred extended to Mexicans, Japanese, European
immigrants, Catholics, Jews, French Canadians,
Prostitutes and radical women in the 1920s
f. KKK felt all of those groups were beyond redemption

g. Similarities to the rise of Nazi’s in
Germany
h. KKK wanted “pure Americanism”
i. KKK fell quickly in the 1920s due to:
- clashes with the law
- scandals with sex/corruption
j. Racism remained and there would be no
major civil rights legislation until the
1960s

2. Immigration Restriction
a. 1924 National Origins Act
- created a “quota system”
- limited European immigrants to
150,000 per year
- based on fears of immigrants flooding
into the U.S. from a rebuilding Europe
- the law lasted into the 1960s
- Mexican immigrants were NOT restricted
and filled the need for unskilled workers

1. The Lost Generation
a. American writers who questioned why Materialism
ruled over intellectual, spiritual and artistic concerns
b. Writers moved to Europe and wrote pessimistically
of greed/emptiness of American lives in 1920s
- included: Ernest Hemingway, Gertrude Stein, F.
Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound,T.S. Elliot, Sinclair Lewis

2. Harlem Renaissance brought previously hidden
Black art, music & literature to the world
A. Rhythm & Blues music
- sounds of years of sorrow and struggle
B. Writers Claude McKay, Langston Hughes
- wrote about the Black struggle for
equality
C. Cultural Explosion
- marked by white & black authors who
were critical of mass production/wanting
a simpler lifestyle

3. Fundamentalist Controversy
A. Scopes Trial
- John Scopes was a Biology teacher
- Scopes taught theory of evolution,
which was against Tennessee law to
teach
- Prosecution used William Jennings
Bryan to testify, but contradicted by
taking Bible out of context after
saying it was a literal translation

- Scopes was found guilty, given a $100 fine
- Bryan was so hurt by trial that he died 6
days later
- Fundamentalism did survive despite the
trial

Famous Lawyers

John Scopes
High School Biology teacher

I. Warren G. Harding (President 19211923)
A. Republican candidate for
president in 1920. His slogan
was “back to normalcy”
B. Believed in importance of Big
Business
- supported by big business
leaders
C. Tried to have U.S. face calm after
WWI and Wilson’s Treaty failure

D. Teapot Dome Scandal
1. Two cabinet members took bribes
for big oil leases in Teapot Dome,
Wyoming.
2. Harding died of a stroke in 1923,
before scandals became public
3. He was a good man, surrounded
by corruption

II. Calvin Coolidge, (President 1923-1929)
A. “Silent Cal”, honest, integrity, a
friend of business
B. “The Business of America is
Business”
1. Believed big business must be
prosperous for America to prosper
2. This was popular strategy
throughout the 1920s
3. Chose not to run again in 1928

III. Herbert Hoover (President 1929-1933)
A. Self-made millionaire named “Wonder Boy”
B. Most intelligent President in the 1920s, served
as secretary of commerce under Harding and
Coolidge
C. Pushed for gov’t. regulations, but only
wanted volunteerism from businesses, not
having the gov’t. make it mandatory

IV. Republican Policies
A. Isolationism
1. Wanted to separate from Europe’s
troubles
B. Dawes Plan
1. Allies owed the U.S. $10 billion in
war debts they couldn’t pay until
Germany repaid them $33 billion
debt
2. France moved into Germany,
possibly threatening a new war

3. Dawes was sent to avert another
war. Got U.S. bankers to loan
Germany money to repay its debt,
so allies could repay the U.S.
4. Policy was to replace Europe’s
military dependence with big
business dependence
5. Only worked until the Great
Depression destroyed banking
industry

V. Brand-Kellogg Treaty
A. 14 Nations signed a treaty outlawing
war
B. Treaty declared war was illegal
1. Weakness was there was no
punishment if treaty was broken

VI. Scientific Management
A. Developed by Frederick Taylor
1. Taylor felt workers were lazy, sloppy
2. Felt efficiency could be measured to
improve productivity, raise wages &
profits
B. Time Study Analysis
1. Take a single task (welding a car frame)
2. Use a stop watch to time the person
- after several times, the average time
represents the standard time it takes
to weld a car together

3. After a year, Management saw what average
time was taken to do the task. If it was twice
the standard time, the worker was at 50%
efficiency
4. Aim was for 100% or better. If not improved
after a period of time, then firings, demotions
or new supervisors took over
5. Exceptions to improvement: When changes are
made to the product, or new workers are hired
C. Benefits of Scientific Management
1. Accountability, evaluation of talent, future cost
projections
2. The more you do something, usually you get
more accurate in less time

VI. Failures of the Republican policies
A. Crash came down during Hoover’s time due to
ignorance
1. When economy slowed in 1927, credit
should have been made more difficult to
get, but instead it was made easier
2. This would have created a mild
recession, instead of a sudden, hard
depression
B. Failure of Brand-Kellogg and League of
Nations to create punishments helped
Germany & Japan get aggressive & led to WWII


Slide 7

•

•

•

Became the nation’s largest
industry in 1920s.
10 million cars in U.S. in 1920, 26
million by 1929!
Assembly line started in 1913,
building 5 million cars/year by
1929.



Industry weakness: Those who buy a long
lasting item are out of the market for a few
years (fewer sales)

1920 Ford Model T Center Door Sedan










More Steel mills were needed
More Rubber Factories
More Glass Suppliers
Real Estate: Can now build homes outside the
cities in suburbs
Gas Stations replaced horse stables
Roads to be built








When automobile sales slow down so do all of
the other industries that supply them.
This causes a massive downturn in the
economy.
Jobs are lost in those other areas
This is why Auto industry helps drive the
economy (even today)



New industries appeared in the 1920s:
1. Electric Industry
a. Massive steam generators converted
coal to electricity (2/3 of all
Americans had electricity by 1929)
b. New Appliances: Washing Machines,
vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, ovens
c. These appliances led to more free time
- “chores” decreased, kids faced
boredom

2. Radio/Motion Pictures
a. In 1929 NBC became the 1st
successful radio network
- Amos N’ Andy was 1st famous
radio comedy (it featured
“blackface comedy”)
b. Allowed the spread of advertising
c. First talking movie in 1927: “The
Jazz Singer”, starring Al Jolson

3. Aluminum became a major business

4. Corporations grew, forcing out family
owned businesses
a. increasing dependence on mortgage
bankers like J.P. Morgan



Economic Weaknesses did occur
1. Decline in “traditional” industries
a. Railroads were poorly managed & hurt by the
new trucking industry
b. Coal Industry was being replaced by
natural gas & petroleum
c. Cotton declined due to rayon & synthetic
fibers
d. Agriculture was hardest hit of all
- farmers had expanded meat production
in WWI to feed the U.S. & Europe
- prices dropped after WWI. This hurt
farmers during 1920s. Later drought &
depression devastated them in 1930s.

2. Middle to Upper Class Prospered
a. Ended up with more money than
they could spend
b. Many ended up speculating heavily in the
stock market
- instead of investing in sound
markets
- idea was to get rich quick
c. 1920s was known as a time of plenty:
spend and not worry about the future

IV. Heroes of the Decade
1. Babe Ruth (home run king)
2. Jack Dempsey & Gene Tunney
(boxing legends)
3. Charles Lindberg (1st man to fly solo
across the Atlantic) – Spirit of St.
Louis
4. Rudolph Valentino – first major
Hollywood “Sex symbol”



A half-million blacks left the South for the North in
the 1920s
1. Higher paying jobs, left behind Southern farms
and sharecropping
2. Competed for jobs/housing with existing Northern
Whites
a. caused resentment
b. race riots erupted in 26 Northern cities
c. White media reported RUMORS of spreading
violence by Blacks – this increased
tensions/retaliation by Northern Whites

3. Migration also occurred due to blacks
being hired to replace striking whites
while unions formed
4. Marcus Garvey
a. founded “Back to Africa”
movement
b. Garvey felt Blacks couldn’t
compete with whites in America
c. Urged blacks to return to “mother
countries” in Africa to build strong
separate civilizations
d. “Black Pride” was started, gained
recognition

e. Garvey started the Black Star Line ships
to Africa
- B.S.L. failed
- Garvey was tried & convicted of
fraud by an all-white jury
- Many felt he was convicted mainly on
radical beliefs
- B.S.L. really failed due to
mismanagement, rather than fraud.
- served in jail from 1925-1927,
released and deported to Jamaica

5. Black Ghettos Today
a. Many were a result of the great
migration
b. Migrants were poor, moved into less
expensive city houses
c. Middle Class whites with cars moved to
the new suburbs
d. Inner city houses decayed with age & poor
couldn’t afford to move out – stuck there
e. Poor directly affected by economy, 1st to
lose jobs, no way out of their situation

6. The Harlem Renaissance
a. Many migrant Blacks settled in
Harlem, New York
- became the “Negro capital of the
world”
b. W.E.B. Du Bois and James Walden
Johnson became leaders of the
Harlem Renaissance
- was an expression of African
American writers who began
expressing their own identity and
anger at racism
- jazz music, rhythm & blues told stories of
racism/hard times : Louis Armstrong,
Duke Ellington



Sacco & Vanzetti Trial
1. Sacco & Vanzetti were immigrants who believed
in anarchy
2. They were tried and convicted of murder, based
on circumstantial evidence, not hard proof
3. Some felt they were convicted on their beliefs &
because they were immigrants
4. Executed in 1927. Later Names were cleared by
Governor Michael Dukakis in 1977.
5. Riots erupted after executions in U.S. & Europe



Palmer Raids
1.
2.
3.
4.

Palmer was President Wilson’s Attorney General
Palmer gathered information on radicals
Deported up to 600 immigrants (mostly to Soviet
Union) due to Communist fears
Most deported or arrested favored NON-Violent
radicalism, not Violent revolution



Feminism/Suffrage
1.

Women Suffrage
a. 19th Amendment Passed in 1920
b. 15th Amendment allowed all MEN to vote
c. Progressives helped push for women to vote to
help push through their reforms

d. Sheppard/Tower Act (1921) was 1st
Amendment to deal with Welfare reform
- assisted maternal & infant health care
- Child killers included: polio, diphtheria &
smallpox
e. Young Women Rebelled against Victorian
Constraints
- wore shorter dresses
- smoking/drinking in public for 1st time
- wild dancing, more promiscuous

2. Children/Teens
A. Kids no longer worked much thanks to progressive
reforms
B. More Time led to: Drinking, promiscuity, constant
search for excitement
C. More middle class attended school & given more
luxuries
D. Lower Class had more idle time
E. Gangs developed on city streets

3. Crime Increased
A. Due to Prohibition (18th Amendment in
1917)
- More middle/upper class were
willing to break laws for alcohol
B. Bootlegging became common
- Adult gangs developed: Al Capone

4. Prohibition
A. It was illegal to sell, drink, make or
transport more than 1% alcohol
B. Represented moral issues by
Progressives & Southerners who
migrated North
C. Law angered ethnic groups such as
Germans and Irish immigrants
D. Drinking did decline, but it was
repealed in 1933

1.

KKK Rebirth
a. KKK had only 34 members in 1914 – 5
million by 1925
b. The Red Scare helped to convince
many to join the KKK
c. KKK was a sanctuary to the
frightened & insecure

d. KKK gained political control of state governments
in Oklahoma & Texas
e. Hatred extended to Mexicans, Japanese, European
immigrants, Catholics, Jews, French Canadians,
Prostitutes and radical women in the 1920s
f. KKK felt all of those groups were beyond redemption

g. Similarities to the rise of Nazi’s in
Germany
h. KKK wanted “pure Americanism”
i. KKK fell quickly in the 1920s due to:
- clashes with the law
- scandals with sex/corruption
j. Racism remained and there would be no
major civil rights legislation until the
1960s

2. Immigration Restriction
a. 1924 National Origins Act
- created a “quota system”
- limited European immigrants to
150,000 per year
- based on fears of immigrants flooding
into the U.S. from a rebuilding Europe
- the law lasted into the 1960s
- Mexican immigrants were NOT restricted
and filled the need for unskilled workers

1. The Lost Generation
a. American writers who questioned why Materialism
ruled over intellectual, spiritual and artistic concerns
b. Writers moved to Europe and wrote pessimistically
of greed/emptiness of American lives in 1920s
- included: Ernest Hemingway, Gertrude Stein, F.
Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound,T.S. Elliot, Sinclair Lewis

2. Harlem Renaissance brought previously hidden
Black art, music & literature to the world
A. Rhythm & Blues music
- sounds of years of sorrow and struggle
B. Writers Claude McKay, Langston Hughes
- wrote about the Black struggle for
equality
C. Cultural Explosion
- marked by white & black authors who
were critical of mass production/wanting
a simpler lifestyle

3. Fundamentalist Controversy
A. Scopes Trial
- John Scopes was a Biology teacher
- Scopes taught theory of evolution,
which was against Tennessee law to
teach
- Prosecution used William Jennings
Bryan to testify, but contradicted by
taking Bible out of context after
saying it was a literal translation

- Scopes was found guilty, given a $100 fine
- Bryan was so hurt by trial that he died 6
days later
- Fundamentalism did survive despite the
trial

Famous Lawyers

John Scopes
High School Biology teacher

I. Warren G. Harding (President 19211923)
A. Republican candidate for
president in 1920. His slogan
was “back to normalcy”
B. Believed in importance of Big
Business
- supported by big business
leaders
C. Tried to have U.S. face calm after
WWI and Wilson’s Treaty failure

D. Teapot Dome Scandal
1. Two cabinet members took bribes
for big oil leases in Teapot Dome,
Wyoming.
2. Harding died of a stroke in 1923,
before scandals became public
3. He was a good man, surrounded
by corruption

II. Calvin Coolidge, (President 1923-1929)
A. “Silent Cal”, honest, integrity, a
friend of business
B. “The Business of America is
Business”
1. Believed big business must be
prosperous for America to prosper
2. This was popular strategy
throughout the 1920s
3. Chose not to run again in 1928

III. Herbert Hoover (President 1929-1933)
A. Self-made millionaire named “Wonder Boy”
B. Most intelligent President in the 1920s, served
as secretary of commerce under Harding and
Coolidge
C. Pushed for gov’t. regulations, but only
wanted volunteerism from businesses, not
having the gov’t. make it mandatory

IV. Republican Policies
A. Isolationism
1. Wanted to separate from Europe’s
troubles
B. Dawes Plan
1. Allies owed the U.S. $10 billion in
war debts they couldn’t pay until
Germany repaid them $33 billion
debt
2. France moved into Germany,
possibly threatening a new war

3. Dawes was sent to avert another
war. Got U.S. bankers to loan
Germany money to repay its debt,
so allies could repay the U.S.
4. Policy was to replace Europe’s
military dependence with big
business dependence
5. Only worked until the Great
Depression destroyed banking
industry

V. Brand-Kellogg Treaty
A. 14 Nations signed a treaty outlawing
war
B. Treaty declared war was illegal
1. Weakness was there was no
punishment if treaty was broken

VI. Scientific Management
A. Developed by Frederick Taylor
1. Taylor felt workers were lazy, sloppy
2. Felt efficiency could be measured to
improve productivity, raise wages &
profits
B. Time Study Analysis
1. Take a single task (welding a car frame)
2. Use a stop watch to time the person
- after several times, the average time
represents the standard time it takes
to weld a car together

3. After a year, Management saw what average
time was taken to do the task. If it was twice
the standard time, the worker was at 50%
efficiency
4. Aim was for 100% or better. If not improved
after a period of time, then firings, demotions
or new supervisors took over
5. Exceptions to improvement: When changes are
made to the product, or new workers are hired
C. Benefits of Scientific Management
1. Accountability, evaluation of talent, future cost
projections
2. The more you do something, usually you get
more accurate in less time

VI. Failures of the Republican policies
A. Crash came down during Hoover’s time due to
ignorance
1. When economy slowed in 1927, credit
should have been made more difficult to
get, but instead it was made easier
2. This would have created a mild
recession, instead of a sudden, hard
depression
B. Failure of Brand-Kellogg and League of
Nations to create punishments helped
Germany & Japan get aggressive & led to WWII


Slide 8

•

•

•

Became the nation’s largest
industry in 1920s.
10 million cars in U.S. in 1920, 26
million by 1929!
Assembly line started in 1913,
building 5 million cars/year by
1929.



Industry weakness: Those who buy a long
lasting item are out of the market for a few
years (fewer sales)

1920 Ford Model T Center Door Sedan










More Steel mills were needed
More Rubber Factories
More Glass Suppliers
Real Estate: Can now build homes outside the
cities in suburbs
Gas Stations replaced horse stables
Roads to be built








When automobile sales slow down so do all of
the other industries that supply them.
This causes a massive downturn in the
economy.
Jobs are lost in those other areas
This is why Auto industry helps drive the
economy (even today)



New industries appeared in the 1920s:
1. Electric Industry
a. Massive steam generators converted
coal to electricity (2/3 of all
Americans had electricity by 1929)
b. New Appliances: Washing Machines,
vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, ovens
c. These appliances led to more free time
- “chores” decreased, kids faced
boredom

2. Radio/Motion Pictures
a. In 1929 NBC became the 1st
successful radio network
- Amos N’ Andy was 1st famous
radio comedy (it featured
“blackface comedy”)
b. Allowed the spread of advertising
c. First talking movie in 1927: “The
Jazz Singer”, starring Al Jolson

3. Aluminum became a major business

4. Corporations grew, forcing out family
owned businesses
a. increasing dependence on mortgage
bankers like J.P. Morgan



Economic Weaknesses did occur
1. Decline in “traditional” industries
a. Railroads were poorly managed & hurt by the
new trucking industry
b. Coal Industry was being replaced by
natural gas & petroleum
c. Cotton declined due to rayon & synthetic
fibers
d. Agriculture was hardest hit of all
- farmers had expanded meat production
in WWI to feed the U.S. & Europe
- prices dropped after WWI. This hurt
farmers during 1920s. Later drought &
depression devastated them in 1930s.

2. Middle to Upper Class Prospered
a. Ended up with more money than
they could spend
b. Many ended up speculating heavily in the
stock market
- instead of investing in sound
markets
- idea was to get rich quick
c. 1920s was known as a time of plenty:
spend and not worry about the future

IV. Heroes of the Decade
1. Babe Ruth (home run king)
2. Jack Dempsey & Gene Tunney
(boxing legends)
3. Charles Lindberg (1st man to fly solo
across the Atlantic) – Spirit of St.
Louis
4. Rudolph Valentino – first major
Hollywood “Sex symbol”



A half-million blacks left the South for the North in
the 1920s
1. Higher paying jobs, left behind Southern farms
and sharecropping
2. Competed for jobs/housing with existing Northern
Whites
a. caused resentment
b. race riots erupted in 26 Northern cities
c. White media reported RUMORS of spreading
violence by Blacks – this increased
tensions/retaliation by Northern Whites

3. Migration also occurred due to blacks
being hired to replace striking whites
while unions formed
4. Marcus Garvey
a. founded “Back to Africa”
movement
b. Garvey felt Blacks couldn’t
compete with whites in America
c. Urged blacks to return to “mother
countries” in Africa to build strong
separate civilizations
d. “Black Pride” was started, gained
recognition

e. Garvey started the Black Star Line ships
to Africa
- B.S.L. failed
- Garvey was tried & convicted of
fraud by an all-white jury
- Many felt he was convicted mainly on
radical beliefs
- B.S.L. really failed due to
mismanagement, rather than fraud.
- served in jail from 1925-1927,
released and deported to Jamaica

5. Black Ghettos Today
a. Many were a result of the great
migration
b. Migrants were poor, moved into less
expensive city houses
c. Middle Class whites with cars moved to
the new suburbs
d. Inner city houses decayed with age & poor
couldn’t afford to move out – stuck there
e. Poor directly affected by economy, 1st to
lose jobs, no way out of their situation

6. The Harlem Renaissance
a. Many migrant Blacks settled in
Harlem, New York
- became the “Negro capital of the
world”
b. W.E.B. Du Bois and James Walden
Johnson became leaders of the
Harlem Renaissance
- was an expression of African
American writers who began
expressing their own identity and
anger at racism
- jazz music, rhythm & blues told stories of
racism/hard times : Louis Armstrong,
Duke Ellington



Sacco & Vanzetti Trial
1. Sacco & Vanzetti were immigrants who believed
in anarchy
2. They were tried and convicted of murder, based
on circumstantial evidence, not hard proof
3. Some felt they were convicted on their beliefs &
because they were immigrants
4. Executed in 1927. Later Names were cleared by
Governor Michael Dukakis in 1977.
5. Riots erupted after executions in U.S. & Europe



Palmer Raids
1.
2.
3.
4.

Palmer was President Wilson’s Attorney General
Palmer gathered information on radicals
Deported up to 600 immigrants (mostly to Soviet
Union) due to Communist fears
Most deported or arrested favored NON-Violent
radicalism, not Violent revolution



Feminism/Suffrage
1.

Women Suffrage
a. 19th Amendment Passed in 1920
b. 15th Amendment allowed all MEN to vote
c. Progressives helped push for women to vote to
help push through their reforms

d. Sheppard/Tower Act (1921) was 1st
Amendment to deal with Welfare reform
- assisted maternal & infant health care
- Child killers included: polio, diphtheria &
smallpox
e. Young Women Rebelled against Victorian
Constraints
- wore shorter dresses
- smoking/drinking in public for 1st time
- wild dancing, more promiscuous

2. Children/Teens
A. Kids no longer worked much thanks to progressive
reforms
B. More Time led to: Drinking, promiscuity, constant
search for excitement
C. More middle class attended school & given more
luxuries
D. Lower Class had more idle time
E. Gangs developed on city streets

3. Crime Increased
A. Due to Prohibition (18th Amendment in
1917)
- More middle/upper class were
willing to break laws for alcohol
B. Bootlegging became common
- Adult gangs developed: Al Capone

4. Prohibition
A. It was illegal to sell, drink, make or
transport more than 1% alcohol
B. Represented moral issues by
Progressives & Southerners who
migrated North
C. Law angered ethnic groups such as
Germans and Irish immigrants
D. Drinking did decline, but it was
repealed in 1933

1.

KKK Rebirth
a. KKK had only 34 members in 1914 – 5
million by 1925
b. The Red Scare helped to convince
many to join the KKK
c. KKK was a sanctuary to the
frightened & insecure

d. KKK gained political control of state governments
in Oklahoma & Texas
e. Hatred extended to Mexicans, Japanese, European
immigrants, Catholics, Jews, French Canadians,
Prostitutes and radical women in the 1920s
f. KKK felt all of those groups were beyond redemption

g. Similarities to the rise of Nazi’s in
Germany
h. KKK wanted “pure Americanism”
i. KKK fell quickly in the 1920s due to:
- clashes with the law
- scandals with sex/corruption
j. Racism remained and there would be no
major civil rights legislation until the
1960s

2. Immigration Restriction
a. 1924 National Origins Act
- created a “quota system”
- limited European immigrants to
150,000 per year
- based on fears of immigrants flooding
into the U.S. from a rebuilding Europe
- the law lasted into the 1960s
- Mexican immigrants were NOT restricted
and filled the need for unskilled workers

1. The Lost Generation
a. American writers who questioned why Materialism
ruled over intellectual, spiritual and artistic concerns
b. Writers moved to Europe and wrote pessimistically
of greed/emptiness of American lives in 1920s
- included: Ernest Hemingway, Gertrude Stein, F.
Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound,T.S. Elliot, Sinclair Lewis

2. Harlem Renaissance brought previously hidden
Black art, music & literature to the world
A. Rhythm & Blues music
- sounds of years of sorrow and struggle
B. Writers Claude McKay, Langston Hughes
- wrote about the Black struggle for
equality
C. Cultural Explosion
- marked by white & black authors who
were critical of mass production/wanting
a simpler lifestyle

3. Fundamentalist Controversy
A. Scopes Trial
- John Scopes was a Biology teacher
- Scopes taught theory of evolution,
which was against Tennessee law to
teach
- Prosecution used William Jennings
Bryan to testify, but contradicted by
taking Bible out of context after
saying it was a literal translation

- Scopes was found guilty, given a $100 fine
- Bryan was so hurt by trial that he died 6
days later
- Fundamentalism did survive despite the
trial

Famous Lawyers

John Scopes
High School Biology teacher

I. Warren G. Harding (President 19211923)
A. Republican candidate for
president in 1920. His slogan
was “back to normalcy”
B. Believed in importance of Big
Business
- supported by big business
leaders
C. Tried to have U.S. face calm after
WWI and Wilson’s Treaty failure

D. Teapot Dome Scandal
1. Two cabinet members took bribes
for big oil leases in Teapot Dome,
Wyoming.
2. Harding died of a stroke in 1923,
before scandals became public
3. He was a good man, surrounded
by corruption

II. Calvin Coolidge, (President 1923-1929)
A. “Silent Cal”, honest, integrity, a
friend of business
B. “The Business of America is
Business”
1. Believed big business must be
prosperous for America to prosper
2. This was popular strategy
throughout the 1920s
3. Chose not to run again in 1928

III. Herbert Hoover (President 1929-1933)
A. Self-made millionaire named “Wonder Boy”
B. Most intelligent President in the 1920s, served
as secretary of commerce under Harding and
Coolidge
C. Pushed for gov’t. regulations, but only
wanted volunteerism from businesses, not
having the gov’t. make it mandatory

IV. Republican Policies
A. Isolationism
1. Wanted to separate from Europe’s
troubles
B. Dawes Plan
1. Allies owed the U.S. $10 billion in
war debts they couldn’t pay until
Germany repaid them $33 billion
debt
2. France moved into Germany,
possibly threatening a new war

3. Dawes was sent to avert another
war. Got U.S. bankers to loan
Germany money to repay its debt,
so allies could repay the U.S.
4. Policy was to replace Europe’s
military dependence with big
business dependence
5. Only worked until the Great
Depression destroyed banking
industry

V. Brand-Kellogg Treaty
A. 14 Nations signed a treaty outlawing
war
B. Treaty declared war was illegal
1. Weakness was there was no
punishment if treaty was broken

VI. Scientific Management
A. Developed by Frederick Taylor
1. Taylor felt workers were lazy, sloppy
2. Felt efficiency could be measured to
improve productivity, raise wages &
profits
B. Time Study Analysis
1. Take a single task (welding a car frame)
2. Use a stop watch to time the person
- after several times, the average time
represents the standard time it takes
to weld a car together

3. After a year, Management saw what average
time was taken to do the task. If it was twice
the standard time, the worker was at 50%
efficiency
4. Aim was for 100% or better. If not improved
after a period of time, then firings, demotions
or new supervisors took over
5. Exceptions to improvement: When changes are
made to the product, or new workers are hired
C. Benefits of Scientific Management
1. Accountability, evaluation of talent, future cost
projections
2. The more you do something, usually you get
more accurate in less time

VI. Failures of the Republican policies
A. Crash came down during Hoover’s time due to
ignorance
1. When economy slowed in 1927, credit
should have been made more difficult to
get, but instead it was made easier
2. This would have created a mild
recession, instead of a sudden, hard
depression
B. Failure of Brand-Kellogg and League of
Nations to create punishments helped
Germany & Japan get aggressive & led to WWII


Slide 9

•

•

•

Became the nation’s largest
industry in 1920s.
10 million cars in U.S. in 1920, 26
million by 1929!
Assembly line started in 1913,
building 5 million cars/year by
1929.



Industry weakness: Those who buy a long
lasting item are out of the market for a few
years (fewer sales)

1920 Ford Model T Center Door Sedan










More Steel mills were needed
More Rubber Factories
More Glass Suppliers
Real Estate: Can now build homes outside the
cities in suburbs
Gas Stations replaced horse stables
Roads to be built








When automobile sales slow down so do all of
the other industries that supply them.
This causes a massive downturn in the
economy.
Jobs are lost in those other areas
This is why Auto industry helps drive the
economy (even today)



New industries appeared in the 1920s:
1. Electric Industry
a. Massive steam generators converted
coal to electricity (2/3 of all
Americans had electricity by 1929)
b. New Appliances: Washing Machines,
vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, ovens
c. These appliances led to more free time
- “chores” decreased, kids faced
boredom

2. Radio/Motion Pictures
a. In 1929 NBC became the 1st
successful radio network
- Amos N’ Andy was 1st famous
radio comedy (it featured
“blackface comedy”)
b. Allowed the spread of advertising
c. First talking movie in 1927: “The
Jazz Singer”, starring Al Jolson

3. Aluminum became a major business

4. Corporations grew, forcing out family
owned businesses
a. increasing dependence on mortgage
bankers like J.P. Morgan



Economic Weaknesses did occur
1. Decline in “traditional” industries
a. Railroads were poorly managed & hurt by the
new trucking industry
b. Coal Industry was being replaced by
natural gas & petroleum
c. Cotton declined due to rayon & synthetic
fibers
d. Agriculture was hardest hit of all
- farmers had expanded meat production
in WWI to feed the U.S. & Europe
- prices dropped after WWI. This hurt
farmers during 1920s. Later drought &
depression devastated them in 1930s.

2. Middle to Upper Class Prospered
a. Ended up with more money than
they could spend
b. Many ended up speculating heavily in the
stock market
- instead of investing in sound
markets
- idea was to get rich quick
c. 1920s was known as a time of plenty:
spend and not worry about the future

IV. Heroes of the Decade
1. Babe Ruth (home run king)
2. Jack Dempsey & Gene Tunney
(boxing legends)
3. Charles Lindberg (1st man to fly solo
across the Atlantic) – Spirit of St.
Louis
4. Rudolph Valentino – first major
Hollywood “Sex symbol”



A half-million blacks left the South for the North in
the 1920s
1. Higher paying jobs, left behind Southern farms
and sharecropping
2. Competed for jobs/housing with existing Northern
Whites
a. caused resentment
b. race riots erupted in 26 Northern cities
c. White media reported RUMORS of spreading
violence by Blacks – this increased
tensions/retaliation by Northern Whites

3. Migration also occurred due to blacks
being hired to replace striking whites
while unions formed
4. Marcus Garvey
a. founded “Back to Africa”
movement
b. Garvey felt Blacks couldn’t
compete with whites in America
c. Urged blacks to return to “mother
countries” in Africa to build strong
separate civilizations
d. “Black Pride” was started, gained
recognition

e. Garvey started the Black Star Line ships
to Africa
- B.S.L. failed
- Garvey was tried & convicted of
fraud by an all-white jury
- Many felt he was convicted mainly on
radical beliefs
- B.S.L. really failed due to
mismanagement, rather than fraud.
- served in jail from 1925-1927,
released and deported to Jamaica

5. Black Ghettos Today
a. Many were a result of the great
migration
b. Migrants were poor, moved into less
expensive city houses
c. Middle Class whites with cars moved to
the new suburbs
d. Inner city houses decayed with age & poor
couldn’t afford to move out – stuck there
e. Poor directly affected by economy, 1st to
lose jobs, no way out of their situation

6. The Harlem Renaissance
a. Many migrant Blacks settled in
Harlem, New York
- became the “Negro capital of the
world”
b. W.E.B. Du Bois and James Walden
Johnson became leaders of the
Harlem Renaissance
- was an expression of African
American writers who began
expressing their own identity and
anger at racism
- jazz music, rhythm & blues told stories of
racism/hard times : Louis Armstrong,
Duke Ellington



Sacco & Vanzetti Trial
1. Sacco & Vanzetti were immigrants who believed
in anarchy
2. They were tried and convicted of murder, based
on circumstantial evidence, not hard proof
3. Some felt they were convicted on their beliefs &
because they were immigrants
4. Executed in 1927. Later Names were cleared by
Governor Michael Dukakis in 1977.
5. Riots erupted after executions in U.S. & Europe



Palmer Raids
1.
2.
3.
4.

Palmer was President Wilson’s Attorney General
Palmer gathered information on radicals
Deported up to 600 immigrants (mostly to Soviet
Union) due to Communist fears
Most deported or arrested favored NON-Violent
radicalism, not Violent revolution



Feminism/Suffrage
1.

Women Suffrage
a. 19th Amendment Passed in 1920
b. 15th Amendment allowed all MEN to vote
c. Progressives helped push for women to vote to
help push through their reforms

d. Sheppard/Tower Act (1921) was 1st
Amendment to deal with Welfare reform
- assisted maternal & infant health care
- Child killers included: polio, diphtheria &
smallpox
e. Young Women Rebelled against Victorian
Constraints
- wore shorter dresses
- smoking/drinking in public for 1st time
- wild dancing, more promiscuous

2. Children/Teens
A. Kids no longer worked much thanks to progressive
reforms
B. More Time led to: Drinking, promiscuity, constant
search for excitement
C. More middle class attended school & given more
luxuries
D. Lower Class had more idle time
E. Gangs developed on city streets

3. Crime Increased
A. Due to Prohibition (18th Amendment in
1917)
- More middle/upper class were
willing to break laws for alcohol
B. Bootlegging became common
- Adult gangs developed: Al Capone

4. Prohibition
A. It was illegal to sell, drink, make or
transport more than 1% alcohol
B. Represented moral issues by
Progressives & Southerners who
migrated North
C. Law angered ethnic groups such as
Germans and Irish immigrants
D. Drinking did decline, but it was
repealed in 1933

1.

KKK Rebirth
a. KKK had only 34 members in 1914 – 5
million by 1925
b. The Red Scare helped to convince
many to join the KKK
c. KKK was a sanctuary to the
frightened & insecure

d. KKK gained political control of state governments
in Oklahoma & Texas
e. Hatred extended to Mexicans, Japanese, European
immigrants, Catholics, Jews, French Canadians,
Prostitutes and radical women in the 1920s
f. KKK felt all of those groups were beyond redemption

g. Similarities to the rise of Nazi’s in
Germany
h. KKK wanted “pure Americanism”
i. KKK fell quickly in the 1920s due to:
- clashes with the law
- scandals with sex/corruption
j. Racism remained and there would be no
major civil rights legislation until the
1960s

2. Immigration Restriction
a. 1924 National Origins Act
- created a “quota system”
- limited European immigrants to
150,000 per year
- based on fears of immigrants flooding
into the U.S. from a rebuilding Europe
- the law lasted into the 1960s
- Mexican immigrants were NOT restricted
and filled the need for unskilled workers

1. The Lost Generation
a. American writers who questioned why Materialism
ruled over intellectual, spiritual and artistic concerns
b. Writers moved to Europe and wrote pessimistically
of greed/emptiness of American lives in 1920s
- included: Ernest Hemingway, Gertrude Stein, F.
Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound,T.S. Elliot, Sinclair Lewis

2. Harlem Renaissance brought previously hidden
Black art, music & literature to the world
A. Rhythm & Blues music
- sounds of years of sorrow and struggle
B. Writers Claude McKay, Langston Hughes
- wrote about the Black struggle for
equality
C. Cultural Explosion
- marked by white & black authors who
were critical of mass production/wanting
a simpler lifestyle

3. Fundamentalist Controversy
A. Scopes Trial
- John Scopes was a Biology teacher
- Scopes taught theory of evolution,
which was against Tennessee law to
teach
- Prosecution used William Jennings
Bryan to testify, but contradicted by
taking Bible out of context after
saying it was a literal translation

- Scopes was found guilty, given a $100 fine
- Bryan was so hurt by trial that he died 6
days later
- Fundamentalism did survive despite the
trial

Famous Lawyers

John Scopes
High School Biology teacher

I. Warren G. Harding (President 19211923)
A. Republican candidate for
president in 1920. His slogan
was “back to normalcy”
B. Believed in importance of Big
Business
- supported by big business
leaders
C. Tried to have U.S. face calm after
WWI and Wilson’s Treaty failure

D. Teapot Dome Scandal
1. Two cabinet members took bribes
for big oil leases in Teapot Dome,
Wyoming.
2. Harding died of a stroke in 1923,
before scandals became public
3. He was a good man, surrounded
by corruption

II. Calvin Coolidge, (President 1923-1929)
A. “Silent Cal”, honest, integrity, a
friend of business
B. “The Business of America is
Business”
1. Believed big business must be
prosperous for America to prosper
2. This was popular strategy
throughout the 1920s
3. Chose not to run again in 1928

III. Herbert Hoover (President 1929-1933)
A. Self-made millionaire named “Wonder Boy”
B. Most intelligent President in the 1920s, served
as secretary of commerce under Harding and
Coolidge
C. Pushed for gov’t. regulations, but only
wanted volunteerism from businesses, not
having the gov’t. make it mandatory

IV. Republican Policies
A. Isolationism
1. Wanted to separate from Europe’s
troubles
B. Dawes Plan
1. Allies owed the U.S. $10 billion in
war debts they couldn’t pay until
Germany repaid them $33 billion
debt
2. France moved into Germany,
possibly threatening a new war

3. Dawes was sent to avert another
war. Got U.S. bankers to loan
Germany money to repay its debt,
so allies could repay the U.S.
4. Policy was to replace Europe’s
military dependence with big
business dependence
5. Only worked until the Great
Depression destroyed banking
industry

V. Brand-Kellogg Treaty
A. 14 Nations signed a treaty outlawing
war
B. Treaty declared war was illegal
1. Weakness was there was no
punishment if treaty was broken

VI. Scientific Management
A. Developed by Frederick Taylor
1. Taylor felt workers were lazy, sloppy
2. Felt efficiency could be measured to
improve productivity, raise wages &
profits
B. Time Study Analysis
1. Take a single task (welding a car frame)
2. Use a stop watch to time the person
- after several times, the average time
represents the standard time it takes
to weld a car together

3. After a year, Management saw what average
time was taken to do the task. If it was twice
the standard time, the worker was at 50%
efficiency
4. Aim was for 100% or better. If not improved
after a period of time, then firings, demotions
or new supervisors took over
5. Exceptions to improvement: When changes are
made to the product, or new workers are hired
C. Benefits of Scientific Management
1. Accountability, evaluation of talent, future cost
projections
2. The more you do something, usually you get
more accurate in less time

VI. Failures of the Republican policies
A. Crash came down during Hoover’s time due to
ignorance
1. When economy slowed in 1927, credit
should have been made more difficult to
get, but instead it was made easier
2. This would have created a mild
recession, instead of a sudden, hard
depression
B. Failure of Brand-Kellogg and League of
Nations to create punishments helped
Germany & Japan get aggressive & led to WWII


Slide 10

•

•

•

Became the nation’s largest
industry in 1920s.
10 million cars in U.S. in 1920, 26
million by 1929!
Assembly line started in 1913,
building 5 million cars/year by
1929.



Industry weakness: Those who buy a long
lasting item are out of the market for a few
years (fewer sales)

1920 Ford Model T Center Door Sedan










More Steel mills were needed
More Rubber Factories
More Glass Suppliers
Real Estate: Can now build homes outside the
cities in suburbs
Gas Stations replaced horse stables
Roads to be built








When automobile sales slow down so do all of
the other industries that supply them.
This causes a massive downturn in the
economy.
Jobs are lost in those other areas
This is why Auto industry helps drive the
economy (even today)



New industries appeared in the 1920s:
1. Electric Industry
a. Massive steam generators converted
coal to electricity (2/3 of all
Americans had electricity by 1929)
b. New Appliances: Washing Machines,
vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, ovens
c. These appliances led to more free time
- “chores” decreased, kids faced
boredom

2. Radio/Motion Pictures
a. In 1929 NBC became the 1st
successful radio network
- Amos N’ Andy was 1st famous
radio comedy (it featured
“blackface comedy”)
b. Allowed the spread of advertising
c. First talking movie in 1927: “The
Jazz Singer”, starring Al Jolson

3. Aluminum became a major business

4. Corporations grew, forcing out family
owned businesses
a. increasing dependence on mortgage
bankers like J.P. Morgan



Economic Weaknesses did occur
1. Decline in “traditional” industries
a. Railroads were poorly managed & hurt by the
new trucking industry
b. Coal Industry was being replaced by
natural gas & petroleum
c. Cotton declined due to rayon & synthetic
fibers
d. Agriculture was hardest hit of all
- farmers had expanded meat production
in WWI to feed the U.S. & Europe
- prices dropped after WWI. This hurt
farmers during 1920s. Later drought &
depression devastated them in 1930s.

2. Middle to Upper Class Prospered
a. Ended up with more money than
they could spend
b. Many ended up speculating heavily in the
stock market
- instead of investing in sound
markets
- idea was to get rich quick
c. 1920s was known as a time of plenty:
spend and not worry about the future

IV. Heroes of the Decade
1. Babe Ruth (home run king)
2. Jack Dempsey & Gene Tunney
(boxing legends)
3. Charles Lindberg (1st man to fly solo
across the Atlantic) – Spirit of St.
Louis
4. Rudolph Valentino – first major
Hollywood “Sex symbol”



A half-million blacks left the South for the North in
the 1920s
1. Higher paying jobs, left behind Southern farms
and sharecropping
2. Competed for jobs/housing with existing Northern
Whites
a. caused resentment
b. race riots erupted in 26 Northern cities
c. White media reported RUMORS of spreading
violence by Blacks – this increased
tensions/retaliation by Northern Whites

3. Migration also occurred due to blacks
being hired to replace striking whites
while unions formed
4. Marcus Garvey
a. founded “Back to Africa”
movement
b. Garvey felt Blacks couldn’t
compete with whites in America
c. Urged blacks to return to “mother
countries” in Africa to build strong
separate civilizations
d. “Black Pride” was started, gained
recognition

e. Garvey started the Black Star Line ships
to Africa
- B.S.L. failed
- Garvey was tried & convicted of
fraud by an all-white jury
- Many felt he was convicted mainly on
radical beliefs
- B.S.L. really failed due to
mismanagement, rather than fraud.
- served in jail from 1925-1927,
released and deported to Jamaica

5. Black Ghettos Today
a. Many were a result of the great
migration
b. Migrants were poor, moved into less
expensive city houses
c. Middle Class whites with cars moved to
the new suburbs
d. Inner city houses decayed with age & poor
couldn’t afford to move out – stuck there
e. Poor directly affected by economy, 1st to
lose jobs, no way out of their situation

6. The Harlem Renaissance
a. Many migrant Blacks settled in
Harlem, New York
- became the “Negro capital of the
world”
b. W.E.B. Du Bois and James Walden
Johnson became leaders of the
Harlem Renaissance
- was an expression of African
American writers who began
expressing their own identity and
anger at racism
- jazz music, rhythm & blues told stories of
racism/hard times : Louis Armstrong,
Duke Ellington



Sacco & Vanzetti Trial
1. Sacco & Vanzetti were immigrants who believed
in anarchy
2. They were tried and convicted of murder, based
on circumstantial evidence, not hard proof
3. Some felt they were convicted on their beliefs &
because they were immigrants
4. Executed in 1927. Later Names were cleared by
Governor Michael Dukakis in 1977.
5. Riots erupted after executions in U.S. & Europe



Palmer Raids
1.
2.
3.
4.

Palmer was President Wilson’s Attorney General
Palmer gathered information on radicals
Deported up to 600 immigrants (mostly to Soviet
Union) due to Communist fears
Most deported or arrested favored NON-Violent
radicalism, not Violent revolution



Feminism/Suffrage
1.

Women Suffrage
a. 19th Amendment Passed in 1920
b. 15th Amendment allowed all MEN to vote
c. Progressives helped push for women to vote to
help push through their reforms

d. Sheppard/Tower Act (1921) was 1st
Amendment to deal with Welfare reform
- assisted maternal & infant health care
- Child killers included: polio, diphtheria &
smallpox
e. Young Women Rebelled against Victorian
Constraints
- wore shorter dresses
- smoking/drinking in public for 1st time
- wild dancing, more promiscuous

2. Children/Teens
A. Kids no longer worked much thanks to progressive
reforms
B. More Time led to: Drinking, promiscuity, constant
search for excitement
C. More middle class attended school & given more
luxuries
D. Lower Class had more idle time
E. Gangs developed on city streets

3. Crime Increased
A. Due to Prohibition (18th Amendment in
1917)
- More middle/upper class were
willing to break laws for alcohol
B. Bootlegging became common
- Adult gangs developed: Al Capone

4. Prohibition
A. It was illegal to sell, drink, make or
transport more than 1% alcohol
B. Represented moral issues by
Progressives & Southerners who
migrated North
C. Law angered ethnic groups such as
Germans and Irish immigrants
D. Drinking did decline, but it was
repealed in 1933

1.

KKK Rebirth
a. KKK had only 34 members in 1914 – 5
million by 1925
b. The Red Scare helped to convince
many to join the KKK
c. KKK was a sanctuary to the
frightened & insecure

d. KKK gained political control of state governments
in Oklahoma & Texas
e. Hatred extended to Mexicans, Japanese, European
immigrants, Catholics, Jews, French Canadians,
Prostitutes and radical women in the 1920s
f. KKK felt all of those groups were beyond redemption

g. Similarities to the rise of Nazi’s in
Germany
h. KKK wanted “pure Americanism”
i. KKK fell quickly in the 1920s due to:
- clashes with the law
- scandals with sex/corruption
j. Racism remained and there would be no
major civil rights legislation until the
1960s

2. Immigration Restriction
a. 1924 National Origins Act
- created a “quota system”
- limited European immigrants to
150,000 per year
- based on fears of immigrants flooding
into the U.S. from a rebuilding Europe
- the law lasted into the 1960s
- Mexican immigrants were NOT restricted
and filled the need for unskilled workers

1. The Lost Generation
a. American writers who questioned why Materialism
ruled over intellectual, spiritual and artistic concerns
b. Writers moved to Europe and wrote pessimistically
of greed/emptiness of American lives in 1920s
- included: Ernest Hemingway, Gertrude Stein, F.
Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound,T.S. Elliot, Sinclair Lewis

2. Harlem Renaissance brought previously hidden
Black art, music & literature to the world
A. Rhythm & Blues music
- sounds of years of sorrow and struggle
B. Writers Claude McKay, Langston Hughes
- wrote about the Black struggle for
equality
C. Cultural Explosion
- marked by white & black authors who
were critical of mass production/wanting
a simpler lifestyle

3. Fundamentalist Controversy
A. Scopes Trial
- John Scopes was a Biology teacher
- Scopes taught theory of evolution,
which was against Tennessee law to
teach
- Prosecution used William Jennings
Bryan to testify, but contradicted by
taking Bible out of context after
saying it was a literal translation

- Scopes was found guilty, given a $100 fine
- Bryan was so hurt by trial that he died 6
days later
- Fundamentalism did survive despite the
trial

Famous Lawyers

John Scopes
High School Biology teacher

I. Warren G. Harding (President 19211923)
A. Republican candidate for
president in 1920. His slogan
was “back to normalcy”
B. Believed in importance of Big
Business
- supported by big business
leaders
C. Tried to have U.S. face calm after
WWI and Wilson’s Treaty failure

D. Teapot Dome Scandal
1. Two cabinet members took bribes
for big oil leases in Teapot Dome,
Wyoming.
2. Harding died of a stroke in 1923,
before scandals became public
3. He was a good man, surrounded
by corruption

II. Calvin Coolidge, (President 1923-1929)
A. “Silent Cal”, honest, integrity, a
friend of business
B. “The Business of America is
Business”
1. Believed big business must be
prosperous for America to prosper
2. This was popular strategy
throughout the 1920s
3. Chose not to run again in 1928

III. Herbert Hoover (President 1929-1933)
A. Self-made millionaire named “Wonder Boy”
B. Most intelligent President in the 1920s, served
as secretary of commerce under Harding and
Coolidge
C. Pushed for gov’t. regulations, but only
wanted volunteerism from businesses, not
having the gov’t. make it mandatory

IV. Republican Policies
A. Isolationism
1. Wanted to separate from Europe’s
troubles
B. Dawes Plan
1. Allies owed the U.S. $10 billion in
war debts they couldn’t pay until
Germany repaid them $33 billion
debt
2. France moved into Germany,
possibly threatening a new war

3. Dawes was sent to avert another
war. Got U.S. bankers to loan
Germany money to repay its debt,
so allies could repay the U.S.
4. Policy was to replace Europe’s
military dependence with big
business dependence
5. Only worked until the Great
Depression destroyed banking
industry

V. Brand-Kellogg Treaty
A. 14 Nations signed a treaty outlawing
war
B. Treaty declared war was illegal
1. Weakness was there was no
punishment if treaty was broken

VI. Scientific Management
A. Developed by Frederick Taylor
1. Taylor felt workers were lazy, sloppy
2. Felt efficiency could be measured to
improve productivity, raise wages &
profits
B. Time Study Analysis
1. Take a single task (welding a car frame)
2. Use a stop watch to time the person
- after several times, the average time
represents the standard time it takes
to weld a car together

3. After a year, Management saw what average
time was taken to do the task. If it was twice
the standard time, the worker was at 50%
efficiency
4. Aim was for 100% or better. If not improved
after a period of time, then firings, demotions
or new supervisors took over
5. Exceptions to improvement: When changes are
made to the product, or new workers are hired
C. Benefits of Scientific Management
1. Accountability, evaluation of talent, future cost
projections
2. The more you do something, usually you get
more accurate in less time

VI. Failures of the Republican policies
A. Crash came down during Hoover’s time due to
ignorance
1. When economy slowed in 1927, credit
should have been made more difficult to
get, but instead it was made easier
2. This would have created a mild
recession, instead of a sudden, hard
depression
B. Failure of Brand-Kellogg and League of
Nations to create punishments helped
Germany & Japan get aggressive & led to WWII


Slide 11

•

•

•

Became the nation’s largest
industry in 1920s.
10 million cars in U.S. in 1920, 26
million by 1929!
Assembly line started in 1913,
building 5 million cars/year by
1929.



Industry weakness: Those who buy a long
lasting item are out of the market for a few
years (fewer sales)

1920 Ford Model T Center Door Sedan










More Steel mills were needed
More Rubber Factories
More Glass Suppliers
Real Estate: Can now build homes outside the
cities in suburbs
Gas Stations replaced horse stables
Roads to be built








When automobile sales slow down so do all of
the other industries that supply them.
This causes a massive downturn in the
economy.
Jobs are lost in those other areas
This is why Auto industry helps drive the
economy (even today)



New industries appeared in the 1920s:
1. Electric Industry
a. Massive steam generators converted
coal to electricity (2/3 of all
Americans had electricity by 1929)
b. New Appliances: Washing Machines,
vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, ovens
c. These appliances led to more free time
- “chores” decreased, kids faced
boredom

2. Radio/Motion Pictures
a. In 1929 NBC became the 1st
successful radio network
- Amos N’ Andy was 1st famous
radio comedy (it featured
“blackface comedy”)
b. Allowed the spread of advertising
c. First talking movie in 1927: “The
Jazz Singer”, starring Al Jolson

3. Aluminum became a major business

4. Corporations grew, forcing out family
owned businesses
a. increasing dependence on mortgage
bankers like J.P. Morgan



Economic Weaknesses did occur
1. Decline in “traditional” industries
a. Railroads were poorly managed & hurt by the
new trucking industry
b. Coal Industry was being replaced by
natural gas & petroleum
c. Cotton declined due to rayon & synthetic
fibers
d. Agriculture was hardest hit of all
- farmers had expanded meat production
in WWI to feed the U.S. & Europe
- prices dropped after WWI. This hurt
farmers during 1920s. Later drought &
depression devastated them in 1930s.

2. Middle to Upper Class Prospered
a. Ended up with more money than
they could spend
b. Many ended up speculating heavily in the
stock market
- instead of investing in sound
markets
- idea was to get rich quick
c. 1920s was known as a time of plenty:
spend and not worry about the future

IV. Heroes of the Decade
1. Babe Ruth (home run king)
2. Jack Dempsey & Gene Tunney
(boxing legends)
3. Charles Lindberg (1st man to fly solo
across the Atlantic) – Spirit of St.
Louis
4. Rudolph Valentino – first major
Hollywood “Sex symbol”



A half-million blacks left the South for the North in
the 1920s
1. Higher paying jobs, left behind Southern farms
and sharecropping
2. Competed for jobs/housing with existing Northern
Whites
a. caused resentment
b. race riots erupted in 26 Northern cities
c. White media reported RUMORS of spreading
violence by Blacks – this increased
tensions/retaliation by Northern Whites

3. Migration also occurred due to blacks
being hired to replace striking whites
while unions formed
4. Marcus Garvey
a. founded “Back to Africa”
movement
b. Garvey felt Blacks couldn’t
compete with whites in America
c. Urged blacks to return to “mother
countries” in Africa to build strong
separate civilizations
d. “Black Pride” was started, gained
recognition

e. Garvey started the Black Star Line ships
to Africa
- B.S.L. failed
- Garvey was tried & convicted of
fraud by an all-white jury
- Many felt he was convicted mainly on
radical beliefs
- B.S.L. really failed due to
mismanagement, rather than fraud.
- served in jail from 1925-1927,
released and deported to Jamaica

5. Black Ghettos Today
a. Many were a result of the great
migration
b. Migrants were poor, moved into less
expensive city houses
c. Middle Class whites with cars moved to
the new suburbs
d. Inner city houses decayed with age & poor
couldn’t afford to move out – stuck there
e. Poor directly affected by economy, 1st to
lose jobs, no way out of their situation

6. The Harlem Renaissance
a. Many migrant Blacks settled in
Harlem, New York
- became the “Negro capital of the
world”
b. W.E.B. Du Bois and James Walden
Johnson became leaders of the
Harlem Renaissance
- was an expression of African
American writers who began
expressing their own identity and
anger at racism
- jazz music, rhythm & blues told stories of
racism/hard times : Louis Armstrong,
Duke Ellington



Sacco & Vanzetti Trial
1. Sacco & Vanzetti were immigrants who believed
in anarchy
2. They were tried and convicted of murder, based
on circumstantial evidence, not hard proof
3. Some felt they were convicted on their beliefs &
because they were immigrants
4. Executed in 1927. Later Names were cleared by
Governor Michael Dukakis in 1977.
5. Riots erupted after executions in U.S. & Europe



Palmer Raids
1.
2.
3.
4.

Palmer was President Wilson’s Attorney General
Palmer gathered information on radicals
Deported up to 600 immigrants (mostly to Soviet
Union) due to Communist fears
Most deported or arrested favored NON-Violent
radicalism, not Violent revolution



Feminism/Suffrage
1.

Women Suffrage
a. 19th Amendment Passed in 1920
b. 15th Amendment allowed all MEN to vote
c. Progressives helped push for women to vote to
help push through their reforms

d. Sheppard/Tower Act (1921) was 1st
Amendment to deal with Welfare reform
- assisted maternal & infant health care
- Child killers included: polio, diphtheria &
smallpox
e. Young Women Rebelled against Victorian
Constraints
- wore shorter dresses
- smoking/drinking in public for 1st time
- wild dancing, more promiscuous

2. Children/Teens
A. Kids no longer worked much thanks to progressive
reforms
B. More Time led to: Drinking, promiscuity, constant
search for excitement
C. More middle class attended school & given more
luxuries
D. Lower Class had more idle time
E. Gangs developed on city streets

3. Crime Increased
A. Due to Prohibition (18th Amendment in
1917)
- More middle/upper class were
willing to break laws for alcohol
B. Bootlegging became common
- Adult gangs developed: Al Capone

4. Prohibition
A. It was illegal to sell, drink, make or
transport more than 1% alcohol
B. Represented moral issues by
Progressives & Southerners who
migrated North
C. Law angered ethnic groups such as
Germans and Irish immigrants
D. Drinking did decline, but it was
repealed in 1933

1.

KKK Rebirth
a. KKK had only 34 members in 1914 – 5
million by 1925
b. The Red Scare helped to convince
many to join the KKK
c. KKK was a sanctuary to the
frightened & insecure

d. KKK gained political control of state governments
in Oklahoma & Texas
e. Hatred extended to Mexicans, Japanese, European
immigrants, Catholics, Jews, French Canadians,
Prostitutes and radical women in the 1920s
f. KKK felt all of those groups were beyond redemption

g. Similarities to the rise of Nazi’s in
Germany
h. KKK wanted “pure Americanism”
i. KKK fell quickly in the 1920s due to:
- clashes with the law
- scandals with sex/corruption
j. Racism remained and there would be no
major civil rights legislation until the
1960s

2. Immigration Restriction
a. 1924 National Origins Act
- created a “quota system”
- limited European immigrants to
150,000 per year
- based on fears of immigrants flooding
into the U.S. from a rebuilding Europe
- the law lasted into the 1960s
- Mexican immigrants were NOT restricted
and filled the need for unskilled workers

1. The Lost Generation
a. American writers who questioned why Materialism
ruled over intellectual, spiritual and artistic concerns
b. Writers moved to Europe and wrote pessimistically
of greed/emptiness of American lives in 1920s
- included: Ernest Hemingway, Gertrude Stein, F.
Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound,T.S. Elliot, Sinclair Lewis

2. Harlem Renaissance brought previously hidden
Black art, music & literature to the world
A. Rhythm & Blues music
- sounds of years of sorrow and struggle
B. Writers Claude McKay, Langston Hughes
- wrote about the Black struggle for
equality
C. Cultural Explosion
- marked by white & black authors who
were critical of mass production/wanting
a simpler lifestyle

3. Fundamentalist Controversy
A. Scopes Trial
- John Scopes was a Biology teacher
- Scopes taught theory of evolution,
which was against Tennessee law to
teach
- Prosecution used William Jennings
Bryan to testify, but contradicted by
taking Bible out of context after
saying it was a literal translation

- Scopes was found guilty, given a $100 fine
- Bryan was so hurt by trial that he died 6
days later
- Fundamentalism did survive despite the
trial

Famous Lawyers

John Scopes
High School Biology teacher

I. Warren G. Harding (President 19211923)
A. Republican candidate for
president in 1920. His slogan
was “back to normalcy”
B. Believed in importance of Big
Business
- supported by big business
leaders
C. Tried to have U.S. face calm after
WWI and Wilson’s Treaty failure

D. Teapot Dome Scandal
1. Two cabinet members took bribes
for big oil leases in Teapot Dome,
Wyoming.
2. Harding died of a stroke in 1923,
before scandals became public
3. He was a good man, surrounded
by corruption

II. Calvin Coolidge, (President 1923-1929)
A. “Silent Cal”, honest, integrity, a
friend of business
B. “The Business of America is
Business”
1. Believed big business must be
prosperous for America to prosper
2. This was popular strategy
throughout the 1920s
3. Chose not to run again in 1928

III. Herbert Hoover (President 1929-1933)
A. Self-made millionaire named “Wonder Boy”
B. Most intelligent President in the 1920s, served
as secretary of commerce under Harding and
Coolidge
C. Pushed for gov’t. regulations, but only
wanted volunteerism from businesses, not
having the gov’t. make it mandatory

IV. Republican Policies
A. Isolationism
1. Wanted to separate from Europe’s
troubles
B. Dawes Plan
1. Allies owed the U.S. $10 billion in
war debts they couldn’t pay until
Germany repaid them $33 billion
debt
2. France moved into Germany,
possibly threatening a new war

3. Dawes was sent to avert another
war. Got U.S. bankers to loan
Germany money to repay its debt,
so allies could repay the U.S.
4. Policy was to replace Europe’s
military dependence with big
business dependence
5. Only worked until the Great
Depression destroyed banking
industry

V. Brand-Kellogg Treaty
A. 14 Nations signed a treaty outlawing
war
B. Treaty declared war was illegal
1. Weakness was there was no
punishment if treaty was broken

VI. Scientific Management
A. Developed by Frederick Taylor
1. Taylor felt workers were lazy, sloppy
2. Felt efficiency could be measured to
improve productivity, raise wages &
profits
B. Time Study Analysis
1. Take a single task (welding a car frame)
2. Use a stop watch to time the person
- after several times, the average time
represents the standard time it takes
to weld a car together

3. After a year, Management saw what average
time was taken to do the task. If it was twice
the standard time, the worker was at 50%
efficiency
4. Aim was for 100% or better. If not improved
after a period of time, then firings, demotions
or new supervisors took over
5. Exceptions to improvement: When changes are
made to the product, or new workers are hired
C. Benefits of Scientific Management
1. Accountability, evaluation of talent, future cost
projections
2. The more you do something, usually you get
more accurate in less time

VI. Failures of the Republican policies
A. Crash came down during Hoover’s time due to
ignorance
1. When economy slowed in 1927, credit
should have been made more difficult to
get, but instead it was made easier
2. This would have created a mild
recession, instead of a sudden, hard
depression
B. Failure of Brand-Kellogg and League of
Nations to create punishments helped
Germany & Japan get aggressive & led to WWII


Slide 12

•

•

•

Became the nation’s largest
industry in 1920s.
10 million cars in U.S. in 1920, 26
million by 1929!
Assembly line started in 1913,
building 5 million cars/year by
1929.



Industry weakness: Those who buy a long
lasting item are out of the market for a few
years (fewer sales)

1920 Ford Model T Center Door Sedan










More Steel mills were needed
More Rubber Factories
More Glass Suppliers
Real Estate: Can now build homes outside the
cities in suburbs
Gas Stations replaced horse stables
Roads to be built








When automobile sales slow down so do all of
the other industries that supply them.
This causes a massive downturn in the
economy.
Jobs are lost in those other areas
This is why Auto industry helps drive the
economy (even today)



New industries appeared in the 1920s:
1. Electric Industry
a. Massive steam generators converted
coal to electricity (2/3 of all
Americans had electricity by 1929)
b. New Appliances: Washing Machines,
vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, ovens
c. These appliances led to more free time
- “chores” decreased, kids faced
boredom

2. Radio/Motion Pictures
a. In 1929 NBC became the 1st
successful radio network
- Amos N’ Andy was 1st famous
radio comedy (it featured
“blackface comedy”)
b. Allowed the spread of advertising
c. First talking movie in 1927: “The
Jazz Singer”, starring Al Jolson

3. Aluminum became a major business

4. Corporations grew, forcing out family
owned businesses
a. increasing dependence on mortgage
bankers like J.P. Morgan



Economic Weaknesses did occur
1. Decline in “traditional” industries
a. Railroads were poorly managed & hurt by the
new trucking industry
b. Coal Industry was being replaced by
natural gas & petroleum
c. Cotton declined due to rayon & synthetic
fibers
d. Agriculture was hardest hit of all
- farmers had expanded meat production
in WWI to feed the U.S. & Europe
- prices dropped after WWI. This hurt
farmers during 1920s. Later drought &
depression devastated them in 1930s.

2. Middle to Upper Class Prospered
a. Ended up with more money than
they could spend
b. Many ended up speculating heavily in the
stock market
- instead of investing in sound
markets
- idea was to get rich quick
c. 1920s was known as a time of plenty:
spend and not worry about the future

IV. Heroes of the Decade
1. Babe Ruth (home run king)
2. Jack Dempsey & Gene Tunney
(boxing legends)
3. Charles Lindberg (1st man to fly solo
across the Atlantic) – Spirit of St.
Louis
4. Rudolph Valentino – first major
Hollywood “Sex symbol”



A half-million blacks left the South for the North in
the 1920s
1. Higher paying jobs, left behind Southern farms
and sharecropping
2. Competed for jobs/housing with existing Northern
Whites
a. caused resentment
b. race riots erupted in 26 Northern cities
c. White media reported RUMORS of spreading
violence by Blacks – this increased
tensions/retaliation by Northern Whites

3. Migration also occurred due to blacks
being hired to replace striking whites
while unions formed
4. Marcus Garvey
a. founded “Back to Africa”
movement
b. Garvey felt Blacks couldn’t
compete with whites in America
c. Urged blacks to return to “mother
countries” in Africa to build strong
separate civilizations
d. “Black Pride” was started, gained
recognition

e. Garvey started the Black Star Line ships
to Africa
- B.S.L. failed
- Garvey was tried & convicted of
fraud by an all-white jury
- Many felt he was convicted mainly on
radical beliefs
- B.S.L. really failed due to
mismanagement, rather than fraud.
- served in jail from 1925-1927,
released and deported to Jamaica

5. Black Ghettos Today
a. Many were a result of the great
migration
b. Migrants were poor, moved into less
expensive city houses
c. Middle Class whites with cars moved to
the new suburbs
d. Inner city houses decayed with age & poor
couldn’t afford to move out – stuck there
e. Poor directly affected by economy, 1st to
lose jobs, no way out of their situation

6. The Harlem Renaissance
a. Many migrant Blacks settled in
Harlem, New York
- became the “Negro capital of the
world”
b. W.E.B. Du Bois and James Walden
Johnson became leaders of the
Harlem Renaissance
- was an expression of African
American writers who began
expressing their own identity and
anger at racism
- jazz music, rhythm & blues told stories of
racism/hard times : Louis Armstrong,
Duke Ellington



Sacco & Vanzetti Trial
1. Sacco & Vanzetti were immigrants who believed
in anarchy
2. They were tried and convicted of murder, based
on circumstantial evidence, not hard proof
3. Some felt they were convicted on their beliefs &
because they were immigrants
4. Executed in 1927. Later Names were cleared by
Governor Michael Dukakis in 1977.
5. Riots erupted after executions in U.S. & Europe



Palmer Raids
1.
2.
3.
4.

Palmer was President Wilson’s Attorney General
Palmer gathered information on radicals
Deported up to 600 immigrants (mostly to Soviet
Union) due to Communist fears
Most deported or arrested favored NON-Violent
radicalism, not Violent revolution



Feminism/Suffrage
1.

Women Suffrage
a. 19th Amendment Passed in 1920
b. 15th Amendment allowed all MEN to vote
c. Progressives helped push for women to vote to
help push through their reforms

d. Sheppard/Tower Act (1921) was 1st
Amendment to deal with Welfare reform
- assisted maternal & infant health care
- Child killers included: polio, diphtheria &
smallpox
e. Young Women Rebelled against Victorian
Constraints
- wore shorter dresses
- smoking/drinking in public for 1st time
- wild dancing, more promiscuous

2. Children/Teens
A. Kids no longer worked much thanks to progressive
reforms
B. More Time led to: Drinking, promiscuity, constant
search for excitement
C. More middle class attended school & given more
luxuries
D. Lower Class had more idle time
E. Gangs developed on city streets

3. Crime Increased
A. Due to Prohibition (18th Amendment in
1917)
- More middle/upper class were
willing to break laws for alcohol
B. Bootlegging became common
- Adult gangs developed: Al Capone

4. Prohibition
A. It was illegal to sell, drink, make or
transport more than 1% alcohol
B. Represented moral issues by
Progressives & Southerners who
migrated North
C. Law angered ethnic groups such as
Germans and Irish immigrants
D. Drinking did decline, but it was
repealed in 1933

1.

KKK Rebirth
a. KKK had only 34 members in 1914 – 5
million by 1925
b. The Red Scare helped to convince
many to join the KKK
c. KKK was a sanctuary to the
frightened & insecure

d. KKK gained political control of state governments
in Oklahoma & Texas
e. Hatred extended to Mexicans, Japanese, European
immigrants, Catholics, Jews, French Canadians,
Prostitutes and radical women in the 1920s
f. KKK felt all of those groups were beyond redemption

g. Similarities to the rise of Nazi’s in
Germany
h. KKK wanted “pure Americanism”
i. KKK fell quickly in the 1920s due to:
- clashes with the law
- scandals with sex/corruption
j. Racism remained and there would be no
major civil rights legislation until the
1960s

2. Immigration Restriction
a. 1924 National Origins Act
- created a “quota system”
- limited European immigrants to
150,000 per year
- based on fears of immigrants flooding
into the U.S. from a rebuilding Europe
- the law lasted into the 1960s
- Mexican immigrants were NOT restricted
and filled the need for unskilled workers

1. The Lost Generation
a. American writers who questioned why Materialism
ruled over intellectual, spiritual and artistic concerns
b. Writers moved to Europe and wrote pessimistically
of greed/emptiness of American lives in 1920s
- included: Ernest Hemingway, Gertrude Stein, F.
Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound,T.S. Elliot, Sinclair Lewis

2. Harlem Renaissance brought previously hidden
Black art, music & literature to the world
A. Rhythm & Blues music
- sounds of years of sorrow and struggle
B. Writers Claude McKay, Langston Hughes
- wrote about the Black struggle for
equality
C. Cultural Explosion
- marked by white & black authors who
were critical of mass production/wanting
a simpler lifestyle

3. Fundamentalist Controversy
A. Scopes Trial
- John Scopes was a Biology teacher
- Scopes taught theory of evolution,
which was against Tennessee law to
teach
- Prosecution used William Jennings
Bryan to testify, but contradicted by
taking Bible out of context after
saying it was a literal translation

- Scopes was found guilty, given a $100 fine
- Bryan was so hurt by trial that he died 6
days later
- Fundamentalism did survive despite the
trial

Famous Lawyers

John Scopes
High School Biology teacher

I. Warren G. Harding (President 19211923)
A. Republican candidate for
president in 1920. His slogan
was “back to normalcy”
B. Believed in importance of Big
Business
- supported by big business
leaders
C. Tried to have U.S. face calm after
WWI and Wilson’s Treaty failure

D. Teapot Dome Scandal
1. Two cabinet members took bribes
for big oil leases in Teapot Dome,
Wyoming.
2. Harding died of a stroke in 1923,
before scandals became public
3. He was a good man, surrounded
by corruption

II. Calvin Coolidge, (President 1923-1929)
A. “Silent Cal”, honest, integrity, a
friend of business
B. “The Business of America is
Business”
1. Believed big business must be
prosperous for America to prosper
2. This was popular strategy
throughout the 1920s
3. Chose not to run again in 1928

III. Herbert Hoover (President 1929-1933)
A. Self-made millionaire named “Wonder Boy”
B. Most intelligent President in the 1920s, served
as secretary of commerce under Harding and
Coolidge
C. Pushed for gov’t. regulations, but only
wanted volunteerism from businesses, not
having the gov’t. make it mandatory

IV. Republican Policies
A. Isolationism
1. Wanted to separate from Europe’s
troubles
B. Dawes Plan
1. Allies owed the U.S. $10 billion in
war debts they couldn’t pay until
Germany repaid them $33 billion
debt
2. France moved into Germany,
possibly threatening a new war

3. Dawes was sent to avert another
war. Got U.S. bankers to loan
Germany money to repay its debt,
so allies could repay the U.S.
4. Policy was to replace Europe’s
military dependence with big
business dependence
5. Only worked until the Great
Depression destroyed banking
industry

V. Brand-Kellogg Treaty
A. 14 Nations signed a treaty outlawing
war
B. Treaty declared war was illegal
1. Weakness was there was no
punishment if treaty was broken

VI. Scientific Management
A. Developed by Frederick Taylor
1. Taylor felt workers were lazy, sloppy
2. Felt efficiency could be measured to
improve productivity, raise wages &
profits
B. Time Study Analysis
1. Take a single task (welding a car frame)
2. Use a stop watch to time the person
- after several times, the average time
represents the standard time it takes
to weld a car together

3. After a year, Management saw what average
time was taken to do the task. If it was twice
the standard time, the worker was at 50%
efficiency
4. Aim was for 100% or better. If not improved
after a period of time, then firings, demotions
or new supervisors took over
5. Exceptions to improvement: When changes are
made to the product, or new workers are hired
C. Benefits of Scientific Management
1. Accountability, evaluation of talent, future cost
projections
2. The more you do something, usually you get
more accurate in less time

VI. Failures of the Republican policies
A. Crash came down during Hoover’s time due to
ignorance
1. When economy slowed in 1927, credit
should have been made more difficult to
get, but instead it was made easier
2. This would have created a mild
recession, instead of a sudden, hard
depression
B. Failure of Brand-Kellogg and League of
Nations to create punishments helped
Germany & Japan get aggressive & led to WWII


Slide 13

•

•

•

Became the nation’s largest
industry in 1920s.
10 million cars in U.S. in 1920, 26
million by 1929!
Assembly line started in 1913,
building 5 million cars/year by
1929.



Industry weakness: Those who buy a long
lasting item are out of the market for a few
years (fewer sales)

1920 Ford Model T Center Door Sedan










More Steel mills were needed
More Rubber Factories
More Glass Suppliers
Real Estate: Can now build homes outside the
cities in suburbs
Gas Stations replaced horse stables
Roads to be built








When automobile sales slow down so do all of
the other industries that supply them.
This causes a massive downturn in the
economy.
Jobs are lost in those other areas
This is why Auto industry helps drive the
economy (even today)



New industries appeared in the 1920s:
1. Electric Industry
a. Massive steam generators converted
coal to electricity (2/3 of all
Americans had electricity by 1929)
b. New Appliances: Washing Machines,
vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, ovens
c. These appliances led to more free time
- “chores” decreased, kids faced
boredom

2. Radio/Motion Pictures
a. In 1929 NBC became the 1st
successful radio network
- Amos N’ Andy was 1st famous
radio comedy (it featured
“blackface comedy”)
b. Allowed the spread of advertising
c. First talking movie in 1927: “The
Jazz Singer”, starring Al Jolson

3. Aluminum became a major business

4. Corporations grew, forcing out family
owned businesses
a. increasing dependence on mortgage
bankers like J.P. Morgan



Economic Weaknesses did occur
1. Decline in “traditional” industries
a. Railroads were poorly managed & hurt by the
new trucking industry
b. Coal Industry was being replaced by
natural gas & petroleum
c. Cotton declined due to rayon & synthetic
fibers
d. Agriculture was hardest hit of all
- farmers had expanded meat production
in WWI to feed the U.S. & Europe
- prices dropped after WWI. This hurt
farmers during 1920s. Later drought &
depression devastated them in 1930s.

2. Middle to Upper Class Prospered
a. Ended up with more money than
they could spend
b. Many ended up speculating heavily in the
stock market
- instead of investing in sound
markets
- idea was to get rich quick
c. 1920s was known as a time of plenty:
spend and not worry about the future

IV. Heroes of the Decade
1. Babe Ruth (home run king)
2. Jack Dempsey & Gene Tunney
(boxing legends)
3. Charles Lindberg (1st man to fly solo
across the Atlantic) – Spirit of St.
Louis
4. Rudolph Valentino – first major
Hollywood “Sex symbol”



A half-million blacks left the South for the North in
the 1920s
1. Higher paying jobs, left behind Southern farms
and sharecropping
2. Competed for jobs/housing with existing Northern
Whites
a. caused resentment
b. race riots erupted in 26 Northern cities
c. White media reported RUMORS of spreading
violence by Blacks – this increased
tensions/retaliation by Northern Whites

3. Migration also occurred due to blacks
being hired to replace striking whites
while unions formed
4. Marcus Garvey
a. founded “Back to Africa”
movement
b. Garvey felt Blacks couldn’t
compete with whites in America
c. Urged blacks to return to “mother
countries” in Africa to build strong
separate civilizations
d. “Black Pride” was started, gained
recognition

e. Garvey started the Black Star Line ships
to Africa
- B.S.L. failed
- Garvey was tried & convicted of
fraud by an all-white jury
- Many felt he was convicted mainly on
radical beliefs
- B.S.L. really failed due to
mismanagement, rather than fraud.
- served in jail from 1925-1927,
released and deported to Jamaica

5. Black Ghettos Today
a. Many were a result of the great
migration
b. Migrants were poor, moved into less
expensive city houses
c. Middle Class whites with cars moved to
the new suburbs
d. Inner city houses decayed with age & poor
couldn’t afford to move out – stuck there
e. Poor directly affected by economy, 1st to
lose jobs, no way out of their situation

6. The Harlem Renaissance
a. Many migrant Blacks settled in
Harlem, New York
- became the “Negro capital of the
world”
b. W.E.B. Du Bois and James Walden
Johnson became leaders of the
Harlem Renaissance
- was an expression of African
American writers who began
expressing their own identity and
anger at racism
- jazz music, rhythm & blues told stories of
racism/hard times : Louis Armstrong,
Duke Ellington



Sacco & Vanzetti Trial
1. Sacco & Vanzetti were immigrants who believed
in anarchy
2. They were tried and convicted of murder, based
on circumstantial evidence, not hard proof
3. Some felt they were convicted on their beliefs &
because they were immigrants
4. Executed in 1927. Later Names were cleared by
Governor Michael Dukakis in 1977.
5. Riots erupted after executions in U.S. & Europe



Palmer Raids
1.
2.
3.
4.

Palmer was President Wilson’s Attorney General
Palmer gathered information on radicals
Deported up to 600 immigrants (mostly to Soviet
Union) due to Communist fears
Most deported or arrested favored NON-Violent
radicalism, not Violent revolution



Feminism/Suffrage
1.

Women Suffrage
a. 19th Amendment Passed in 1920
b. 15th Amendment allowed all MEN to vote
c. Progressives helped push for women to vote to
help push through their reforms

d. Sheppard/Tower Act (1921) was 1st
Amendment to deal with Welfare reform
- assisted maternal & infant health care
- Child killers included: polio, diphtheria &
smallpox
e. Young Women Rebelled against Victorian
Constraints
- wore shorter dresses
- smoking/drinking in public for 1st time
- wild dancing, more promiscuous

2. Children/Teens
A. Kids no longer worked much thanks to progressive
reforms
B. More Time led to: Drinking, promiscuity, constant
search for excitement
C. More middle class attended school & given more
luxuries
D. Lower Class had more idle time
E. Gangs developed on city streets

3. Crime Increased
A. Due to Prohibition (18th Amendment in
1917)
- More middle/upper class were
willing to break laws for alcohol
B. Bootlegging became common
- Adult gangs developed: Al Capone

4. Prohibition
A. It was illegal to sell, drink, make or
transport more than 1% alcohol
B. Represented moral issues by
Progressives & Southerners who
migrated North
C. Law angered ethnic groups such as
Germans and Irish immigrants
D. Drinking did decline, but it was
repealed in 1933

1.

KKK Rebirth
a. KKK had only 34 members in 1914 – 5
million by 1925
b. The Red Scare helped to convince
many to join the KKK
c. KKK was a sanctuary to the
frightened & insecure

d. KKK gained political control of state governments
in Oklahoma & Texas
e. Hatred extended to Mexicans, Japanese, European
immigrants, Catholics, Jews, French Canadians,
Prostitutes and radical women in the 1920s
f. KKK felt all of those groups were beyond redemption

g. Similarities to the rise of Nazi’s in
Germany
h. KKK wanted “pure Americanism”
i. KKK fell quickly in the 1920s due to:
- clashes with the law
- scandals with sex/corruption
j. Racism remained and there would be no
major civil rights legislation until the
1960s

2. Immigration Restriction
a. 1924 National Origins Act
- created a “quota system”
- limited European immigrants to
150,000 per year
- based on fears of immigrants flooding
into the U.S. from a rebuilding Europe
- the law lasted into the 1960s
- Mexican immigrants were NOT restricted
and filled the need for unskilled workers

1. The Lost Generation
a. American writers who questioned why Materialism
ruled over intellectual, spiritual and artistic concerns
b. Writers moved to Europe and wrote pessimistically
of greed/emptiness of American lives in 1920s
- included: Ernest Hemingway, Gertrude Stein, F.
Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound,T.S. Elliot, Sinclair Lewis

2. Harlem Renaissance brought previously hidden
Black art, music & literature to the world
A. Rhythm & Blues music
- sounds of years of sorrow and struggle
B. Writers Claude McKay, Langston Hughes
- wrote about the Black struggle for
equality
C. Cultural Explosion
- marked by white & black authors who
were critical of mass production/wanting
a simpler lifestyle

3. Fundamentalist Controversy
A. Scopes Trial
- John Scopes was a Biology teacher
- Scopes taught theory of evolution,
which was against Tennessee law to
teach
- Prosecution used William Jennings
Bryan to testify, but contradicted by
taking Bible out of context after
saying it was a literal translation

- Scopes was found guilty, given a $100 fine
- Bryan was so hurt by trial that he died 6
days later
- Fundamentalism did survive despite the
trial

Famous Lawyers

John Scopes
High School Biology teacher

I. Warren G. Harding (President 19211923)
A. Republican candidate for
president in 1920. His slogan
was “back to normalcy”
B. Believed in importance of Big
Business
- supported by big business
leaders
C. Tried to have U.S. face calm after
WWI and Wilson’s Treaty failure

D. Teapot Dome Scandal
1. Two cabinet members took bribes
for big oil leases in Teapot Dome,
Wyoming.
2. Harding died of a stroke in 1923,
before scandals became public
3. He was a good man, surrounded
by corruption

II. Calvin Coolidge, (President 1923-1929)
A. “Silent Cal”, honest, integrity, a
friend of business
B. “The Business of America is
Business”
1. Believed big business must be
prosperous for America to prosper
2. This was popular strategy
throughout the 1920s
3. Chose not to run again in 1928

III. Herbert Hoover (President 1929-1933)
A. Self-made millionaire named “Wonder Boy”
B. Most intelligent President in the 1920s, served
as secretary of commerce under Harding and
Coolidge
C. Pushed for gov’t. regulations, but only
wanted volunteerism from businesses, not
having the gov’t. make it mandatory

IV. Republican Policies
A. Isolationism
1. Wanted to separate from Europe’s
troubles
B. Dawes Plan
1. Allies owed the U.S. $10 billion in
war debts they couldn’t pay until
Germany repaid them $33 billion
debt
2. France moved into Germany,
possibly threatening a new war

3. Dawes was sent to avert another
war. Got U.S. bankers to loan
Germany money to repay its debt,
so allies could repay the U.S.
4. Policy was to replace Europe’s
military dependence with big
business dependence
5. Only worked until the Great
Depression destroyed banking
industry

V. Brand-Kellogg Treaty
A. 14 Nations signed a treaty outlawing
war
B. Treaty declared war was illegal
1. Weakness was there was no
punishment if treaty was broken

VI. Scientific Management
A. Developed by Frederick Taylor
1. Taylor felt workers were lazy, sloppy
2. Felt efficiency could be measured to
improve productivity, raise wages &
profits
B. Time Study Analysis
1. Take a single task (welding a car frame)
2. Use a stop watch to time the person
- after several times, the average time
represents the standard time it takes
to weld a car together

3. After a year, Management saw what average
time was taken to do the task. If it was twice
the standard time, the worker was at 50%
efficiency
4. Aim was for 100% or better. If not improved
after a period of time, then firings, demotions
or new supervisors took over
5. Exceptions to improvement: When changes are
made to the product, or new workers are hired
C. Benefits of Scientific Management
1. Accountability, evaluation of talent, future cost
projections
2. The more you do something, usually you get
more accurate in less time

VI. Failures of the Republican policies
A. Crash came down during Hoover’s time due to
ignorance
1. When economy slowed in 1927, credit
should have been made more difficult to
get, but instead it was made easier
2. This would have created a mild
recession, instead of a sudden, hard
depression
B. Failure of Brand-Kellogg and League of
Nations to create punishments helped
Germany & Japan get aggressive & led to WWII


Slide 14

•

•

•

Became the nation’s largest
industry in 1920s.
10 million cars in U.S. in 1920, 26
million by 1929!
Assembly line started in 1913,
building 5 million cars/year by
1929.



Industry weakness: Those who buy a long
lasting item are out of the market for a few
years (fewer sales)

1920 Ford Model T Center Door Sedan










More Steel mills were needed
More Rubber Factories
More Glass Suppliers
Real Estate: Can now build homes outside the
cities in suburbs
Gas Stations replaced horse stables
Roads to be built








When automobile sales slow down so do all of
the other industries that supply them.
This causes a massive downturn in the
economy.
Jobs are lost in those other areas
This is why Auto industry helps drive the
economy (even today)



New industries appeared in the 1920s:
1. Electric Industry
a. Massive steam generators converted
coal to electricity (2/3 of all
Americans had electricity by 1929)
b. New Appliances: Washing Machines,
vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, ovens
c. These appliances led to more free time
- “chores” decreased, kids faced
boredom

2. Radio/Motion Pictures
a. In 1929 NBC became the 1st
successful radio network
- Amos N’ Andy was 1st famous
radio comedy (it featured
“blackface comedy”)
b. Allowed the spread of advertising
c. First talking movie in 1927: “The
Jazz Singer”, starring Al Jolson

3. Aluminum became a major business

4. Corporations grew, forcing out family
owned businesses
a. increasing dependence on mortgage
bankers like J.P. Morgan



Economic Weaknesses did occur
1. Decline in “traditional” industries
a. Railroads were poorly managed & hurt by the
new trucking industry
b. Coal Industry was being replaced by
natural gas & petroleum
c. Cotton declined due to rayon & synthetic
fibers
d. Agriculture was hardest hit of all
- farmers had expanded meat production
in WWI to feed the U.S. & Europe
- prices dropped after WWI. This hurt
farmers during 1920s. Later drought &
depression devastated them in 1930s.

2. Middle to Upper Class Prospered
a. Ended up with more money than
they could spend
b. Many ended up speculating heavily in the
stock market
- instead of investing in sound
markets
- idea was to get rich quick
c. 1920s was known as a time of plenty:
spend and not worry about the future

IV. Heroes of the Decade
1. Babe Ruth (home run king)
2. Jack Dempsey & Gene Tunney
(boxing legends)
3. Charles Lindberg (1st man to fly solo
across the Atlantic) – Spirit of St.
Louis
4. Rudolph Valentino – first major
Hollywood “Sex symbol”



A half-million blacks left the South for the North in
the 1920s
1. Higher paying jobs, left behind Southern farms
and sharecropping
2. Competed for jobs/housing with existing Northern
Whites
a. caused resentment
b. race riots erupted in 26 Northern cities
c. White media reported RUMORS of spreading
violence by Blacks – this increased
tensions/retaliation by Northern Whites

3. Migration also occurred due to blacks
being hired to replace striking whites
while unions formed
4. Marcus Garvey
a. founded “Back to Africa”
movement
b. Garvey felt Blacks couldn’t
compete with whites in America
c. Urged blacks to return to “mother
countries” in Africa to build strong
separate civilizations
d. “Black Pride” was started, gained
recognition

e. Garvey started the Black Star Line ships
to Africa
- B.S.L. failed
- Garvey was tried & convicted of
fraud by an all-white jury
- Many felt he was convicted mainly on
radical beliefs
- B.S.L. really failed due to
mismanagement, rather than fraud.
- served in jail from 1925-1927,
released and deported to Jamaica

5. Black Ghettos Today
a. Many were a result of the great
migration
b. Migrants were poor, moved into less
expensive city houses
c. Middle Class whites with cars moved to
the new suburbs
d. Inner city houses decayed with age & poor
couldn’t afford to move out – stuck there
e. Poor directly affected by economy, 1st to
lose jobs, no way out of their situation

6. The Harlem Renaissance
a. Many migrant Blacks settled in
Harlem, New York
- became the “Negro capital of the
world”
b. W.E.B. Du Bois and James Walden
Johnson became leaders of the
Harlem Renaissance
- was an expression of African
American writers who began
expressing their own identity and
anger at racism
- jazz music, rhythm & blues told stories of
racism/hard times : Louis Armstrong,
Duke Ellington



Sacco & Vanzetti Trial
1. Sacco & Vanzetti were immigrants who believed
in anarchy
2. They were tried and convicted of murder, based
on circumstantial evidence, not hard proof
3. Some felt they were convicted on their beliefs &
because they were immigrants
4. Executed in 1927. Later Names were cleared by
Governor Michael Dukakis in 1977.
5. Riots erupted after executions in U.S. & Europe



Palmer Raids
1.
2.
3.
4.

Palmer was President Wilson’s Attorney General
Palmer gathered information on radicals
Deported up to 600 immigrants (mostly to Soviet
Union) due to Communist fears
Most deported or arrested favored NON-Violent
radicalism, not Violent revolution



Feminism/Suffrage
1.

Women Suffrage
a. 19th Amendment Passed in 1920
b. 15th Amendment allowed all MEN to vote
c. Progressives helped push for women to vote to
help push through their reforms

d. Sheppard/Tower Act (1921) was 1st
Amendment to deal with Welfare reform
- assisted maternal & infant health care
- Child killers included: polio, diphtheria &
smallpox
e. Young Women Rebelled against Victorian
Constraints
- wore shorter dresses
- smoking/drinking in public for 1st time
- wild dancing, more promiscuous

2. Children/Teens
A. Kids no longer worked much thanks to progressive
reforms
B. More Time led to: Drinking, promiscuity, constant
search for excitement
C. More middle class attended school & given more
luxuries
D. Lower Class had more idle time
E. Gangs developed on city streets

3. Crime Increased
A. Due to Prohibition (18th Amendment in
1917)
- More middle/upper class were
willing to break laws for alcohol
B. Bootlegging became common
- Adult gangs developed: Al Capone

4. Prohibition
A. It was illegal to sell, drink, make or
transport more than 1% alcohol
B. Represented moral issues by
Progressives & Southerners who
migrated North
C. Law angered ethnic groups such as
Germans and Irish immigrants
D. Drinking did decline, but it was
repealed in 1933

1.

KKK Rebirth
a. KKK had only 34 members in 1914 – 5
million by 1925
b. The Red Scare helped to convince
many to join the KKK
c. KKK was a sanctuary to the
frightened & insecure

d. KKK gained political control of state governments
in Oklahoma & Texas
e. Hatred extended to Mexicans, Japanese, European
immigrants, Catholics, Jews, French Canadians,
Prostitutes and radical women in the 1920s
f. KKK felt all of those groups were beyond redemption

g. Similarities to the rise of Nazi’s in
Germany
h. KKK wanted “pure Americanism”
i. KKK fell quickly in the 1920s due to:
- clashes with the law
- scandals with sex/corruption
j. Racism remained and there would be no
major civil rights legislation until the
1960s

2. Immigration Restriction
a. 1924 National Origins Act
- created a “quota system”
- limited European immigrants to
150,000 per year
- based on fears of immigrants flooding
into the U.S. from a rebuilding Europe
- the law lasted into the 1960s
- Mexican immigrants were NOT restricted
and filled the need for unskilled workers

1. The Lost Generation
a. American writers who questioned why Materialism
ruled over intellectual, spiritual and artistic concerns
b. Writers moved to Europe and wrote pessimistically
of greed/emptiness of American lives in 1920s
- included: Ernest Hemingway, Gertrude Stein, F.
Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound,T.S. Elliot, Sinclair Lewis

2. Harlem Renaissance brought previously hidden
Black art, music & literature to the world
A. Rhythm & Blues music
- sounds of years of sorrow and struggle
B. Writers Claude McKay, Langston Hughes
- wrote about the Black struggle for
equality
C. Cultural Explosion
- marked by white & black authors who
were critical of mass production/wanting
a simpler lifestyle

3. Fundamentalist Controversy
A. Scopes Trial
- John Scopes was a Biology teacher
- Scopes taught theory of evolution,
which was against Tennessee law to
teach
- Prosecution used William Jennings
Bryan to testify, but contradicted by
taking Bible out of context after
saying it was a literal translation

- Scopes was found guilty, given a $100 fine
- Bryan was so hurt by trial that he died 6
days later
- Fundamentalism did survive despite the
trial

Famous Lawyers

John Scopes
High School Biology teacher

I. Warren G. Harding (President 19211923)
A. Republican candidate for
president in 1920. His slogan
was “back to normalcy”
B. Believed in importance of Big
Business
- supported by big business
leaders
C. Tried to have U.S. face calm after
WWI and Wilson’s Treaty failure

D. Teapot Dome Scandal
1. Two cabinet members took bribes
for big oil leases in Teapot Dome,
Wyoming.
2. Harding died of a stroke in 1923,
before scandals became public
3. He was a good man, surrounded
by corruption

II. Calvin Coolidge, (President 1923-1929)
A. “Silent Cal”, honest, integrity, a
friend of business
B. “The Business of America is
Business”
1. Believed big business must be
prosperous for America to prosper
2. This was popular strategy
throughout the 1920s
3. Chose not to run again in 1928

III. Herbert Hoover (President 1929-1933)
A. Self-made millionaire named “Wonder Boy”
B. Most intelligent President in the 1920s, served
as secretary of commerce under Harding and
Coolidge
C. Pushed for gov’t. regulations, but only
wanted volunteerism from businesses, not
having the gov’t. make it mandatory

IV. Republican Policies
A. Isolationism
1. Wanted to separate from Europe’s
troubles
B. Dawes Plan
1. Allies owed the U.S. $10 billion in
war debts they couldn’t pay until
Germany repaid them $33 billion
debt
2. France moved into Germany,
possibly threatening a new war

3. Dawes was sent to avert another
war. Got U.S. bankers to loan
Germany money to repay its debt,
so allies could repay the U.S.
4. Policy was to replace Europe’s
military dependence with big
business dependence
5. Only worked until the Great
Depression destroyed banking
industry

V. Brand-Kellogg Treaty
A. 14 Nations signed a treaty outlawing
war
B. Treaty declared war was illegal
1. Weakness was there was no
punishment if treaty was broken

VI. Scientific Management
A. Developed by Frederick Taylor
1. Taylor felt workers were lazy, sloppy
2. Felt efficiency could be measured to
improve productivity, raise wages &
profits
B. Time Study Analysis
1. Take a single task (welding a car frame)
2. Use a stop watch to time the person
- after several times, the average time
represents the standard time it takes
to weld a car together

3. After a year, Management saw what average
time was taken to do the task. If it was twice
the standard time, the worker was at 50%
efficiency
4. Aim was for 100% or better. If not improved
after a period of time, then firings, demotions
or new supervisors took over
5. Exceptions to improvement: When changes are
made to the product, or new workers are hired
C. Benefits of Scientific Management
1. Accountability, evaluation of talent, future cost
projections
2. The more you do something, usually you get
more accurate in less time

VI. Failures of the Republican policies
A. Crash came down during Hoover’s time due to
ignorance
1. When economy slowed in 1927, credit
should have been made more difficult to
get, but instead it was made easier
2. This would have created a mild
recession, instead of a sudden, hard
depression
B. Failure of Brand-Kellogg and League of
Nations to create punishments helped
Germany & Japan get aggressive & led to WWII


Slide 15

•

•

•

Became the nation’s largest
industry in 1920s.
10 million cars in U.S. in 1920, 26
million by 1929!
Assembly line started in 1913,
building 5 million cars/year by
1929.



Industry weakness: Those who buy a long
lasting item are out of the market for a few
years (fewer sales)

1920 Ford Model T Center Door Sedan










More Steel mills were needed
More Rubber Factories
More Glass Suppliers
Real Estate: Can now build homes outside the
cities in suburbs
Gas Stations replaced horse stables
Roads to be built








When automobile sales slow down so do all of
the other industries that supply them.
This causes a massive downturn in the
economy.
Jobs are lost in those other areas
This is why Auto industry helps drive the
economy (even today)



New industries appeared in the 1920s:
1. Electric Industry
a. Massive steam generators converted
coal to electricity (2/3 of all
Americans had electricity by 1929)
b. New Appliances: Washing Machines,
vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, ovens
c. These appliances led to more free time
- “chores” decreased, kids faced
boredom

2. Radio/Motion Pictures
a. In 1929 NBC became the 1st
successful radio network
- Amos N’ Andy was 1st famous
radio comedy (it featured
“blackface comedy”)
b. Allowed the spread of advertising
c. First talking movie in 1927: “The
Jazz Singer”, starring Al Jolson

3. Aluminum became a major business

4. Corporations grew, forcing out family
owned businesses
a. increasing dependence on mortgage
bankers like J.P. Morgan



Economic Weaknesses did occur
1. Decline in “traditional” industries
a. Railroads were poorly managed & hurt by the
new trucking industry
b. Coal Industry was being replaced by
natural gas & petroleum
c. Cotton declined due to rayon & synthetic
fibers
d. Agriculture was hardest hit of all
- farmers had expanded meat production
in WWI to feed the U.S. & Europe
- prices dropped after WWI. This hurt
farmers during 1920s. Later drought &
depression devastated them in 1930s.

2. Middle to Upper Class Prospered
a. Ended up with more money than
they could spend
b. Many ended up speculating heavily in the
stock market
- instead of investing in sound
markets
- idea was to get rich quick
c. 1920s was known as a time of plenty:
spend and not worry about the future

IV. Heroes of the Decade
1. Babe Ruth (home run king)
2. Jack Dempsey & Gene Tunney
(boxing legends)
3. Charles Lindberg (1st man to fly solo
across the Atlantic) – Spirit of St.
Louis
4. Rudolph Valentino – first major
Hollywood “Sex symbol”



A half-million blacks left the South for the North in
the 1920s
1. Higher paying jobs, left behind Southern farms
and sharecropping
2. Competed for jobs/housing with existing Northern
Whites
a. caused resentment
b. race riots erupted in 26 Northern cities
c. White media reported RUMORS of spreading
violence by Blacks – this increased
tensions/retaliation by Northern Whites

3. Migration also occurred due to blacks
being hired to replace striking whites
while unions formed
4. Marcus Garvey
a. founded “Back to Africa”
movement
b. Garvey felt Blacks couldn’t
compete with whites in America
c. Urged blacks to return to “mother
countries” in Africa to build strong
separate civilizations
d. “Black Pride” was started, gained
recognition

e. Garvey started the Black Star Line ships
to Africa
- B.S.L. failed
- Garvey was tried & convicted of
fraud by an all-white jury
- Many felt he was convicted mainly on
radical beliefs
- B.S.L. really failed due to
mismanagement, rather than fraud.
- served in jail from 1925-1927,
released and deported to Jamaica

5. Black Ghettos Today
a. Many were a result of the great
migration
b. Migrants were poor, moved into less
expensive city houses
c. Middle Class whites with cars moved to
the new suburbs
d. Inner city houses decayed with age & poor
couldn’t afford to move out – stuck there
e. Poor directly affected by economy, 1st to
lose jobs, no way out of their situation

6. The Harlem Renaissance
a. Many migrant Blacks settled in
Harlem, New York
- became the “Negro capital of the
world”
b. W.E.B. Du Bois and James Walden
Johnson became leaders of the
Harlem Renaissance
- was an expression of African
American writers who began
expressing their own identity and
anger at racism
- jazz music, rhythm & blues told stories of
racism/hard times : Louis Armstrong,
Duke Ellington



Sacco & Vanzetti Trial
1. Sacco & Vanzetti were immigrants who believed
in anarchy
2. They were tried and convicted of murder, based
on circumstantial evidence, not hard proof
3. Some felt they were convicted on their beliefs &
because they were immigrants
4. Executed in 1927. Later Names were cleared by
Governor Michael Dukakis in 1977.
5. Riots erupted after executions in U.S. & Europe



Palmer Raids
1.
2.
3.
4.

Palmer was President Wilson’s Attorney General
Palmer gathered information on radicals
Deported up to 600 immigrants (mostly to Soviet
Union) due to Communist fears
Most deported or arrested favored NON-Violent
radicalism, not Violent revolution



Feminism/Suffrage
1.

Women Suffrage
a. 19th Amendment Passed in 1920
b. 15th Amendment allowed all MEN to vote
c. Progressives helped push for women to vote to
help push through their reforms

d. Sheppard/Tower Act (1921) was 1st
Amendment to deal with Welfare reform
- assisted maternal & infant health care
- Child killers included: polio, diphtheria &
smallpox
e. Young Women Rebelled against Victorian
Constraints
- wore shorter dresses
- smoking/drinking in public for 1st time
- wild dancing, more promiscuous

2. Children/Teens
A. Kids no longer worked much thanks to progressive
reforms
B. More Time led to: Drinking, promiscuity, constant
search for excitement
C. More middle class attended school & given more
luxuries
D. Lower Class had more idle time
E. Gangs developed on city streets

3. Crime Increased
A. Due to Prohibition (18th Amendment in
1917)
- More middle/upper class were
willing to break laws for alcohol
B. Bootlegging became common
- Adult gangs developed: Al Capone

4. Prohibition
A. It was illegal to sell, drink, make or
transport more than 1% alcohol
B. Represented moral issues by
Progressives & Southerners who
migrated North
C. Law angered ethnic groups such as
Germans and Irish immigrants
D. Drinking did decline, but it was
repealed in 1933

1.

KKK Rebirth
a. KKK had only 34 members in 1914 – 5
million by 1925
b. The Red Scare helped to convince
many to join the KKK
c. KKK was a sanctuary to the
frightened & insecure

d. KKK gained political control of state governments
in Oklahoma & Texas
e. Hatred extended to Mexicans, Japanese, European
immigrants, Catholics, Jews, French Canadians,
Prostitutes and radical women in the 1920s
f. KKK felt all of those groups were beyond redemption

g. Similarities to the rise of Nazi’s in
Germany
h. KKK wanted “pure Americanism”
i. KKK fell quickly in the 1920s due to:
- clashes with the law
- scandals with sex/corruption
j. Racism remained and there would be no
major civil rights legislation until the
1960s

2. Immigration Restriction
a. 1924 National Origins Act
- created a “quota system”
- limited European immigrants to
150,000 per year
- based on fears of immigrants flooding
into the U.S. from a rebuilding Europe
- the law lasted into the 1960s
- Mexican immigrants were NOT restricted
and filled the need for unskilled workers

1. The Lost Generation
a. American writers who questioned why Materialism
ruled over intellectual, spiritual and artistic concerns
b. Writers moved to Europe and wrote pessimistically
of greed/emptiness of American lives in 1920s
- included: Ernest Hemingway, Gertrude Stein, F.
Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound,T.S. Elliot, Sinclair Lewis

2. Harlem Renaissance brought previously hidden
Black art, music & literature to the world
A. Rhythm & Blues music
- sounds of years of sorrow and struggle
B. Writers Claude McKay, Langston Hughes
- wrote about the Black struggle for
equality
C. Cultural Explosion
- marked by white & black authors who
were critical of mass production/wanting
a simpler lifestyle

3. Fundamentalist Controversy
A. Scopes Trial
- John Scopes was a Biology teacher
- Scopes taught theory of evolution,
which was against Tennessee law to
teach
- Prosecution used William Jennings
Bryan to testify, but contradicted by
taking Bible out of context after
saying it was a literal translation

- Scopes was found guilty, given a $100 fine
- Bryan was so hurt by trial that he died 6
days later
- Fundamentalism did survive despite the
trial

Famous Lawyers

John Scopes
High School Biology teacher

I. Warren G. Harding (President 19211923)
A. Republican candidate for
president in 1920. His slogan
was “back to normalcy”
B. Believed in importance of Big
Business
- supported by big business
leaders
C. Tried to have U.S. face calm after
WWI and Wilson’s Treaty failure

D. Teapot Dome Scandal
1. Two cabinet members took bribes
for big oil leases in Teapot Dome,
Wyoming.
2. Harding died of a stroke in 1923,
before scandals became public
3. He was a good man, surrounded
by corruption

II. Calvin Coolidge, (President 1923-1929)
A. “Silent Cal”, honest, integrity, a
friend of business
B. “The Business of America is
Business”
1. Believed big business must be
prosperous for America to prosper
2. This was popular strategy
throughout the 1920s
3. Chose not to run again in 1928

III. Herbert Hoover (President 1929-1933)
A. Self-made millionaire named “Wonder Boy”
B. Most intelligent President in the 1920s, served
as secretary of commerce under Harding and
Coolidge
C. Pushed for gov’t. regulations, but only
wanted volunteerism from businesses, not
having the gov’t. make it mandatory

IV. Republican Policies
A. Isolationism
1. Wanted to separate from Europe’s
troubles
B. Dawes Plan
1. Allies owed the U.S. $10 billion in
war debts they couldn’t pay until
Germany repaid them $33 billion
debt
2. France moved into Germany,
possibly threatening a new war

3. Dawes was sent to avert another
war. Got U.S. bankers to loan
Germany money to repay its debt,
so allies could repay the U.S.
4. Policy was to replace Europe’s
military dependence with big
business dependence
5. Only worked until the Great
Depression destroyed banking
industry

V. Brand-Kellogg Treaty
A. 14 Nations signed a treaty outlawing
war
B. Treaty declared war was illegal
1. Weakness was there was no
punishment if treaty was broken

VI. Scientific Management
A. Developed by Frederick Taylor
1. Taylor felt workers were lazy, sloppy
2. Felt efficiency could be measured to
improve productivity, raise wages &
profits
B. Time Study Analysis
1. Take a single task (welding a car frame)
2. Use a stop watch to time the person
- after several times, the average time
represents the standard time it takes
to weld a car together

3. After a year, Management saw what average
time was taken to do the task. If it was twice
the standard time, the worker was at 50%
efficiency
4. Aim was for 100% or better. If not improved
after a period of time, then firings, demotions
or new supervisors took over
5. Exceptions to improvement: When changes are
made to the product, or new workers are hired
C. Benefits of Scientific Management
1. Accountability, evaluation of talent, future cost
projections
2. The more you do something, usually you get
more accurate in less time

VI. Failures of the Republican policies
A. Crash came down during Hoover’s time due to
ignorance
1. When economy slowed in 1927, credit
should have been made more difficult to
get, but instead it was made easier
2. This would have created a mild
recession, instead of a sudden, hard
depression
B. Failure of Brand-Kellogg and League of
Nations to create punishments helped
Germany & Japan get aggressive & led to WWII


Slide 16

•

•

•

Became the nation’s largest
industry in 1920s.
10 million cars in U.S. in 1920, 26
million by 1929!
Assembly line started in 1913,
building 5 million cars/year by
1929.



Industry weakness: Those who buy a long
lasting item are out of the market for a few
years (fewer sales)

1920 Ford Model T Center Door Sedan










More Steel mills were needed
More Rubber Factories
More Glass Suppliers
Real Estate: Can now build homes outside the
cities in suburbs
Gas Stations replaced horse stables
Roads to be built








When automobile sales slow down so do all of
the other industries that supply them.
This causes a massive downturn in the
economy.
Jobs are lost in those other areas
This is why Auto industry helps drive the
economy (even today)



New industries appeared in the 1920s:
1. Electric Industry
a. Massive steam generators converted
coal to electricity (2/3 of all
Americans had electricity by 1929)
b. New Appliances: Washing Machines,
vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, ovens
c. These appliances led to more free time
- “chores” decreased, kids faced
boredom

2. Radio/Motion Pictures
a. In 1929 NBC became the 1st
successful radio network
- Amos N’ Andy was 1st famous
radio comedy (it featured
“blackface comedy”)
b. Allowed the spread of advertising
c. First talking movie in 1927: “The
Jazz Singer”, starring Al Jolson

3. Aluminum became a major business

4. Corporations grew, forcing out family
owned businesses
a. increasing dependence on mortgage
bankers like J.P. Morgan



Economic Weaknesses did occur
1. Decline in “traditional” industries
a. Railroads were poorly managed & hurt by the
new trucking industry
b. Coal Industry was being replaced by
natural gas & petroleum
c. Cotton declined due to rayon & synthetic
fibers
d. Agriculture was hardest hit of all
- farmers had expanded meat production
in WWI to feed the U.S. & Europe
- prices dropped after WWI. This hurt
farmers during 1920s. Later drought &
depression devastated them in 1930s.

2. Middle to Upper Class Prospered
a. Ended up with more money than
they could spend
b. Many ended up speculating heavily in the
stock market
- instead of investing in sound
markets
- idea was to get rich quick
c. 1920s was known as a time of plenty:
spend and not worry about the future

IV. Heroes of the Decade
1. Babe Ruth (home run king)
2. Jack Dempsey & Gene Tunney
(boxing legends)
3. Charles Lindberg (1st man to fly solo
across the Atlantic) – Spirit of St.
Louis
4. Rudolph Valentino – first major
Hollywood “Sex symbol”



A half-million blacks left the South for the North in
the 1920s
1. Higher paying jobs, left behind Southern farms
and sharecropping
2. Competed for jobs/housing with existing Northern
Whites
a. caused resentment
b. race riots erupted in 26 Northern cities
c. White media reported RUMORS of spreading
violence by Blacks – this increased
tensions/retaliation by Northern Whites

3. Migration also occurred due to blacks
being hired to replace striking whites
while unions formed
4. Marcus Garvey
a. founded “Back to Africa”
movement
b. Garvey felt Blacks couldn’t
compete with whites in America
c. Urged blacks to return to “mother
countries” in Africa to build strong
separate civilizations
d. “Black Pride” was started, gained
recognition

e. Garvey started the Black Star Line ships
to Africa
- B.S.L. failed
- Garvey was tried & convicted of
fraud by an all-white jury
- Many felt he was convicted mainly on
radical beliefs
- B.S.L. really failed due to
mismanagement, rather than fraud.
- served in jail from 1925-1927,
released and deported to Jamaica

5. Black Ghettos Today
a. Many were a result of the great
migration
b. Migrants were poor, moved into less
expensive city houses
c. Middle Class whites with cars moved to
the new suburbs
d. Inner city houses decayed with age & poor
couldn’t afford to move out – stuck there
e. Poor directly affected by economy, 1st to
lose jobs, no way out of their situation

6. The Harlem Renaissance
a. Many migrant Blacks settled in
Harlem, New York
- became the “Negro capital of the
world”
b. W.E.B. Du Bois and James Walden
Johnson became leaders of the
Harlem Renaissance
- was an expression of African
American writers who began
expressing their own identity and
anger at racism
- jazz music, rhythm & blues told stories of
racism/hard times : Louis Armstrong,
Duke Ellington



Sacco & Vanzetti Trial
1. Sacco & Vanzetti were immigrants who believed
in anarchy
2. They were tried and convicted of murder, based
on circumstantial evidence, not hard proof
3. Some felt they were convicted on their beliefs &
because they were immigrants
4. Executed in 1927. Later Names were cleared by
Governor Michael Dukakis in 1977.
5. Riots erupted after executions in U.S. & Europe



Palmer Raids
1.
2.
3.
4.

Palmer was President Wilson’s Attorney General
Palmer gathered information on radicals
Deported up to 600 immigrants (mostly to Soviet
Union) due to Communist fears
Most deported or arrested favored NON-Violent
radicalism, not Violent revolution



Feminism/Suffrage
1.

Women Suffrage
a. 19th Amendment Passed in 1920
b. 15th Amendment allowed all MEN to vote
c. Progressives helped push for women to vote to
help push through their reforms

d. Sheppard/Tower Act (1921) was 1st
Amendment to deal with Welfare reform
- assisted maternal & infant health care
- Child killers included: polio, diphtheria &
smallpox
e. Young Women Rebelled against Victorian
Constraints
- wore shorter dresses
- smoking/drinking in public for 1st time
- wild dancing, more promiscuous

2. Children/Teens
A. Kids no longer worked much thanks to progressive
reforms
B. More Time led to: Drinking, promiscuity, constant
search for excitement
C. More middle class attended school & given more
luxuries
D. Lower Class had more idle time
E. Gangs developed on city streets

3. Crime Increased
A. Due to Prohibition (18th Amendment in
1917)
- More middle/upper class were
willing to break laws for alcohol
B. Bootlegging became common
- Adult gangs developed: Al Capone

4. Prohibition
A. It was illegal to sell, drink, make or
transport more than 1% alcohol
B. Represented moral issues by
Progressives & Southerners who
migrated North
C. Law angered ethnic groups such as
Germans and Irish immigrants
D. Drinking did decline, but it was
repealed in 1933

1.

KKK Rebirth
a. KKK had only 34 members in 1914 – 5
million by 1925
b. The Red Scare helped to convince
many to join the KKK
c. KKK was a sanctuary to the
frightened & insecure

d. KKK gained political control of state governments
in Oklahoma & Texas
e. Hatred extended to Mexicans, Japanese, European
immigrants, Catholics, Jews, French Canadians,
Prostitutes and radical women in the 1920s
f. KKK felt all of those groups were beyond redemption

g. Similarities to the rise of Nazi’s in
Germany
h. KKK wanted “pure Americanism”
i. KKK fell quickly in the 1920s due to:
- clashes with the law
- scandals with sex/corruption
j. Racism remained and there would be no
major civil rights legislation until the
1960s

2. Immigration Restriction
a. 1924 National Origins Act
- created a “quota system”
- limited European immigrants to
150,000 per year
- based on fears of immigrants flooding
into the U.S. from a rebuilding Europe
- the law lasted into the 1960s
- Mexican immigrants were NOT restricted
and filled the need for unskilled workers

1. The Lost Generation
a. American writers who questioned why Materialism
ruled over intellectual, spiritual and artistic concerns
b. Writers moved to Europe and wrote pessimistically
of greed/emptiness of American lives in 1920s
- included: Ernest Hemingway, Gertrude Stein, F.
Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound,T.S. Elliot, Sinclair Lewis

2. Harlem Renaissance brought previously hidden
Black art, music & literature to the world
A. Rhythm & Blues music
- sounds of years of sorrow and struggle
B. Writers Claude McKay, Langston Hughes
- wrote about the Black struggle for
equality
C. Cultural Explosion
- marked by white & black authors who
were critical of mass production/wanting
a simpler lifestyle

3. Fundamentalist Controversy
A. Scopes Trial
- John Scopes was a Biology teacher
- Scopes taught theory of evolution,
which was against Tennessee law to
teach
- Prosecution used William Jennings
Bryan to testify, but contradicted by
taking Bible out of context after
saying it was a literal translation

- Scopes was found guilty, given a $100 fine
- Bryan was so hurt by trial that he died 6
days later
- Fundamentalism did survive despite the
trial

Famous Lawyers

John Scopes
High School Biology teacher

I. Warren G. Harding (President 19211923)
A. Republican candidate for
president in 1920. His slogan
was “back to normalcy”
B. Believed in importance of Big
Business
- supported by big business
leaders
C. Tried to have U.S. face calm after
WWI and Wilson’s Treaty failure

D. Teapot Dome Scandal
1. Two cabinet members took bribes
for big oil leases in Teapot Dome,
Wyoming.
2. Harding died of a stroke in 1923,
before scandals became public
3. He was a good man, surrounded
by corruption

II. Calvin Coolidge, (President 1923-1929)
A. “Silent Cal”, honest, integrity, a
friend of business
B. “The Business of America is
Business”
1. Believed big business must be
prosperous for America to prosper
2. This was popular strategy
throughout the 1920s
3. Chose not to run again in 1928

III. Herbert Hoover (President 1929-1933)
A. Self-made millionaire named “Wonder Boy”
B. Most intelligent President in the 1920s, served
as secretary of commerce under Harding and
Coolidge
C. Pushed for gov’t. regulations, but only
wanted volunteerism from businesses, not
having the gov’t. make it mandatory

IV. Republican Policies
A. Isolationism
1. Wanted to separate from Europe’s
troubles
B. Dawes Plan
1. Allies owed the U.S. $10 billion in
war debts they couldn’t pay until
Germany repaid them $33 billion
debt
2. France moved into Germany,
possibly threatening a new war

3. Dawes was sent to avert another
war. Got U.S. bankers to loan
Germany money to repay its debt,
so allies could repay the U.S.
4. Policy was to replace Europe’s
military dependence with big
business dependence
5. Only worked until the Great
Depression destroyed banking
industry

V. Brand-Kellogg Treaty
A. 14 Nations signed a treaty outlawing
war
B. Treaty declared war was illegal
1. Weakness was there was no
punishment if treaty was broken

VI. Scientific Management
A. Developed by Frederick Taylor
1. Taylor felt workers were lazy, sloppy
2. Felt efficiency could be measured to
improve productivity, raise wages &
profits
B. Time Study Analysis
1. Take a single task (welding a car frame)
2. Use a stop watch to time the person
- after several times, the average time
represents the standard time it takes
to weld a car together

3. After a year, Management saw what average
time was taken to do the task. If it was twice
the standard time, the worker was at 50%
efficiency
4. Aim was for 100% or better. If not improved
after a period of time, then firings, demotions
or new supervisors took over
5. Exceptions to improvement: When changes are
made to the product, or new workers are hired
C. Benefits of Scientific Management
1. Accountability, evaluation of talent, future cost
projections
2. The more you do something, usually you get
more accurate in less time

VI. Failures of the Republican policies
A. Crash came down during Hoover’s time due to
ignorance
1. When economy slowed in 1927, credit
should have been made more difficult to
get, but instead it was made easier
2. This would have created a mild
recession, instead of a sudden, hard
depression
B. Failure of Brand-Kellogg and League of
Nations to create punishments helped
Germany & Japan get aggressive & led to WWII


Slide 17

•

•

•

Became the nation’s largest
industry in 1920s.
10 million cars in U.S. in 1920, 26
million by 1929!
Assembly line started in 1913,
building 5 million cars/year by
1929.



Industry weakness: Those who buy a long
lasting item are out of the market for a few
years (fewer sales)

1920 Ford Model T Center Door Sedan










More Steel mills were needed
More Rubber Factories
More Glass Suppliers
Real Estate: Can now build homes outside the
cities in suburbs
Gas Stations replaced horse stables
Roads to be built








When automobile sales slow down so do all of
the other industries that supply them.
This causes a massive downturn in the
economy.
Jobs are lost in those other areas
This is why Auto industry helps drive the
economy (even today)



New industries appeared in the 1920s:
1. Electric Industry
a. Massive steam generators converted
coal to electricity (2/3 of all
Americans had electricity by 1929)
b. New Appliances: Washing Machines,
vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, ovens
c. These appliances led to more free time
- “chores” decreased, kids faced
boredom

2. Radio/Motion Pictures
a. In 1929 NBC became the 1st
successful radio network
- Amos N’ Andy was 1st famous
radio comedy (it featured
“blackface comedy”)
b. Allowed the spread of advertising
c. First talking movie in 1927: “The
Jazz Singer”, starring Al Jolson

3. Aluminum became a major business

4. Corporations grew, forcing out family
owned businesses
a. increasing dependence on mortgage
bankers like J.P. Morgan



Economic Weaknesses did occur
1. Decline in “traditional” industries
a. Railroads were poorly managed & hurt by the
new trucking industry
b. Coal Industry was being replaced by
natural gas & petroleum
c. Cotton declined due to rayon & synthetic
fibers
d. Agriculture was hardest hit of all
- farmers had expanded meat production
in WWI to feed the U.S. & Europe
- prices dropped after WWI. This hurt
farmers during 1920s. Later drought &
depression devastated them in 1930s.

2. Middle to Upper Class Prospered
a. Ended up with more money than
they could spend
b. Many ended up speculating heavily in the
stock market
- instead of investing in sound
markets
- idea was to get rich quick
c. 1920s was known as a time of plenty:
spend and not worry about the future

IV. Heroes of the Decade
1. Babe Ruth (home run king)
2. Jack Dempsey & Gene Tunney
(boxing legends)
3. Charles Lindberg (1st man to fly solo
across the Atlantic) – Spirit of St.
Louis
4. Rudolph Valentino – first major
Hollywood “Sex symbol”



A half-million blacks left the South for the North in
the 1920s
1. Higher paying jobs, left behind Southern farms
and sharecropping
2. Competed for jobs/housing with existing Northern
Whites
a. caused resentment
b. race riots erupted in 26 Northern cities
c. White media reported RUMORS of spreading
violence by Blacks – this increased
tensions/retaliation by Northern Whites

3. Migration also occurred due to blacks
being hired to replace striking whites
while unions formed
4. Marcus Garvey
a. founded “Back to Africa”
movement
b. Garvey felt Blacks couldn’t
compete with whites in America
c. Urged blacks to return to “mother
countries” in Africa to build strong
separate civilizations
d. “Black Pride” was started, gained
recognition

e. Garvey started the Black Star Line ships
to Africa
- B.S.L. failed
- Garvey was tried & convicted of
fraud by an all-white jury
- Many felt he was convicted mainly on
radical beliefs
- B.S.L. really failed due to
mismanagement, rather than fraud.
- served in jail from 1925-1927,
released and deported to Jamaica

5. Black Ghettos Today
a. Many were a result of the great
migration
b. Migrants were poor, moved into less
expensive city houses
c. Middle Class whites with cars moved to
the new suburbs
d. Inner city houses decayed with age & poor
couldn’t afford to move out – stuck there
e. Poor directly affected by economy, 1st to
lose jobs, no way out of their situation

6. The Harlem Renaissance
a. Many migrant Blacks settled in
Harlem, New York
- became the “Negro capital of the
world”
b. W.E.B. Du Bois and James Walden
Johnson became leaders of the
Harlem Renaissance
- was an expression of African
American writers who began
expressing their own identity and
anger at racism
- jazz music, rhythm & blues told stories of
racism/hard times : Louis Armstrong,
Duke Ellington



Sacco & Vanzetti Trial
1. Sacco & Vanzetti were immigrants who believed
in anarchy
2. They were tried and convicted of murder, based
on circumstantial evidence, not hard proof
3. Some felt they were convicted on their beliefs &
because they were immigrants
4. Executed in 1927. Later Names were cleared by
Governor Michael Dukakis in 1977.
5. Riots erupted after executions in U.S. & Europe



Palmer Raids
1.
2.
3.
4.

Palmer was President Wilson’s Attorney General
Palmer gathered information on radicals
Deported up to 600 immigrants (mostly to Soviet
Union) due to Communist fears
Most deported or arrested favored NON-Violent
radicalism, not Violent revolution



Feminism/Suffrage
1.

Women Suffrage
a. 19th Amendment Passed in 1920
b. 15th Amendment allowed all MEN to vote
c. Progressives helped push for women to vote to
help push through their reforms

d. Sheppard/Tower Act (1921) was 1st
Amendment to deal with Welfare reform
- assisted maternal & infant health care
- Child killers included: polio, diphtheria &
smallpox
e. Young Women Rebelled against Victorian
Constraints
- wore shorter dresses
- smoking/drinking in public for 1st time
- wild dancing, more promiscuous

2. Children/Teens
A. Kids no longer worked much thanks to progressive
reforms
B. More Time led to: Drinking, promiscuity, constant
search for excitement
C. More middle class attended school & given more
luxuries
D. Lower Class had more idle time
E. Gangs developed on city streets

3. Crime Increased
A. Due to Prohibition (18th Amendment in
1917)
- More middle/upper class were
willing to break laws for alcohol
B. Bootlegging became common
- Adult gangs developed: Al Capone

4. Prohibition
A. It was illegal to sell, drink, make or
transport more than 1% alcohol
B. Represented moral issues by
Progressives & Southerners who
migrated North
C. Law angered ethnic groups such as
Germans and Irish immigrants
D. Drinking did decline, but it was
repealed in 1933

1.

KKK Rebirth
a. KKK had only 34 members in 1914 – 5
million by 1925
b. The Red Scare helped to convince
many to join the KKK
c. KKK was a sanctuary to the
frightened & insecure

d. KKK gained political control of state governments
in Oklahoma & Texas
e. Hatred extended to Mexicans, Japanese, European
immigrants, Catholics, Jews, French Canadians,
Prostitutes and radical women in the 1920s
f. KKK felt all of those groups were beyond redemption

g. Similarities to the rise of Nazi’s in
Germany
h. KKK wanted “pure Americanism”
i. KKK fell quickly in the 1920s due to:
- clashes with the law
- scandals with sex/corruption
j. Racism remained and there would be no
major civil rights legislation until the
1960s

2. Immigration Restriction
a. 1924 National Origins Act
- created a “quota system”
- limited European immigrants to
150,000 per year
- based on fears of immigrants flooding
into the U.S. from a rebuilding Europe
- the law lasted into the 1960s
- Mexican immigrants were NOT restricted
and filled the need for unskilled workers

1. The Lost Generation
a. American writers who questioned why Materialism
ruled over intellectual, spiritual and artistic concerns
b. Writers moved to Europe and wrote pessimistically
of greed/emptiness of American lives in 1920s
- included: Ernest Hemingway, Gertrude Stein, F.
Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound,T.S. Elliot, Sinclair Lewis

2. Harlem Renaissance brought previously hidden
Black art, music & literature to the world
A. Rhythm & Blues music
- sounds of years of sorrow and struggle
B. Writers Claude McKay, Langston Hughes
- wrote about the Black struggle for
equality
C. Cultural Explosion
- marked by white & black authors who
were critical of mass production/wanting
a simpler lifestyle

3. Fundamentalist Controversy
A. Scopes Trial
- John Scopes was a Biology teacher
- Scopes taught theory of evolution,
which was against Tennessee law to
teach
- Prosecution used William Jennings
Bryan to testify, but contradicted by
taking Bible out of context after
saying it was a literal translation

- Scopes was found guilty, given a $100 fine
- Bryan was so hurt by trial that he died 6
days later
- Fundamentalism did survive despite the
trial

Famous Lawyers

John Scopes
High School Biology teacher

I. Warren G. Harding (President 19211923)
A. Republican candidate for
president in 1920. His slogan
was “back to normalcy”
B. Believed in importance of Big
Business
- supported by big business
leaders
C. Tried to have U.S. face calm after
WWI and Wilson’s Treaty failure

D. Teapot Dome Scandal
1. Two cabinet members took bribes
for big oil leases in Teapot Dome,
Wyoming.
2. Harding died of a stroke in 1923,
before scandals became public
3. He was a good man, surrounded
by corruption

II. Calvin Coolidge, (President 1923-1929)
A. “Silent Cal”, honest, integrity, a
friend of business
B. “The Business of America is
Business”
1. Believed big business must be
prosperous for America to prosper
2. This was popular strategy
throughout the 1920s
3. Chose not to run again in 1928

III. Herbert Hoover (President 1929-1933)
A. Self-made millionaire named “Wonder Boy”
B. Most intelligent President in the 1920s, served
as secretary of commerce under Harding and
Coolidge
C. Pushed for gov’t. regulations, but only
wanted volunteerism from businesses, not
having the gov’t. make it mandatory

IV. Republican Policies
A. Isolationism
1. Wanted to separate from Europe’s
troubles
B. Dawes Plan
1. Allies owed the U.S. $10 billion in
war debts they couldn’t pay until
Germany repaid them $33 billion
debt
2. France moved into Germany,
possibly threatening a new war

3. Dawes was sent to avert another
war. Got U.S. bankers to loan
Germany money to repay its debt,
so allies could repay the U.S.
4. Policy was to replace Europe’s
military dependence with big
business dependence
5. Only worked until the Great
Depression destroyed banking
industry

V. Brand-Kellogg Treaty
A. 14 Nations signed a treaty outlawing
war
B. Treaty declared war was illegal
1. Weakness was there was no
punishment if treaty was broken

VI. Scientific Management
A. Developed by Frederick Taylor
1. Taylor felt workers were lazy, sloppy
2. Felt efficiency could be measured to
improve productivity, raise wages &
profits
B. Time Study Analysis
1. Take a single task (welding a car frame)
2. Use a stop watch to time the person
- after several times, the average time
represents the standard time it takes
to weld a car together

3. After a year, Management saw what average
time was taken to do the task. If it was twice
the standard time, the worker was at 50%
efficiency
4. Aim was for 100% or better. If not improved
after a period of time, then firings, demotions
or new supervisors took over
5. Exceptions to improvement: When changes are
made to the product, or new workers are hired
C. Benefits of Scientific Management
1. Accountability, evaluation of talent, future cost
projections
2. The more you do something, usually you get
more accurate in less time

VI. Failures of the Republican policies
A. Crash came down during Hoover’s time due to
ignorance
1. When economy slowed in 1927, credit
should have been made more difficult to
get, but instead it was made easier
2. This would have created a mild
recession, instead of a sudden, hard
depression
B. Failure of Brand-Kellogg and League of
Nations to create punishments helped
Germany & Japan get aggressive & led to WWII


Slide 18

•

•

•

Became the nation’s largest
industry in 1920s.
10 million cars in U.S. in 1920, 26
million by 1929!
Assembly line started in 1913,
building 5 million cars/year by
1929.



Industry weakness: Those who buy a long
lasting item are out of the market for a few
years (fewer sales)

1920 Ford Model T Center Door Sedan










More Steel mills were needed
More Rubber Factories
More Glass Suppliers
Real Estate: Can now build homes outside the
cities in suburbs
Gas Stations replaced horse stables
Roads to be built








When automobile sales slow down so do all of
the other industries that supply them.
This causes a massive downturn in the
economy.
Jobs are lost in those other areas
This is why Auto industry helps drive the
economy (even today)



New industries appeared in the 1920s:
1. Electric Industry
a. Massive steam generators converted
coal to electricity (2/3 of all
Americans had electricity by 1929)
b. New Appliances: Washing Machines,
vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, ovens
c. These appliances led to more free time
- “chores” decreased, kids faced
boredom

2. Radio/Motion Pictures
a. In 1929 NBC became the 1st
successful radio network
- Amos N’ Andy was 1st famous
radio comedy (it featured
“blackface comedy”)
b. Allowed the spread of advertising
c. First talking movie in 1927: “The
Jazz Singer”, starring Al Jolson

3. Aluminum became a major business

4. Corporations grew, forcing out family
owned businesses
a. increasing dependence on mortgage
bankers like J.P. Morgan



Economic Weaknesses did occur
1. Decline in “traditional” industries
a. Railroads were poorly managed & hurt by the
new trucking industry
b. Coal Industry was being replaced by
natural gas & petroleum
c. Cotton declined due to rayon & synthetic
fibers
d. Agriculture was hardest hit of all
- farmers had expanded meat production
in WWI to feed the U.S. & Europe
- prices dropped after WWI. This hurt
farmers during 1920s. Later drought &
depression devastated them in 1930s.

2. Middle to Upper Class Prospered
a. Ended up with more money than
they could spend
b. Many ended up speculating heavily in the
stock market
- instead of investing in sound
markets
- idea was to get rich quick
c. 1920s was known as a time of plenty:
spend and not worry about the future

IV. Heroes of the Decade
1. Babe Ruth (home run king)
2. Jack Dempsey & Gene Tunney
(boxing legends)
3. Charles Lindberg (1st man to fly solo
across the Atlantic) – Spirit of St.
Louis
4. Rudolph Valentino – first major
Hollywood “Sex symbol”



A half-million blacks left the South for the North in
the 1920s
1. Higher paying jobs, left behind Southern farms
and sharecropping
2. Competed for jobs/housing with existing Northern
Whites
a. caused resentment
b. race riots erupted in 26 Northern cities
c. White media reported RUMORS of spreading
violence by Blacks – this increased
tensions/retaliation by Northern Whites

3. Migration also occurred due to blacks
being hired to replace striking whites
while unions formed
4. Marcus Garvey
a. founded “Back to Africa”
movement
b. Garvey felt Blacks couldn’t
compete with whites in America
c. Urged blacks to return to “mother
countries” in Africa to build strong
separate civilizations
d. “Black Pride” was started, gained
recognition

e. Garvey started the Black Star Line ships
to Africa
- B.S.L. failed
- Garvey was tried & convicted of
fraud by an all-white jury
- Many felt he was convicted mainly on
radical beliefs
- B.S.L. really failed due to
mismanagement, rather than fraud.
- served in jail from 1925-1927,
released and deported to Jamaica

5. Black Ghettos Today
a. Many were a result of the great
migration
b. Migrants were poor, moved into less
expensive city houses
c. Middle Class whites with cars moved to
the new suburbs
d. Inner city houses decayed with age & poor
couldn’t afford to move out – stuck there
e. Poor directly affected by economy, 1st to
lose jobs, no way out of their situation

6. The Harlem Renaissance
a. Many migrant Blacks settled in
Harlem, New York
- became the “Negro capital of the
world”
b. W.E.B. Du Bois and James Walden
Johnson became leaders of the
Harlem Renaissance
- was an expression of African
American writers who began
expressing their own identity and
anger at racism
- jazz music, rhythm & blues told stories of
racism/hard times : Louis Armstrong,
Duke Ellington



Sacco & Vanzetti Trial
1. Sacco & Vanzetti were immigrants who believed
in anarchy
2. They were tried and convicted of murder, based
on circumstantial evidence, not hard proof
3. Some felt they were convicted on their beliefs &
because they were immigrants
4. Executed in 1927. Later Names were cleared by
Governor Michael Dukakis in 1977.
5. Riots erupted after executions in U.S. & Europe



Palmer Raids
1.
2.
3.
4.

Palmer was President Wilson’s Attorney General
Palmer gathered information on radicals
Deported up to 600 immigrants (mostly to Soviet
Union) due to Communist fears
Most deported or arrested favored NON-Violent
radicalism, not Violent revolution



Feminism/Suffrage
1.

Women Suffrage
a. 19th Amendment Passed in 1920
b. 15th Amendment allowed all MEN to vote
c. Progressives helped push for women to vote to
help push through their reforms

d. Sheppard/Tower Act (1921) was 1st
Amendment to deal with Welfare reform
- assisted maternal & infant health care
- Child killers included: polio, diphtheria &
smallpox
e. Young Women Rebelled against Victorian
Constraints
- wore shorter dresses
- smoking/drinking in public for 1st time
- wild dancing, more promiscuous

2. Children/Teens
A. Kids no longer worked much thanks to progressive
reforms
B. More Time led to: Drinking, promiscuity, constant
search for excitement
C. More middle class attended school & given more
luxuries
D. Lower Class had more idle time
E. Gangs developed on city streets

3. Crime Increased
A. Due to Prohibition (18th Amendment in
1917)
- More middle/upper class were
willing to break laws for alcohol
B. Bootlegging became common
- Adult gangs developed: Al Capone

4. Prohibition
A. It was illegal to sell, drink, make or
transport more than 1% alcohol
B. Represented moral issues by
Progressives & Southerners who
migrated North
C. Law angered ethnic groups such as
Germans and Irish immigrants
D. Drinking did decline, but it was
repealed in 1933

1.

KKK Rebirth
a. KKK had only 34 members in 1914 – 5
million by 1925
b. The Red Scare helped to convince
many to join the KKK
c. KKK was a sanctuary to the
frightened & insecure

d. KKK gained political control of state governments
in Oklahoma & Texas
e. Hatred extended to Mexicans, Japanese, European
immigrants, Catholics, Jews, French Canadians,
Prostitutes and radical women in the 1920s
f. KKK felt all of those groups were beyond redemption

g. Similarities to the rise of Nazi’s in
Germany
h. KKK wanted “pure Americanism”
i. KKK fell quickly in the 1920s due to:
- clashes with the law
- scandals with sex/corruption
j. Racism remained and there would be no
major civil rights legislation until the
1960s

2. Immigration Restriction
a. 1924 National Origins Act
- created a “quota system”
- limited European immigrants to
150,000 per year
- based on fears of immigrants flooding
into the U.S. from a rebuilding Europe
- the law lasted into the 1960s
- Mexican immigrants were NOT restricted
and filled the need for unskilled workers

1. The Lost Generation
a. American writers who questioned why Materialism
ruled over intellectual, spiritual and artistic concerns
b. Writers moved to Europe and wrote pessimistically
of greed/emptiness of American lives in 1920s
- included: Ernest Hemingway, Gertrude Stein, F.
Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound,T.S. Elliot, Sinclair Lewis

2. Harlem Renaissance brought previously hidden
Black art, music & literature to the world
A. Rhythm & Blues music
- sounds of years of sorrow and struggle
B. Writers Claude McKay, Langston Hughes
- wrote about the Black struggle for
equality
C. Cultural Explosion
- marked by white & black authors who
were critical of mass production/wanting
a simpler lifestyle

3. Fundamentalist Controversy
A. Scopes Trial
- John Scopes was a Biology teacher
- Scopes taught theory of evolution,
which was against Tennessee law to
teach
- Prosecution used William Jennings
Bryan to testify, but contradicted by
taking Bible out of context after
saying it was a literal translation

- Scopes was found guilty, given a $100 fine
- Bryan was so hurt by trial that he died 6
days later
- Fundamentalism did survive despite the
trial

Famous Lawyers

John Scopes
High School Biology teacher

I. Warren G. Harding (President 19211923)
A. Republican candidate for
president in 1920. His slogan
was “back to normalcy”
B. Believed in importance of Big
Business
- supported by big business
leaders
C. Tried to have U.S. face calm after
WWI and Wilson’s Treaty failure

D. Teapot Dome Scandal
1. Two cabinet members took bribes
for big oil leases in Teapot Dome,
Wyoming.
2. Harding died of a stroke in 1923,
before scandals became public
3. He was a good man, surrounded
by corruption

II. Calvin Coolidge, (President 1923-1929)
A. “Silent Cal”, honest, integrity, a
friend of business
B. “The Business of America is
Business”
1. Believed big business must be
prosperous for America to prosper
2. This was popular strategy
throughout the 1920s
3. Chose not to run again in 1928

III. Herbert Hoover (President 1929-1933)
A. Self-made millionaire named “Wonder Boy”
B. Most intelligent President in the 1920s, served
as secretary of commerce under Harding and
Coolidge
C. Pushed for gov’t. regulations, but only
wanted volunteerism from businesses, not
having the gov’t. make it mandatory

IV. Republican Policies
A. Isolationism
1. Wanted to separate from Europe’s
troubles
B. Dawes Plan
1. Allies owed the U.S. $10 billion in
war debts they couldn’t pay until
Germany repaid them $33 billion
debt
2. France moved into Germany,
possibly threatening a new war

3. Dawes was sent to avert another
war. Got U.S. bankers to loan
Germany money to repay its debt,
so allies could repay the U.S.
4. Policy was to replace Europe’s
military dependence with big
business dependence
5. Only worked until the Great
Depression destroyed banking
industry

V. Brand-Kellogg Treaty
A. 14 Nations signed a treaty outlawing
war
B. Treaty declared war was illegal
1. Weakness was there was no
punishment if treaty was broken

VI. Scientific Management
A. Developed by Frederick Taylor
1. Taylor felt workers were lazy, sloppy
2. Felt efficiency could be measured to
improve productivity, raise wages &
profits
B. Time Study Analysis
1. Take a single task (welding a car frame)
2. Use a stop watch to time the person
- after several times, the average time
represents the standard time it takes
to weld a car together

3. After a year, Management saw what average
time was taken to do the task. If it was twice
the standard time, the worker was at 50%
efficiency
4. Aim was for 100% or better. If not improved
after a period of time, then firings, demotions
or new supervisors took over
5. Exceptions to improvement: When changes are
made to the product, or new workers are hired
C. Benefits of Scientific Management
1. Accountability, evaluation of talent, future cost
projections
2. The more you do something, usually you get
more accurate in less time

VI. Failures of the Republican policies
A. Crash came down during Hoover’s time due to
ignorance
1. When economy slowed in 1927, credit
should have been made more difficult to
get, but instead it was made easier
2. This would have created a mild
recession, instead of a sudden, hard
depression
B. Failure of Brand-Kellogg and League of
Nations to create punishments helped
Germany & Japan get aggressive & led to WWII


Slide 19

•

•

•

Became the nation’s largest
industry in 1920s.
10 million cars in U.S. in 1920, 26
million by 1929!
Assembly line started in 1913,
building 5 million cars/year by
1929.



Industry weakness: Those who buy a long
lasting item are out of the market for a few
years (fewer sales)

1920 Ford Model T Center Door Sedan










More Steel mills were needed
More Rubber Factories
More Glass Suppliers
Real Estate: Can now build homes outside the
cities in suburbs
Gas Stations replaced horse stables
Roads to be built








When automobile sales slow down so do all of
the other industries that supply them.
This causes a massive downturn in the
economy.
Jobs are lost in those other areas
This is why Auto industry helps drive the
economy (even today)



New industries appeared in the 1920s:
1. Electric Industry
a. Massive steam generators converted
coal to electricity (2/3 of all
Americans had electricity by 1929)
b. New Appliances: Washing Machines,
vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, ovens
c. These appliances led to more free time
- “chores” decreased, kids faced
boredom

2. Radio/Motion Pictures
a. In 1929 NBC became the 1st
successful radio network
- Amos N’ Andy was 1st famous
radio comedy (it featured
“blackface comedy”)
b. Allowed the spread of advertising
c. First talking movie in 1927: “The
Jazz Singer”, starring Al Jolson

3. Aluminum became a major business

4. Corporations grew, forcing out family
owned businesses
a. increasing dependence on mortgage
bankers like J.P. Morgan



Economic Weaknesses did occur
1. Decline in “traditional” industries
a. Railroads were poorly managed & hurt by the
new trucking industry
b. Coal Industry was being replaced by
natural gas & petroleum
c. Cotton declined due to rayon & synthetic
fibers
d. Agriculture was hardest hit of all
- farmers had expanded meat production
in WWI to feed the U.S. & Europe
- prices dropped after WWI. This hurt
farmers during 1920s. Later drought &
depression devastated them in 1930s.

2. Middle to Upper Class Prospered
a. Ended up with more money than
they could spend
b. Many ended up speculating heavily in the
stock market
- instead of investing in sound
markets
- idea was to get rich quick
c. 1920s was known as a time of plenty:
spend and not worry about the future

IV. Heroes of the Decade
1. Babe Ruth (home run king)
2. Jack Dempsey & Gene Tunney
(boxing legends)
3. Charles Lindberg (1st man to fly solo
across the Atlantic) – Spirit of St.
Louis
4. Rudolph Valentino – first major
Hollywood “Sex symbol”



A half-million blacks left the South for the North in
the 1920s
1. Higher paying jobs, left behind Southern farms
and sharecropping
2. Competed for jobs/housing with existing Northern
Whites
a. caused resentment
b. race riots erupted in 26 Northern cities
c. White media reported RUMORS of spreading
violence by Blacks – this increased
tensions/retaliation by Northern Whites

3. Migration also occurred due to blacks
being hired to replace striking whites
while unions formed
4. Marcus Garvey
a. founded “Back to Africa”
movement
b. Garvey felt Blacks couldn’t
compete with whites in America
c. Urged blacks to return to “mother
countries” in Africa to build strong
separate civilizations
d. “Black Pride” was started, gained
recognition

e. Garvey started the Black Star Line ships
to Africa
- B.S.L. failed
- Garvey was tried & convicted of
fraud by an all-white jury
- Many felt he was convicted mainly on
radical beliefs
- B.S.L. really failed due to
mismanagement, rather than fraud.
- served in jail from 1925-1927,
released and deported to Jamaica

5. Black Ghettos Today
a. Many were a result of the great
migration
b. Migrants were poor, moved into less
expensive city houses
c. Middle Class whites with cars moved to
the new suburbs
d. Inner city houses decayed with age & poor
couldn’t afford to move out – stuck there
e. Poor directly affected by economy, 1st to
lose jobs, no way out of their situation

6. The Harlem Renaissance
a. Many migrant Blacks settled in
Harlem, New York
- became the “Negro capital of the
world”
b. W.E.B. Du Bois and James Walden
Johnson became leaders of the
Harlem Renaissance
- was an expression of African
American writers who began
expressing their own identity and
anger at racism
- jazz music, rhythm & blues told stories of
racism/hard times : Louis Armstrong,
Duke Ellington



Sacco & Vanzetti Trial
1. Sacco & Vanzetti were immigrants who believed
in anarchy
2. They were tried and convicted of murder, based
on circumstantial evidence, not hard proof
3. Some felt they were convicted on their beliefs &
because they were immigrants
4. Executed in 1927. Later Names were cleared by
Governor Michael Dukakis in 1977.
5. Riots erupted after executions in U.S. & Europe



Palmer Raids
1.
2.
3.
4.

Palmer was President Wilson’s Attorney General
Palmer gathered information on radicals
Deported up to 600 immigrants (mostly to Soviet
Union) due to Communist fears
Most deported or arrested favored NON-Violent
radicalism, not Violent revolution



Feminism/Suffrage
1.

Women Suffrage
a. 19th Amendment Passed in 1920
b. 15th Amendment allowed all MEN to vote
c. Progressives helped push for women to vote to
help push through their reforms

d. Sheppard/Tower Act (1921) was 1st
Amendment to deal with Welfare reform
- assisted maternal & infant health care
- Child killers included: polio, diphtheria &
smallpox
e. Young Women Rebelled against Victorian
Constraints
- wore shorter dresses
- smoking/drinking in public for 1st time
- wild dancing, more promiscuous

2. Children/Teens
A. Kids no longer worked much thanks to progressive
reforms
B. More Time led to: Drinking, promiscuity, constant
search for excitement
C. More middle class attended school & given more
luxuries
D. Lower Class had more idle time
E. Gangs developed on city streets

3. Crime Increased
A. Due to Prohibition (18th Amendment in
1917)
- More middle/upper class were
willing to break laws for alcohol
B. Bootlegging became common
- Adult gangs developed: Al Capone

4. Prohibition
A. It was illegal to sell, drink, make or
transport more than 1% alcohol
B. Represented moral issues by
Progressives & Southerners who
migrated North
C. Law angered ethnic groups such as
Germans and Irish immigrants
D. Drinking did decline, but it was
repealed in 1933

1.

KKK Rebirth
a. KKK had only 34 members in 1914 – 5
million by 1925
b. The Red Scare helped to convince
many to join the KKK
c. KKK was a sanctuary to the
frightened & insecure

d. KKK gained political control of state governments
in Oklahoma & Texas
e. Hatred extended to Mexicans, Japanese, European
immigrants, Catholics, Jews, French Canadians,
Prostitutes and radical women in the 1920s
f. KKK felt all of those groups were beyond redemption

g. Similarities to the rise of Nazi’s in
Germany
h. KKK wanted “pure Americanism”
i. KKK fell quickly in the 1920s due to:
- clashes with the law
- scandals with sex/corruption
j. Racism remained and there would be no
major civil rights legislation until the
1960s

2. Immigration Restriction
a. 1924 National Origins Act
- created a “quota system”
- limited European immigrants to
150,000 per year
- based on fears of immigrants flooding
into the U.S. from a rebuilding Europe
- the law lasted into the 1960s
- Mexican immigrants were NOT restricted
and filled the need for unskilled workers

1. The Lost Generation
a. American writers who questioned why Materialism
ruled over intellectual, spiritual and artistic concerns
b. Writers moved to Europe and wrote pessimistically
of greed/emptiness of American lives in 1920s
- included: Ernest Hemingway, Gertrude Stein, F.
Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound,T.S. Elliot, Sinclair Lewis

2. Harlem Renaissance brought previously hidden
Black art, music & literature to the world
A. Rhythm & Blues music
- sounds of years of sorrow and struggle
B. Writers Claude McKay, Langston Hughes
- wrote about the Black struggle for
equality
C. Cultural Explosion
- marked by white & black authors who
were critical of mass production/wanting
a simpler lifestyle

3. Fundamentalist Controversy
A. Scopes Trial
- John Scopes was a Biology teacher
- Scopes taught theory of evolution,
which was against Tennessee law to
teach
- Prosecution used William Jennings
Bryan to testify, but contradicted by
taking Bible out of context after
saying it was a literal translation

- Scopes was found guilty, given a $100 fine
- Bryan was so hurt by trial that he died 6
days later
- Fundamentalism did survive despite the
trial

Famous Lawyers

John Scopes
High School Biology teacher

I. Warren G. Harding (President 19211923)
A. Republican candidate for
president in 1920. His slogan
was “back to normalcy”
B. Believed in importance of Big
Business
- supported by big business
leaders
C. Tried to have U.S. face calm after
WWI and Wilson’s Treaty failure

D. Teapot Dome Scandal
1. Two cabinet members took bribes
for big oil leases in Teapot Dome,
Wyoming.
2. Harding died of a stroke in 1923,
before scandals became public
3. He was a good man, surrounded
by corruption

II. Calvin Coolidge, (President 1923-1929)
A. “Silent Cal”, honest, integrity, a
friend of business
B. “The Business of America is
Business”
1. Believed big business must be
prosperous for America to prosper
2. This was popular strategy
throughout the 1920s
3. Chose not to run again in 1928

III. Herbert Hoover (President 1929-1933)
A. Self-made millionaire named “Wonder Boy”
B. Most intelligent President in the 1920s, served
as secretary of commerce under Harding and
Coolidge
C. Pushed for gov’t. regulations, but only
wanted volunteerism from businesses, not
having the gov’t. make it mandatory

IV. Republican Policies
A. Isolationism
1. Wanted to separate from Europe’s
troubles
B. Dawes Plan
1. Allies owed the U.S. $10 billion in
war debts they couldn’t pay until
Germany repaid them $33 billion
debt
2. France moved into Germany,
possibly threatening a new war

3. Dawes was sent to avert another
war. Got U.S. bankers to loan
Germany money to repay its debt,
so allies could repay the U.S.
4. Policy was to replace Europe’s
military dependence with big
business dependence
5. Only worked until the Great
Depression destroyed banking
industry

V. Brand-Kellogg Treaty
A. 14 Nations signed a treaty outlawing
war
B. Treaty declared war was illegal
1. Weakness was there was no
punishment if treaty was broken

VI. Scientific Management
A. Developed by Frederick Taylor
1. Taylor felt workers were lazy, sloppy
2. Felt efficiency could be measured to
improve productivity, raise wages &
profits
B. Time Study Analysis
1. Take a single task (welding a car frame)
2. Use a stop watch to time the person
- after several times, the average time
represents the standard time it takes
to weld a car together

3. After a year, Management saw what average
time was taken to do the task. If it was twice
the standard time, the worker was at 50%
efficiency
4. Aim was for 100% or better. If not improved
after a period of time, then firings, demotions
or new supervisors took over
5. Exceptions to improvement: When changes are
made to the product, or new workers are hired
C. Benefits of Scientific Management
1. Accountability, evaluation of talent, future cost
projections
2. The more you do something, usually you get
more accurate in less time

VI. Failures of the Republican policies
A. Crash came down during Hoover’s time due to
ignorance
1. When economy slowed in 1927, credit
should have been made more difficult to
get, but instead it was made easier
2. This would have created a mild
recession, instead of a sudden, hard
depression
B. Failure of Brand-Kellogg and League of
Nations to create punishments helped
Germany & Japan get aggressive & led to WWII


Slide 20

•

•

•

Became the nation’s largest
industry in 1920s.
10 million cars in U.S. in 1920, 26
million by 1929!
Assembly line started in 1913,
building 5 million cars/year by
1929.



Industry weakness: Those who buy a long
lasting item are out of the market for a few
years (fewer sales)

1920 Ford Model T Center Door Sedan










More Steel mills were needed
More Rubber Factories
More Glass Suppliers
Real Estate: Can now build homes outside the
cities in suburbs
Gas Stations replaced horse stables
Roads to be built








When automobile sales slow down so do all of
the other industries that supply them.
This causes a massive downturn in the
economy.
Jobs are lost in those other areas
This is why Auto industry helps drive the
economy (even today)



New industries appeared in the 1920s:
1. Electric Industry
a. Massive steam generators converted
coal to electricity (2/3 of all
Americans had electricity by 1929)
b. New Appliances: Washing Machines,
vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, ovens
c. These appliances led to more free time
- “chores” decreased, kids faced
boredom

2. Radio/Motion Pictures
a. In 1929 NBC became the 1st
successful radio network
- Amos N’ Andy was 1st famous
radio comedy (it featured
“blackface comedy”)
b. Allowed the spread of advertising
c. First talking movie in 1927: “The
Jazz Singer”, starring Al Jolson

3. Aluminum became a major business

4. Corporations grew, forcing out family
owned businesses
a. increasing dependence on mortgage
bankers like J.P. Morgan



Economic Weaknesses did occur
1. Decline in “traditional” industries
a. Railroads were poorly managed & hurt by the
new trucking industry
b. Coal Industry was being replaced by
natural gas & petroleum
c. Cotton declined due to rayon & synthetic
fibers
d. Agriculture was hardest hit of all
- farmers had expanded meat production
in WWI to feed the U.S. & Europe
- prices dropped after WWI. This hurt
farmers during 1920s. Later drought &
depression devastated them in 1930s.

2. Middle to Upper Class Prospered
a. Ended up with more money than
they could spend
b. Many ended up speculating heavily in the
stock market
- instead of investing in sound
markets
- idea was to get rich quick
c. 1920s was known as a time of plenty:
spend and not worry about the future

IV. Heroes of the Decade
1. Babe Ruth (home run king)
2. Jack Dempsey & Gene Tunney
(boxing legends)
3. Charles Lindberg (1st man to fly solo
across the Atlantic) – Spirit of St.
Louis
4. Rudolph Valentino – first major
Hollywood “Sex symbol”



A half-million blacks left the South for the North in
the 1920s
1. Higher paying jobs, left behind Southern farms
and sharecropping
2. Competed for jobs/housing with existing Northern
Whites
a. caused resentment
b. race riots erupted in 26 Northern cities
c. White media reported RUMORS of spreading
violence by Blacks – this increased
tensions/retaliation by Northern Whites

3. Migration also occurred due to blacks
being hired to replace striking whites
while unions formed
4. Marcus Garvey
a. founded “Back to Africa”
movement
b. Garvey felt Blacks couldn’t
compete with whites in America
c. Urged blacks to return to “mother
countries” in Africa to build strong
separate civilizations
d. “Black Pride” was started, gained
recognition

e. Garvey started the Black Star Line ships
to Africa
- B.S.L. failed
- Garvey was tried & convicted of
fraud by an all-white jury
- Many felt he was convicted mainly on
radical beliefs
- B.S.L. really failed due to
mismanagement, rather than fraud.
- served in jail from 1925-1927,
released and deported to Jamaica

5. Black Ghettos Today
a. Many were a result of the great
migration
b. Migrants were poor, moved into less
expensive city houses
c. Middle Class whites with cars moved to
the new suburbs
d. Inner city houses decayed with age & poor
couldn’t afford to move out – stuck there
e. Poor directly affected by economy, 1st to
lose jobs, no way out of their situation

6. The Harlem Renaissance
a. Many migrant Blacks settled in
Harlem, New York
- became the “Negro capital of the
world”
b. W.E.B. Du Bois and James Walden
Johnson became leaders of the
Harlem Renaissance
- was an expression of African
American writers who began
expressing their own identity and
anger at racism
- jazz music, rhythm & blues told stories of
racism/hard times : Louis Armstrong,
Duke Ellington



Sacco & Vanzetti Trial
1. Sacco & Vanzetti were immigrants who believed
in anarchy
2. They were tried and convicted of murder, based
on circumstantial evidence, not hard proof
3. Some felt they were convicted on their beliefs &
because they were immigrants
4. Executed in 1927. Later Names were cleared by
Governor Michael Dukakis in 1977.
5. Riots erupted after executions in U.S. & Europe



Palmer Raids
1.
2.
3.
4.

Palmer was President Wilson’s Attorney General
Palmer gathered information on radicals
Deported up to 600 immigrants (mostly to Soviet
Union) due to Communist fears
Most deported or arrested favored NON-Violent
radicalism, not Violent revolution



Feminism/Suffrage
1.

Women Suffrage
a. 19th Amendment Passed in 1920
b. 15th Amendment allowed all MEN to vote
c. Progressives helped push for women to vote to
help push through their reforms

d. Sheppard/Tower Act (1921) was 1st
Amendment to deal with Welfare reform
- assisted maternal & infant health care
- Child killers included: polio, diphtheria &
smallpox
e. Young Women Rebelled against Victorian
Constraints
- wore shorter dresses
- smoking/drinking in public for 1st time
- wild dancing, more promiscuous

2. Children/Teens
A. Kids no longer worked much thanks to progressive
reforms
B. More Time led to: Drinking, promiscuity, constant
search for excitement
C. More middle class attended school & given more
luxuries
D. Lower Class had more idle time
E. Gangs developed on city streets

3. Crime Increased
A. Due to Prohibition (18th Amendment in
1917)
- More middle/upper class were
willing to break laws for alcohol
B. Bootlegging became common
- Adult gangs developed: Al Capone

4. Prohibition
A. It was illegal to sell, drink, make or
transport more than 1% alcohol
B. Represented moral issues by
Progressives & Southerners who
migrated North
C. Law angered ethnic groups such as
Germans and Irish immigrants
D. Drinking did decline, but it was
repealed in 1933

1.

KKK Rebirth
a. KKK had only 34 members in 1914 – 5
million by 1925
b. The Red Scare helped to convince
many to join the KKK
c. KKK was a sanctuary to the
frightened & insecure

d. KKK gained political control of state governments
in Oklahoma & Texas
e. Hatred extended to Mexicans, Japanese, European
immigrants, Catholics, Jews, French Canadians,
Prostitutes and radical women in the 1920s
f. KKK felt all of those groups were beyond redemption

g. Similarities to the rise of Nazi’s in
Germany
h. KKK wanted “pure Americanism”
i. KKK fell quickly in the 1920s due to:
- clashes with the law
- scandals with sex/corruption
j. Racism remained and there would be no
major civil rights legislation until the
1960s

2. Immigration Restriction
a. 1924 National Origins Act
- created a “quota system”
- limited European immigrants to
150,000 per year
- based on fears of immigrants flooding
into the U.S. from a rebuilding Europe
- the law lasted into the 1960s
- Mexican immigrants were NOT restricted
and filled the need for unskilled workers

1. The Lost Generation
a. American writers who questioned why Materialism
ruled over intellectual, spiritual and artistic concerns
b. Writers moved to Europe and wrote pessimistically
of greed/emptiness of American lives in 1920s
- included: Ernest Hemingway, Gertrude Stein, F.
Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound,T.S. Elliot, Sinclair Lewis

2. Harlem Renaissance brought previously hidden
Black art, music & literature to the world
A. Rhythm & Blues music
- sounds of years of sorrow and struggle
B. Writers Claude McKay, Langston Hughes
- wrote about the Black struggle for
equality
C. Cultural Explosion
- marked by white & black authors who
were critical of mass production/wanting
a simpler lifestyle

3. Fundamentalist Controversy
A. Scopes Trial
- John Scopes was a Biology teacher
- Scopes taught theory of evolution,
which was against Tennessee law to
teach
- Prosecution used William Jennings
Bryan to testify, but contradicted by
taking Bible out of context after
saying it was a literal translation

- Scopes was found guilty, given a $100 fine
- Bryan was so hurt by trial that he died 6
days later
- Fundamentalism did survive despite the
trial

Famous Lawyers

John Scopes
High School Biology teacher

I. Warren G. Harding (President 19211923)
A. Republican candidate for
president in 1920. His slogan
was “back to normalcy”
B. Believed in importance of Big
Business
- supported by big business
leaders
C. Tried to have U.S. face calm after
WWI and Wilson’s Treaty failure

D. Teapot Dome Scandal
1. Two cabinet members took bribes
for big oil leases in Teapot Dome,
Wyoming.
2. Harding died of a stroke in 1923,
before scandals became public
3. He was a good man, surrounded
by corruption

II. Calvin Coolidge, (President 1923-1929)
A. “Silent Cal”, honest, integrity, a
friend of business
B. “The Business of America is
Business”
1. Believed big business must be
prosperous for America to prosper
2. This was popular strategy
throughout the 1920s
3. Chose not to run again in 1928

III. Herbert Hoover (President 1929-1933)
A. Self-made millionaire named “Wonder Boy”
B. Most intelligent President in the 1920s, served
as secretary of commerce under Harding and
Coolidge
C. Pushed for gov’t. regulations, but only
wanted volunteerism from businesses, not
having the gov’t. make it mandatory

IV. Republican Policies
A. Isolationism
1. Wanted to separate from Europe’s
troubles
B. Dawes Plan
1. Allies owed the U.S. $10 billion in
war debts they couldn’t pay until
Germany repaid them $33 billion
debt
2. France moved into Germany,
possibly threatening a new war

3. Dawes was sent to avert another
war. Got U.S. bankers to loan
Germany money to repay its debt,
so allies could repay the U.S.
4. Policy was to replace Europe’s
military dependence with big
business dependence
5. Only worked until the Great
Depression destroyed banking
industry

V. Brand-Kellogg Treaty
A. 14 Nations signed a treaty outlawing
war
B. Treaty declared war was illegal
1. Weakness was there was no
punishment if treaty was broken

VI. Scientific Management
A. Developed by Frederick Taylor
1. Taylor felt workers were lazy, sloppy
2. Felt efficiency could be measured to
improve productivity, raise wages &
profits
B. Time Study Analysis
1. Take a single task (welding a car frame)
2. Use a stop watch to time the person
- after several times, the average time
represents the standard time it takes
to weld a car together

3. After a year, Management saw what average
time was taken to do the task. If it was twice
the standard time, the worker was at 50%
efficiency
4. Aim was for 100% or better. If not improved
after a period of time, then firings, demotions
or new supervisors took over
5. Exceptions to improvement: When changes are
made to the product, or new workers are hired
C. Benefits of Scientific Management
1. Accountability, evaluation of talent, future cost
projections
2. The more you do something, usually you get
more accurate in less time

VI. Failures of the Republican policies
A. Crash came down during Hoover’s time due to
ignorance
1. When economy slowed in 1927, credit
should have been made more difficult to
get, but instead it was made easier
2. This would have created a mild
recession, instead of a sudden, hard
depression
B. Failure of Brand-Kellogg and League of
Nations to create punishments helped
Germany & Japan get aggressive & led to WWII


Slide 21

•

•

•

Became the nation’s largest
industry in 1920s.
10 million cars in U.S. in 1920, 26
million by 1929!
Assembly line started in 1913,
building 5 million cars/year by
1929.



Industry weakness: Those who buy a long
lasting item are out of the market for a few
years (fewer sales)

1920 Ford Model T Center Door Sedan










More Steel mills were needed
More Rubber Factories
More Glass Suppliers
Real Estate: Can now build homes outside the
cities in suburbs
Gas Stations replaced horse stables
Roads to be built








When automobile sales slow down so do all of
the other industries that supply them.
This causes a massive downturn in the
economy.
Jobs are lost in those other areas
This is why Auto industry helps drive the
economy (even today)



New industries appeared in the 1920s:
1. Electric Industry
a. Massive steam generators converted
coal to electricity (2/3 of all
Americans had electricity by 1929)
b. New Appliances: Washing Machines,
vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, ovens
c. These appliances led to more free time
- “chores” decreased, kids faced
boredom

2. Radio/Motion Pictures
a. In 1929 NBC became the 1st
successful radio network
- Amos N’ Andy was 1st famous
radio comedy (it featured
“blackface comedy”)
b. Allowed the spread of advertising
c. First talking movie in 1927: “The
Jazz Singer”, starring Al Jolson

3. Aluminum became a major business

4. Corporations grew, forcing out family
owned businesses
a. increasing dependence on mortgage
bankers like J.P. Morgan



Economic Weaknesses did occur
1. Decline in “traditional” industries
a. Railroads were poorly managed & hurt by the
new trucking industry
b. Coal Industry was being replaced by
natural gas & petroleum
c. Cotton declined due to rayon & synthetic
fibers
d. Agriculture was hardest hit of all
- farmers had expanded meat production
in WWI to feed the U.S. & Europe
- prices dropped after WWI. This hurt
farmers during 1920s. Later drought &
depression devastated them in 1930s.

2. Middle to Upper Class Prospered
a. Ended up with more money than
they could spend
b. Many ended up speculating heavily in the
stock market
- instead of investing in sound
markets
- idea was to get rich quick
c. 1920s was known as a time of plenty:
spend and not worry about the future

IV. Heroes of the Decade
1. Babe Ruth (home run king)
2. Jack Dempsey & Gene Tunney
(boxing legends)
3. Charles Lindberg (1st man to fly solo
across the Atlantic) – Spirit of St.
Louis
4. Rudolph Valentino – first major
Hollywood “Sex symbol”



A half-million blacks left the South for the North in
the 1920s
1. Higher paying jobs, left behind Southern farms
and sharecropping
2. Competed for jobs/housing with existing Northern
Whites
a. caused resentment
b. race riots erupted in 26 Northern cities
c. White media reported RUMORS of spreading
violence by Blacks – this increased
tensions/retaliation by Northern Whites

3. Migration also occurred due to blacks
being hired to replace striking whites
while unions formed
4. Marcus Garvey
a. founded “Back to Africa”
movement
b. Garvey felt Blacks couldn’t
compete with whites in America
c. Urged blacks to return to “mother
countries” in Africa to build strong
separate civilizations
d. “Black Pride” was started, gained
recognition

e. Garvey started the Black Star Line ships
to Africa
- B.S.L. failed
- Garvey was tried & convicted of
fraud by an all-white jury
- Many felt he was convicted mainly on
radical beliefs
- B.S.L. really failed due to
mismanagement, rather than fraud.
- served in jail from 1925-1927,
released and deported to Jamaica

5. Black Ghettos Today
a. Many were a result of the great
migration
b. Migrants were poor, moved into less
expensive city houses
c. Middle Class whites with cars moved to
the new suburbs
d. Inner city houses decayed with age & poor
couldn’t afford to move out – stuck there
e. Poor directly affected by economy, 1st to
lose jobs, no way out of their situation

6. The Harlem Renaissance
a. Many migrant Blacks settled in
Harlem, New York
- became the “Negro capital of the
world”
b. W.E.B. Du Bois and James Walden
Johnson became leaders of the
Harlem Renaissance
- was an expression of African
American writers who began
expressing their own identity and
anger at racism
- jazz music, rhythm & blues told stories of
racism/hard times : Louis Armstrong,
Duke Ellington



Sacco & Vanzetti Trial
1. Sacco & Vanzetti were immigrants who believed
in anarchy
2. They were tried and convicted of murder, based
on circumstantial evidence, not hard proof
3. Some felt they were convicted on their beliefs &
because they were immigrants
4. Executed in 1927. Later Names were cleared by
Governor Michael Dukakis in 1977.
5. Riots erupted after executions in U.S. & Europe



Palmer Raids
1.
2.
3.
4.

Palmer was President Wilson’s Attorney General
Palmer gathered information on radicals
Deported up to 600 immigrants (mostly to Soviet
Union) due to Communist fears
Most deported or arrested favored NON-Violent
radicalism, not Violent revolution



Feminism/Suffrage
1.

Women Suffrage
a. 19th Amendment Passed in 1920
b. 15th Amendment allowed all MEN to vote
c. Progressives helped push for women to vote to
help push through their reforms

d. Sheppard/Tower Act (1921) was 1st
Amendment to deal with Welfare reform
- assisted maternal & infant health care
- Child killers included: polio, diphtheria &
smallpox
e. Young Women Rebelled against Victorian
Constraints
- wore shorter dresses
- smoking/drinking in public for 1st time
- wild dancing, more promiscuous

2. Children/Teens
A. Kids no longer worked much thanks to progressive
reforms
B. More Time led to: Drinking, promiscuity, constant
search for excitement
C. More middle class attended school & given more
luxuries
D. Lower Class had more idle time
E. Gangs developed on city streets

3. Crime Increased
A. Due to Prohibition (18th Amendment in
1917)
- More middle/upper class were
willing to break laws for alcohol
B. Bootlegging became common
- Adult gangs developed: Al Capone

4. Prohibition
A. It was illegal to sell, drink, make or
transport more than 1% alcohol
B. Represented moral issues by
Progressives & Southerners who
migrated North
C. Law angered ethnic groups such as
Germans and Irish immigrants
D. Drinking did decline, but it was
repealed in 1933

1.

KKK Rebirth
a. KKK had only 34 members in 1914 – 5
million by 1925
b. The Red Scare helped to convince
many to join the KKK
c. KKK was a sanctuary to the
frightened & insecure

d. KKK gained political control of state governments
in Oklahoma & Texas
e. Hatred extended to Mexicans, Japanese, European
immigrants, Catholics, Jews, French Canadians,
Prostitutes and radical women in the 1920s
f. KKK felt all of those groups were beyond redemption

g. Similarities to the rise of Nazi’s in
Germany
h. KKK wanted “pure Americanism”
i. KKK fell quickly in the 1920s due to:
- clashes with the law
- scandals with sex/corruption
j. Racism remained and there would be no
major civil rights legislation until the
1960s

2. Immigration Restriction
a. 1924 National Origins Act
- created a “quota system”
- limited European immigrants to
150,000 per year
- based on fears of immigrants flooding
into the U.S. from a rebuilding Europe
- the law lasted into the 1960s
- Mexican immigrants were NOT restricted
and filled the need for unskilled workers

1. The Lost Generation
a. American writers who questioned why Materialism
ruled over intellectual, spiritual and artistic concerns
b. Writers moved to Europe and wrote pessimistically
of greed/emptiness of American lives in 1920s
- included: Ernest Hemingway, Gertrude Stein, F.
Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound,T.S. Elliot, Sinclair Lewis

2. Harlem Renaissance brought previously hidden
Black art, music & literature to the world
A. Rhythm & Blues music
- sounds of years of sorrow and struggle
B. Writers Claude McKay, Langston Hughes
- wrote about the Black struggle for
equality
C. Cultural Explosion
- marked by white & black authors who
were critical of mass production/wanting
a simpler lifestyle

3. Fundamentalist Controversy
A. Scopes Trial
- John Scopes was a Biology teacher
- Scopes taught theory of evolution,
which was against Tennessee law to
teach
- Prosecution used William Jennings
Bryan to testify, but contradicted by
taking Bible out of context after
saying it was a literal translation

- Scopes was found guilty, given a $100 fine
- Bryan was so hurt by trial that he died 6
days later
- Fundamentalism did survive despite the
trial

Famous Lawyers

John Scopes
High School Biology teacher

I. Warren G. Harding (President 19211923)
A. Republican candidate for
president in 1920. His slogan
was “back to normalcy”
B. Believed in importance of Big
Business
- supported by big business
leaders
C. Tried to have U.S. face calm after
WWI and Wilson’s Treaty failure

D. Teapot Dome Scandal
1. Two cabinet members took bribes
for big oil leases in Teapot Dome,
Wyoming.
2. Harding died of a stroke in 1923,
before scandals became public
3. He was a good man, surrounded
by corruption

II. Calvin Coolidge, (President 1923-1929)
A. “Silent Cal”, honest, integrity, a
friend of business
B. “The Business of America is
Business”
1. Believed big business must be
prosperous for America to prosper
2. This was popular strategy
throughout the 1920s
3. Chose not to run again in 1928

III. Herbert Hoover (President 1929-1933)
A. Self-made millionaire named “Wonder Boy”
B. Most intelligent President in the 1920s, served
as secretary of commerce under Harding and
Coolidge
C. Pushed for gov’t. regulations, but only
wanted volunteerism from businesses, not
having the gov’t. make it mandatory

IV. Republican Policies
A. Isolationism
1. Wanted to separate from Europe’s
troubles
B. Dawes Plan
1. Allies owed the U.S. $10 billion in
war debts they couldn’t pay until
Germany repaid them $33 billion
debt
2. France moved into Germany,
possibly threatening a new war

3. Dawes was sent to avert another
war. Got U.S. bankers to loan
Germany money to repay its debt,
so allies could repay the U.S.
4. Policy was to replace Europe’s
military dependence with big
business dependence
5. Only worked until the Great
Depression destroyed banking
industry

V. Brand-Kellogg Treaty
A. 14 Nations signed a treaty outlawing
war
B. Treaty declared war was illegal
1. Weakness was there was no
punishment if treaty was broken

VI. Scientific Management
A. Developed by Frederick Taylor
1. Taylor felt workers were lazy, sloppy
2. Felt efficiency could be measured to
improve productivity, raise wages &
profits
B. Time Study Analysis
1. Take a single task (welding a car frame)
2. Use a stop watch to time the person
- after several times, the average time
represents the standard time it takes
to weld a car together

3. After a year, Management saw what average
time was taken to do the task. If it was twice
the standard time, the worker was at 50%
efficiency
4. Aim was for 100% or better. If not improved
after a period of time, then firings, demotions
or new supervisors took over
5. Exceptions to improvement: When changes are
made to the product, or new workers are hired
C. Benefits of Scientific Management
1. Accountability, evaluation of talent, future cost
projections
2. The more you do something, usually you get
more accurate in less time

VI. Failures of the Republican policies
A. Crash came down during Hoover’s time due to
ignorance
1. When economy slowed in 1927, credit
should have been made more difficult to
get, but instead it was made easier
2. This would have created a mild
recession, instead of a sudden, hard
depression
B. Failure of Brand-Kellogg and League of
Nations to create punishments helped
Germany & Japan get aggressive & led to WWII


Slide 22

•

•

•

Became the nation’s largest
industry in 1920s.
10 million cars in U.S. in 1920, 26
million by 1929!
Assembly line started in 1913,
building 5 million cars/year by
1929.



Industry weakness: Those who buy a long
lasting item are out of the market for a few
years (fewer sales)

1920 Ford Model T Center Door Sedan










More Steel mills were needed
More Rubber Factories
More Glass Suppliers
Real Estate: Can now build homes outside the
cities in suburbs
Gas Stations replaced horse stables
Roads to be built








When automobile sales slow down so do all of
the other industries that supply them.
This causes a massive downturn in the
economy.
Jobs are lost in those other areas
This is why Auto industry helps drive the
economy (even today)



New industries appeared in the 1920s:
1. Electric Industry
a. Massive steam generators converted
coal to electricity (2/3 of all
Americans had electricity by 1929)
b. New Appliances: Washing Machines,
vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, ovens
c. These appliances led to more free time
- “chores” decreased, kids faced
boredom

2. Radio/Motion Pictures
a. In 1929 NBC became the 1st
successful radio network
- Amos N’ Andy was 1st famous
radio comedy (it featured
“blackface comedy”)
b. Allowed the spread of advertising
c. First talking movie in 1927: “The
Jazz Singer”, starring Al Jolson

3. Aluminum became a major business

4. Corporations grew, forcing out family
owned businesses
a. increasing dependence on mortgage
bankers like J.P. Morgan



Economic Weaknesses did occur
1. Decline in “traditional” industries
a. Railroads were poorly managed & hurt by the
new trucking industry
b. Coal Industry was being replaced by
natural gas & petroleum
c. Cotton declined due to rayon & synthetic
fibers
d. Agriculture was hardest hit of all
- farmers had expanded meat production
in WWI to feed the U.S. & Europe
- prices dropped after WWI. This hurt
farmers during 1920s. Later drought &
depression devastated them in 1930s.

2. Middle to Upper Class Prospered
a. Ended up with more money than
they could spend
b. Many ended up speculating heavily in the
stock market
- instead of investing in sound
markets
- idea was to get rich quick
c. 1920s was known as a time of plenty:
spend and not worry about the future

IV. Heroes of the Decade
1. Babe Ruth (home run king)
2. Jack Dempsey & Gene Tunney
(boxing legends)
3. Charles Lindberg (1st man to fly solo
across the Atlantic) – Spirit of St.
Louis
4. Rudolph Valentino – first major
Hollywood “Sex symbol”



A half-million blacks left the South for the North in
the 1920s
1. Higher paying jobs, left behind Southern farms
and sharecropping
2. Competed for jobs/housing with existing Northern
Whites
a. caused resentment
b. race riots erupted in 26 Northern cities
c. White media reported RUMORS of spreading
violence by Blacks – this increased
tensions/retaliation by Northern Whites

3. Migration also occurred due to blacks
being hired to replace striking whites
while unions formed
4. Marcus Garvey
a. founded “Back to Africa”
movement
b. Garvey felt Blacks couldn’t
compete with whites in America
c. Urged blacks to return to “mother
countries” in Africa to build strong
separate civilizations
d. “Black Pride” was started, gained
recognition

e. Garvey started the Black Star Line ships
to Africa
- B.S.L. failed
- Garvey was tried & convicted of
fraud by an all-white jury
- Many felt he was convicted mainly on
radical beliefs
- B.S.L. really failed due to
mismanagement, rather than fraud.
- served in jail from 1925-1927,
released and deported to Jamaica

5. Black Ghettos Today
a. Many were a result of the great
migration
b. Migrants were poor, moved into less
expensive city houses
c. Middle Class whites with cars moved to
the new suburbs
d. Inner city houses decayed with age & poor
couldn’t afford to move out – stuck there
e. Poor directly affected by economy, 1st to
lose jobs, no way out of their situation

6. The Harlem Renaissance
a. Many migrant Blacks settled in
Harlem, New York
- became the “Negro capital of the
world”
b. W.E.B. Du Bois and James Walden
Johnson became leaders of the
Harlem Renaissance
- was an expression of African
American writers who began
expressing their own identity and
anger at racism
- jazz music, rhythm & blues told stories of
racism/hard times : Louis Armstrong,
Duke Ellington



Sacco & Vanzetti Trial
1. Sacco & Vanzetti were immigrants who believed
in anarchy
2. They were tried and convicted of murder, based
on circumstantial evidence, not hard proof
3. Some felt they were convicted on their beliefs &
because they were immigrants
4. Executed in 1927. Later Names were cleared by
Governor Michael Dukakis in 1977.
5. Riots erupted after executions in U.S. & Europe



Palmer Raids
1.
2.
3.
4.

Palmer was President Wilson’s Attorney General
Palmer gathered information on radicals
Deported up to 600 immigrants (mostly to Soviet
Union) due to Communist fears
Most deported or arrested favored NON-Violent
radicalism, not Violent revolution



Feminism/Suffrage
1.

Women Suffrage
a. 19th Amendment Passed in 1920
b. 15th Amendment allowed all MEN to vote
c. Progressives helped push for women to vote to
help push through their reforms

d. Sheppard/Tower Act (1921) was 1st
Amendment to deal with Welfare reform
- assisted maternal & infant health care
- Child killers included: polio, diphtheria &
smallpox
e. Young Women Rebelled against Victorian
Constraints
- wore shorter dresses
- smoking/drinking in public for 1st time
- wild dancing, more promiscuous

2. Children/Teens
A. Kids no longer worked much thanks to progressive
reforms
B. More Time led to: Drinking, promiscuity, constant
search for excitement
C. More middle class attended school & given more
luxuries
D. Lower Class had more idle time
E. Gangs developed on city streets

3. Crime Increased
A. Due to Prohibition (18th Amendment in
1917)
- More middle/upper class were
willing to break laws for alcohol
B. Bootlegging became common
- Adult gangs developed: Al Capone

4. Prohibition
A. It was illegal to sell, drink, make or
transport more than 1% alcohol
B. Represented moral issues by
Progressives & Southerners who
migrated North
C. Law angered ethnic groups such as
Germans and Irish immigrants
D. Drinking did decline, but it was
repealed in 1933

1.

KKK Rebirth
a. KKK had only 34 members in 1914 – 5
million by 1925
b. The Red Scare helped to convince
many to join the KKK
c. KKK was a sanctuary to the
frightened & insecure

d. KKK gained political control of state governments
in Oklahoma & Texas
e. Hatred extended to Mexicans, Japanese, European
immigrants, Catholics, Jews, French Canadians,
Prostitutes and radical women in the 1920s
f. KKK felt all of those groups were beyond redemption

g. Similarities to the rise of Nazi’s in
Germany
h. KKK wanted “pure Americanism”
i. KKK fell quickly in the 1920s due to:
- clashes with the law
- scandals with sex/corruption
j. Racism remained and there would be no
major civil rights legislation until the
1960s

2. Immigration Restriction
a. 1924 National Origins Act
- created a “quota system”
- limited European immigrants to
150,000 per year
- based on fears of immigrants flooding
into the U.S. from a rebuilding Europe
- the law lasted into the 1960s
- Mexican immigrants were NOT restricted
and filled the need for unskilled workers

1. The Lost Generation
a. American writers who questioned why Materialism
ruled over intellectual, spiritual and artistic concerns
b. Writers moved to Europe and wrote pessimistically
of greed/emptiness of American lives in 1920s
- included: Ernest Hemingway, Gertrude Stein, F.
Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound,T.S. Elliot, Sinclair Lewis

2. Harlem Renaissance brought previously hidden
Black art, music & literature to the world
A. Rhythm & Blues music
- sounds of years of sorrow and struggle
B. Writers Claude McKay, Langston Hughes
- wrote about the Black struggle for
equality
C. Cultural Explosion
- marked by white & black authors who
were critical of mass production/wanting
a simpler lifestyle

3. Fundamentalist Controversy
A. Scopes Trial
- John Scopes was a Biology teacher
- Scopes taught theory of evolution,
which was against Tennessee law to
teach
- Prosecution used William Jennings
Bryan to testify, but contradicted by
taking Bible out of context after
saying it was a literal translation

- Scopes was found guilty, given a $100 fine
- Bryan was so hurt by trial that he died 6
days later
- Fundamentalism did survive despite the
trial

Famous Lawyers

John Scopes
High School Biology teacher

I. Warren G. Harding (President 19211923)
A. Republican candidate for
president in 1920. His slogan
was “back to normalcy”
B. Believed in importance of Big
Business
- supported by big business
leaders
C. Tried to have U.S. face calm after
WWI and Wilson’s Treaty failure

D. Teapot Dome Scandal
1. Two cabinet members took bribes
for big oil leases in Teapot Dome,
Wyoming.
2. Harding died of a stroke in 1923,
before scandals became public
3. He was a good man, surrounded
by corruption

II. Calvin Coolidge, (President 1923-1929)
A. “Silent Cal”, honest, integrity, a
friend of business
B. “The Business of America is
Business”
1. Believed big business must be
prosperous for America to prosper
2. This was popular strategy
throughout the 1920s
3. Chose not to run again in 1928

III. Herbert Hoover (President 1929-1933)
A. Self-made millionaire named “Wonder Boy”
B. Most intelligent President in the 1920s, served
as secretary of commerce under Harding and
Coolidge
C. Pushed for gov’t. regulations, but only
wanted volunteerism from businesses, not
having the gov’t. make it mandatory

IV. Republican Policies
A. Isolationism
1. Wanted to separate from Europe’s
troubles
B. Dawes Plan
1. Allies owed the U.S. $10 billion in
war debts they couldn’t pay until
Germany repaid them $33 billion
debt
2. France moved into Germany,
possibly threatening a new war

3. Dawes was sent to avert another
war. Got U.S. bankers to loan
Germany money to repay its debt,
so allies could repay the U.S.
4. Policy was to replace Europe’s
military dependence with big
business dependence
5. Only worked until the Great
Depression destroyed banking
industry

V. Brand-Kellogg Treaty
A. 14 Nations signed a treaty outlawing
war
B. Treaty declared war was illegal
1. Weakness was there was no
punishment if treaty was broken

VI. Scientific Management
A. Developed by Frederick Taylor
1. Taylor felt workers were lazy, sloppy
2. Felt efficiency could be measured to
improve productivity, raise wages &
profits
B. Time Study Analysis
1. Take a single task (welding a car frame)
2. Use a stop watch to time the person
- after several times, the average time
represents the standard time it takes
to weld a car together

3. After a year, Management saw what average
time was taken to do the task. If it was twice
the standard time, the worker was at 50%
efficiency
4. Aim was for 100% or better. If not improved
after a period of time, then firings, demotions
or new supervisors took over
5. Exceptions to improvement: When changes are
made to the product, or new workers are hired
C. Benefits of Scientific Management
1. Accountability, evaluation of talent, future cost
projections
2. The more you do something, usually you get
more accurate in less time

VI. Failures of the Republican policies
A. Crash came down during Hoover’s time due to
ignorance
1. When economy slowed in 1927, credit
should have been made more difficult to
get, but instead it was made easier
2. This would have created a mild
recession, instead of a sudden, hard
depression
B. Failure of Brand-Kellogg and League of
Nations to create punishments helped
Germany & Japan get aggressive & led to WWII


Slide 23

•

•

•

Became the nation’s largest
industry in 1920s.
10 million cars in U.S. in 1920, 26
million by 1929!
Assembly line started in 1913,
building 5 million cars/year by
1929.



Industry weakness: Those who buy a long
lasting item are out of the market for a few
years (fewer sales)

1920 Ford Model T Center Door Sedan










More Steel mills were needed
More Rubber Factories
More Glass Suppliers
Real Estate: Can now build homes outside the
cities in suburbs
Gas Stations replaced horse stables
Roads to be built








When automobile sales slow down so do all of
the other industries that supply them.
This causes a massive downturn in the
economy.
Jobs are lost in those other areas
This is why Auto industry helps drive the
economy (even today)



New industries appeared in the 1920s:
1. Electric Industry
a. Massive steam generators converted
coal to electricity (2/3 of all
Americans had electricity by 1929)
b. New Appliances: Washing Machines,
vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, ovens
c. These appliances led to more free time
- “chores” decreased, kids faced
boredom

2. Radio/Motion Pictures
a. In 1929 NBC became the 1st
successful radio network
- Amos N’ Andy was 1st famous
radio comedy (it featured
“blackface comedy”)
b. Allowed the spread of advertising
c. First talking movie in 1927: “The
Jazz Singer”, starring Al Jolson

3. Aluminum became a major business

4. Corporations grew, forcing out family
owned businesses
a. increasing dependence on mortgage
bankers like J.P. Morgan



Economic Weaknesses did occur
1. Decline in “traditional” industries
a. Railroads were poorly managed & hurt by the
new trucking industry
b. Coal Industry was being replaced by
natural gas & petroleum
c. Cotton declined due to rayon & synthetic
fibers
d. Agriculture was hardest hit of all
- farmers had expanded meat production
in WWI to feed the U.S. & Europe
- prices dropped after WWI. This hurt
farmers during 1920s. Later drought &
depression devastated them in 1930s.

2. Middle to Upper Class Prospered
a. Ended up with more money than
they could spend
b. Many ended up speculating heavily in the
stock market
- instead of investing in sound
markets
- idea was to get rich quick
c. 1920s was known as a time of plenty:
spend and not worry about the future

IV. Heroes of the Decade
1. Babe Ruth (home run king)
2. Jack Dempsey & Gene Tunney
(boxing legends)
3. Charles Lindberg (1st man to fly solo
across the Atlantic) – Spirit of St.
Louis
4. Rudolph Valentino – first major
Hollywood “Sex symbol”



A half-million blacks left the South for the North in
the 1920s
1. Higher paying jobs, left behind Southern farms
and sharecropping
2. Competed for jobs/housing with existing Northern
Whites
a. caused resentment
b. race riots erupted in 26 Northern cities
c. White media reported RUMORS of spreading
violence by Blacks – this increased
tensions/retaliation by Northern Whites

3. Migration also occurred due to blacks
being hired to replace striking whites
while unions formed
4. Marcus Garvey
a. founded “Back to Africa”
movement
b. Garvey felt Blacks couldn’t
compete with whites in America
c. Urged blacks to return to “mother
countries” in Africa to build strong
separate civilizations
d. “Black Pride” was started, gained
recognition

e. Garvey started the Black Star Line ships
to Africa
- B.S.L. failed
- Garvey was tried & convicted of
fraud by an all-white jury
- Many felt he was convicted mainly on
radical beliefs
- B.S.L. really failed due to
mismanagement, rather than fraud.
- served in jail from 1925-1927,
released and deported to Jamaica

5. Black Ghettos Today
a. Many were a result of the great
migration
b. Migrants were poor, moved into less
expensive city houses
c. Middle Class whites with cars moved to
the new suburbs
d. Inner city houses decayed with age & poor
couldn’t afford to move out – stuck there
e. Poor directly affected by economy, 1st to
lose jobs, no way out of their situation

6. The Harlem Renaissance
a. Many migrant Blacks settled in
Harlem, New York
- became the “Negro capital of the
world”
b. W.E.B. Du Bois and James Walden
Johnson became leaders of the
Harlem Renaissance
- was an expression of African
American writers who began
expressing their own identity and
anger at racism
- jazz music, rhythm & blues told stories of
racism/hard times : Louis Armstrong,
Duke Ellington



Sacco & Vanzetti Trial
1. Sacco & Vanzetti were immigrants who believed
in anarchy
2. They were tried and convicted of murder, based
on circumstantial evidence, not hard proof
3. Some felt they were convicted on their beliefs &
because they were immigrants
4. Executed in 1927. Later Names were cleared by
Governor Michael Dukakis in 1977.
5. Riots erupted after executions in U.S. & Europe



Palmer Raids
1.
2.
3.
4.

Palmer was President Wilson’s Attorney General
Palmer gathered information on radicals
Deported up to 600 immigrants (mostly to Soviet
Union) due to Communist fears
Most deported or arrested favored NON-Violent
radicalism, not Violent revolution



Feminism/Suffrage
1.

Women Suffrage
a. 19th Amendment Passed in 1920
b. 15th Amendment allowed all MEN to vote
c. Progressives helped push for women to vote to
help push through their reforms

d. Sheppard/Tower Act (1921) was 1st
Amendment to deal with Welfare reform
- assisted maternal & infant health care
- Child killers included: polio, diphtheria &
smallpox
e. Young Women Rebelled against Victorian
Constraints
- wore shorter dresses
- smoking/drinking in public for 1st time
- wild dancing, more promiscuous

2. Children/Teens
A. Kids no longer worked much thanks to progressive
reforms
B. More Time led to: Drinking, promiscuity, constant
search for excitement
C. More middle class attended school & given more
luxuries
D. Lower Class had more idle time
E. Gangs developed on city streets

3. Crime Increased
A. Due to Prohibition (18th Amendment in
1917)
- More middle/upper class were
willing to break laws for alcohol
B. Bootlegging became common
- Adult gangs developed: Al Capone

4. Prohibition
A. It was illegal to sell, drink, make or
transport more than 1% alcohol
B. Represented moral issues by
Progressives & Southerners who
migrated North
C. Law angered ethnic groups such as
Germans and Irish immigrants
D. Drinking did decline, but it was
repealed in 1933

1.

KKK Rebirth
a. KKK had only 34 members in 1914 – 5
million by 1925
b. The Red Scare helped to convince
many to join the KKK
c. KKK was a sanctuary to the
frightened & insecure

d. KKK gained political control of state governments
in Oklahoma & Texas
e. Hatred extended to Mexicans, Japanese, European
immigrants, Catholics, Jews, French Canadians,
Prostitutes and radical women in the 1920s
f. KKK felt all of those groups were beyond redemption

g. Similarities to the rise of Nazi’s in
Germany
h. KKK wanted “pure Americanism”
i. KKK fell quickly in the 1920s due to:
- clashes with the law
- scandals with sex/corruption
j. Racism remained and there would be no
major civil rights legislation until the
1960s

2. Immigration Restriction
a. 1924 National Origins Act
- created a “quota system”
- limited European immigrants to
150,000 per year
- based on fears of immigrants flooding
into the U.S. from a rebuilding Europe
- the law lasted into the 1960s
- Mexican immigrants were NOT restricted
and filled the need for unskilled workers

1. The Lost Generation
a. American writers who questioned why Materialism
ruled over intellectual, spiritual and artistic concerns
b. Writers moved to Europe and wrote pessimistically
of greed/emptiness of American lives in 1920s
- included: Ernest Hemingway, Gertrude Stein, F.
Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound,T.S. Elliot, Sinclair Lewis

2. Harlem Renaissance brought previously hidden
Black art, music & literature to the world
A. Rhythm & Blues music
- sounds of years of sorrow and struggle
B. Writers Claude McKay, Langston Hughes
- wrote about the Black struggle for
equality
C. Cultural Explosion
- marked by white & black authors who
were critical of mass production/wanting
a simpler lifestyle

3. Fundamentalist Controversy
A. Scopes Trial
- John Scopes was a Biology teacher
- Scopes taught theory of evolution,
which was against Tennessee law to
teach
- Prosecution used William Jennings
Bryan to testify, but contradicted by
taking Bible out of context after
saying it was a literal translation

- Scopes was found guilty, given a $100 fine
- Bryan was so hurt by trial that he died 6
days later
- Fundamentalism did survive despite the
trial

Famous Lawyers

John Scopes
High School Biology teacher

I. Warren G. Harding (President 19211923)
A. Republican candidate for
president in 1920. His slogan
was “back to normalcy”
B. Believed in importance of Big
Business
- supported by big business
leaders
C. Tried to have U.S. face calm after
WWI and Wilson’s Treaty failure

D. Teapot Dome Scandal
1. Two cabinet members took bribes
for big oil leases in Teapot Dome,
Wyoming.
2. Harding died of a stroke in 1923,
before scandals became public
3. He was a good man, surrounded
by corruption

II. Calvin Coolidge, (President 1923-1929)
A. “Silent Cal”, honest, integrity, a
friend of business
B. “The Business of America is
Business”
1. Believed big business must be
prosperous for America to prosper
2. This was popular strategy
throughout the 1920s
3. Chose not to run again in 1928

III. Herbert Hoover (President 1929-1933)
A. Self-made millionaire named “Wonder Boy”
B. Most intelligent President in the 1920s, served
as secretary of commerce under Harding and
Coolidge
C. Pushed for gov’t. regulations, but only
wanted volunteerism from businesses, not
having the gov’t. make it mandatory

IV. Republican Policies
A. Isolationism
1. Wanted to separate from Europe’s
troubles
B. Dawes Plan
1. Allies owed the U.S. $10 billion in
war debts they couldn’t pay until
Germany repaid them $33 billion
debt
2. France moved into Germany,
possibly threatening a new war

3. Dawes was sent to avert another
war. Got U.S. bankers to loan
Germany money to repay its debt,
so allies could repay the U.S.
4. Policy was to replace Europe’s
military dependence with big
business dependence
5. Only worked until the Great
Depression destroyed banking
industry

V. Brand-Kellogg Treaty
A. 14 Nations signed a treaty outlawing
war
B. Treaty declared war was illegal
1. Weakness was there was no
punishment if treaty was broken

VI. Scientific Management
A. Developed by Frederick Taylor
1. Taylor felt workers were lazy, sloppy
2. Felt efficiency could be measured to
improve productivity, raise wages &
profits
B. Time Study Analysis
1. Take a single task (welding a car frame)
2. Use a stop watch to time the person
- after several times, the average time
represents the standard time it takes
to weld a car together

3. After a year, Management saw what average
time was taken to do the task. If it was twice
the standard time, the worker was at 50%
efficiency
4. Aim was for 100% or better. If not improved
after a period of time, then firings, demotions
or new supervisors took over
5. Exceptions to improvement: When changes are
made to the product, or new workers are hired
C. Benefits of Scientific Management
1. Accountability, evaluation of talent, future cost
projections
2. The more you do something, usually you get
more accurate in less time

VI. Failures of the Republican policies
A. Crash came down during Hoover’s time due to
ignorance
1. When economy slowed in 1927, credit
should have been made more difficult to
get, but instead it was made easier
2. This would have created a mild
recession, instead of a sudden, hard
depression
B. Failure of Brand-Kellogg and League of
Nations to create punishments helped
Germany & Japan get aggressive & led to WWII


Slide 24

•

•

•

Became the nation’s largest
industry in 1920s.
10 million cars in U.S. in 1920, 26
million by 1929!
Assembly line started in 1913,
building 5 million cars/year by
1929.



Industry weakness: Those who buy a long
lasting item are out of the market for a few
years (fewer sales)

1920 Ford Model T Center Door Sedan










More Steel mills were needed
More Rubber Factories
More Glass Suppliers
Real Estate: Can now build homes outside the
cities in suburbs
Gas Stations replaced horse stables
Roads to be built








When automobile sales slow down so do all of
the other industries that supply them.
This causes a massive downturn in the
economy.
Jobs are lost in those other areas
This is why Auto industry helps drive the
economy (even today)



New industries appeared in the 1920s:
1. Electric Industry
a. Massive steam generators converted
coal to electricity (2/3 of all
Americans had electricity by 1929)
b. New Appliances: Washing Machines,
vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, ovens
c. These appliances led to more free time
- “chores” decreased, kids faced
boredom

2. Radio/Motion Pictures
a. In 1929 NBC became the 1st
successful radio network
- Amos N’ Andy was 1st famous
radio comedy (it featured
“blackface comedy”)
b. Allowed the spread of advertising
c. First talking movie in 1927: “The
Jazz Singer”, starring Al Jolson

3. Aluminum became a major business

4. Corporations grew, forcing out family
owned businesses
a. increasing dependence on mortgage
bankers like J.P. Morgan



Economic Weaknesses did occur
1. Decline in “traditional” industries
a. Railroads were poorly managed & hurt by the
new trucking industry
b. Coal Industry was being replaced by
natural gas & petroleum
c. Cotton declined due to rayon & synthetic
fibers
d. Agriculture was hardest hit of all
- farmers had expanded meat production
in WWI to feed the U.S. & Europe
- prices dropped after WWI. This hurt
farmers during 1920s. Later drought &
depression devastated them in 1930s.

2. Middle to Upper Class Prospered
a. Ended up with more money than
they could spend
b. Many ended up speculating heavily in the
stock market
- instead of investing in sound
markets
- idea was to get rich quick
c. 1920s was known as a time of plenty:
spend and not worry about the future

IV. Heroes of the Decade
1. Babe Ruth (home run king)
2. Jack Dempsey & Gene Tunney
(boxing legends)
3. Charles Lindberg (1st man to fly solo
across the Atlantic) – Spirit of St.
Louis
4. Rudolph Valentino – first major
Hollywood “Sex symbol”



A half-million blacks left the South for the North in
the 1920s
1. Higher paying jobs, left behind Southern farms
and sharecropping
2. Competed for jobs/housing with existing Northern
Whites
a. caused resentment
b. race riots erupted in 26 Northern cities
c. White media reported RUMORS of spreading
violence by Blacks – this increased
tensions/retaliation by Northern Whites

3. Migration also occurred due to blacks
being hired to replace striking whites
while unions formed
4. Marcus Garvey
a. founded “Back to Africa”
movement
b. Garvey felt Blacks couldn’t
compete with whites in America
c. Urged blacks to return to “mother
countries” in Africa to build strong
separate civilizations
d. “Black Pride” was started, gained
recognition

e. Garvey started the Black Star Line ships
to Africa
- B.S.L. failed
- Garvey was tried & convicted of
fraud by an all-white jury
- Many felt he was convicted mainly on
radical beliefs
- B.S.L. really failed due to
mismanagement, rather than fraud.
- served in jail from 1925-1927,
released and deported to Jamaica

5. Black Ghettos Today
a. Many were a result of the great
migration
b. Migrants were poor, moved into less
expensive city houses
c. Middle Class whites with cars moved to
the new suburbs
d. Inner city houses decayed with age & poor
couldn’t afford to move out – stuck there
e. Poor directly affected by economy, 1st to
lose jobs, no way out of their situation

6. The Harlem Renaissance
a. Many migrant Blacks settled in
Harlem, New York
- became the “Negro capital of the
world”
b. W.E.B. Du Bois and James Walden
Johnson became leaders of the
Harlem Renaissance
- was an expression of African
American writers who began
expressing their own identity and
anger at racism
- jazz music, rhythm & blues told stories of
racism/hard times : Louis Armstrong,
Duke Ellington



Sacco & Vanzetti Trial
1. Sacco & Vanzetti were immigrants who believed
in anarchy
2. They were tried and convicted of murder, based
on circumstantial evidence, not hard proof
3. Some felt they were convicted on their beliefs &
because they were immigrants
4. Executed in 1927. Later Names were cleared by
Governor Michael Dukakis in 1977.
5. Riots erupted after executions in U.S. & Europe



Palmer Raids
1.
2.
3.
4.

Palmer was President Wilson’s Attorney General
Palmer gathered information on radicals
Deported up to 600 immigrants (mostly to Soviet
Union) due to Communist fears
Most deported or arrested favored NON-Violent
radicalism, not Violent revolution



Feminism/Suffrage
1.

Women Suffrage
a. 19th Amendment Passed in 1920
b. 15th Amendment allowed all MEN to vote
c. Progressives helped push for women to vote to
help push through their reforms

d. Sheppard/Tower Act (1921) was 1st
Amendment to deal with Welfare reform
- assisted maternal & infant health care
- Child killers included: polio, diphtheria &
smallpox
e. Young Women Rebelled against Victorian
Constraints
- wore shorter dresses
- smoking/drinking in public for 1st time
- wild dancing, more promiscuous

2. Children/Teens
A. Kids no longer worked much thanks to progressive
reforms
B. More Time led to: Drinking, promiscuity, constant
search for excitement
C. More middle class attended school & given more
luxuries
D. Lower Class had more idle time
E. Gangs developed on city streets

3. Crime Increased
A. Due to Prohibition (18th Amendment in
1917)
- More middle/upper class were
willing to break laws for alcohol
B. Bootlegging became common
- Adult gangs developed: Al Capone

4. Prohibition
A. It was illegal to sell, drink, make or
transport more than 1% alcohol
B. Represented moral issues by
Progressives & Southerners who
migrated North
C. Law angered ethnic groups such as
Germans and Irish immigrants
D. Drinking did decline, but it was
repealed in 1933

1.

KKK Rebirth
a. KKK had only 34 members in 1914 – 5
million by 1925
b. The Red Scare helped to convince
many to join the KKK
c. KKK was a sanctuary to the
frightened & insecure

d. KKK gained political control of state governments
in Oklahoma & Texas
e. Hatred extended to Mexicans, Japanese, European
immigrants, Catholics, Jews, French Canadians,
Prostitutes and radical women in the 1920s
f. KKK felt all of those groups were beyond redemption

g. Similarities to the rise of Nazi’s in
Germany
h. KKK wanted “pure Americanism”
i. KKK fell quickly in the 1920s due to:
- clashes with the law
- scandals with sex/corruption
j. Racism remained and there would be no
major civil rights legislation until the
1960s

2. Immigration Restriction
a. 1924 National Origins Act
- created a “quota system”
- limited European immigrants to
150,000 per year
- based on fears of immigrants flooding
into the U.S. from a rebuilding Europe
- the law lasted into the 1960s
- Mexican immigrants were NOT restricted
and filled the need for unskilled workers

1. The Lost Generation
a. American writers who questioned why Materialism
ruled over intellectual, spiritual and artistic concerns
b. Writers moved to Europe and wrote pessimistically
of greed/emptiness of American lives in 1920s
- included: Ernest Hemingway, Gertrude Stein, F.
Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound,T.S. Elliot, Sinclair Lewis

2. Harlem Renaissance brought previously hidden
Black art, music & literature to the world
A. Rhythm & Blues music
- sounds of years of sorrow and struggle
B. Writers Claude McKay, Langston Hughes
- wrote about the Black struggle for
equality
C. Cultural Explosion
- marked by white & black authors who
were critical of mass production/wanting
a simpler lifestyle

3. Fundamentalist Controversy
A. Scopes Trial
- John Scopes was a Biology teacher
- Scopes taught theory of evolution,
which was against Tennessee law to
teach
- Prosecution used William Jennings
Bryan to testify, but contradicted by
taking Bible out of context after
saying it was a literal translation

- Scopes was found guilty, given a $100 fine
- Bryan was so hurt by trial that he died 6
days later
- Fundamentalism did survive despite the
trial

Famous Lawyers

John Scopes
High School Biology teacher

I. Warren G. Harding (President 19211923)
A. Republican candidate for
president in 1920. His slogan
was “back to normalcy”
B. Believed in importance of Big
Business
- supported by big business
leaders
C. Tried to have U.S. face calm after
WWI and Wilson’s Treaty failure

D. Teapot Dome Scandal
1. Two cabinet members took bribes
for big oil leases in Teapot Dome,
Wyoming.
2. Harding died of a stroke in 1923,
before scandals became public
3. He was a good man, surrounded
by corruption

II. Calvin Coolidge, (President 1923-1929)
A. “Silent Cal”, honest, integrity, a
friend of business
B. “The Business of America is
Business”
1. Believed big business must be
prosperous for America to prosper
2. This was popular strategy
throughout the 1920s
3. Chose not to run again in 1928

III. Herbert Hoover (President 1929-1933)
A. Self-made millionaire named “Wonder Boy”
B. Most intelligent President in the 1920s, served
as secretary of commerce under Harding and
Coolidge
C. Pushed for gov’t. regulations, but only
wanted volunteerism from businesses, not
having the gov’t. make it mandatory

IV. Republican Policies
A. Isolationism
1. Wanted to separate from Europe’s
troubles
B. Dawes Plan
1. Allies owed the U.S. $10 billion in
war debts they couldn’t pay until
Germany repaid them $33 billion
debt
2. France moved into Germany,
possibly threatening a new war

3. Dawes was sent to avert another
war. Got U.S. bankers to loan
Germany money to repay its debt,
so allies could repay the U.S.
4. Policy was to replace Europe’s
military dependence with big
business dependence
5. Only worked until the Great
Depression destroyed banking
industry

V. Brand-Kellogg Treaty
A. 14 Nations signed a treaty outlawing
war
B. Treaty declared war was illegal
1. Weakness was there was no
punishment if treaty was broken

VI. Scientific Management
A. Developed by Frederick Taylor
1. Taylor felt workers were lazy, sloppy
2. Felt efficiency could be measured to
improve productivity, raise wages &
profits
B. Time Study Analysis
1. Take a single task (welding a car frame)
2. Use a stop watch to time the person
- after several times, the average time
represents the standard time it takes
to weld a car together

3. After a year, Management saw what average
time was taken to do the task. If it was twice
the standard time, the worker was at 50%
efficiency
4. Aim was for 100% or better. If not improved
after a period of time, then firings, demotions
or new supervisors took over
5. Exceptions to improvement: When changes are
made to the product, or new workers are hired
C. Benefits of Scientific Management
1. Accountability, evaluation of talent, future cost
projections
2. The more you do something, usually you get
more accurate in less time

VI. Failures of the Republican policies
A. Crash came down during Hoover’s time due to
ignorance
1. When economy slowed in 1927, credit
should have been made more difficult to
get, but instead it was made easier
2. This would have created a mild
recession, instead of a sudden, hard
depression
B. Failure of Brand-Kellogg and League of
Nations to create punishments helped
Germany & Japan get aggressive & led to WWII


Slide 25

•

•

•

Became the nation’s largest
industry in 1920s.
10 million cars in U.S. in 1920, 26
million by 1929!
Assembly line started in 1913,
building 5 million cars/year by
1929.



Industry weakness: Those who buy a long
lasting item are out of the market for a few
years (fewer sales)

1920 Ford Model T Center Door Sedan










More Steel mills were needed
More Rubber Factories
More Glass Suppliers
Real Estate: Can now build homes outside the
cities in suburbs
Gas Stations replaced horse stables
Roads to be built








When automobile sales slow down so do all of
the other industries that supply them.
This causes a massive downturn in the
economy.
Jobs are lost in those other areas
This is why Auto industry helps drive the
economy (even today)



New industries appeared in the 1920s:
1. Electric Industry
a. Massive steam generators converted
coal to electricity (2/3 of all
Americans had electricity by 1929)
b. New Appliances: Washing Machines,
vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, ovens
c. These appliances led to more free time
- “chores” decreased, kids faced
boredom

2. Radio/Motion Pictures
a. In 1929 NBC became the 1st
successful radio network
- Amos N’ Andy was 1st famous
radio comedy (it featured
“blackface comedy”)
b. Allowed the spread of advertising
c. First talking movie in 1927: “The
Jazz Singer”, starring Al Jolson

3. Aluminum became a major business

4. Corporations grew, forcing out family
owned businesses
a. increasing dependence on mortgage
bankers like J.P. Morgan



Economic Weaknesses did occur
1. Decline in “traditional” industries
a. Railroads were poorly managed & hurt by the
new trucking industry
b. Coal Industry was being replaced by
natural gas & petroleum
c. Cotton declined due to rayon & synthetic
fibers
d. Agriculture was hardest hit of all
- farmers had expanded meat production
in WWI to feed the U.S. & Europe
- prices dropped after WWI. This hurt
farmers during 1920s. Later drought &
depression devastated them in 1930s.

2. Middle to Upper Class Prospered
a. Ended up with more money than
they could spend
b. Many ended up speculating heavily in the
stock market
- instead of investing in sound
markets
- idea was to get rich quick
c. 1920s was known as a time of plenty:
spend and not worry about the future

IV. Heroes of the Decade
1. Babe Ruth (home run king)
2. Jack Dempsey & Gene Tunney
(boxing legends)
3. Charles Lindberg (1st man to fly solo
across the Atlantic) – Spirit of St.
Louis
4. Rudolph Valentino – first major
Hollywood “Sex symbol”



A half-million blacks left the South for the North in
the 1920s
1. Higher paying jobs, left behind Southern farms
and sharecropping
2. Competed for jobs/housing with existing Northern
Whites
a. caused resentment
b. race riots erupted in 26 Northern cities
c. White media reported RUMORS of spreading
violence by Blacks – this increased
tensions/retaliation by Northern Whites

3. Migration also occurred due to blacks
being hired to replace striking whites
while unions formed
4. Marcus Garvey
a. founded “Back to Africa”
movement
b. Garvey felt Blacks couldn’t
compete with whites in America
c. Urged blacks to return to “mother
countries” in Africa to build strong
separate civilizations
d. “Black Pride” was started, gained
recognition

e. Garvey started the Black Star Line ships
to Africa
- B.S.L. failed
- Garvey was tried & convicted of
fraud by an all-white jury
- Many felt he was convicted mainly on
radical beliefs
- B.S.L. really failed due to
mismanagement, rather than fraud.
- served in jail from 1925-1927,
released and deported to Jamaica

5. Black Ghettos Today
a. Many were a result of the great
migration
b. Migrants were poor, moved into less
expensive city houses
c. Middle Class whites with cars moved to
the new suburbs
d. Inner city houses decayed with age & poor
couldn’t afford to move out – stuck there
e. Poor directly affected by economy, 1st to
lose jobs, no way out of their situation

6. The Harlem Renaissance
a. Many migrant Blacks settled in
Harlem, New York
- became the “Negro capital of the
world”
b. W.E.B. Du Bois and James Walden
Johnson became leaders of the
Harlem Renaissance
- was an expression of African
American writers who began
expressing their own identity and
anger at racism
- jazz music, rhythm & blues told stories of
racism/hard times : Louis Armstrong,
Duke Ellington



Sacco & Vanzetti Trial
1. Sacco & Vanzetti were immigrants who believed
in anarchy
2. They were tried and convicted of murder, based
on circumstantial evidence, not hard proof
3. Some felt they were convicted on their beliefs &
because they were immigrants
4. Executed in 1927. Later Names were cleared by
Governor Michael Dukakis in 1977.
5. Riots erupted after executions in U.S. & Europe



Palmer Raids
1.
2.
3.
4.

Palmer was President Wilson’s Attorney General
Palmer gathered information on radicals
Deported up to 600 immigrants (mostly to Soviet
Union) due to Communist fears
Most deported or arrested favored NON-Violent
radicalism, not Violent revolution



Feminism/Suffrage
1.

Women Suffrage
a. 19th Amendment Passed in 1920
b. 15th Amendment allowed all MEN to vote
c. Progressives helped push for women to vote to
help push through their reforms

d. Sheppard/Tower Act (1921) was 1st
Amendment to deal with Welfare reform
- assisted maternal & infant health care
- Child killers included: polio, diphtheria &
smallpox
e. Young Women Rebelled against Victorian
Constraints
- wore shorter dresses
- smoking/drinking in public for 1st time
- wild dancing, more promiscuous

2. Children/Teens
A. Kids no longer worked much thanks to progressive
reforms
B. More Time led to: Drinking, promiscuity, constant
search for excitement
C. More middle class attended school & given more
luxuries
D. Lower Class had more idle time
E. Gangs developed on city streets

3. Crime Increased
A. Due to Prohibition (18th Amendment in
1917)
- More middle/upper class were
willing to break laws for alcohol
B. Bootlegging became common
- Adult gangs developed: Al Capone

4. Prohibition
A. It was illegal to sell, drink, make or
transport more than 1% alcohol
B. Represented moral issues by
Progressives & Southerners who
migrated North
C. Law angered ethnic groups such as
Germans and Irish immigrants
D. Drinking did decline, but it was
repealed in 1933

1.

KKK Rebirth
a. KKK had only 34 members in 1914 – 5
million by 1925
b. The Red Scare helped to convince
many to join the KKK
c. KKK was a sanctuary to the
frightened & insecure

d. KKK gained political control of state governments
in Oklahoma & Texas
e. Hatred extended to Mexicans, Japanese, European
immigrants, Catholics, Jews, French Canadians,
Prostitutes and radical women in the 1920s
f. KKK felt all of those groups were beyond redemption

g. Similarities to the rise of Nazi’s in
Germany
h. KKK wanted “pure Americanism”
i. KKK fell quickly in the 1920s due to:
- clashes with the law
- scandals with sex/corruption
j. Racism remained and there would be no
major civil rights legislation until the
1960s

2. Immigration Restriction
a. 1924 National Origins Act
- created a “quota system”
- limited European immigrants to
150,000 per year
- based on fears of immigrants flooding
into the U.S. from a rebuilding Europe
- the law lasted into the 1960s
- Mexican immigrants were NOT restricted
and filled the need for unskilled workers

1. The Lost Generation
a. American writers who questioned why Materialism
ruled over intellectual, spiritual and artistic concerns
b. Writers moved to Europe and wrote pessimistically
of greed/emptiness of American lives in 1920s
- included: Ernest Hemingway, Gertrude Stein, F.
Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound,T.S. Elliot, Sinclair Lewis

2. Harlem Renaissance brought previously hidden
Black art, music & literature to the world
A. Rhythm & Blues music
- sounds of years of sorrow and struggle
B. Writers Claude McKay, Langston Hughes
- wrote about the Black struggle for
equality
C. Cultural Explosion
- marked by white & black authors who
were critical of mass production/wanting
a simpler lifestyle

3. Fundamentalist Controversy
A. Scopes Trial
- John Scopes was a Biology teacher
- Scopes taught theory of evolution,
which was against Tennessee law to
teach
- Prosecution used William Jennings
Bryan to testify, but contradicted by
taking Bible out of context after
saying it was a literal translation

- Scopes was found guilty, given a $100 fine
- Bryan was so hurt by trial that he died 6
days later
- Fundamentalism did survive despite the
trial

Famous Lawyers

John Scopes
High School Biology teacher

I. Warren G. Harding (President 19211923)
A. Republican candidate for
president in 1920. His slogan
was “back to normalcy”
B. Believed in importance of Big
Business
- supported by big business
leaders
C. Tried to have U.S. face calm after
WWI and Wilson’s Treaty failure

D. Teapot Dome Scandal
1. Two cabinet members took bribes
for big oil leases in Teapot Dome,
Wyoming.
2. Harding died of a stroke in 1923,
before scandals became public
3. He was a good man, surrounded
by corruption

II. Calvin Coolidge, (President 1923-1929)
A. “Silent Cal”, honest, integrity, a
friend of business
B. “The Business of America is
Business”
1. Believed big business must be
prosperous for America to prosper
2. This was popular strategy
throughout the 1920s
3. Chose not to run again in 1928

III. Herbert Hoover (President 1929-1933)
A. Self-made millionaire named “Wonder Boy”
B. Most intelligent President in the 1920s, served
as secretary of commerce under Harding and
Coolidge
C. Pushed for gov’t. regulations, but only
wanted volunteerism from businesses, not
having the gov’t. make it mandatory

IV. Republican Policies
A. Isolationism
1. Wanted to separate from Europe’s
troubles
B. Dawes Plan
1. Allies owed the U.S. $10 billion in
war debts they couldn’t pay until
Germany repaid them $33 billion
debt
2. France moved into Germany,
possibly threatening a new war

3. Dawes was sent to avert another
war. Got U.S. bankers to loan
Germany money to repay its debt,
so allies could repay the U.S.
4. Policy was to replace Europe’s
military dependence with big
business dependence
5. Only worked until the Great
Depression destroyed banking
industry

V. Brand-Kellogg Treaty
A. 14 Nations signed a treaty outlawing
war
B. Treaty declared war was illegal
1. Weakness was there was no
punishment if treaty was broken

VI. Scientific Management
A. Developed by Frederick Taylor
1. Taylor felt workers were lazy, sloppy
2. Felt efficiency could be measured to
improve productivity, raise wages &
profits
B. Time Study Analysis
1. Take a single task (welding a car frame)
2. Use a stop watch to time the person
- after several times, the average time
represents the standard time it takes
to weld a car together

3. After a year, Management saw what average
time was taken to do the task. If it was twice
the standard time, the worker was at 50%
efficiency
4. Aim was for 100% or better. If not improved
after a period of time, then firings, demotions
or new supervisors took over
5. Exceptions to improvement: When changes are
made to the product, or new workers are hired
C. Benefits of Scientific Management
1. Accountability, evaluation of talent, future cost
projections
2. The more you do something, usually you get
more accurate in less time

VI. Failures of the Republican policies
A. Crash came down during Hoover’s time due to
ignorance
1. When economy slowed in 1927, credit
should have been made more difficult to
get, but instead it was made easier
2. This would have created a mild
recession, instead of a sudden, hard
depression
B. Failure of Brand-Kellogg and League of
Nations to create punishments helped
Germany & Japan get aggressive & led to WWII


Slide 26

•

•

•

Became the nation’s largest
industry in 1920s.
10 million cars in U.S. in 1920, 26
million by 1929!
Assembly line started in 1913,
building 5 million cars/year by
1929.



Industry weakness: Those who buy a long
lasting item are out of the market for a few
years (fewer sales)

1920 Ford Model T Center Door Sedan










More Steel mills were needed
More Rubber Factories
More Glass Suppliers
Real Estate: Can now build homes outside the
cities in suburbs
Gas Stations replaced horse stables
Roads to be built








When automobile sales slow down so do all of
the other industries that supply them.
This causes a massive downturn in the
economy.
Jobs are lost in those other areas
This is why Auto industry helps drive the
economy (even today)



New industries appeared in the 1920s:
1. Electric Industry
a. Massive steam generators converted
coal to electricity (2/3 of all
Americans had electricity by 1929)
b. New Appliances: Washing Machines,
vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, ovens
c. These appliances led to more free time
- “chores” decreased, kids faced
boredom

2. Radio/Motion Pictures
a. In 1929 NBC became the 1st
successful radio network
- Amos N’ Andy was 1st famous
radio comedy (it featured
“blackface comedy”)
b. Allowed the spread of advertising
c. First talking movie in 1927: “The
Jazz Singer”, starring Al Jolson

3. Aluminum became a major business

4. Corporations grew, forcing out family
owned businesses
a. increasing dependence on mortgage
bankers like J.P. Morgan



Economic Weaknesses did occur
1. Decline in “traditional” industries
a. Railroads were poorly managed & hurt by the
new trucking industry
b. Coal Industry was being replaced by
natural gas & petroleum
c. Cotton declined due to rayon & synthetic
fibers
d. Agriculture was hardest hit of all
- farmers had expanded meat production
in WWI to feed the U.S. & Europe
- prices dropped after WWI. This hurt
farmers during 1920s. Later drought &
depression devastated them in 1930s.

2. Middle to Upper Class Prospered
a. Ended up with more money than
they could spend
b. Many ended up speculating heavily in the
stock market
- instead of investing in sound
markets
- idea was to get rich quick
c. 1920s was known as a time of plenty:
spend and not worry about the future

IV. Heroes of the Decade
1. Babe Ruth (home run king)
2. Jack Dempsey & Gene Tunney
(boxing legends)
3. Charles Lindberg (1st man to fly solo
across the Atlantic) – Spirit of St.
Louis
4. Rudolph Valentino – first major
Hollywood “Sex symbol”



A half-million blacks left the South for the North in
the 1920s
1. Higher paying jobs, left behind Southern farms
and sharecropping
2. Competed for jobs/housing with existing Northern
Whites
a. caused resentment
b. race riots erupted in 26 Northern cities
c. White media reported RUMORS of spreading
violence by Blacks – this increased
tensions/retaliation by Northern Whites

3. Migration also occurred due to blacks
being hired to replace striking whites
while unions formed
4. Marcus Garvey
a. founded “Back to Africa”
movement
b. Garvey felt Blacks couldn’t
compete with whites in America
c. Urged blacks to return to “mother
countries” in Africa to build strong
separate civilizations
d. “Black Pride” was started, gained
recognition

e. Garvey started the Black Star Line ships
to Africa
- B.S.L. failed
- Garvey was tried & convicted of
fraud by an all-white jury
- Many felt he was convicted mainly on
radical beliefs
- B.S.L. really failed due to
mismanagement, rather than fraud.
- served in jail from 1925-1927,
released and deported to Jamaica

5. Black Ghettos Today
a. Many were a result of the great
migration
b. Migrants were poor, moved into less
expensive city houses
c. Middle Class whites with cars moved to
the new suburbs
d. Inner city houses decayed with age & poor
couldn’t afford to move out – stuck there
e. Poor directly affected by economy, 1st to
lose jobs, no way out of their situation

6. The Harlem Renaissance
a. Many migrant Blacks settled in
Harlem, New York
- became the “Negro capital of the
world”
b. W.E.B. Du Bois and James Walden
Johnson became leaders of the
Harlem Renaissance
- was an expression of African
American writers who began
expressing their own identity and
anger at racism
- jazz music, rhythm & blues told stories of
racism/hard times : Louis Armstrong,
Duke Ellington



Sacco & Vanzetti Trial
1. Sacco & Vanzetti were immigrants who believed
in anarchy
2. They were tried and convicted of murder, based
on circumstantial evidence, not hard proof
3. Some felt they were convicted on their beliefs &
because they were immigrants
4. Executed in 1927. Later Names were cleared by
Governor Michael Dukakis in 1977.
5. Riots erupted after executions in U.S. & Europe



Palmer Raids
1.
2.
3.
4.

Palmer was President Wilson’s Attorney General
Palmer gathered information on radicals
Deported up to 600 immigrants (mostly to Soviet
Union) due to Communist fears
Most deported or arrested favored NON-Violent
radicalism, not Violent revolution



Feminism/Suffrage
1.

Women Suffrage
a. 19th Amendment Passed in 1920
b. 15th Amendment allowed all MEN to vote
c. Progressives helped push for women to vote to
help push through their reforms

d. Sheppard/Tower Act (1921) was 1st
Amendment to deal with Welfare reform
- assisted maternal & infant health care
- Child killers included: polio, diphtheria &
smallpox
e. Young Women Rebelled against Victorian
Constraints
- wore shorter dresses
- smoking/drinking in public for 1st time
- wild dancing, more promiscuous

2. Children/Teens
A. Kids no longer worked much thanks to progressive
reforms
B. More Time led to: Drinking, promiscuity, constant
search for excitement
C. More middle class attended school & given more
luxuries
D. Lower Class had more idle time
E. Gangs developed on city streets

3. Crime Increased
A. Due to Prohibition (18th Amendment in
1917)
- More middle/upper class were
willing to break laws for alcohol
B. Bootlegging became common
- Adult gangs developed: Al Capone

4. Prohibition
A. It was illegal to sell, drink, make or
transport more than 1% alcohol
B. Represented moral issues by
Progressives & Southerners who
migrated North
C. Law angered ethnic groups such as
Germans and Irish immigrants
D. Drinking did decline, but it was
repealed in 1933

1.

KKK Rebirth
a. KKK had only 34 members in 1914 – 5
million by 1925
b. The Red Scare helped to convince
many to join the KKK
c. KKK was a sanctuary to the
frightened & insecure

d. KKK gained political control of state governments
in Oklahoma & Texas
e. Hatred extended to Mexicans, Japanese, European
immigrants, Catholics, Jews, French Canadians,
Prostitutes and radical women in the 1920s
f. KKK felt all of those groups were beyond redemption

g. Similarities to the rise of Nazi’s in
Germany
h. KKK wanted “pure Americanism”
i. KKK fell quickly in the 1920s due to:
- clashes with the law
- scandals with sex/corruption
j. Racism remained and there would be no
major civil rights legislation until the
1960s

2. Immigration Restriction
a. 1924 National Origins Act
- created a “quota system”
- limited European immigrants to
150,000 per year
- based on fears of immigrants flooding
into the U.S. from a rebuilding Europe
- the law lasted into the 1960s
- Mexican immigrants were NOT restricted
and filled the need for unskilled workers

1. The Lost Generation
a. American writers who questioned why Materialism
ruled over intellectual, spiritual and artistic concerns
b. Writers moved to Europe and wrote pessimistically
of greed/emptiness of American lives in 1920s
- included: Ernest Hemingway, Gertrude Stein, F.
Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound,T.S. Elliot, Sinclair Lewis

2. Harlem Renaissance brought previously hidden
Black art, music & literature to the world
A. Rhythm & Blues music
- sounds of years of sorrow and struggle
B. Writers Claude McKay, Langston Hughes
- wrote about the Black struggle for
equality
C. Cultural Explosion
- marked by white & black authors who
were critical of mass production/wanting
a simpler lifestyle

3. Fundamentalist Controversy
A. Scopes Trial
- John Scopes was a Biology teacher
- Scopes taught theory of evolution,
which was against Tennessee law to
teach
- Prosecution used William Jennings
Bryan to testify, but contradicted by
taking Bible out of context after
saying it was a literal translation

- Scopes was found guilty, given a $100 fine
- Bryan was so hurt by trial that he died 6
days later
- Fundamentalism did survive despite the
trial

Famous Lawyers

John Scopes
High School Biology teacher

I. Warren G. Harding (President 19211923)
A. Republican candidate for
president in 1920. His slogan
was “back to normalcy”
B. Believed in importance of Big
Business
- supported by big business
leaders
C. Tried to have U.S. face calm after
WWI and Wilson’s Treaty failure

D. Teapot Dome Scandal
1. Two cabinet members took bribes
for big oil leases in Teapot Dome,
Wyoming.
2. Harding died of a stroke in 1923,
before scandals became public
3. He was a good man, surrounded
by corruption

II. Calvin Coolidge, (President 1923-1929)
A. “Silent Cal”, honest, integrity, a
friend of business
B. “The Business of America is
Business”
1. Believed big business must be
prosperous for America to prosper
2. This was popular strategy
throughout the 1920s
3. Chose not to run again in 1928

III. Herbert Hoover (President 1929-1933)
A. Self-made millionaire named “Wonder Boy”
B. Most intelligent President in the 1920s, served
as secretary of commerce under Harding and
Coolidge
C. Pushed for gov’t. regulations, but only
wanted volunteerism from businesses, not
having the gov’t. make it mandatory

IV. Republican Policies
A. Isolationism
1. Wanted to separate from Europe’s
troubles
B. Dawes Plan
1. Allies owed the U.S. $10 billion in
war debts they couldn’t pay until
Germany repaid them $33 billion
debt
2. France moved into Germany,
possibly threatening a new war

3. Dawes was sent to avert another
war. Got U.S. bankers to loan
Germany money to repay its debt,
so allies could repay the U.S.
4. Policy was to replace Europe’s
military dependence with big
business dependence
5. Only worked until the Great
Depression destroyed banking
industry

V. Brand-Kellogg Treaty
A. 14 Nations signed a treaty outlawing
war
B. Treaty declared war was illegal
1. Weakness was there was no
punishment if treaty was broken

VI. Scientific Management
A. Developed by Frederick Taylor
1. Taylor felt workers were lazy, sloppy
2. Felt efficiency could be measured to
improve productivity, raise wages &
profits
B. Time Study Analysis
1. Take a single task (welding a car frame)
2. Use a stop watch to time the person
- after several times, the average time
represents the standard time it takes
to weld a car together

3. After a year, Management saw what average
time was taken to do the task. If it was twice
the standard time, the worker was at 50%
efficiency
4. Aim was for 100% or better. If not improved
after a period of time, then firings, demotions
or new supervisors took over
5. Exceptions to improvement: When changes are
made to the product, or new workers are hired
C. Benefits of Scientific Management
1. Accountability, evaluation of talent, future cost
projections
2. The more you do something, usually you get
more accurate in less time

VI. Failures of the Republican policies
A. Crash came down during Hoover’s time due to
ignorance
1. When economy slowed in 1927, credit
should have been made more difficult to
get, but instead it was made easier
2. This would have created a mild
recession, instead of a sudden, hard
depression
B. Failure of Brand-Kellogg and League of
Nations to create punishments helped
Germany & Japan get aggressive & led to WWII


Slide 27

•

•

•

Became the nation’s largest
industry in 1920s.
10 million cars in U.S. in 1920, 26
million by 1929!
Assembly line started in 1913,
building 5 million cars/year by
1929.



Industry weakness: Those who buy a long
lasting item are out of the market for a few
years (fewer sales)

1920 Ford Model T Center Door Sedan










More Steel mills were needed
More Rubber Factories
More Glass Suppliers
Real Estate: Can now build homes outside the
cities in suburbs
Gas Stations replaced horse stables
Roads to be built








When automobile sales slow down so do all of
the other industries that supply them.
This causes a massive downturn in the
economy.
Jobs are lost in those other areas
This is why Auto industry helps drive the
economy (even today)



New industries appeared in the 1920s:
1. Electric Industry
a. Massive steam generators converted
coal to electricity (2/3 of all
Americans had electricity by 1929)
b. New Appliances: Washing Machines,
vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, ovens
c. These appliances led to more free time
- “chores” decreased, kids faced
boredom

2. Radio/Motion Pictures
a. In 1929 NBC became the 1st
successful radio network
- Amos N’ Andy was 1st famous
radio comedy (it featured
“blackface comedy”)
b. Allowed the spread of advertising
c. First talking movie in 1927: “The
Jazz Singer”, starring Al Jolson

3. Aluminum became a major business

4. Corporations grew, forcing out family
owned businesses
a. increasing dependence on mortgage
bankers like J.P. Morgan



Economic Weaknesses did occur
1. Decline in “traditional” industries
a. Railroads were poorly managed & hurt by the
new trucking industry
b. Coal Industry was being replaced by
natural gas & petroleum
c. Cotton declined due to rayon & synthetic
fibers
d. Agriculture was hardest hit of all
- farmers had expanded meat production
in WWI to feed the U.S. & Europe
- prices dropped after WWI. This hurt
farmers during 1920s. Later drought &
depression devastated them in 1930s.

2. Middle to Upper Class Prospered
a. Ended up with more money than
they could spend
b. Many ended up speculating heavily in the
stock market
- instead of investing in sound
markets
- idea was to get rich quick
c. 1920s was known as a time of plenty:
spend and not worry about the future

IV. Heroes of the Decade
1. Babe Ruth (home run king)
2. Jack Dempsey & Gene Tunney
(boxing legends)
3. Charles Lindberg (1st man to fly solo
across the Atlantic) – Spirit of St.
Louis
4. Rudolph Valentino – first major
Hollywood “Sex symbol”



A half-million blacks left the South for the North in
the 1920s
1. Higher paying jobs, left behind Southern farms
and sharecropping
2. Competed for jobs/housing with existing Northern
Whites
a. caused resentment
b. race riots erupted in 26 Northern cities
c. White media reported RUMORS of spreading
violence by Blacks – this increased
tensions/retaliation by Northern Whites

3. Migration also occurred due to blacks
being hired to replace striking whites
while unions formed
4. Marcus Garvey
a. founded “Back to Africa”
movement
b. Garvey felt Blacks couldn’t
compete with whites in America
c. Urged blacks to return to “mother
countries” in Africa to build strong
separate civilizations
d. “Black Pride” was started, gained
recognition

e. Garvey started the Black Star Line ships
to Africa
- B.S.L. failed
- Garvey was tried & convicted of
fraud by an all-white jury
- Many felt he was convicted mainly on
radical beliefs
- B.S.L. really failed due to
mismanagement, rather than fraud.
- served in jail from 1925-1927,
released and deported to Jamaica

5. Black Ghettos Today
a. Many were a result of the great
migration
b. Migrants were poor, moved into less
expensive city houses
c. Middle Class whites with cars moved to
the new suburbs
d. Inner city houses decayed with age & poor
couldn’t afford to move out – stuck there
e. Poor directly affected by economy, 1st to
lose jobs, no way out of their situation

6. The Harlem Renaissance
a. Many migrant Blacks settled in
Harlem, New York
- became the “Negro capital of the
world”
b. W.E.B. Du Bois and James Walden
Johnson became leaders of the
Harlem Renaissance
- was an expression of African
American writers who began
expressing their own identity and
anger at racism
- jazz music, rhythm & blues told stories of
racism/hard times : Louis Armstrong,
Duke Ellington



Sacco & Vanzetti Trial
1. Sacco & Vanzetti were immigrants who believed
in anarchy
2. They were tried and convicted of murder, based
on circumstantial evidence, not hard proof
3. Some felt they were convicted on their beliefs &
because they were immigrants
4. Executed in 1927. Later Names were cleared by
Governor Michael Dukakis in 1977.
5. Riots erupted after executions in U.S. & Europe



Palmer Raids
1.
2.
3.
4.

Palmer was President Wilson’s Attorney General
Palmer gathered information on radicals
Deported up to 600 immigrants (mostly to Soviet
Union) due to Communist fears
Most deported or arrested favored NON-Violent
radicalism, not Violent revolution



Feminism/Suffrage
1.

Women Suffrage
a. 19th Amendment Passed in 1920
b. 15th Amendment allowed all MEN to vote
c. Progressives helped push for women to vote to
help push through their reforms

d. Sheppard/Tower Act (1921) was 1st
Amendment to deal with Welfare reform
- assisted maternal & infant health care
- Child killers included: polio, diphtheria &
smallpox
e. Young Women Rebelled against Victorian
Constraints
- wore shorter dresses
- smoking/drinking in public for 1st time
- wild dancing, more promiscuous

2. Children/Teens
A. Kids no longer worked much thanks to progressive
reforms
B. More Time led to: Drinking, promiscuity, constant
search for excitement
C. More middle class attended school & given more
luxuries
D. Lower Class had more idle time
E. Gangs developed on city streets

3. Crime Increased
A. Due to Prohibition (18th Amendment in
1917)
- More middle/upper class were
willing to break laws for alcohol
B. Bootlegging became common
- Adult gangs developed: Al Capone

4. Prohibition
A. It was illegal to sell, drink, make or
transport more than 1% alcohol
B. Represented moral issues by
Progressives & Southerners who
migrated North
C. Law angered ethnic groups such as
Germans and Irish immigrants
D. Drinking did decline, but it was
repealed in 1933

1.

KKK Rebirth
a. KKK had only 34 members in 1914 – 5
million by 1925
b. The Red Scare helped to convince
many to join the KKK
c. KKK was a sanctuary to the
frightened & insecure

d. KKK gained political control of state governments
in Oklahoma & Texas
e. Hatred extended to Mexicans, Japanese, European
immigrants, Catholics, Jews, French Canadians,
Prostitutes and radical women in the 1920s
f. KKK felt all of those groups were beyond redemption

g. Similarities to the rise of Nazi’s in
Germany
h. KKK wanted “pure Americanism”
i. KKK fell quickly in the 1920s due to:
- clashes with the law
- scandals with sex/corruption
j. Racism remained and there would be no
major civil rights legislation until the
1960s

2. Immigration Restriction
a. 1924 National Origins Act
- created a “quota system”
- limited European immigrants to
150,000 per year
- based on fears of immigrants flooding
into the U.S. from a rebuilding Europe
- the law lasted into the 1960s
- Mexican immigrants were NOT restricted
and filled the need for unskilled workers

1. The Lost Generation
a. American writers who questioned why Materialism
ruled over intellectual, spiritual and artistic concerns
b. Writers moved to Europe and wrote pessimistically
of greed/emptiness of American lives in 1920s
- included: Ernest Hemingway, Gertrude Stein, F.
Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound,T.S. Elliot, Sinclair Lewis

2. Harlem Renaissance brought previously hidden
Black art, music & literature to the world
A. Rhythm & Blues music
- sounds of years of sorrow and struggle
B. Writers Claude McKay, Langston Hughes
- wrote about the Black struggle for
equality
C. Cultural Explosion
- marked by white & black authors who
were critical of mass production/wanting
a simpler lifestyle

3. Fundamentalist Controversy
A. Scopes Trial
- John Scopes was a Biology teacher
- Scopes taught theory of evolution,
which was against Tennessee law to
teach
- Prosecution used William Jennings
Bryan to testify, but contradicted by
taking Bible out of context after
saying it was a literal translation

- Scopes was found guilty, given a $100 fine
- Bryan was so hurt by trial that he died 6
days later
- Fundamentalism did survive despite the
trial

Famous Lawyers

John Scopes
High School Biology teacher

I. Warren G. Harding (President 19211923)
A. Republican candidate for
president in 1920. His slogan
was “back to normalcy”
B. Believed in importance of Big
Business
- supported by big business
leaders
C. Tried to have U.S. face calm after
WWI and Wilson’s Treaty failure

D. Teapot Dome Scandal
1. Two cabinet members took bribes
for big oil leases in Teapot Dome,
Wyoming.
2. Harding died of a stroke in 1923,
before scandals became public
3. He was a good man, surrounded
by corruption

II. Calvin Coolidge, (President 1923-1929)
A. “Silent Cal”, honest, integrity, a
friend of business
B. “The Business of America is
Business”
1. Believed big business must be
prosperous for America to prosper
2. This was popular strategy
throughout the 1920s
3. Chose not to run again in 1928

III. Herbert Hoover (President 1929-1933)
A. Self-made millionaire named “Wonder Boy”
B. Most intelligent President in the 1920s, served
as secretary of commerce under Harding and
Coolidge
C. Pushed for gov’t. regulations, but only
wanted volunteerism from businesses, not
having the gov’t. make it mandatory

IV. Republican Policies
A. Isolationism
1. Wanted to separate from Europe’s
troubles
B. Dawes Plan
1. Allies owed the U.S. $10 billion in
war debts they couldn’t pay until
Germany repaid them $33 billion
debt
2. France moved into Germany,
possibly threatening a new war

3. Dawes was sent to avert another
war. Got U.S. bankers to loan
Germany money to repay its debt,
so allies could repay the U.S.
4. Policy was to replace Europe’s
military dependence with big
business dependence
5. Only worked until the Great
Depression destroyed banking
industry

V. Brand-Kellogg Treaty
A. 14 Nations signed a treaty outlawing
war
B. Treaty declared war was illegal
1. Weakness was there was no
punishment if treaty was broken

VI. Scientific Management
A. Developed by Frederick Taylor
1. Taylor felt workers were lazy, sloppy
2. Felt efficiency could be measured to
improve productivity, raise wages &
profits
B. Time Study Analysis
1. Take a single task (welding a car frame)
2. Use a stop watch to time the person
- after several times, the average time
represents the standard time it takes
to weld a car together

3. After a year, Management saw what average
time was taken to do the task. If it was twice
the standard time, the worker was at 50%
efficiency
4. Aim was for 100% or better. If not improved
after a period of time, then firings, demotions
or new supervisors took over
5. Exceptions to improvement: When changes are
made to the product, or new workers are hired
C. Benefits of Scientific Management
1. Accountability, evaluation of talent, future cost
projections
2. The more you do something, usually you get
more accurate in less time

VI. Failures of the Republican policies
A. Crash came down during Hoover’s time due to
ignorance
1. When economy slowed in 1927, credit
should have been made more difficult to
get, but instead it was made easier
2. This would have created a mild
recession, instead of a sudden, hard
depression
B. Failure of Brand-Kellogg and League of
Nations to create punishments helped
Germany & Japan get aggressive & led to WWII


Slide 28

•

•

•

Became the nation’s largest
industry in 1920s.
10 million cars in U.S. in 1920, 26
million by 1929!
Assembly line started in 1913,
building 5 million cars/year by
1929.



Industry weakness: Those who buy a long
lasting item are out of the market for a few
years (fewer sales)

1920 Ford Model T Center Door Sedan










More Steel mills were needed
More Rubber Factories
More Glass Suppliers
Real Estate: Can now build homes outside the
cities in suburbs
Gas Stations replaced horse stables
Roads to be built








When automobile sales slow down so do all of
the other industries that supply them.
This causes a massive downturn in the
economy.
Jobs are lost in those other areas
This is why Auto industry helps drive the
economy (even today)



New industries appeared in the 1920s:
1. Electric Industry
a. Massive steam generators converted
coal to electricity (2/3 of all
Americans had electricity by 1929)
b. New Appliances: Washing Machines,
vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, ovens
c. These appliances led to more free time
- “chores” decreased, kids faced
boredom

2. Radio/Motion Pictures
a. In 1929 NBC became the 1st
successful radio network
- Amos N’ Andy was 1st famous
radio comedy (it featured
“blackface comedy”)
b. Allowed the spread of advertising
c. First talking movie in 1927: “The
Jazz Singer”, starring Al Jolson

3. Aluminum became a major business

4. Corporations grew, forcing out family
owned businesses
a. increasing dependence on mortgage
bankers like J.P. Morgan



Economic Weaknesses did occur
1. Decline in “traditional” industries
a. Railroads were poorly managed & hurt by the
new trucking industry
b. Coal Industry was being replaced by
natural gas & petroleum
c. Cotton declined due to rayon & synthetic
fibers
d. Agriculture was hardest hit of all
- farmers had expanded meat production
in WWI to feed the U.S. & Europe
- prices dropped after WWI. This hurt
farmers during 1920s. Later drought &
depression devastated them in 1930s.

2. Middle to Upper Class Prospered
a. Ended up with more money than
they could spend
b. Many ended up speculating heavily in the
stock market
- instead of investing in sound
markets
- idea was to get rich quick
c. 1920s was known as a time of plenty:
spend and not worry about the future

IV. Heroes of the Decade
1. Babe Ruth (home run king)
2. Jack Dempsey & Gene Tunney
(boxing legends)
3. Charles Lindberg (1st man to fly solo
across the Atlantic) – Spirit of St.
Louis
4. Rudolph Valentino – first major
Hollywood “Sex symbol”



A half-million blacks left the South for the North in
the 1920s
1. Higher paying jobs, left behind Southern farms
and sharecropping
2. Competed for jobs/housing with existing Northern
Whites
a. caused resentment
b. race riots erupted in 26 Northern cities
c. White media reported RUMORS of spreading
violence by Blacks – this increased
tensions/retaliation by Northern Whites

3. Migration also occurred due to blacks
being hired to replace striking whites
while unions formed
4. Marcus Garvey
a. founded “Back to Africa”
movement
b. Garvey felt Blacks couldn’t
compete with whites in America
c. Urged blacks to return to “mother
countries” in Africa to build strong
separate civilizations
d. “Black Pride” was started, gained
recognition

e. Garvey started the Black Star Line ships
to Africa
- B.S.L. failed
- Garvey was tried & convicted of
fraud by an all-white jury
- Many felt he was convicted mainly on
radical beliefs
- B.S.L. really failed due to
mismanagement, rather than fraud.
- served in jail from 1925-1927,
released and deported to Jamaica

5. Black Ghettos Today
a. Many were a result of the great
migration
b. Migrants were poor, moved into less
expensive city houses
c. Middle Class whites with cars moved to
the new suburbs
d. Inner city houses decayed with age & poor
couldn’t afford to move out – stuck there
e. Poor directly affected by economy, 1st to
lose jobs, no way out of their situation

6. The Harlem Renaissance
a. Many migrant Blacks settled in
Harlem, New York
- became the “Negro capital of the
world”
b. W.E.B. Du Bois and James Walden
Johnson became leaders of the
Harlem Renaissance
- was an expression of African
American writers who began
expressing their own identity and
anger at racism
- jazz music, rhythm & blues told stories of
racism/hard times : Louis Armstrong,
Duke Ellington



Sacco & Vanzetti Trial
1. Sacco & Vanzetti were immigrants who believed
in anarchy
2. They were tried and convicted of murder, based
on circumstantial evidence, not hard proof
3. Some felt they were convicted on their beliefs &
because they were immigrants
4. Executed in 1927. Later Names were cleared by
Governor Michael Dukakis in 1977.
5. Riots erupted after executions in U.S. & Europe



Palmer Raids
1.
2.
3.
4.

Palmer was President Wilson’s Attorney General
Palmer gathered information on radicals
Deported up to 600 immigrants (mostly to Soviet
Union) due to Communist fears
Most deported or arrested favored NON-Violent
radicalism, not Violent revolution



Feminism/Suffrage
1.

Women Suffrage
a. 19th Amendment Passed in 1920
b. 15th Amendment allowed all MEN to vote
c. Progressives helped push for women to vote to
help push through their reforms

d. Sheppard/Tower Act (1921) was 1st
Amendment to deal with Welfare reform
- assisted maternal & infant health care
- Child killers included: polio, diphtheria &
smallpox
e. Young Women Rebelled against Victorian
Constraints
- wore shorter dresses
- smoking/drinking in public for 1st time
- wild dancing, more promiscuous

2. Children/Teens
A. Kids no longer worked much thanks to progressive
reforms
B. More Time led to: Drinking, promiscuity, constant
search for excitement
C. More middle class attended school & given more
luxuries
D. Lower Class had more idle time
E. Gangs developed on city streets

3. Crime Increased
A. Due to Prohibition (18th Amendment in
1917)
- More middle/upper class were
willing to break laws for alcohol
B. Bootlegging became common
- Adult gangs developed: Al Capone

4. Prohibition
A. It was illegal to sell, drink, make or
transport more than 1% alcohol
B. Represented moral issues by
Progressives & Southerners who
migrated North
C. Law angered ethnic groups such as
Germans and Irish immigrants
D. Drinking did decline, but it was
repealed in 1933

1.

KKK Rebirth
a. KKK had only 34 members in 1914 – 5
million by 1925
b. The Red Scare helped to convince
many to join the KKK
c. KKK was a sanctuary to the
frightened & insecure

d. KKK gained political control of state governments
in Oklahoma & Texas
e. Hatred extended to Mexicans, Japanese, European
immigrants, Catholics, Jews, French Canadians,
Prostitutes and radical women in the 1920s
f. KKK felt all of those groups were beyond redemption

g. Similarities to the rise of Nazi’s in
Germany
h. KKK wanted “pure Americanism”
i. KKK fell quickly in the 1920s due to:
- clashes with the law
- scandals with sex/corruption
j. Racism remained and there would be no
major civil rights legislation until the
1960s

2. Immigration Restriction
a. 1924 National Origins Act
- created a “quota system”
- limited European immigrants to
150,000 per year
- based on fears of immigrants flooding
into the U.S. from a rebuilding Europe
- the law lasted into the 1960s
- Mexican immigrants were NOT restricted
and filled the need for unskilled workers

1. The Lost Generation
a. American writers who questioned why Materialism
ruled over intellectual, spiritual and artistic concerns
b. Writers moved to Europe and wrote pessimistically
of greed/emptiness of American lives in 1920s
- included: Ernest Hemingway, Gertrude Stein, F.
Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound,T.S. Elliot, Sinclair Lewis

2. Harlem Renaissance brought previously hidden
Black art, music & literature to the world
A. Rhythm & Blues music
- sounds of years of sorrow and struggle
B. Writers Claude McKay, Langston Hughes
- wrote about the Black struggle for
equality
C. Cultural Explosion
- marked by white & black authors who
were critical of mass production/wanting
a simpler lifestyle

3. Fundamentalist Controversy
A. Scopes Trial
- John Scopes was a Biology teacher
- Scopes taught theory of evolution,
which was against Tennessee law to
teach
- Prosecution used William Jennings
Bryan to testify, but contradicted by
taking Bible out of context after
saying it was a literal translation

- Scopes was found guilty, given a $100 fine
- Bryan was so hurt by trial that he died 6
days later
- Fundamentalism did survive despite the
trial

Famous Lawyers

John Scopes
High School Biology teacher

I. Warren G. Harding (President 19211923)
A. Republican candidate for
president in 1920. His slogan
was “back to normalcy”
B. Believed in importance of Big
Business
- supported by big business
leaders
C. Tried to have U.S. face calm after
WWI and Wilson’s Treaty failure

D. Teapot Dome Scandal
1. Two cabinet members took bribes
for big oil leases in Teapot Dome,
Wyoming.
2. Harding died of a stroke in 1923,
before scandals became public
3. He was a good man, surrounded
by corruption

II. Calvin Coolidge, (President 1923-1929)
A. “Silent Cal”, honest, integrity, a
friend of business
B. “The Business of America is
Business”
1. Believed big business must be
prosperous for America to prosper
2. This was popular strategy
throughout the 1920s
3. Chose not to run again in 1928

III. Herbert Hoover (President 1929-1933)
A. Self-made millionaire named “Wonder Boy”
B. Most intelligent President in the 1920s, served
as secretary of commerce under Harding and
Coolidge
C. Pushed for gov’t. regulations, but only
wanted volunteerism from businesses, not
having the gov’t. make it mandatory

IV. Republican Policies
A. Isolationism
1. Wanted to separate from Europe’s
troubles
B. Dawes Plan
1. Allies owed the U.S. $10 billion in
war debts they couldn’t pay until
Germany repaid them $33 billion
debt
2. France moved into Germany,
possibly threatening a new war

3. Dawes was sent to avert another
war. Got U.S. bankers to loan
Germany money to repay its debt,
so allies could repay the U.S.
4. Policy was to replace Europe’s
military dependence with big
business dependence
5. Only worked until the Great
Depression destroyed banking
industry

V. Brand-Kellogg Treaty
A. 14 Nations signed a treaty outlawing
war
B. Treaty declared war was illegal
1. Weakness was there was no
punishment if treaty was broken

VI. Scientific Management
A. Developed by Frederick Taylor
1. Taylor felt workers were lazy, sloppy
2. Felt efficiency could be measured to
improve productivity, raise wages &
profits
B. Time Study Analysis
1. Take a single task (welding a car frame)
2. Use a stop watch to time the person
- after several times, the average time
represents the standard time it takes
to weld a car together

3. After a year, Management saw what average
time was taken to do the task. If it was twice
the standard time, the worker was at 50%
efficiency
4. Aim was for 100% or better. If not improved
after a period of time, then firings, demotions
or new supervisors took over
5. Exceptions to improvement: When changes are
made to the product, or new workers are hired
C. Benefits of Scientific Management
1. Accountability, evaluation of talent, future cost
projections
2. The more you do something, usually you get
more accurate in less time

VI. Failures of the Republican policies
A. Crash came down during Hoover’s time due to
ignorance
1. When economy slowed in 1927, credit
should have been made more difficult to
get, but instead it was made easier
2. This would have created a mild
recession, instead of a sudden, hard
depression
B. Failure of Brand-Kellogg and League of
Nations to create punishments helped
Germany & Japan get aggressive & led to WWII


Slide 29

•

•

•

Became the nation’s largest
industry in 1920s.
10 million cars in U.S. in 1920, 26
million by 1929!
Assembly line started in 1913,
building 5 million cars/year by
1929.



Industry weakness: Those who buy a long
lasting item are out of the market for a few
years (fewer sales)

1920 Ford Model T Center Door Sedan










More Steel mills were needed
More Rubber Factories
More Glass Suppliers
Real Estate: Can now build homes outside the
cities in suburbs
Gas Stations replaced horse stables
Roads to be built








When automobile sales slow down so do all of
the other industries that supply them.
This causes a massive downturn in the
economy.
Jobs are lost in those other areas
This is why Auto industry helps drive the
economy (even today)



New industries appeared in the 1920s:
1. Electric Industry
a. Massive steam generators converted
coal to electricity (2/3 of all
Americans had electricity by 1929)
b. New Appliances: Washing Machines,
vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, ovens
c. These appliances led to more free time
- “chores” decreased, kids faced
boredom

2. Radio/Motion Pictures
a. In 1929 NBC became the 1st
successful radio network
- Amos N’ Andy was 1st famous
radio comedy (it featured
“blackface comedy”)
b. Allowed the spread of advertising
c. First talking movie in 1927: “The
Jazz Singer”, starring Al Jolson

3. Aluminum became a major business

4. Corporations grew, forcing out family
owned businesses
a. increasing dependence on mortgage
bankers like J.P. Morgan



Economic Weaknesses did occur
1. Decline in “traditional” industries
a. Railroads were poorly managed & hurt by the
new trucking industry
b. Coal Industry was being replaced by
natural gas & petroleum
c. Cotton declined due to rayon & synthetic
fibers
d. Agriculture was hardest hit of all
- farmers had expanded meat production
in WWI to feed the U.S. & Europe
- prices dropped after WWI. This hurt
farmers during 1920s. Later drought &
depression devastated them in 1930s.

2. Middle to Upper Class Prospered
a. Ended up with more money than
they could spend
b. Many ended up speculating heavily in the
stock market
- instead of investing in sound
markets
- idea was to get rich quick
c. 1920s was known as a time of plenty:
spend and not worry about the future

IV. Heroes of the Decade
1. Babe Ruth (home run king)
2. Jack Dempsey & Gene Tunney
(boxing legends)
3. Charles Lindberg (1st man to fly solo
across the Atlantic) – Spirit of St.
Louis
4. Rudolph Valentino – first major
Hollywood “Sex symbol”



A half-million blacks left the South for the North in
the 1920s
1. Higher paying jobs, left behind Southern farms
and sharecropping
2. Competed for jobs/housing with existing Northern
Whites
a. caused resentment
b. race riots erupted in 26 Northern cities
c. White media reported RUMORS of spreading
violence by Blacks – this increased
tensions/retaliation by Northern Whites

3. Migration also occurred due to blacks
being hired to replace striking whites
while unions formed
4. Marcus Garvey
a. founded “Back to Africa”
movement
b. Garvey felt Blacks couldn’t
compete with whites in America
c. Urged blacks to return to “mother
countries” in Africa to build strong
separate civilizations
d. “Black Pride” was started, gained
recognition

e. Garvey started the Black Star Line ships
to Africa
- B.S.L. failed
- Garvey was tried & convicted of
fraud by an all-white jury
- Many felt he was convicted mainly on
radical beliefs
- B.S.L. really failed due to
mismanagement, rather than fraud.
- served in jail from 1925-1927,
released and deported to Jamaica

5. Black Ghettos Today
a. Many were a result of the great
migration
b. Migrants were poor, moved into less
expensive city houses
c. Middle Class whites with cars moved to
the new suburbs
d. Inner city houses decayed with age & poor
couldn’t afford to move out – stuck there
e. Poor directly affected by economy, 1st to
lose jobs, no way out of their situation

6. The Harlem Renaissance
a. Many migrant Blacks settled in
Harlem, New York
- became the “Negro capital of the
world”
b. W.E.B. Du Bois and James Walden
Johnson became leaders of the
Harlem Renaissance
- was an expression of African
American writers who began
expressing their own identity and
anger at racism
- jazz music, rhythm & blues told stories of
racism/hard times : Louis Armstrong,
Duke Ellington



Sacco & Vanzetti Trial
1. Sacco & Vanzetti were immigrants who believed
in anarchy
2. They were tried and convicted of murder, based
on circumstantial evidence, not hard proof
3. Some felt they were convicted on their beliefs &
because they were immigrants
4. Executed in 1927. Later Names were cleared by
Governor Michael Dukakis in 1977.
5. Riots erupted after executions in U.S. & Europe



Palmer Raids
1.
2.
3.
4.

Palmer was President Wilson’s Attorney General
Palmer gathered information on radicals
Deported up to 600 immigrants (mostly to Soviet
Union) due to Communist fears
Most deported or arrested favored NON-Violent
radicalism, not Violent revolution



Feminism/Suffrage
1.

Women Suffrage
a. 19th Amendment Passed in 1920
b. 15th Amendment allowed all MEN to vote
c. Progressives helped push for women to vote to
help push through their reforms

d. Sheppard/Tower Act (1921) was 1st
Amendment to deal with Welfare reform
- assisted maternal & infant health care
- Child killers included: polio, diphtheria &
smallpox
e. Young Women Rebelled against Victorian
Constraints
- wore shorter dresses
- smoking/drinking in public for 1st time
- wild dancing, more promiscuous

2. Children/Teens
A. Kids no longer worked much thanks to progressive
reforms
B. More Time led to: Drinking, promiscuity, constant
search for excitement
C. More middle class attended school & given more
luxuries
D. Lower Class had more idle time
E. Gangs developed on city streets

3. Crime Increased
A. Due to Prohibition (18th Amendment in
1917)
- More middle/upper class were
willing to break laws for alcohol
B. Bootlegging became common
- Adult gangs developed: Al Capone

4. Prohibition
A. It was illegal to sell, drink, make or
transport more than 1% alcohol
B. Represented moral issues by
Progressives & Southerners who
migrated North
C. Law angered ethnic groups such as
Germans and Irish immigrants
D. Drinking did decline, but it was
repealed in 1933

1.

KKK Rebirth
a. KKK had only 34 members in 1914 – 5
million by 1925
b. The Red Scare helped to convince
many to join the KKK
c. KKK was a sanctuary to the
frightened & insecure

d. KKK gained political control of state governments
in Oklahoma & Texas
e. Hatred extended to Mexicans, Japanese, European
immigrants, Catholics, Jews, French Canadians,
Prostitutes and radical women in the 1920s
f. KKK felt all of those groups were beyond redemption

g. Similarities to the rise of Nazi’s in
Germany
h. KKK wanted “pure Americanism”
i. KKK fell quickly in the 1920s due to:
- clashes with the law
- scandals with sex/corruption
j. Racism remained and there would be no
major civil rights legislation until the
1960s

2. Immigration Restriction
a. 1924 National Origins Act
- created a “quota system”
- limited European immigrants to
150,000 per year
- based on fears of immigrants flooding
into the U.S. from a rebuilding Europe
- the law lasted into the 1960s
- Mexican immigrants were NOT restricted
and filled the need for unskilled workers

1. The Lost Generation
a. American writers who questioned why Materialism
ruled over intellectual, spiritual and artistic concerns
b. Writers moved to Europe and wrote pessimistically
of greed/emptiness of American lives in 1920s
- included: Ernest Hemingway, Gertrude Stein, F.
Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound,T.S. Elliot, Sinclair Lewis

2. Harlem Renaissance brought previously hidden
Black art, music & literature to the world
A. Rhythm & Blues music
- sounds of years of sorrow and struggle
B. Writers Claude McKay, Langston Hughes
- wrote about the Black struggle for
equality
C. Cultural Explosion
- marked by white & black authors who
were critical of mass production/wanting
a simpler lifestyle

3. Fundamentalist Controversy
A. Scopes Trial
- John Scopes was a Biology teacher
- Scopes taught theory of evolution,
which was against Tennessee law to
teach
- Prosecution used William Jennings
Bryan to testify, but contradicted by
taking Bible out of context after
saying it was a literal translation

- Scopes was found guilty, given a $100 fine
- Bryan was so hurt by trial that he died 6
days later
- Fundamentalism did survive despite the
trial

Famous Lawyers

John Scopes
High School Biology teacher

I. Warren G. Harding (President 19211923)
A. Republican candidate for
president in 1920. His slogan
was “back to normalcy”
B. Believed in importance of Big
Business
- supported by big business
leaders
C. Tried to have U.S. face calm after
WWI and Wilson’s Treaty failure

D. Teapot Dome Scandal
1. Two cabinet members took bribes
for big oil leases in Teapot Dome,
Wyoming.
2. Harding died of a stroke in 1923,
before scandals became public
3. He was a good man, surrounded
by corruption

II. Calvin Coolidge, (President 1923-1929)
A. “Silent Cal”, honest, integrity, a
friend of business
B. “The Business of America is
Business”
1. Believed big business must be
prosperous for America to prosper
2. This was popular strategy
throughout the 1920s
3. Chose not to run again in 1928

III. Herbert Hoover (President 1929-1933)
A. Self-made millionaire named “Wonder Boy”
B. Most intelligent President in the 1920s, served
as secretary of commerce under Harding and
Coolidge
C. Pushed for gov’t. regulations, but only
wanted volunteerism from businesses, not
having the gov’t. make it mandatory

IV. Republican Policies
A. Isolationism
1. Wanted to separate from Europe’s
troubles
B. Dawes Plan
1. Allies owed the U.S. $10 billion in
war debts they couldn’t pay until
Germany repaid them $33 billion
debt
2. France moved into Germany,
possibly threatening a new war

3. Dawes was sent to avert another
war. Got U.S. bankers to loan
Germany money to repay its debt,
so allies could repay the U.S.
4. Policy was to replace Europe’s
military dependence with big
business dependence
5. Only worked until the Great
Depression destroyed banking
industry

V. Brand-Kellogg Treaty
A. 14 Nations signed a treaty outlawing
war
B. Treaty declared war was illegal
1. Weakness was there was no
punishment if treaty was broken

VI. Scientific Management
A. Developed by Frederick Taylor
1. Taylor felt workers were lazy, sloppy
2. Felt efficiency could be measured to
improve productivity, raise wages &
profits
B. Time Study Analysis
1. Take a single task (welding a car frame)
2. Use a stop watch to time the person
- after several times, the average time
represents the standard time it takes
to weld a car together

3. After a year, Management saw what average
time was taken to do the task. If it was twice
the standard time, the worker was at 50%
efficiency
4. Aim was for 100% or better. If not improved
after a period of time, then firings, demotions
or new supervisors took over
5. Exceptions to improvement: When changes are
made to the product, or new workers are hired
C. Benefits of Scientific Management
1. Accountability, evaluation of talent, future cost
projections
2. The more you do something, usually you get
more accurate in less time

VI. Failures of the Republican policies
A. Crash came down during Hoover’s time due to
ignorance
1. When economy slowed in 1927, credit
should have been made more difficult to
get, but instead it was made easier
2. This would have created a mild
recession, instead of a sudden, hard
depression
B. Failure of Brand-Kellogg and League of
Nations to create punishments helped
Germany & Japan get aggressive & led to WWII


Slide 30

•

•

•

Became the nation’s largest
industry in 1920s.
10 million cars in U.S. in 1920, 26
million by 1929!
Assembly line started in 1913,
building 5 million cars/year by
1929.



Industry weakness: Those who buy a long
lasting item are out of the market for a few
years (fewer sales)

1920 Ford Model T Center Door Sedan










More Steel mills were needed
More Rubber Factories
More Glass Suppliers
Real Estate: Can now build homes outside the
cities in suburbs
Gas Stations replaced horse stables
Roads to be built








When automobile sales slow down so do all of
the other industries that supply them.
This causes a massive downturn in the
economy.
Jobs are lost in those other areas
This is why Auto industry helps drive the
economy (even today)



New industries appeared in the 1920s:
1. Electric Industry
a. Massive steam generators converted
coal to electricity (2/3 of all
Americans had electricity by 1929)
b. New Appliances: Washing Machines,
vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, ovens
c. These appliances led to more free time
- “chores” decreased, kids faced
boredom

2. Radio/Motion Pictures
a. In 1929 NBC became the 1st
successful radio network
- Amos N’ Andy was 1st famous
radio comedy (it featured
“blackface comedy”)
b. Allowed the spread of advertising
c. First talking movie in 1927: “The
Jazz Singer”, starring Al Jolson

3. Aluminum became a major business

4. Corporations grew, forcing out family
owned businesses
a. increasing dependence on mortgage
bankers like J.P. Morgan



Economic Weaknesses did occur
1. Decline in “traditional” industries
a. Railroads were poorly managed & hurt by the
new trucking industry
b. Coal Industry was being replaced by
natural gas & petroleum
c. Cotton declined due to rayon & synthetic
fibers
d. Agriculture was hardest hit of all
- farmers had expanded meat production
in WWI to feed the U.S. & Europe
- prices dropped after WWI. This hurt
farmers during 1920s. Later drought &
depression devastated them in 1930s.

2. Middle to Upper Class Prospered
a. Ended up with more money than
they could spend
b. Many ended up speculating heavily in the
stock market
- instead of investing in sound
markets
- idea was to get rich quick
c. 1920s was known as a time of plenty:
spend and not worry about the future

IV. Heroes of the Decade
1. Babe Ruth (home run king)
2. Jack Dempsey & Gene Tunney
(boxing legends)
3. Charles Lindberg (1st man to fly solo
across the Atlantic) – Spirit of St.
Louis
4. Rudolph Valentino – first major
Hollywood “Sex symbol”



A half-million blacks left the South for the North in
the 1920s
1. Higher paying jobs, left behind Southern farms
and sharecropping
2. Competed for jobs/housing with existing Northern
Whites
a. caused resentment
b. race riots erupted in 26 Northern cities
c. White media reported RUMORS of spreading
violence by Blacks – this increased
tensions/retaliation by Northern Whites

3. Migration also occurred due to blacks
being hired to replace striking whites
while unions formed
4. Marcus Garvey
a. founded “Back to Africa”
movement
b. Garvey felt Blacks couldn’t
compete with whites in America
c. Urged blacks to return to “mother
countries” in Africa to build strong
separate civilizations
d. “Black Pride” was started, gained
recognition

e. Garvey started the Black Star Line ships
to Africa
- B.S.L. failed
- Garvey was tried & convicted of
fraud by an all-white jury
- Many felt he was convicted mainly on
radical beliefs
- B.S.L. really failed due to
mismanagement, rather than fraud.
- served in jail from 1925-1927,
released and deported to Jamaica

5. Black Ghettos Today
a. Many were a result of the great
migration
b. Migrants were poor, moved into less
expensive city houses
c. Middle Class whites with cars moved to
the new suburbs
d. Inner city houses decayed with age & poor
couldn’t afford to move out – stuck there
e. Poor directly affected by economy, 1st to
lose jobs, no way out of their situation

6. The Harlem Renaissance
a. Many migrant Blacks settled in
Harlem, New York
- became the “Negro capital of the
world”
b. W.E.B. Du Bois and James Walden
Johnson became leaders of the
Harlem Renaissance
- was an expression of African
American writers who began
expressing their own identity and
anger at racism
- jazz music, rhythm & blues told stories of
racism/hard times : Louis Armstrong,
Duke Ellington



Sacco & Vanzetti Trial
1. Sacco & Vanzetti were immigrants who believed
in anarchy
2. They were tried and convicted of murder, based
on circumstantial evidence, not hard proof
3. Some felt they were convicted on their beliefs &
because they were immigrants
4. Executed in 1927. Later Names were cleared by
Governor Michael Dukakis in 1977.
5. Riots erupted after executions in U.S. & Europe



Palmer Raids
1.
2.
3.
4.

Palmer was President Wilson’s Attorney General
Palmer gathered information on radicals
Deported up to 600 immigrants (mostly to Soviet
Union) due to Communist fears
Most deported or arrested favored NON-Violent
radicalism, not Violent revolution



Feminism/Suffrage
1.

Women Suffrage
a. 19th Amendment Passed in 1920
b. 15th Amendment allowed all MEN to vote
c. Progressives helped push for women to vote to
help push through their reforms

d. Sheppard/Tower Act (1921) was 1st
Amendment to deal with Welfare reform
- assisted maternal & infant health care
- Child killers included: polio, diphtheria &
smallpox
e. Young Women Rebelled against Victorian
Constraints
- wore shorter dresses
- smoking/drinking in public for 1st time
- wild dancing, more promiscuous

2. Children/Teens
A. Kids no longer worked much thanks to progressive
reforms
B. More Time led to: Drinking, promiscuity, constant
search for excitement
C. More middle class attended school & given more
luxuries
D. Lower Class had more idle time
E. Gangs developed on city streets

3. Crime Increased
A. Due to Prohibition (18th Amendment in
1917)
- More middle/upper class were
willing to break laws for alcohol
B. Bootlegging became common
- Adult gangs developed: Al Capone

4. Prohibition
A. It was illegal to sell, drink, make or
transport more than 1% alcohol
B. Represented moral issues by
Progressives & Southerners who
migrated North
C. Law angered ethnic groups such as
Germans and Irish immigrants
D. Drinking did decline, but it was
repealed in 1933

1.

KKK Rebirth
a. KKK had only 34 members in 1914 – 5
million by 1925
b. The Red Scare helped to convince
many to join the KKK
c. KKK was a sanctuary to the
frightened & insecure

d. KKK gained political control of state governments
in Oklahoma & Texas
e. Hatred extended to Mexicans, Japanese, European
immigrants, Catholics, Jews, French Canadians,
Prostitutes and radical women in the 1920s
f. KKK felt all of those groups were beyond redemption

g. Similarities to the rise of Nazi’s in
Germany
h. KKK wanted “pure Americanism”
i. KKK fell quickly in the 1920s due to:
- clashes with the law
- scandals with sex/corruption
j. Racism remained and there would be no
major civil rights legislation until the
1960s

2. Immigration Restriction
a. 1924 National Origins Act
- created a “quota system”
- limited European immigrants to
150,000 per year
- based on fears of immigrants flooding
into the U.S. from a rebuilding Europe
- the law lasted into the 1960s
- Mexican immigrants were NOT restricted
and filled the need for unskilled workers

1. The Lost Generation
a. American writers who questioned why Materialism
ruled over intellectual, spiritual and artistic concerns
b. Writers moved to Europe and wrote pessimistically
of greed/emptiness of American lives in 1920s
- included: Ernest Hemingway, Gertrude Stein, F.
Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound,T.S. Elliot, Sinclair Lewis

2. Harlem Renaissance brought previously hidden
Black art, music & literature to the world
A. Rhythm & Blues music
- sounds of years of sorrow and struggle
B. Writers Claude McKay, Langston Hughes
- wrote about the Black struggle for
equality
C. Cultural Explosion
- marked by white & black authors who
were critical of mass production/wanting
a simpler lifestyle

3. Fundamentalist Controversy
A. Scopes Trial
- John Scopes was a Biology teacher
- Scopes taught theory of evolution,
which was against Tennessee law to
teach
- Prosecution used William Jennings
Bryan to testify, but contradicted by
taking Bible out of context after
saying it was a literal translation

- Scopes was found guilty, given a $100 fine
- Bryan was so hurt by trial that he died 6
days later
- Fundamentalism did survive despite the
trial

Famous Lawyers

John Scopes
High School Biology teacher

I. Warren G. Harding (President 19211923)
A. Republican candidate for
president in 1920. His slogan
was “back to normalcy”
B. Believed in importance of Big
Business
- supported by big business
leaders
C. Tried to have U.S. face calm after
WWI and Wilson’s Treaty failure

D. Teapot Dome Scandal
1. Two cabinet members took bribes
for big oil leases in Teapot Dome,
Wyoming.
2. Harding died of a stroke in 1923,
before scandals became public
3. He was a good man, surrounded
by corruption

II. Calvin Coolidge, (President 1923-1929)
A. “Silent Cal”, honest, integrity, a
friend of business
B. “The Business of America is
Business”
1. Believed big business must be
prosperous for America to prosper
2. This was popular strategy
throughout the 1920s
3. Chose not to run again in 1928

III. Herbert Hoover (President 1929-1933)
A. Self-made millionaire named “Wonder Boy”
B. Most intelligent President in the 1920s, served
as secretary of commerce under Harding and
Coolidge
C. Pushed for gov’t. regulations, but only
wanted volunteerism from businesses, not
having the gov’t. make it mandatory

IV. Republican Policies
A. Isolationism
1. Wanted to separate from Europe’s
troubles
B. Dawes Plan
1. Allies owed the U.S. $10 billion in
war debts they couldn’t pay until
Germany repaid them $33 billion
debt
2. France moved into Germany,
possibly threatening a new war

3. Dawes was sent to avert another
war. Got U.S. bankers to loan
Germany money to repay its debt,
so allies could repay the U.S.
4. Policy was to replace Europe’s
military dependence with big
business dependence
5. Only worked until the Great
Depression destroyed banking
industry

V. Brand-Kellogg Treaty
A. 14 Nations signed a treaty outlawing
war
B. Treaty declared war was illegal
1. Weakness was there was no
punishment if treaty was broken

VI. Scientific Management
A. Developed by Frederick Taylor
1. Taylor felt workers were lazy, sloppy
2. Felt efficiency could be measured to
improve productivity, raise wages &
profits
B. Time Study Analysis
1. Take a single task (welding a car frame)
2. Use a stop watch to time the person
- after several times, the average time
represents the standard time it takes
to weld a car together

3. After a year, Management saw what average
time was taken to do the task. If it was twice
the standard time, the worker was at 50%
efficiency
4. Aim was for 100% or better. If not improved
after a period of time, then firings, demotions
or new supervisors took over
5. Exceptions to improvement: When changes are
made to the product, or new workers are hired
C. Benefits of Scientific Management
1. Accountability, evaluation of talent, future cost
projections
2. The more you do something, usually you get
more accurate in less time

VI. Failures of the Republican policies
A. Crash came down during Hoover’s time due to
ignorance
1. When economy slowed in 1927, credit
should have been made more difficult to
get, but instead it was made easier
2. This would have created a mild
recession, instead of a sudden, hard
depression
B. Failure of Brand-Kellogg and League of
Nations to create punishments helped
Germany & Japan get aggressive & led to WWII


Slide 31

•

•

•

Became the nation’s largest
industry in 1920s.
10 million cars in U.S. in 1920, 26
million by 1929!
Assembly line started in 1913,
building 5 million cars/year by
1929.



Industry weakness: Those who buy a long
lasting item are out of the market for a few
years (fewer sales)

1920 Ford Model T Center Door Sedan










More Steel mills were needed
More Rubber Factories
More Glass Suppliers
Real Estate: Can now build homes outside the
cities in suburbs
Gas Stations replaced horse stables
Roads to be built








When automobile sales slow down so do all of
the other industries that supply them.
This causes a massive downturn in the
economy.
Jobs are lost in those other areas
This is why Auto industry helps drive the
economy (even today)



New industries appeared in the 1920s:
1. Electric Industry
a. Massive steam generators converted
coal to electricity (2/3 of all
Americans had electricity by 1929)
b. New Appliances: Washing Machines,
vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, ovens
c. These appliances led to more free time
- “chores” decreased, kids faced
boredom

2. Radio/Motion Pictures
a. In 1929 NBC became the 1st
successful radio network
- Amos N’ Andy was 1st famous
radio comedy (it featured
“blackface comedy”)
b. Allowed the spread of advertising
c. First talking movie in 1927: “The
Jazz Singer”, starring Al Jolson

3. Aluminum became a major business

4. Corporations grew, forcing out family
owned businesses
a. increasing dependence on mortgage
bankers like J.P. Morgan



Economic Weaknesses did occur
1. Decline in “traditional” industries
a. Railroads were poorly managed & hurt by the
new trucking industry
b. Coal Industry was being replaced by
natural gas & petroleum
c. Cotton declined due to rayon & synthetic
fibers
d. Agriculture was hardest hit of all
- farmers had expanded meat production
in WWI to feed the U.S. & Europe
- prices dropped after WWI. This hurt
farmers during 1920s. Later drought &
depression devastated them in 1930s.

2. Middle to Upper Class Prospered
a. Ended up with more money than
they could spend
b. Many ended up speculating heavily in the
stock market
- instead of investing in sound
markets
- idea was to get rich quick
c. 1920s was known as a time of plenty:
spend and not worry about the future

IV. Heroes of the Decade
1. Babe Ruth (home run king)
2. Jack Dempsey & Gene Tunney
(boxing legends)
3. Charles Lindberg (1st man to fly solo
across the Atlantic) – Spirit of St.
Louis
4. Rudolph Valentino – first major
Hollywood “Sex symbol”



A half-million blacks left the South for the North in
the 1920s
1. Higher paying jobs, left behind Southern farms
and sharecropping
2. Competed for jobs/housing with existing Northern
Whites
a. caused resentment
b. race riots erupted in 26 Northern cities
c. White media reported RUMORS of spreading
violence by Blacks – this increased
tensions/retaliation by Northern Whites

3. Migration also occurred due to blacks
being hired to replace striking whites
while unions formed
4. Marcus Garvey
a. founded “Back to Africa”
movement
b. Garvey felt Blacks couldn’t
compete with whites in America
c. Urged blacks to return to “mother
countries” in Africa to build strong
separate civilizations
d. “Black Pride” was started, gained
recognition

e. Garvey started the Black Star Line ships
to Africa
- B.S.L. failed
- Garvey was tried & convicted of
fraud by an all-white jury
- Many felt he was convicted mainly on
radical beliefs
- B.S.L. really failed due to
mismanagement, rather than fraud.
- served in jail from 1925-1927,
released and deported to Jamaica

5. Black Ghettos Today
a. Many were a result of the great
migration
b. Migrants were poor, moved into less
expensive city houses
c. Middle Class whites with cars moved to
the new suburbs
d. Inner city houses decayed with age & poor
couldn’t afford to move out – stuck there
e. Poor directly affected by economy, 1st to
lose jobs, no way out of their situation

6. The Harlem Renaissance
a. Many migrant Blacks settled in
Harlem, New York
- became the “Negro capital of the
world”
b. W.E.B. Du Bois and James Walden
Johnson became leaders of the
Harlem Renaissance
- was an expression of African
American writers who began
expressing their own identity and
anger at racism
- jazz music, rhythm & blues told stories of
racism/hard times : Louis Armstrong,
Duke Ellington



Sacco & Vanzetti Trial
1. Sacco & Vanzetti were immigrants who believed
in anarchy
2. They were tried and convicted of murder, based
on circumstantial evidence, not hard proof
3. Some felt they were convicted on their beliefs &
because they were immigrants
4. Executed in 1927. Later Names were cleared by
Governor Michael Dukakis in 1977.
5. Riots erupted after executions in U.S. & Europe



Palmer Raids
1.
2.
3.
4.

Palmer was President Wilson’s Attorney General
Palmer gathered information on radicals
Deported up to 600 immigrants (mostly to Soviet
Union) due to Communist fears
Most deported or arrested favored NON-Violent
radicalism, not Violent revolution



Feminism/Suffrage
1.

Women Suffrage
a. 19th Amendment Passed in 1920
b. 15th Amendment allowed all MEN to vote
c. Progressives helped push for women to vote to
help push through their reforms

d. Sheppard/Tower Act (1921) was 1st
Amendment to deal with Welfare reform
- assisted maternal & infant health care
- Child killers included: polio, diphtheria &
smallpox
e. Young Women Rebelled against Victorian
Constraints
- wore shorter dresses
- smoking/drinking in public for 1st time
- wild dancing, more promiscuous

2. Children/Teens
A. Kids no longer worked much thanks to progressive
reforms
B. More Time led to: Drinking, promiscuity, constant
search for excitement
C. More middle class attended school & given more
luxuries
D. Lower Class had more idle time
E. Gangs developed on city streets

3. Crime Increased
A. Due to Prohibition (18th Amendment in
1917)
- More middle/upper class were
willing to break laws for alcohol
B. Bootlegging became common
- Adult gangs developed: Al Capone

4. Prohibition
A. It was illegal to sell, drink, make or
transport more than 1% alcohol
B. Represented moral issues by
Progressives & Southerners who
migrated North
C. Law angered ethnic groups such as
Germans and Irish immigrants
D. Drinking did decline, but it was
repealed in 1933

1.

KKK Rebirth
a. KKK had only 34 members in 1914 – 5
million by 1925
b. The Red Scare helped to convince
many to join the KKK
c. KKK was a sanctuary to the
frightened & insecure

d. KKK gained political control of state governments
in Oklahoma & Texas
e. Hatred extended to Mexicans, Japanese, European
immigrants, Catholics, Jews, French Canadians,
Prostitutes and radical women in the 1920s
f. KKK felt all of those groups were beyond redemption

g. Similarities to the rise of Nazi’s in
Germany
h. KKK wanted “pure Americanism”
i. KKK fell quickly in the 1920s due to:
- clashes with the law
- scandals with sex/corruption
j. Racism remained and there would be no
major civil rights legislation until the
1960s

2. Immigration Restriction
a. 1924 National Origins Act
- created a “quota system”
- limited European immigrants to
150,000 per year
- based on fears of immigrants flooding
into the U.S. from a rebuilding Europe
- the law lasted into the 1960s
- Mexican immigrants were NOT restricted
and filled the need for unskilled workers

1. The Lost Generation
a. American writers who questioned why Materialism
ruled over intellectual, spiritual and artistic concerns
b. Writers moved to Europe and wrote pessimistically
of greed/emptiness of American lives in 1920s
- included: Ernest Hemingway, Gertrude Stein, F.
Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound,T.S. Elliot, Sinclair Lewis

2. Harlem Renaissance brought previously hidden
Black art, music & literature to the world
A. Rhythm & Blues music
- sounds of years of sorrow and struggle
B. Writers Claude McKay, Langston Hughes
- wrote about the Black struggle for
equality
C. Cultural Explosion
- marked by white & black authors who
were critical of mass production/wanting
a simpler lifestyle

3. Fundamentalist Controversy
A. Scopes Trial
- John Scopes was a Biology teacher
- Scopes taught theory of evolution,
which was against Tennessee law to
teach
- Prosecution used William Jennings
Bryan to testify, but contradicted by
taking Bible out of context after
saying it was a literal translation

- Scopes was found guilty, given a $100 fine
- Bryan was so hurt by trial that he died 6
days later
- Fundamentalism did survive despite the
trial

Famous Lawyers

John Scopes
High School Biology teacher

I. Warren G. Harding (President 19211923)
A. Republican candidate for
president in 1920. His slogan
was “back to normalcy”
B. Believed in importance of Big
Business
- supported by big business
leaders
C. Tried to have U.S. face calm after
WWI and Wilson’s Treaty failure

D. Teapot Dome Scandal
1. Two cabinet members took bribes
for big oil leases in Teapot Dome,
Wyoming.
2. Harding died of a stroke in 1923,
before scandals became public
3. He was a good man, surrounded
by corruption

II. Calvin Coolidge, (President 1923-1929)
A. “Silent Cal”, honest, integrity, a
friend of business
B. “The Business of America is
Business”
1. Believed big business must be
prosperous for America to prosper
2. This was popular strategy
throughout the 1920s
3. Chose not to run again in 1928

III. Herbert Hoover (President 1929-1933)
A. Self-made millionaire named “Wonder Boy”
B. Most intelligent President in the 1920s, served
as secretary of commerce under Harding and
Coolidge
C. Pushed for gov’t. regulations, but only
wanted volunteerism from businesses, not
having the gov’t. make it mandatory

IV. Republican Policies
A. Isolationism
1. Wanted to separate from Europe’s
troubles
B. Dawes Plan
1. Allies owed the U.S. $10 billion in
war debts they couldn’t pay until
Germany repaid them $33 billion
debt
2. France moved into Germany,
possibly threatening a new war

3. Dawes was sent to avert another
war. Got U.S. bankers to loan
Germany money to repay its debt,
so allies could repay the U.S.
4. Policy was to replace Europe’s
military dependence with big
business dependence
5. Only worked until the Great
Depression destroyed banking
industry

V. Brand-Kellogg Treaty
A. 14 Nations signed a treaty outlawing
war
B. Treaty declared war was illegal
1. Weakness was there was no
punishment if treaty was broken

VI. Scientific Management
A. Developed by Frederick Taylor
1. Taylor felt workers were lazy, sloppy
2. Felt efficiency could be measured to
improve productivity, raise wages &
profits
B. Time Study Analysis
1. Take a single task (welding a car frame)
2. Use a stop watch to time the person
- after several times, the average time
represents the standard time it takes
to weld a car together

3. After a year, Management saw what average
time was taken to do the task. If it was twice
the standard time, the worker was at 50%
efficiency
4. Aim was for 100% or better. If not improved
after a period of time, then firings, demotions
or new supervisors took over
5. Exceptions to improvement: When changes are
made to the product, or new workers are hired
C. Benefits of Scientific Management
1. Accountability, evaluation of talent, future cost
projections
2. The more you do something, usually you get
more accurate in less time

VI. Failures of the Republican policies
A. Crash came down during Hoover’s time due to
ignorance
1. When economy slowed in 1927, credit
should have been made more difficult to
get, but instead it was made easier
2. This would have created a mild
recession, instead of a sudden, hard
depression
B. Failure of Brand-Kellogg and League of
Nations to create punishments helped
Germany & Japan get aggressive & led to WWII


Slide 32

•

•

•

Became the nation’s largest
industry in 1920s.
10 million cars in U.S. in 1920, 26
million by 1929!
Assembly line started in 1913,
building 5 million cars/year by
1929.



Industry weakness: Those who buy a long
lasting item are out of the market for a few
years (fewer sales)

1920 Ford Model T Center Door Sedan










More Steel mills were needed
More Rubber Factories
More Glass Suppliers
Real Estate: Can now build homes outside the
cities in suburbs
Gas Stations replaced horse stables
Roads to be built








When automobile sales slow down so do all of
the other industries that supply them.
This causes a massive downturn in the
economy.
Jobs are lost in those other areas
This is why Auto industry helps drive the
economy (even today)



New industries appeared in the 1920s:
1. Electric Industry
a. Massive steam generators converted
coal to electricity (2/3 of all
Americans had electricity by 1929)
b. New Appliances: Washing Machines,
vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, ovens
c. These appliances led to more free time
- “chores” decreased, kids faced
boredom

2. Radio/Motion Pictures
a. In 1929 NBC became the 1st
successful radio network
- Amos N’ Andy was 1st famous
radio comedy (it featured
“blackface comedy”)
b. Allowed the spread of advertising
c. First talking movie in 1927: “The
Jazz Singer”, starring Al Jolson

3. Aluminum became a major business

4. Corporations grew, forcing out family
owned businesses
a. increasing dependence on mortgage
bankers like J.P. Morgan



Economic Weaknesses did occur
1. Decline in “traditional” industries
a. Railroads were poorly managed & hurt by the
new trucking industry
b. Coal Industry was being replaced by
natural gas & petroleum
c. Cotton declined due to rayon & synthetic
fibers
d. Agriculture was hardest hit of all
- farmers had expanded meat production
in WWI to feed the U.S. & Europe
- prices dropped after WWI. This hurt
farmers during 1920s. Later drought &
depression devastated them in 1930s.

2. Middle to Upper Class Prospered
a. Ended up with more money than
they could spend
b. Many ended up speculating heavily in the
stock market
- instead of investing in sound
markets
- idea was to get rich quick
c. 1920s was known as a time of plenty:
spend and not worry about the future

IV. Heroes of the Decade
1. Babe Ruth (home run king)
2. Jack Dempsey & Gene Tunney
(boxing legends)
3. Charles Lindberg (1st man to fly solo
across the Atlantic) – Spirit of St.
Louis
4. Rudolph Valentino – first major
Hollywood “Sex symbol”



A half-million blacks left the South for the North in
the 1920s
1. Higher paying jobs, left behind Southern farms
and sharecropping
2. Competed for jobs/housing with existing Northern
Whites
a. caused resentment
b. race riots erupted in 26 Northern cities
c. White media reported RUMORS of spreading
violence by Blacks – this increased
tensions/retaliation by Northern Whites

3. Migration also occurred due to blacks
being hired to replace striking whites
while unions formed
4. Marcus Garvey
a. founded “Back to Africa”
movement
b. Garvey felt Blacks couldn’t
compete with whites in America
c. Urged blacks to return to “mother
countries” in Africa to build strong
separate civilizations
d. “Black Pride” was started, gained
recognition

e. Garvey started the Black Star Line ships
to Africa
- B.S.L. failed
- Garvey was tried & convicted of
fraud by an all-white jury
- Many felt he was convicted mainly on
radical beliefs
- B.S.L. really failed due to
mismanagement, rather than fraud.
- served in jail from 1925-1927,
released and deported to Jamaica

5. Black Ghettos Today
a. Many were a result of the great
migration
b. Migrants were poor, moved into less
expensive city houses
c. Middle Class whites with cars moved to
the new suburbs
d. Inner city houses decayed with age & poor
couldn’t afford to move out – stuck there
e. Poor directly affected by economy, 1st to
lose jobs, no way out of their situation

6. The Harlem Renaissance
a. Many migrant Blacks settled in
Harlem, New York
- became the “Negro capital of the
world”
b. W.E.B. Du Bois and James Walden
Johnson became leaders of the
Harlem Renaissance
- was an expression of African
American writers who began
expressing their own identity and
anger at racism
- jazz music, rhythm & blues told stories of
racism/hard times : Louis Armstrong,
Duke Ellington



Sacco & Vanzetti Trial
1. Sacco & Vanzetti were immigrants who believed
in anarchy
2. They were tried and convicted of murder, based
on circumstantial evidence, not hard proof
3. Some felt they were convicted on their beliefs &
because they were immigrants
4. Executed in 1927. Later Names were cleared by
Governor Michael Dukakis in 1977.
5. Riots erupted after executions in U.S. & Europe



Palmer Raids
1.
2.
3.
4.

Palmer was President Wilson’s Attorney General
Palmer gathered information on radicals
Deported up to 600 immigrants (mostly to Soviet
Union) due to Communist fears
Most deported or arrested favored NON-Violent
radicalism, not Violent revolution



Feminism/Suffrage
1.

Women Suffrage
a. 19th Amendment Passed in 1920
b. 15th Amendment allowed all MEN to vote
c. Progressives helped push for women to vote to
help push through their reforms

d. Sheppard/Tower Act (1921) was 1st
Amendment to deal with Welfare reform
- assisted maternal & infant health care
- Child killers included: polio, diphtheria &
smallpox
e. Young Women Rebelled against Victorian
Constraints
- wore shorter dresses
- smoking/drinking in public for 1st time
- wild dancing, more promiscuous

2. Children/Teens
A. Kids no longer worked much thanks to progressive
reforms
B. More Time led to: Drinking, promiscuity, constant
search for excitement
C. More middle class attended school & given more
luxuries
D. Lower Class had more idle time
E. Gangs developed on city streets

3. Crime Increased
A. Due to Prohibition (18th Amendment in
1917)
- More middle/upper class were
willing to break laws for alcohol
B. Bootlegging became common
- Adult gangs developed: Al Capone

4. Prohibition
A. It was illegal to sell, drink, make or
transport more than 1% alcohol
B. Represented moral issues by
Progressives & Southerners who
migrated North
C. Law angered ethnic groups such as
Germans and Irish immigrants
D. Drinking did decline, but it was
repealed in 1933

1.

KKK Rebirth
a. KKK had only 34 members in 1914 – 5
million by 1925
b. The Red Scare helped to convince
many to join the KKK
c. KKK was a sanctuary to the
frightened & insecure

d. KKK gained political control of state governments
in Oklahoma & Texas
e. Hatred extended to Mexicans, Japanese, European
immigrants, Catholics, Jews, French Canadians,
Prostitutes and radical women in the 1920s
f. KKK felt all of those groups were beyond redemption

g. Similarities to the rise of Nazi’s in
Germany
h. KKK wanted “pure Americanism”
i. KKK fell quickly in the 1920s due to:
- clashes with the law
- scandals with sex/corruption
j. Racism remained and there would be no
major civil rights legislation until the
1960s

2. Immigration Restriction
a. 1924 National Origins Act
- created a “quota system”
- limited European immigrants to
150,000 per year
- based on fears of immigrants flooding
into the U.S. from a rebuilding Europe
- the law lasted into the 1960s
- Mexican immigrants were NOT restricted
and filled the need for unskilled workers

1. The Lost Generation
a. American writers who questioned why Materialism
ruled over intellectual, spiritual and artistic concerns
b. Writers moved to Europe and wrote pessimistically
of greed/emptiness of American lives in 1920s
- included: Ernest Hemingway, Gertrude Stein, F.
Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound,T.S. Elliot, Sinclair Lewis

2. Harlem Renaissance brought previously hidden
Black art, music & literature to the world
A. Rhythm & Blues music
- sounds of years of sorrow and struggle
B. Writers Claude McKay, Langston Hughes
- wrote about the Black struggle for
equality
C. Cultural Explosion
- marked by white & black authors who
were critical of mass production/wanting
a simpler lifestyle

3. Fundamentalist Controversy
A. Scopes Trial
- John Scopes was a Biology teacher
- Scopes taught theory of evolution,
which was against Tennessee law to
teach
- Prosecution used William Jennings
Bryan to testify, but contradicted by
taking Bible out of context after
saying it was a literal translation

- Scopes was found guilty, given a $100 fine
- Bryan was so hurt by trial that he died 6
days later
- Fundamentalism did survive despite the
trial

Famous Lawyers

John Scopes
High School Biology teacher

I. Warren G. Harding (President 19211923)
A. Republican candidate for
president in 1920. His slogan
was “back to normalcy”
B. Believed in importance of Big
Business
- supported by big business
leaders
C. Tried to have U.S. face calm after
WWI and Wilson’s Treaty failure

D. Teapot Dome Scandal
1. Two cabinet members took bribes
for big oil leases in Teapot Dome,
Wyoming.
2. Harding died of a stroke in 1923,
before scandals became public
3. He was a good man, surrounded
by corruption

II. Calvin Coolidge, (President 1923-1929)
A. “Silent Cal”, honest, integrity, a
friend of business
B. “The Business of America is
Business”
1. Believed big business must be
prosperous for America to prosper
2. This was popular strategy
throughout the 1920s
3. Chose not to run again in 1928

III. Herbert Hoover (President 1929-1933)
A. Self-made millionaire named “Wonder Boy”
B. Most intelligent President in the 1920s, served
as secretary of commerce under Harding and
Coolidge
C. Pushed for gov’t. regulations, but only
wanted volunteerism from businesses, not
having the gov’t. make it mandatory

IV. Republican Policies
A. Isolationism
1. Wanted to separate from Europe’s
troubles
B. Dawes Plan
1. Allies owed the U.S. $10 billion in
war debts they couldn’t pay until
Germany repaid them $33 billion
debt
2. France moved into Germany,
possibly threatening a new war

3. Dawes was sent to avert another
war. Got U.S. bankers to loan
Germany money to repay its debt,
so allies could repay the U.S.
4. Policy was to replace Europe’s
military dependence with big
business dependence
5. Only worked until the Great
Depression destroyed banking
industry

V. Brand-Kellogg Treaty
A. 14 Nations signed a treaty outlawing
war
B. Treaty declared war was illegal
1. Weakness was there was no
punishment if treaty was broken

VI. Scientific Management
A. Developed by Frederick Taylor
1. Taylor felt workers were lazy, sloppy
2. Felt efficiency could be measured to
improve productivity, raise wages &
profits
B. Time Study Analysis
1. Take a single task (welding a car frame)
2. Use a stop watch to time the person
- after several times, the average time
represents the standard time it takes
to weld a car together

3. After a year, Management saw what average
time was taken to do the task. If it was twice
the standard time, the worker was at 50%
efficiency
4. Aim was for 100% or better. If not improved
after a period of time, then firings, demotions
or new supervisors took over
5. Exceptions to improvement: When changes are
made to the product, or new workers are hired
C. Benefits of Scientific Management
1. Accountability, evaluation of talent, future cost
projections
2. The more you do something, usually you get
more accurate in less time

VI. Failures of the Republican policies
A. Crash came down during Hoover’s time due to
ignorance
1. When economy slowed in 1927, credit
should have been made more difficult to
get, but instead it was made easier
2. This would have created a mild
recession, instead of a sudden, hard
depression
B. Failure of Brand-Kellogg and League of
Nations to create punishments helped
Germany & Japan get aggressive & led to WWII


Slide 33

•

•

•

Became the nation’s largest
industry in 1920s.
10 million cars in U.S. in 1920, 26
million by 1929!
Assembly line started in 1913,
building 5 million cars/year by
1929.



Industry weakness: Those who buy a long
lasting item are out of the market for a few
years (fewer sales)

1920 Ford Model T Center Door Sedan










More Steel mills were needed
More Rubber Factories
More Glass Suppliers
Real Estate: Can now build homes outside the
cities in suburbs
Gas Stations replaced horse stables
Roads to be built








When automobile sales slow down so do all of
the other industries that supply them.
This causes a massive downturn in the
economy.
Jobs are lost in those other areas
This is why Auto industry helps drive the
economy (even today)



New industries appeared in the 1920s:
1. Electric Industry
a. Massive steam generators converted
coal to electricity (2/3 of all
Americans had electricity by 1929)
b. New Appliances: Washing Machines,
vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, ovens
c. These appliances led to more free time
- “chores” decreased, kids faced
boredom

2. Radio/Motion Pictures
a. In 1929 NBC became the 1st
successful radio network
- Amos N’ Andy was 1st famous
radio comedy (it featured
“blackface comedy”)
b. Allowed the spread of advertising
c. First talking movie in 1927: “The
Jazz Singer”, starring Al Jolson

3. Aluminum became a major business

4. Corporations grew, forcing out family
owned businesses
a. increasing dependence on mortgage
bankers like J.P. Morgan



Economic Weaknesses did occur
1. Decline in “traditional” industries
a. Railroads were poorly managed & hurt by the
new trucking industry
b. Coal Industry was being replaced by
natural gas & petroleum
c. Cotton declined due to rayon & synthetic
fibers
d. Agriculture was hardest hit of all
- farmers had expanded meat production
in WWI to feed the U.S. & Europe
- prices dropped after WWI. This hurt
farmers during 1920s. Later drought &
depression devastated them in 1930s.

2. Middle to Upper Class Prospered
a. Ended up with more money than
they could spend
b. Many ended up speculating heavily in the
stock market
- instead of investing in sound
markets
- idea was to get rich quick
c. 1920s was known as a time of plenty:
spend and not worry about the future

IV. Heroes of the Decade
1. Babe Ruth (home run king)
2. Jack Dempsey & Gene Tunney
(boxing legends)
3. Charles Lindberg (1st man to fly solo
across the Atlantic) – Spirit of St.
Louis
4. Rudolph Valentino – first major
Hollywood “Sex symbol”



A half-million blacks left the South for the North in
the 1920s
1. Higher paying jobs, left behind Southern farms
and sharecropping
2. Competed for jobs/housing with existing Northern
Whites
a. caused resentment
b. race riots erupted in 26 Northern cities
c. White media reported RUMORS of spreading
violence by Blacks – this increased
tensions/retaliation by Northern Whites

3. Migration also occurred due to blacks
being hired to replace striking whites
while unions formed
4. Marcus Garvey
a. founded “Back to Africa”
movement
b. Garvey felt Blacks couldn’t
compete with whites in America
c. Urged blacks to return to “mother
countries” in Africa to build strong
separate civilizations
d. “Black Pride” was started, gained
recognition

e. Garvey started the Black Star Line ships
to Africa
- B.S.L. failed
- Garvey was tried & convicted of
fraud by an all-white jury
- Many felt he was convicted mainly on
radical beliefs
- B.S.L. really failed due to
mismanagement, rather than fraud.
- served in jail from 1925-1927,
released and deported to Jamaica

5. Black Ghettos Today
a. Many were a result of the great
migration
b. Migrants were poor, moved into less
expensive city houses
c. Middle Class whites with cars moved to
the new suburbs
d. Inner city houses decayed with age & poor
couldn’t afford to move out – stuck there
e. Poor directly affected by economy, 1st to
lose jobs, no way out of their situation

6. The Harlem Renaissance
a. Many migrant Blacks settled in
Harlem, New York
- became the “Negro capital of the
world”
b. W.E.B. Du Bois and James Walden
Johnson became leaders of the
Harlem Renaissance
- was an expression of African
American writers who began
expressing their own identity and
anger at racism
- jazz music, rhythm & blues told stories of
racism/hard times : Louis Armstrong,
Duke Ellington



Sacco & Vanzetti Trial
1. Sacco & Vanzetti were immigrants who believed
in anarchy
2. They were tried and convicted of murder, based
on circumstantial evidence, not hard proof
3. Some felt they were convicted on their beliefs &
because they were immigrants
4. Executed in 1927. Later Names were cleared by
Governor Michael Dukakis in 1977.
5. Riots erupted after executions in U.S. & Europe



Palmer Raids
1.
2.
3.
4.

Palmer was President Wilson’s Attorney General
Palmer gathered information on radicals
Deported up to 600 immigrants (mostly to Soviet
Union) due to Communist fears
Most deported or arrested favored NON-Violent
radicalism, not Violent revolution



Feminism/Suffrage
1.

Women Suffrage
a. 19th Amendment Passed in 1920
b. 15th Amendment allowed all MEN to vote
c. Progressives helped push for women to vote to
help push through their reforms

d. Sheppard/Tower Act (1921) was 1st
Amendment to deal with Welfare reform
- assisted maternal & infant health care
- Child killers included: polio, diphtheria &
smallpox
e. Young Women Rebelled against Victorian
Constraints
- wore shorter dresses
- smoking/drinking in public for 1st time
- wild dancing, more promiscuous

2. Children/Teens
A. Kids no longer worked much thanks to progressive
reforms
B. More Time led to: Drinking, promiscuity, constant
search for excitement
C. More middle class attended school & given more
luxuries
D. Lower Class had more idle time
E. Gangs developed on city streets

3. Crime Increased
A. Due to Prohibition (18th Amendment in
1917)
- More middle/upper class were
willing to break laws for alcohol
B. Bootlegging became common
- Adult gangs developed: Al Capone

4. Prohibition
A. It was illegal to sell, drink, make or
transport more than 1% alcohol
B. Represented moral issues by
Progressives & Southerners who
migrated North
C. Law angered ethnic groups such as
Germans and Irish immigrants
D. Drinking did decline, but it was
repealed in 1933

1.

KKK Rebirth
a. KKK had only 34 members in 1914 – 5
million by 1925
b. The Red Scare helped to convince
many to join the KKK
c. KKK was a sanctuary to the
frightened & insecure

d. KKK gained political control of state governments
in Oklahoma & Texas
e. Hatred extended to Mexicans, Japanese, European
immigrants, Catholics, Jews, French Canadians,
Prostitutes and radical women in the 1920s
f. KKK felt all of those groups were beyond redemption

g. Similarities to the rise of Nazi’s in
Germany
h. KKK wanted “pure Americanism”
i. KKK fell quickly in the 1920s due to:
- clashes with the law
- scandals with sex/corruption
j. Racism remained and there would be no
major civil rights legislation until the
1960s

2. Immigration Restriction
a. 1924 National Origins Act
- created a “quota system”
- limited European immigrants to
150,000 per year
- based on fears of immigrants flooding
into the U.S. from a rebuilding Europe
- the law lasted into the 1960s
- Mexican immigrants were NOT restricted
and filled the need for unskilled workers

1. The Lost Generation
a. American writers who questioned why Materialism
ruled over intellectual, spiritual and artistic concerns
b. Writers moved to Europe and wrote pessimistically
of greed/emptiness of American lives in 1920s
- included: Ernest Hemingway, Gertrude Stein, F.
Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound,T.S. Elliot, Sinclair Lewis

2. Harlem Renaissance brought previously hidden
Black art, music & literature to the world
A. Rhythm & Blues music
- sounds of years of sorrow and struggle
B. Writers Claude McKay, Langston Hughes
- wrote about the Black struggle for
equality
C. Cultural Explosion
- marked by white & black authors who
were critical of mass production/wanting
a simpler lifestyle

3. Fundamentalist Controversy
A. Scopes Trial
- John Scopes was a Biology teacher
- Scopes taught theory of evolution,
which was against Tennessee law to
teach
- Prosecution used William Jennings
Bryan to testify, but contradicted by
taking Bible out of context after
saying it was a literal translation

- Scopes was found guilty, given a $100 fine
- Bryan was so hurt by trial that he died 6
days later
- Fundamentalism did survive despite the
trial

Famous Lawyers

John Scopes
High School Biology teacher

I. Warren G. Harding (President 19211923)
A. Republican candidate for
president in 1920. His slogan
was “back to normalcy”
B. Believed in importance of Big
Business
- supported by big business
leaders
C. Tried to have U.S. face calm after
WWI and Wilson’s Treaty failure

D. Teapot Dome Scandal
1. Two cabinet members took bribes
for big oil leases in Teapot Dome,
Wyoming.
2. Harding died of a stroke in 1923,
before scandals became public
3. He was a good man, surrounded
by corruption

II. Calvin Coolidge, (President 1923-1929)
A. “Silent Cal”, honest, integrity, a
friend of business
B. “The Business of America is
Business”
1. Believed big business must be
prosperous for America to prosper
2. This was popular strategy
throughout the 1920s
3. Chose not to run again in 1928

III. Herbert Hoover (President 1929-1933)
A. Self-made millionaire named “Wonder Boy”
B. Most intelligent President in the 1920s, served
as secretary of commerce under Harding and
Coolidge
C. Pushed for gov’t. regulations, but only
wanted volunteerism from businesses, not
having the gov’t. make it mandatory

IV. Republican Policies
A. Isolationism
1. Wanted to separate from Europe’s
troubles
B. Dawes Plan
1. Allies owed the U.S. $10 billion in
war debts they couldn’t pay until
Germany repaid them $33 billion
debt
2. France moved into Germany,
possibly threatening a new war

3. Dawes was sent to avert another
war. Got U.S. bankers to loan
Germany money to repay its debt,
so allies could repay the U.S.
4. Policy was to replace Europe’s
military dependence with big
business dependence
5. Only worked until the Great
Depression destroyed banking
industry

V. Brand-Kellogg Treaty
A. 14 Nations signed a treaty outlawing
war
B. Treaty declared war was illegal
1. Weakness was there was no
punishment if treaty was broken

VI. Scientific Management
A. Developed by Frederick Taylor
1. Taylor felt workers were lazy, sloppy
2. Felt efficiency could be measured to
improve productivity, raise wages &
profits
B. Time Study Analysis
1. Take a single task (welding a car frame)
2. Use a stop watch to time the person
- after several times, the average time
represents the standard time it takes
to weld a car together

3. After a year, Management saw what average
time was taken to do the task. If it was twice
the standard time, the worker was at 50%
efficiency
4. Aim was for 100% or better. If not improved
after a period of time, then firings, demotions
or new supervisors took over
5. Exceptions to improvement: When changes are
made to the product, or new workers are hired
C. Benefits of Scientific Management
1. Accountability, evaluation of talent, future cost
projections
2. The more you do something, usually you get
more accurate in less time

VI. Failures of the Republican policies
A. Crash came down during Hoover’s time due to
ignorance
1. When economy slowed in 1927, credit
should have been made more difficult to
get, but instead it was made easier
2. This would have created a mild
recession, instead of a sudden, hard
depression
B. Failure of Brand-Kellogg and League of
Nations to create punishments helped
Germany & Japan get aggressive & led to WWII


Slide 34

•

•

•

Became the nation’s largest
industry in 1920s.
10 million cars in U.S. in 1920, 26
million by 1929!
Assembly line started in 1913,
building 5 million cars/year by
1929.



Industry weakness: Those who buy a long
lasting item are out of the market for a few
years (fewer sales)

1920 Ford Model T Center Door Sedan










More Steel mills were needed
More Rubber Factories
More Glass Suppliers
Real Estate: Can now build homes outside the
cities in suburbs
Gas Stations replaced horse stables
Roads to be built








When automobile sales slow down so do all of
the other industries that supply them.
This causes a massive downturn in the
economy.
Jobs are lost in those other areas
This is why Auto industry helps drive the
economy (even today)



New industries appeared in the 1920s:
1. Electric Industry
a. Massive steam generators converted
coal to electricity (2/3 of all
Americans had electricity by 1929)
b. New Appliances: Washing Machines,
vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, ovens
c. These appliances led to more free time
- “chores” decreased, kids faced
boredom

2. Radio/Motion Pictures
a. In 1929 NBC became the 1st
successful radio network
- Amos N’ Andy was 1st famous
radio comedy (it featured
“blackface comedy”)
b. Allowed the spread of advertising
c. First talking movie in 1927: “The
Jazz Singer”, starring Al Jolson

3. Aluminum became a major business

4. Corporations grew, forcing out family
owned businesses
a. increasing dependence on mortgage
bankers like J.P. Morgan



Economic Weaknesses did occur
1. Decline in “traditional” industries
a. Railroads were poorly managed & hurt by the
new trucking industry
b. Coal Industry was being replaced by
natural gas & petroleum
c. Cotton declined due to rayon & synthetic
fibers
d. Agriculture was hardest hit of all
- farmers had expanded meat production
in WWI to feed the U.S. & Europe
- prices dropped after WWI. This hurt
farmers during 1920s. Later drought &
depression devastated them in 1930s.

2. Middle to Upper Class Prospered
a. Ended up with more money than
they could spend
b. Many ended up speculating heavily in the
stock market
- instead of investing in sound
markets
- idea was to get rich quick
c. 1920s was known as a time of plenty:
spend and not worry about the future

IV. Heroes of the Decade
1. Babe Ruth (home run king)
2. Jack Dempsey & Gene Tunney
(boxing legends)
3. Charles Lindberg (1st man to fly solo
across the Atlantic) – Spirit of St.
Louis
4. Rudolph Valentino – first major
Hollywood “Sex symbol”



A half-million blacks left the South for the North in
the 1920s
1. Higher paying jobs, left behind Southern farms
and sharecropping
2. Competed for jobs/housing with existing Northern
Whites
a. caused resentment
b. race riots erupted in 26 Northern cities
c. White media reported RUMORS of spreading
violence by Blacks – this increased
tensions/retaliation by Northern Whites

3. Migration also occurred due to blacks
being hired to replace striking whites
while unions formed
4. Marcus Garvey
a. founded “Back to Africa”
movement
b. Garvey felt Blacks couldn’t
compete with whites in America
c. Urged blacks to return to “mother
countries” in Africa to build strong
separate civilizations
d. “Black Pride” was started, gained
recognition

e. Garvey started the Black Star Line ships
to Africa
- B.S.L. failed
- Garvey was tried & convicted of
fraud by an all-white jury
- Many felt he was convicted mainly on
radical beliefs
- B.S.L. really failed due to
mismanagement, rather than fraud.
- served in jail from 1925-1927,
released and deported to Jamaica

5. Black Ghettos Today
a. Many were a result of the great
migration
b. Migrants were poor, moved into less
expensive city houses
c. Middle Class whites with cars moved to
the new suburbs
d. Inner city houses decayed with age & poor
couldn’t afford to move out – stuck there
e. Poor directly affected by economy, 1st to
lose jobs, no way out of their situation

6. The Harlem Renaissance
a. Many migrant Blacks settled in
Harlem, New York
- became the “Negro capital of the
world”
b. W.E.B. Du Bois and James Walden
Johnson became leaders of the
Harlem Renaissance
- was an expression of African
American writers who began
expressing their own identity and
anger at racism
- jazz music, rhythm & blues told stories of
racism/hard times : Louis Armstrong,
Duke Ellington



Sacco & Vanzetti Trial
1. Sacco & Vanzetti were immigrants who believed
in anarchy
2. They were tried and convicted of murder, based
on circumstantial evidence, not hard proof
3. Some felt they were convicted on their beliefs &
because they were immigrants
4. Executed in 1927. Later Names were cleared by
Governor Michael Dukakis in 1977.
5. Riots erupted after executions in U.S. & Europe



Palmer Raids
1.
2.
3.
4.

Palmer was President Wilson’s Attorney General
Palmer gathered information on radicals
Deported up to 600 immigrants (mostly to Soviet
Union) due to Communist fears
Most deported or arrested favored NON-Violent
radicalism, not Violent revolution



Feminism/Suffrage
1.

Women Suffrage
a. 19th Amendment Passed in 1920
b. 15th Amendment allowed all MEN to vote
c. Progressives helped push for women to vote to
help push through their reforms

d. Sheppard/Tower Act (1921) was 1st
Amendment to deal with Welfare reform
- assisted maternal & infant health care
- Child killers included: polio, diphtheria &
smallpox
e. Young Women Rebelled against Victorian
Constraints
- wore shorter dresses
- smoking/drinking in public for 1st time
- wild dancing, more promiscuous

2. Children/Teens
A. Kids no longer worked much thanks to progressive
reforms
B. More Time led to: Drinking, promiscuity, constant
search for excitement
C. More middle class attended school & given more
luxuries
D. Lower Class had more idle time
E. Gangs developed on city streets

3. Crime Increased
A. Due to Prohibition (18th Amendment in
1917)
- More middle/upper class were
willing to break laws for alcohol
B. Bootlegging became common
- Adult gangs developed: Al Capone

4. Prohibition
A. It was illegal to sell, drink, make or
transport more than 1% alcohol
B. Represented moral issues by
Progressives & Southerners who
migrated North
C. Law angered ethnic groups such as
Germans and Irish immigrants
D. Drinking did decline, but it was
repealed in 1933

1.

KKK Rebirth
a. KKK had only 34 members in 1914 – 5
million by 1925
b. The Red Scare helped to convince
many to join the KKK
c. KKK was a sanctuary to the
frightened & insecure

d. KKK gained political control of state governments
in Oklahoma & Texas
e. Hatred extended to Mexicans, Japanese, European
immigrants, Catholics, Jews, French Canadians,
Prostitutes and radical women in the 1920s
f. KKK felt all of those groups were beyond redemption

g. Similarities to the rise of Nazi’s in
Germany
h. KKK wanted “pure Americanism”
i. KKK fell quickly in the 1920s due to:
- clashes with the law
- scandals with sex/corruption
j. Racism remained and there would be no
major civil rights legislation until the
1960s

2. Immigration Restriction
a. 1924 National Origins Act
- created a “quota system”
- limited European immigrants to
150,000 per year
- based on fears of immigrants flooding
into the U.S. from a rebuilding Europe
- the law lasted into the 1960s
- Mexican immigrants were NOT restricted
and filled the need for unskilled workers

1. The Lost Generation
a. American writers who questioned why Materialism
ruled over intellectual, spiritual and artistic concerns
b. Writers moved to Europe and wrote pessimistically
of greed/emptiness of American lives in 1920s
- included: Ernest Hemingway, Gertrude Stein, F.
Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound,T.S. Elliot, Sinclair Lewis

2. Harlem Renaissance brought previously hidden
Black art, music & literature to the world
A. Rhythm & Blues music
- sounds of years of sorrow and struggle
B. Writers Claude McKay, Langston Hughes
- wrote about the Black struggle for
equality
C. Cultural Explosion
- marked by white & black authors who
were critical of mass production/wanting
a simpler lifestyle

3. Fundamentalist Controversy
A. Scopes Trial
- John Scopes was a Biology teacher
- Scopes taught theory of evolution,
which was against Tennessee law to
teach
- Prosecution used William Jennings
Bryan to testify, but contradicted by
taking Bible out of context after
saying it was a literal translation

- Scopes was found guilty, given a $100 fine
- Bryan was so hurt by trial that he died 6
days later
- Fundamentalism did survive despite the
trial

Famous Lawyers

John Scopes
High School Biology teacher

I. Warren G. Harding (President 19211923)
A. Republican candidate for
president in 1920. His slogan
was “back to normalcy”
B. Believed in importance of Big
Business
- supported by big business
leaders
C. Tried to have U.S. face calm after
WWI and Wilson’s Treaty failure

D. Teapot Dome Scandal
1. Two cabinet members took bribes
for big oil leases in Teapot Dome,
Wyoming.
2. Harding died of a stroke in 1923,
before scandals became public
3. He was a good man, surrounded
by corruption

II. Calvin Coolidge, (President 1923-1929)
A. “Silent Cal”, honest, integrity, a
friend of business
B. “The Business of America is
Business”
1. Believed big business must be
prosperous for America to prosper
2. This was popular strategy
throughout the 1920s
3. Chose not to run again in 1928

III. Herbert Hoover (President 1929-1933)
A. Self-made millionaire named “Wonder Boy”
B. Most intelligent President in the 1920s, served
as secretary of commerce under Harding and
Coolidge
C. Pushed for gov’t. regulations, but only
wanted volunteerism from businesses, not
having the gov’t. make it mandatory

IV. Republican Policies
A. Isolationism
1. Wanted to separate from Europe’s
troubles
B. Dawes Plan
1. Allies owed the U.S. $10 billion in
war debts they couldn’t pay until
Germany repaid them $33 billion
debt
2. France moved into Germany,
possibly threatening a new war

3. Dawes was sent to avert another
war. Got U.S. bankers to loan
Germany money to repay its debt,
so allies could repay the U.S.
4. Policy was to replace Europe’s
military dependence with big
business dependence
5. Only worked until the Great
Depression destroyed banking
industry

V. Brand-Kellogg Treaty
A. 14 Nations signed a treaty outlawing
war
B. Treaty declared war was illegal
1. Weakness was there was no
punishment if treaty was broken

VI. Scientific Management
A. Developed by Frederick Taylor
1. Taylor felt workers were lazy, sloppy
2. Felt efficiency could be measured to
improve productivity, raise wages &
profits
B. Time Study Analysis
1. Take a single task (welding a car frame)
2. Use a stop watch to time the person
- after several times, the average time
represents the standard time it takes
to weld a car together

3. After a year, Management saw what average
time was taken to do the task. If it was twice
the standard time, the worker was at 50%
efficiency
4. Aim was for 100% or better. If not improved
after a period of time, then firings, demotions
or new supervisors took over
5. Exceptions to improvement: When changes are
made to the product, or new workers are hired
C. Benefits of Scientific Management
1. Accountability, evaluation of talent, future cost
projections
2. The more you do something, usually you get
more accurate in less time

VI. Failures of the Republican policies
A. Crash came down during Hoover’s time due to
ignorance
1. When economy slowed in 1927, credit
should have been made more difficult to
get, but instead it was made easier
2. This would have created a mild
recession, instead of a sudden, hard
depression
B. Failure of Brand-Kellogg and League of
Nations to create punishments helped
Germany & Japan get aggressive & led to WWII


Slide 35

•

•

•

Became the nation’s largest
industry in 1920s.
10 million cars in U.S. in 1920, 26
million by 1929!
Assembly line started in 1913,
building 5 million cars/year by
1929.



Industry weakness: Those who buy a long
lasting item are out of the market for a few
years (fewer sales)

1920 Ford Model T Center Door Sedan










More Steel mills were needed
More Rubber Factories
More Glass Suppliers
Real Estate: Can now build homes outside the
cities in suburbs
Gas Stations replaced horse stables
Roads to be built








When automobile sales slow down so do all of
the other industries that supply them.
This causes a massive downturn in the
economy.
Jobs are lost in those other areas
This is why Auto industry helps drive the
economy (even today)



New industries appeared in the 1920s:
1. Electric Industry
a. Massive steam generators converted
coal to electricity (2/3 of all
Americans had electricity by 1929)
b. New Appliances: Washing Machines,
vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, ovens
c. These appliances led to more free time
- “chores” decreased, kids faced
boredom

2. Radio/Motion Pictures
a. In 1929 NBC became the 1st
successful radio network
- Amos N’ Andy was 1st famous
radio comedy (it featured
“blackface comedy”)
b. Allowed the spread of advertising
c. First talking movie in 1927: “The
Jazz Singer”, starring Al Jolson

3. Aluminum became a major business

4. Corporations grew, forcing out family
owned businesses
a. increasing dependence on mortgage
bankers like J.P. Morgan



Economic Weaknesses did occur
1. Decline in “traditional” industries
a. Railroads were poorly managed & hurt by the
new trucking industry
b. Coal Industry was being replaced by
natural gas & petroleum
c. Cotton declined due to rayon & synthetic
fibers
d. Agriculture was hardest hit of all
- farmers had expanded meat production
in WWI to feed the U.S. & Europe
- prices dropped after WWI. This hurt
farmers during 1920s. Later drought &
depression devastated them in 1930s.

2. Middle to Upper Class Prospered
a. Ended up with more money than
they could spend
b. Many ended up speculating heavily in the
stock market
- instead of investing in sound
markets
- idea was to get rich quick
c. 1920s was known as a time of plenty:
spend and not worry about the future

IV. Heroes of the Decade
1. Babe Ruth (home run king)
2. Jack Dempsey & Gene Tunney
(boxing legends)
3. Charles Lindberg (1st man to fly solo
across the Atlantic) – Spirit of St.
Louis
4. Rudolph Valentino – first major
Hollywood “Sex symbol”



A half-million blacks left the South for the North in
the 1920s
1. Higher paying jobs, left behind Southern farms
and sharecropping
2. Competed for jobs/housing with existing Northern
Whites
a. caused resentment
b. race riots erupted in 26 Northern cities
c. White media reported RUMORS of spreading
violence by Blacks – this increased
tensions/retaliation by Northern Whites

3. Migration also occurred due to blacks
being hired to replace striking whites
while unions formed
4. Marcus Garvey
a. founded “Back to Africa”
movement
b. Garvey felt Blacks couldn’t
compete with whites in America
c. Urged blacks to return to “mother
countries” in Africa to build strong
separate civilizations
d. “Black Pride” was started, gained
recognition

e. Garvey started the Black Star Line ships
to Africa
- B.S.L. failed
- Garvey was tried & convicted of
fraud by an all-white jury
- Many felt he was convicted mainly on
radical beliefs
- B.S.L. really failed due to
mismanagement, rather than fraud.
- served in jail from 1925-1927,
released and deported to Jamaica

5. Black Ghettos Today
a. Many were a result of the great
migration
b. Migrants were poor, moved into less
expensive city houses
c. Middle Class whites with cars moved to
the new suburbs
d. Inner city houses decayed with age & poor
couldn’t afford to move out – stuck there
e. Poor directly affected by economy, 1st to
lose jobs, no way out of their situation

6. The Harlem Renaissance
a. Many migrant Blacks settled in
Harlem, New York
- became the “Negro capital of the
world”
b. W.E.B. Du Bois and James Walden
Johnson became leaders of the
Harlem Renaissance
- was an expression of African
American writers who began
expressing their own identity and
anger at racism
- jazz music, rhythm & blues told stories of
racism/hard times : Louis Armstrong,
Duke Ellington



Sacco & Vanzetti Trial
1. Sacco & Vanzetti were immigrants who believed
in anarchy
2. They were tried and convicted of murder, based
on circumstantial evidence, not hard proof
3. Some felt they were convicted on their beliefs &
because they were immigrants
4. Executed in 1927. Later Names were cleared by
Governor Michael Dukakis in 1977.
5. Riots erupted after executions in U.S. & Europe



Palmer Raids
1.
2.
3.
4.

Palmer was President Wilson’s Attorney General
Palmer gathered information on radicals
Deported up to 600 immigrants (mostly to Soviet
Union) due to Communist fears
Most deported or arrested favored NON-Violent
radicalism, not Violent revolution



Feminism/Suffrage
1.

Women Suffrage
a. 19th Amendment Passed in 1920
b. 15th Amendment allowed all MEN to vote
c. Progressives helped push for women to vote to
help push through their reforms

d. Sheppard/Tower Act (1921) was 1st
Amendment to deal with Welfare reform
- assisted maternal & infant health care
- Child killers included: polio, diphtheria &
smallpox
e. Young Women Rebelled against Victorian
Constraints
- wore shorter dresses
- smoking/drinking in public for 1st time
- wild dancing, more promiscuous

2. Children/Teens
A. Kids no longer worked much thanks to progressive
reforms
B. More Time led to: Drinking, promiscuity, constant
search for excitement
C. More middle class attended school & given more
luxuries
D. Lower Class had more idle time
E. Gangs developed on city streets

3. Crime Increased
A. Due to Prohibition (18th Amendment in
1917)
- More middle/upper class were
willing to break laws for alcohol
B. Bootlegging became common
- Adult gangs developed: Al Capone

4. Prohibition
A. It was illegal to sell, drink, make or
transport more than 1% alcohol
B. Represented moral issues by
Progressives & Southerners who
migrated North
C. Law angered ethnic groups such as
Germans and Irish immigrants
D. Drinking did decline, but it was
repealed in 1933

1.

KKK Rebirth
a. KKK had only 34 members in 1914 – 5
million by 1925
b. The Red Scare helped to convince
many to join the KKK
c. KKK was a sanctuary to the
frightened & insecure

d. KKK gained political control of state governments
in Oklahoma & Texas
e. Hatred extended to Mexicans, Japanese, European
immigrants, Catholics, Jews, French Canadians,
Prostitutes and radical women in the 1920s
f. KKK felt all of those groups were beyond redemption

g. Similarities to the rise of Nazi’s in
Germany
h. KKK wanted “pure Americanism”
i. KKK fell quickly in the 1920s due to:
- clashes with the law
- scandals with sex/corruption
j. Racism remained and there would be no
major civil rights legislation until the
1960s

2. Immigration Restriction
a. 1924 National Origins Act
- created a “quota system”
- limited European immigrants to
150,000 per year
- based on fears of immigrants flooding
into the U.S. from a rebuilding Europe
- the law lasted into the 1960s
- Mexican immigrants were NOT restricted
and filled the need for unskilled workers

1. The Lost Generation
a. American writers who questioned why Materialism
ruled over intellectual, spiritual and artistic concerns
b. Writers moved to Europe and wrote pessimistically
of greed/emptiness of American lives in 1920s
- included: Ernest Hemingway, Gertrude Stein, F.
Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound,T.S. Elliot, Sinclair Lewis

2. Harlem Renaissance brought previously hidden
Black art, music & literature to the world
A. Rhythm & Blues music
- sounds of years of sorrow and struggle
B. Writers Claude McKay, Langston Hughes
- wrote about the Black struggle for
equality
C. Cultural Explosion
- marked by white & black authors who
were critical of mass production/wanting
a simpler lifestyle

3. Fundamentalist Controversy
A. Scopes Trial
- John Scopes was a Biology teacher
- Scopes taught theory of evolution,
which was against Tennessee law to
teach
- Prosecution used William Jennings
Bryan to testify, but contradicted by
taking Bible out of context after
saying it was a literal translation

- Scopes was found guilty, given a $100 fine
- Bryan was so hurt by trial that he died 6
days later
- Fundamentalism did survive despite the
trial

Famous Lawyers

John Scopes
High School Biology teacher

I. Warren G. Harding (President 19211923)
A. Republican candidate for
president in 1920. His slogan
was “back to normalcy”
B. Believed in importance of Big
Business
- supported by big business
leaders
C. Tried to have U.S. face calm after
WWI and Wilson’s Treaty failure

D. Teapot Dome Scandal
1. Two cabinet members took bribes
for big oil leases in Teapot Dome,
Wyoming.
2. Harding died of a stroke in 1923,
before scandals became public
3. He was a good man, surrounded
by corruption

II. Calvin Coolidge, (President 1923-1929)
A. “Silent Cal”, honest, integrity, a
friend of business
B. “The Business of America is
Business”
1. Believed big business must be
prosperous for America to prosper
2. This was popular strategy
throughout the 1920s
3. Chose not to run again in 1928

III. Herbert Hoover (President 1929-1933)
A. Self-made millionaire named “Wonder Boy”
B. Most intelligent President in the 1920s, served
as secretary of commerce under Harding and
Coolidge
C. Pushed for gov’t. regulations, but only
wanted volunteerism from businesses, not
having the gov’t. make it mandatory

IV. Republican Policies
A. Isolationism
1. Wanted to separate from Europe’s
troubles
B. Dawes Plan
1. Allies owed the U.S. $10 billion in
war debts they couldn’t pay until
Germany repaid them $33 billion
debt
2. France moved into Germany,
possibly threatening a new war

3. Dawes was sent to avert another
war. Got U.S. bankers to loan
Germany money to repay its debt,
so allies could repay the U.S.
4. Policy was to replace Europe’s
military dependence with big
business dependence
5. Only worked until the Great
Depression destroyed banking
industry

V. Brand-Kellogg Treaty
A. 14 Nations signed a treaty outlawing
war
B. Treaty declared war was illegal
1. Weakness was there was no
punishment if treaty was broken

VI. Scientific Management
A. Developed by Frederick Taylor
1. Taylor felt workers were lazy, sloppy
2. Felt efficiency could be measured to
improve productivity, raise wages &
profits
B. Time Study Analysis
1. Take a single task (welding a car frame)
2. Use a stop watch to time the person
- after several times, the average time
represents the standard time it takes
to weld a car together

3. After a year, Management saw what average
time was taken to do the task. If it was twice
the standard time, the worker was at 50%
efficiency
4. Aim was for 100% or better. If not improved
after a period of time, then firings, demotions
or new supervisors took over
5. Exceptions to improvement: When changes are
made to the product, or new workers are hired
C. Benefits of Scientific Management
1. Accountability, evaluation of talent, future cost
projections
2. The more you do something, usually you get
more accurate in less time

VI. Failures of the Republican policies
A. Crash came down during Hoover’s time due to
ignorance
1. When economy slowed in 1927, credit
should have been made more difficult to
get, but instead it was made easier
2. This would have created a mild
recession, instead of a sudden, hard
depression
B. Failure of Brand-Kellogg and League of
Nations to create punishments helped
Germany & Japan get aggressive & led to WWII


Slide 36

•

•

•

Became the nation’s largest
industry in 1920s.
10 million cars in U.S. in 1920, 26
million by 1929!
Assembly line started in 1913,
building 5 million cars/year by
1929.



Industry weakness: Those who buy a long
lasting item are out of the market for a few
years (fewer sales)

1920 Ford Model T Center Door Sedan










More Steel mills were needed
More Rubber Factories
More Glass Suppliers
Real Estate: Can now build homes outside the
cities in suburbs
Gas Stations replaced horse stables
Roads to be built








When automobile sales slow down so do all of
the other industries that supply them.
This causes a massive downturn in the
economy.
Jobs are lost in those other areas
This is why Auto industry helps drive the
economy (even today)



New industries appeared in the 1920s:
1. Electric Industry
a. Massive steam generators converted
coal to electricity (2/3 of all
Americans had electricity by 1929)
b. New Appliances: Washing Machines,
vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, ovens
c. These appliances led to more free time
- “chores” decreased, kids faced
boredom

2. Radio/Motion Pictures
a. In 1929 NBC became the 1st
successful radio network
- Amos N’ Andy was 1st famous
radio comedy (it featured
“blackface comedy”)
b. Allowed the spread of advertising
c. First talking movie in 1927: “The
Jazz Singer”, starring Al Jolson

3. Aluminum became a major business

4. Corporations grew, forcing out family
owned businesses
a. increasing dependence on mortgage
bankers like J.P. Morgan



Economic Weaknesses did occur
1. Decline in “traditional” industries
a. Railroads were poorly managed & hurt by the
new trucking industry
b. Coal Industry was being replaced by
natural gas & petroleum
c. Cotton declined due to rayon & synthetic
fibers
d. Agriculture was hardest hit of all
- farmers had expanded meat production
in WWI to feed the U.S. & Europe
- prices dropped after WWI. This hurt
farmers during 1920s. Later drought &
depression devastated them in 1930s.

2. Middle to Upper Class Prospered
a. Ended up with more money than
they could spend
b. Many ended up speculating heavily in the
stock market
- instead of investing in sound
markets
- idea was to get rich quick
c. 1920s was known as a time of plenty:
spend and not worry about the future

IV. Heroes of the Decade
1. Babe Ruth (home run king)
2. Jack Dempsey & Gene Tunney
(boxing legends)
3. Charles Lindberg (1st man to fly solo
across the Atlantic) – Spirit of St.
Louis
4. Rudolph Valentino – first major
Hollywood “Sex symbol”



A half-million blacks left the South for the North in
the 1920s
1. Higher paying jobs, left behind Southern farms
and sharecropping
2. Competed for jobs/housing with existing Northern
Whites
a. caused resentment
b. race riots erupted in 26 Northern cities
c. White media reported RUMORS of spreading
violence by Blacks – this increased
tensions/retaliation by Northern Whites

3. Migration also occurred due to blacks
being hired to replace striking whites
while unions formed
4. Marcus Garvey
a. founded “Back to Africa”
movement
b. Garvey felt Blacks couldn’t
compete with whites in America
c. Urged blacks to return to “mother
countries” in Africa to build strong
separate civilizations
d. “Black Pride” was started, gained
recognition

e. Garvey started the Black Star Line ships
to Africa
- B.S.L. failed
- Garvey was tried & convicted of
fraud by an all-white jury
- Many felt he was convicted mainly on
radical beliefs
- B.S.L. really failed due to
mismanagement, rather than fraud.
- served in jail from 1925-1927,
released and deported to Jamaica

5. Black Ghettos Today
a. Many were a result of the great
migration
b. Migrants were poor, moved into less
expensive city houses
c. Middle Class whites with cars moved to
the new suburbs
d. Inner city houses decayed with age & poor
couldn’t afford to move out – stuck there
e. Poor directly affected by economy, 1st to
lose jobs, no way out of their situation

6. The Harlem Renaissance
a. Many migrant Blacks settled in
Harlem, New York
- became the “Negro capital of the
world”
b. W.E.B. Du Bois and James Walden
Johnson became leaders of the
Harlem Renaissance
- was an expression of African
American writers who began
expressing their own identity and
anger at racism
- jazz music, rhythm & blues told stories of
racism/hard times : Louis Armstrong,
Duke Ellington



Sacco & Vanzetti Trial
1. Sacco & Vanzetti were immigrants who believed
in anarchy
2. They were tried and convicted of murder, based
on circumstantial evidence, not hard proof
3. Some felt they were convicted on their beliefs &
because they were immigrants
4. Executed in 1927. Later Names were cleared by
Governor Michael Dukakis in 1977.
5. Riots erupted after executions in U.S. & Europe



Palmer Raids
1.
2.
3.
4.

Palmer was President Wilson’s Attorney General
Palmer gathered information on radicals
Deported up to 600 immigrants (mostly to Soviet
Union) due to Communist fears
Most deported or arrested favored NON-Violent
radicalism, not Violent revolution



Feminism/Suffrage
1.

Women Suffrage
a. 19th Amendment Passed in 1920
b. 15th Amendment allowed all MEN to vote
c. Progressives helped push for women to vote to
help push through their reforms

d. Sheppard/Tower Act (1921) was 1st
Amendment to deal with Welfare reform
- assisted maternal & infant health care
- Child killers included: polio, diphtheria &
smallpox
e. Young Women Rebelled against Victorian
Constraints
- wore shorter dresses
- smoking/drinking in public for 1st time
- wild dancing, more promiscuous

2. Children/Teens
A. Kids no longer worked much thanks to progressive
reforms
B. More Time led to: Drinking, promiscuity, constant
search for excitement
C. More middle class attended school & given more
luxuries
D. Lower Class had more idle time
E. Gangs developed on city streets

3. Crime Increased
A. Due to Prohibition (18th Amendment in
1917)
- More middle/upper class were
willing to break laws for alcohol
B. Bootlegging became common
- Adult gangs developed: Al Capone

4. Prohibition
A. It was illegal to sell, drink, make or
transport more than 1% alcohol
B. Represented moral issues by
Progressives & Southerners who
migrated North
C. Law angered ethnic groups such as
Germans and Irish immigrants
D. Drinking did decline, but it was
repealed in 1933

1.

KKK Rebirth
a. KKK had only 34 members in 1914 – 5
million by 1925
b. The Red Scare helped to convince
many to join the KKK
c. KKK was a sanctuary to the
frightened & insecure

d. KKK gained political control of state governments
in Oklahoma & Texas
e. Hatred extended to Mexicans, Japanese, European
immigrants, Catholics, Jews, French Canadians,
Prostitutes and radical women in the 1920s
f. KKK felt all of those groups were beyond redemption

g. Similarities to the rise of Nazi’s in
Germany
h. KKK wanted “pure Americanism”
i. KKK fell quickly in the 1920s due to:
- clashes with the law
- scandals with sex/corruption
j. Racism remained and there would be no
major civil rights legislation until the
1960s

2. Immigration Restriction
a. 1924 National Origins Act
- created a “quota system”
- limited European immigrants to
150,000 per year
- based on fears of immigrants flooding
into the U.S. from a rebuilding Europe
- the law lasted into the 1960s
- Mexican immigrants were NOT restricted
and filled the need for unskilled workers

1. The Lost Generation
a. American writers who questioned why Materialism
ruled over intellectual, spiritual and artistic concerns
b. Writers moved to Europe and wrote pessimistically
of greed/emptiness of American lives in 1920s
- included: Ernest Hemingway, Gertrude Stein, F.
Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound,T.S. Elliot, Sinclair Lewis

2. Harlem Renaissance brought previously hidden
Black art, music & literature to the world
A. Rhythm & Blues music
- sounds of years of sorrow and struggle
B. Writers Claude McKay, Langston Hughes
- wrote about the Black struggle for
equality
C. Cultural Explosion
- marked by white & black authors who
were critical of mass production/wanting
a simpler lifestyle

3. Fundamentalist Controversy
A. Scopes Trial
- John Scopes was a Biology teacher
- Scopes taught theory of evolution,
which was against Tennessee law to
teach
- Prosecution used William Jennings
Bryan to testify, but contradicted by
taking Bible out of context after
saying it was a literal translation

- Scopes was found guilty, given a $100 fine
- Bryan was so hurt by trial that he died 6
days later
- Fundamentalism did survive despite the
trial

Famous Lawyers

John Scopes
High School Biology teacher

I. Warren G. Harding (President 19211923)
A. Republican candidate for
president in 1920. His slogan
was “back to normalcy”
B. Believed in importance of Big
Business
- supported by big business
leaders
C. Tried to have U.S. face calm after
WWI and Wilson’s Treaty failure

D. Teapot Dome Scandal
1. Two cabinet members took bribes
for big oil leases in Teapot Dome,
Wyoming.
2. Harding died of a stroke in 1923,
before scandals became public
3. He was a good man, surrounded
by corruption

II. Calvin Coolidge, (President 1923-1929)
A. “Silent Cal”, honest, integrity, a
friend of business
B. “The Business of America is
Business”
1. Believed big business must be
prosperous for America to prosper
2. This was popular strategy
throughout the 1920s
3. Chose not to run again in 1928

III. Herbert Hoover (President 1929-1933)
A. Self-made millionaire named “Wonder Boy”
B. Most intelligent President in the 1920s, served
as secretary of commerce under Harding and
Coolidge
C. Pushed for gov’t. regulations, but only
wanted volunteerism from businesses, not
having the gov’t. make it mandatory

IV. Republican Policies
A. Isolationism
1. Wanted to separate from Europe’s
troubles
B. Dawes Plan
1. Allies owed the U.S. $10 billion in
war debts they couldn’t pay until
Germany repaid them $33 billion
debt
2. France moved into Germany,
possibly threatening a new war

3. Dawes was sent to avert another
war. Got U.S. bankers to loan
Germany money to repay its debt,
so allies could repay the U.S.
4. Policy was to replace Europe’s
military dependence with big
business dependence
5. Only worked until the Great
Depression destroyed banking
industry

V. Brand-Kellogg Treaty
A. 14 Nations signed a treaty outlawing
war
B. Treaty declared war was illegal
1. Weakness was there was no
punishment if treaty was broken

VI. Scientific Management
A. Developed by Frederick Taylor
1. Taylor felt workers were lazy, sloppy
2. Felt efficiency could be measured to
improve productivity, raise wages &
profits
B. Time Study Analysis
1. Take a single task (welding a car frame)
2. Use a stop watch to time the person
- after several times, the average time
represents the standard time it takes
to weld a car together

3. After a year, Management saw what average
time was taken to do the task. If it was twice
the standard time, the worker was at 50%
efficiency
4. Aim was for 100% or better. If not improved
after a period of time, then firings, demotions
or new supervisors took over
5. Exceptions to improvement: When changes are
made to the product, or new workers are hired
C. Benefits of Scientific Management
1. Accountability, evaluation of talent, future cost
projections
2. The more you do something, usually you get
more accurate in less time

VI. Failures of the Republican policies
A. Crash came down during Hoover’s time due to
ignorance
1. When economy slowed in 1927, credit
should have been made more difficult to
get, but instead it was made easier
2. This would have created a mild
recession, instead of a sudden, hard
depression
B. Failure of Brand-Kellogg and League of
Nations to create punishments helped
Germany & Japan get aggressive & led to WWII


Slide 37

•

•

•

Became the nation’s largest
industry in 1920s.
10 million cars in U.S. in 1920, 26
million by 1929!
Assembly line started in 1913,
building 5 million cars/year by
1929.



Industry weakness: Those who buy a long
lasting item are out of the market for a few
years (fewer sales)

1920 Ford Model T Center Door Sedan










More Steel mills were needed
More Rubber Factories
More Glass Suppliers
Real Estate: Can now build homes outside the
cities in suburbs
Gas Stations replaced horse stables
Roads to be built








When automobile sales slow down so do all of
the other industries that supply them.
This causes a massive downturn in the
economy.
Jobs are lost in those other areas
This is why Auto industry helps drive the
economy (even today)



New industries appeared in the 1920s:
1. Electric Industry
a. Massive steam generators converted
coal to electricity (2/3 of all
Americans had electricity by 1929)
b. New Appliances: Washing Machines,
vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, ovens
c. These appliances led to more free time
- “chores” decreased, kids faced
boredom

2. Radio/Motion Pictures
a. In 1929 NBC became the 1st
successful radio network
- Amos N’ Andy was 1st famous
radio comedy (it featured
“blackface comedy”)
b. Allowed the spread of advertising
c. First talking movie in 1927: “The
Jazz Singer”, starring Al Jolson

3. Aluminum became a major business

4. Corporations grew, forcing out family
owned businesses
a. increasing dependence on mortgage
bankers like J.P. Morgan



Economic Weaknesses did occur
1. Decline in “traditional” industries
a. Railroads were poorly managed & hurt by the
new trucking industry
b. Coal Industry was being replaced by
natural gas & petroleum
c. Cotton declined due to rayon & synthetic
fibers
d. Agriculture was hardest hit of all
- farmers had expanded meat production
in WWI to feed the U.S. & Europe
- prices dropped after WWI. This hurt
farmers during 1920s. Later drought &
depression devastated them in 1930s.

2. Middle to Upper Class Prospered
a. Ended up with more money than
they could spend
b. Many ended up speculating heavily in the
stock market
- instead of investing in sound
markets
- idea was to get rich quick
c. 1920s was known as a time of plenty:
spend and not worry about the future

IV. Heroes of the Decade
1. Babe Ruth (home run king)
2. Jack Dempsey & Gene Tunney
(boxing legends)
3. Charles Lindberg (1st man to fly solo
across the Atlantic) – Spirit of St.
Louis
4. Rudolph Valentino – first major
Hollywood “Sex symbol”



A half-million blacks left the South for the North in
the 1920s
1. Higher paying jobs, left behind Southern farms
and sharecropping
2. Competed for jobs/housing with existing Northern
Whites
a. caused resentment
b. race riots erupted in 26 Northern cities
c. White media reported RUMORS of spreading
violence by Blacks – this increased
tensions/retaliation by Northern Whites

3. Migration also occurred due to blacks
being hired to replace striking whites
while unions formed
4. Marcus Garvey
a. founded “Back to Africa”
movement
b. Garvey felt Blacks couldn’t
compete with whites in America
c. Urged blacks to return to “mother
countries” in Africa to build strong
separate civilizations
d. “Black Pride” was started, gained
recognition

e. Garvey started the Black Star Line ships
to Africa
- B.S.L. failed
- Garvey was tried & convicted of
fraud by an all-white jury
- Many felt he was convicted mainly on
radical beliefs
- B.S.L. really failed due to
mismanagement, rather than fraud.
- served in jail from 1925-1927,
released and deported to Jamaica

5. Black Ghettos Today
a. Many were a result of the great
migration
b. Migrants were poor, moved into less
expensive city houses
c. Middle Class whites with cars moved to
the new suburbs
d. Inner city houses decayed with age & poor
couldn’t afford to move out – stuck there
e. Poor directly affected by economy, 1st to
lose jobs, no way out of their situation

6. The Harlem Renaissance
a. Many migrant Blacks settled in
Harlem, New York
- became the “Negro capital of the
world”
b. W.E.B. Du Bois and James Walden
Johnson became leaders of the
Harlem Renaissance
- was an expression of African
American writers who began
expressing their own identity and
anger at racism
- jazz music, rhythm & blues told stories of
racism/hard times : Louis Armstrong,
Duke Ellington



Sacco & Vanzetti Trial
1. Sacco & Vanzetti were immigrants who believed
in anarchy
2. They were tried and convicted of murder, based
on circumstantial evidence, not hard proof
3. Some felt they were convicted on their beliefs &
because they were immigrants
4. Executed in 1927. Later Names were cleared by
Governor Michael Dukakis in 1977.
5. Riots erupted after executions in U.S. & Europe



Palmer Raids
1.
2.
3.
4.

Palmer was President Wilson’s Attorney General
Palmer gathered information on radicals
Deported up to 600 immigrants (mostly to Soviet
Union) due to Communist fears
Most deported or arrested favored NON-Violent
radicalism, not Violent revolution



Feminism/Suffrage
1.

Women Suffrage
a. 19th Amendment Passed in 1920
b. 15th Amendment allowed all MEN to vote
c. Progressives helped push for women to vote to
help push through their reforms

d. Sheppard/Tower Act (1921) was 1st
Amendment to deal with Welfare reform
- assisted maternal & infant health care
- Child killers included: polio, diphtheria &
smallpox
e. Young Women Rebelled against Victorian
Constraints
- wore shorter dresses
- smoking/drinking in public for 1st time
- wild dancing, more promiscuous

2. Children/Teens
A. Kids no longer worked much thanks to progressive
reforms
B. More Time led to: Drinking, promiscuity, constant
search for excitement
C. More middle class attended school & given more
luxuries
D. Lower Class had more idle time
E. Gangs developed on city streets

3. Crime Increased
A. Due to Prohibition (18th Amendment in
1917)
- More middle/upper class were
willing to break laws for alcohol
B. Bootlegging became common
- Adult gangs developed: Al Capone

4. Prohibition
A. It was illegal to sell, drink, make or
transport more than 1% alcohol
B. Represented moral issues by
Progressives & Southerners who
migrated North
C. Law angered ethnic groups such as
Germans and Irish immigrants
D. Drinking did decline, but it was
repealed in 1933

1.

KKK Rebirth
a. KKK had only 34 members in 1914 – 5
million by 1925
b. The Red Scare helped to convince
many to join the KKK
c. KKK was a sanctuary to the
frightened & insecure

d. KKK gained political control of state governments
in Oklahoma & Texas
e. Hatred extended to Mexicans, Japanese, European
immigrants, Catholics, Jews, French Canadians,
Prostitutes and radical women in the 1920s
f. KKK felt all of those groups were beyond redemption

g. Similarities to the rise of Nazi’s in
Germany
h. KKK wanted “pure Americanism”
i. KKK fell quickly in the 1920s due to:
- clashes with the law
- scandals with sex/corruption
j. Racism remained and there would be no
major civil rights legislation until the
1960s

2. Immigration Restriction
a. 1924 National Origins Act
- created a “quota system”
- limited European immigrants to
150,000 per year
- based on fears of immigrants flooding
into the U.S. from a rebuilding Europe
- the law lasted into the 1960s
- Mexican immigrants were NOT restricted
and filled the need for unskilled workers

1. The Lost Generation
a. American writers who questioned why Materialism
ruled over intellectual, spiritual and artistic concerns
b. Writers moved to Europe and wrote pessimistically
of greed/emptiness of American lives in 1920s
- included: Ernest Hemingway, Gertrude Stein, F.
Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound,T.S. Elliot, Sinclair Lewis

2. Harlem Renaissance brought previously hidden
Black art, music & literature to the world
A. Rhythm & Blues music
- sounds of years of sorrow and struggle
B. Writers Claude McKay, Langston Hughes
- wrote about the Black struggle for
equality
C. Cultural Explosion
- marked by white & black authors who
were critical of mass production/wanting
a simpler lifestyle

3. Fundamentalist Controversy
A. Scopes Trial
- John Scopes was a Biology teacher
- Scopes taught theory of evolution,
which was against Tennessee law to
teach
- Prosecution used William Jennings
Bryan to testify, but contradicted by
taking Bible out of context after
saying it was a literal translation

- Scopes was found guilty, given a $100 fine
- Bryan was so hurt by trial that he died 6
days later
- Fundamentalism did survive despite the
trial

Famous Lawyers

John Scopes
High School Biology teacher

I. Warren G. Harding (President 19211923)
A. Republican candidate for
president in 1920. His slogan
was “back to normalcy”
B. Believed in importance of Big
Business
- supported by big business
leaders
C. Tried to have U.S. face calm after
WWI and Wilson’s Treaty failure

D. Teapot Dome Scandal
1. Two cabinet members took bribes
for big oil leases in Teapot Dome,
Wyoming.
2. Harding died of a stroke in 1923,
before scandals became public
3. He was a good man, surrounded
by corruption

II. Calvin Coolidge, (President 1923-1929)
A. “Silent Cal”, honest, integrity, a
friend of business
B. “The Business of America is
Business”
1. Believed big business must be
prosperous for America to prosper
2. This was popular strategy
throughout the 1920s
3. Chose not to run again in 1928

III. Herbert Hoover (President 1929-1933)
A. Self-made millionaire named “Wonder Boy”
B. Most intelligent President in the 1920s, served
as secretary of commerce under Harding and
Coolidge
C. Pushed for gov’t. regulations, but only
wanted volunteerism from businesses, not
having the gov’t. make it mandatory

IV. Republican Policies
A. Isolationism
1. Wanted to separate from Europe’s
troubles
B. Dawes Plan
1. Allies owed the U.S. $10 billion in
war debts they couldn’t pay until
Germany repaid them $33 billion
debt
2. France moved into Germany,
possibly threatening a new war

3. Dawes was sent to avert another
war. Got U.S. bankers to loan
Germany money to repay its debt,
so allies could repay the U.S.
4. Policy was to replace Europe’s
military dependence with big
business dependence
5. Only worked until the Great
Depression destroyed banking
industry

V. Brand-Kellogg Treaty
A. 14 Nations signed a treaty outlawing
war
B. Treaty declared war was illegal
1. Weakness was there was no
punishment if treaty was broken

VI. Scientific Management
A. Developed by Frederick Taylor
1. Taylor felt workers were lazy, sloppy
2. Felt efficiency could be measured to
improve productivity, raise wages &
profits
B. Time Study Analysis
1. Take a single task (welding a car frame)
2. Use a stop watch to time the person
- after several times, the average time
represents the standard time it takes
to weld a car together

3. After a year, Management saw what average
time was taken to do the task. If it was twice
the standard time, the worker was at 50%
efficiency
4. Aim was for 100% or better. If not improved
after a period of time, then firings, demotions
or new supervisors took over
5. Exceptions to improvement: When changes are
made to the product, or new workers are hired
C. Benefits of Scientific Management
1. Accountability, evaluation of talent, future cost
projections
2. The more you do something, usually you get
more accurate in less time

VI. Failures of the Republican policies
A. Crash came down during Hoover’s time due to
ignorance
1. When economy slowed in 1927, credit
should have been made more difficult to
get, but instead it was made easier
2. This would have created a mild
recession, instead of a sudden, hard
depression
B. Failure of Brand-Kellogg and League of
Nations to create punishments helped
Germany & Japan get aggressive & led to WWII


Slide 38

•

•

•

Became the nation’s largest
industry in 1920s.
10 million cars in U.S. in 1920, 26
million by 1929!
Assembly line started in 1913,
building 5 million cars/year by
1929.



Industry weakness: Those who buy a long
lasting item are out of the market for a few
years (fewer sales)

1920 Ford Model T Center Door Sedan










More Steel mills were needed
More Rubber Factories
More Glass Suppliers
Real Estate: Can now build homes outside the
cities in suburbs
Gas Stations replaced horse stables
Roads to be built








When automobile sales slow down so do all of
the other industries that supply them.
This causes a massive downturn in the
economy.
Jobs are lost in those other areas
This is why Auto industry helps drive the
economy (even today)



New industries appeared in the 1920s:
1. Electric Industry
a. Massive steam generators converted
coal to electricity (2/3 of all
Americans had electricity by 1929)
b. New Appliances: Washing Machines,
vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, ovens
c. These appliances led to more free time
- “chores” decreased, kids faced
boredom

2. Radio/Motion Pictures
a. In 1929 NBC became the 1st
successful radio network
- Amos N’ Andy was 1st famous
radio comedy (it featured
“blackface comedy”)
b. Allowed the spread of advertising
c. First talking movie in 1927: “The
Jazz Singer”, starring Al Jolson

3. Aluminum became a major business

4. Corporations grew, forcing out family
owned businesses
a. increasing dependence on mortgage
bankers like J.P. Morgan



Economic Weaknesses did occur
1. Decline in “traditional” industries
a. Railroads were poorly managed & hurt by the
new trucking industry
b. Coal Industry was being replaced by
natural gas & petroleum
c. Cotton declined due to rayon & synthetic
fibers
d. Agriculture was hardest hit of all
- farmers had expanded meat production
in WWI to feed the U.S. & Europe
- prices dropped after WWI. This hurt
farmers during 1920s. Later drought &
depression devastated them in 1930s.

2. Middle to Upper Class Prospered
a. Ended up with more money than
they could spend
b. Many ended up speculating heavily in the
stock market
- instead of investing in sound
markets
- idea was to get rich quick
c. 1920s was known as a time of plenty:
spend and not worry about the future

IV. Heroes of the Decade
1. Babe Ruth (home run king)
2. Jack Dempsey & Gene Tunney
(boxing legends)
3. Charles Lindberg (1st man to fly solo
across the Atlantic) – Spirit of St.
Louis
4. Rudolph Valentino – first major
Hollywood “Sex symbol”



A half-million blacks left the South for the North in
the 1920s
1. Higher paying jobs, left behind Southern farms
and sharecropping
2. Competed for jobs/housing with existing Northern
Whites
a. caused resentment
b. race riots erupted in 26 Northern cities
c. White media reported RUMORS of spreading
violence by Blacks – this increased
tensions/retaliation by Northern Whites

3. Migration also occurred due to blacks
being hired to replace striking whites
while unions formed
4. Marcus Garvey
a. founded “Back to Africa”
movement
b. Garvey felt Blacks couldn’t
compete with whites in America
c. Urged blacks to return to “mother
countries” in Africa to build strong
separate civilizations
d. “Black Pride” was started, gained
recognition

e. Garvey started the Black Star Line ships
to Africa
- B.S.L. failed
- Garvey was tried & convicted of
fraud by an all-white jury
- Many felt he was convicted mainly on
radical beliefs
- B.S.L. really failed due to
mismanagement, rather than fraud.
- served in jail from 1925-1927,
released and deported to Jamaica

5. Black Ghettos Today
a. Many were a result of the great
migration
b. Migrants were poor, moved into less
expensive city houses
c. Middle Class whites with cars moved to
the new suburbs
d. Inner city houses decayed with age & poor
couldn’t afford to move out – stuck there
e. Poor directly affected by economy, 1st to
lose jobs, no way out of their situation

6. The Harlem Renaissance
a. Many migrant Blacks settled in
Harlem, New York
- became the “Negro capital of the
world”
b. W.E.B. Du Bois and James Walden
Johnson became leaders of the
Harlem Renaissance
- was an expression of African
American writers who began
expressing their own identity and
anger at racism
- jazz music, rhythm & blues told stories of
racism/hard times : Louis Armstrong,
Duke Ellington



Sacco & Vanzetti Trial
1. Sacco & Vanzetti were immigrants who believed
in anarchy
2. They were tried and convicted of murder, based
on circumstantial evidence, not hard proof
3. Some felt they were convicted on their beliefs &
because they were immigrants
4. Executed in 1927. Later Names were cleared by
Governor Michael Dukakis in 1977.
5. Riots erupted after executions in U.S. & Europe



Palmer Raids
1.
2.
3.
4.

Palmer was President Wilson’s Attorney General
Palmer gathered information on radicals
Deported up to 600 immigrants (mostly to Soviet
Union) due to Communist fears
Most deported or arrested favored NON-Violent
radicalism, not Violent revolution



Feminism/Suffrage
1.

Women Suffrage
a. 19th Amendment Passed in 1920
b. 15th Amendment allowed all MEN to vote
c. Progressives helped push for women to vote to
help push through their reforms

d. Sheppard/Tower Act (1921) was 1st
Amendment to deal with Welfare reform
- assisted maternal & infant health care
- Child killers included: polio, diphtheria &
smallpox
e. Young Women Rebelled against Victorian
Constraints
- wore shorter dresses
- smoking/drinking in public for 1st time
- wild dancing, more promiscuous

2. Children/Teens
A. Kids no longer worked much thanks to progressive
reforms
B. More Time led to: Drinking, promiscuity, constant
search for excitement
C. More middle class attended school & given more
luxuries
D. Lower Class had more idle time
E. Gangs developed on city streets

3. Crime Increased
A. Due to Prohibition (18th Amendment in
1917)
- More middle/upper class were
willing to break laws for alcohol
B. Bootlegging became common
- Adult gangs developed: Al Capone

4. Prohibition
A. It was illegal to sell, drink, make or
transport more than 1% alcohol
B. Represented moral issues by
Progressives & Southerners who
migrated North
C. Law angered ethnic groups such as
Germans and Irish immigrants
D. Drinking did decline, but it was
repealed in 1933

1.

KKK Rebirth
a. KKK had only 34 members in 1914 – 5
million by 1925
b. The Red Scare helped to convince
many to join the KKK
c. KKK was a sanctuary to the
frightened & insecure

d. KKK gained political control of state governments
in Oklahoma & Texas
e. Hatred extended to Mexicans, Japanese, European
immigrants, Catholics, Jews, French Canadians,
Prostitutes and radical women in the 1920s
f. KKK felt all of those groups were beyond redemption

g. Similarities to the rise of Nazi’s in
Germany
h. KKK wanted “pure Americanism”
i. KKK fell quickly in the 1920s due to:
- clashes with the law
- scandals with sex/corruption
j. Racism remained and there would be no
major civil rights legislation until the
1960s

2. Immigration Restriction
a. 1924 National Origins Act
- created a “quota system”
- limited European immigrants to
150,000 per year
- based on fears of immigrants flooding
into the U.S. from a rebuilding Europe
- the law lasted into the 1960s
- Mexican immigrants were NOT restricted
and filled the need for unskilled workers

1. The Lost Generation
a. American writers who questioned why Materialism
ruled over intellectual, spiritual and artistic concerns
b. Writers moved to Europe and wrote pessimistically
of greed/emptiness of American lives in 1920s
- included: Ernest Hemingway, Gertrude Stein, F.
Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound,T.S. Elliot, Sinclair Lewis

2. Harlem Renaissance brought previously hidden
Black art, music & literature to the world
A. Rhythm & Blues music
- sounds of years of sorrow and struggle
B. Writers Claude McKay, Langston Hughes
- wrote about the Black struggle for
equality
C. Cultural Explosion
- marked by white & black authors who
were critical of mass production/wanting
a simpler lifestyle

3. Fundamentalist Controversy
A. Scopes Trial
- John Scopes was a Biology teacher
- Scopes taught theory of evolution,
which was against Tennessee law to
teach
- Prosecution used William Jennings
Bryan to testify, but contradicted by
taking Bible out of context after
saying it was a literal translation

- Scopes was found guilty, given a $100 fine
- Bryan was so hurt by trial that he died 6
days later
- Fundamentalism did survive despite the
trial

Famous Lawyers

John Scopes
High School Biology teacher

I. Warren G. Harding (President 19211923)
A. Republican candidate for
president in 1920. His slogan
was “back to normalcy”
B. Believed in importance of Big
Business
- supported by big business
leaders
C. Tried to have U.S. face calm after
WWI and Wilson’s Treaty failure

D. Teapot Dome Scandal
1. Two cabinet members took bribes
for big oil leases in Teapot Dome,
Wyoming.
2. Harding died of a stroke in 1923,
before scandals became public
3. He was a good man, surrounded
by corruption

II. Calvin Coolidge, (President 1923-1929)
A. “Silent Cal”, honest, integrity, a
friend of business
B. “The Business of America is
Business”
1. Believed big business must be
prosperous for America to prosper
2. This was popular strategy
throughout the 1920s
3. Chose not to run again in 1928

III. Herbert Hoover (President 1929-1933)
A. Self-made millionaire named “Wonder Boy”
B. Most intelligent President in the 1920s, served
as secretary of commerce under Harding and
Coolidge
C. Pushed for gov’t. regulations, but only
wanted volunteerism from businesses, not
having the gov’t. make it mandatory

IV. Republican Policies
A. Isolationism
1. Wanted to separate from Europe’s
troubles
B. Dawes Plan
1. Allies owed the U.S. $10 billion in
war debts they couldn’t pay until
Germany repaid them $33 billion
debt
2. France moved into Germany,
possibly threatening a new war

3. Dawes was sent to avert another
war. Got U.S. bankers to loan
Germany money to repay its debt,
so allies could repay the U.S.
4. Policy was to replace Europe’s
military dependence with big
business dependence
5. Only worked until the Great
Depression destroyed banking
industry

V. Brand-Kellogg Treaty
A. 14 Nations signed a treaty outlawing
war
B. Treaty declared war was illegal
1. Weakness was there was no
punishment if treaty was broken

VI. Scientific Management
A. Developed by Frederick Taylor
1. Taylor felt workers were lazy, sloppy
2. Felt efficiency could be measured to
improve productivity, raise wages &
profits
B. Time Study Analysis
1. Take a single task (welding a car frame)
2. Use a stop watch to time the person
- after several times, the average time
represents the standard time it takes
to weld a car together

3. After a year, Management saw what average
time was taken to do the task. If it was twice
the standard time, the worker was at 50%
efficiency
4. Aim was for 100% or better. If not improved
after a period of time, then firings, demotions
or new supervisors took over
5. Exceptions to improvement: When changes are
made to the product, or new workers are hired
C. Benefits of Scientific Management
1. Accountability, evaluation of talent, future cost
projections
2. The more you do something, usually you get
more accurate in less time

VI. Failures of the Republican policies
A. Crash came down during Hoover’s time due to
ignorance
1. When economy slowed in 1927, credit
should have been made more difficult to
get, but instead it was made easier
2. This would have created a mild
recession, instead of a sudden, hard
depression
B. Failure of Brand-Kellogg and League of
Nations to create punishments helped
Germany & Japan get aggressive & led to WWII


Slide 39

•

•

•

Became the nation’s largest
industry in 1920s.
10 million cars in U.S. in 1920, 26
million by 1929!
Assembly line started in 1913,
building 5 million cars/year by
1929.



Industry weakness: Those who buy a long
lasting item are out of the market for a few
years (fewer sales)

1920 Ford Model T Center Door Sedan










More Steel mills were needed
More Rubber Factories
More Glass Suppliers
Real Estate: Can now build homes outside the
cities in suburbs
Gas Stations replaced horse stables
Roads to be built








When automobile sales slow down so do all of
the other industries that supply them.
This causes a massive downturn in the
economy.
Jobs are lost in those other areas
This is why Auto industry helps drive the
economy (even today)



New industries appeared in the 1920s:
1. Electric Industry
a. Massive steam generators converted
coal to electricity (2/3 of all
Americans had electricity by 1929)
b. New Appliances: Washing Machines,
vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, ovens
c. These appliances led to more free time
- “chores” decreased, kids faced
boredom

2. Radio/Motion Pictures
a. In 1929 NBC became the 1st
successful radio network
- Amos N’ Andy was 1st famous
radio comedy (it featured
“blackface comedy”)
b. Allowed the spread of advertising
c. First talking movie in 1927: “The
Jazz Singer”, starring Al Jolson

3. Aluminum became a major business

4. Corporations grew, forcing out family
owned businesses
a. increasing dependence on mortgage
bankers like J.P. Morgan



Economic Weaknesses did occur
1. Decline in “traditional” industries
a. Railroads were poorly managed & hurt by the
new trucking industry
b. Coal Industry was being replaced by
natural gas & petroleum
c. Cotton declined due to rayon & synthetic
fibers
d. Agriculture was hardest hit of all
- farmers had expanded meat production
in WWI to feed the U.S. & Europe
- prices dropped after WWI. This hurt
farmers during 1920s. Later drought &
depression devastated them in 1930s.

2. Middle to Upper Class Prospered
a. Ended up with more money than
they could spend
b. Many ended up speculating heavily in the
stock market
- instead of investing in sound
markets
- idea was to get rich quick
c. 1920s was known as a time of plenty:
spend and not worry about the future

IV. Heroes of the Decade
1. Babe Ruth (home run king)
2. Jack Dempsey & Gene Tunney
(boxing legends)
3. Charles Lindberg (1st man to fly solo
across the Atlantic) – Spirit of St.
Louis
4. Rudolph Valentino – first major
Hollywood “Sex symbol”



A half-million blacks left the South for the North in
the 1920s
1. Higher paying jobs, left behind Southern farms
and sharecropping
2. Competed for jobs/housing with existing Northern
Whites
a. caused resentment
b. race riots erupted in 26 Northern cities
c. White media reported RUMORS of spreading
violence by Blacks – this increased
tensions/retaliation by Northern Whites

3. Migration also occurred due to blacks
being hired to replace striking whites
while unions formed
4. Marcus Garvey
a. founded “Back to Africa”
movement
b. Garvey felt Blacks couldn’t
compete with whites in America
c. Urged blacks to return to “mother
countries” in Africa to build strong
separate civilizations
d. “Black Pride” was started, gained
recognition

e. Garvey started the Black Star Line ships
to Africa
- B.S.L. failed
- Garvey was tried & convicted of
fraud by an all-white jury
- Many felt he was convicted mainly on
radical beliefs
- B.S.L. really failed due to
mismanagement, rather than fraud.
- served in jail from 1925-1927,
released and deported to Jamaica

5. Black Ghettos Today
a. Many were a result of the great
migration
b. Migrants were poor, moved into less
expensive city houses
c. Middle Class whites with cars moved to
the new suburbs
d. Inner city houses decayed with age & poor
couldn’t afford to move out – stuck there
e. Poor directly affected by economy, 1st to
lose jobs, no way out of their situation

6. The Harlem Renaissance
a. Many migrant Blacks settled in
Harlem, New York
- became the “Negro capital of the
world”
b. W.E.B. Du Bois and James Walden
Johnson became leaders of the
Harlem Renaissance
- was an expression of African
American writers who began
expressing their own identity and
anger at racism
- jazz music, rhythm & blues told stories of
racism/hard times : Louis Armstrong,
Duke Ellington



Sacco & Vanzetti Trial
1. Sacco & Vanzetti were immigrants who believed
in anarchy
2. They were tried and convicted of murder, based
on circumstantial evidence, not hard proof
3. Some felt they were convicted on their beliefs &
because they were immigrants
4. Executed in 1927. Later Names were cleared by
Governor Michael Dukakis in 1977.
5. Riots erupted after executions in U.S. & Europe



Palmer Raids
1.
2.
3.
4.

Palmer was President Wilson’s Attorney General
Palmer gathered information on radicals
Deported up to 600 immigrants (mostly to Soviet
Union) due to Communist fears
Most deported or arrested favored NON-Violent
radicalism, not Violent revolution



Feminism/Suffrage
1.

Women Suffrage
a. 19th Amendment Passed in 1920
b. 15th Amendment allowed all MEN to vote
c. Progressives helped push for women to vote to
help push through their reforms

d. Sheppard/Tower Act (1921) was 1st
Amendment to deal with Welfare reform
- assisted maternal & infant health care
- Child killers included: polio, diphtheria &
smallpox
e. Young Women Rebelled against Victorian
Constraints
- wore shorter dresses
- smoking/drinking in public for 1st time
- wild dancing, more promiscuous

2. Children/Teens
A. Kids no longer worked much thanks to progressive
reforms
B. More Time led to: Drinking, promiscuity, constant
search for excitement
C. More middle class attended school & given more
luxuries
D. Lower Class had more idle time
E. Gangs developed on city streets

3. Crime Increased
A. Due to Prohibition (18th Amendment in
1917)
- More middle/upper class were
willing to break laws for alcohol
B. Bootlegging became common
- Adult gangs developed: Al Capone

4. Prohibition
A. It was illegal to sell, drink, make or
transport more than 1% alcohol
B. Represented moral issues by
Progressives & Southerners who
migrated North
C. Law angered ethnic groups such as
Germans and Irish immigrants
D. Drinking did decline, but it was
repealed in 1933

1.

KKK Rebirth
a. KKK had only 34 members in 1914 – 5
million by 1925
b. The Red Scare helped to convince
many to join the KKK
c. KKK was a sanctuary to the
frightened & insecure

d. KKK gained political control of state governments
in Oklahoma & Texas
e. Hatred extended to Mexicans, Japanese, European
immigrants, Catholics, Jews, French Canadians,
Prostitutes and radical women in the 1920s
f. KKK felt all of those groups were beyond redemption

g. Similarities to the rise of Nazi’s in
Germany
h. KKK wanted “pure Americanism”
i. KKK fell quickly in the 1920s due to:
- clashes with the law
- scandals with sex/corruption
j. Racism remained and there would be no
major civil rights legislation until the
1960s

2. Immigration Restriction
a. 1924 National Origins Act
- created a “quota system”
- limited European immigrants to
150,000 per year
- based on fears of immigrants flooding
into the U.S. from a rebuilding Europe
- the law lasted into the 1960s
- Mexican immigrants were NOT restricted
and filled the need for unskilled workers

1. The Lost Generation
a. American writers who questioned why Materialism
ruled over intellectual, spiritual and artistic concerns
b. Writers moved to Europe and wrote pessimistically
of greed/emptiness of American lives in 1920s
- included: Ernest Hemingway, Gertrude Stein, F.
Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound,T.S. Elliot, Sinclair Lewis

2. Harlem Renaissance brought previously hidden
Black art, music & literature to the world
A. Rhythm & Blues music
- sounds of years of sorrow and struggle
B. Writers Claude McKay, Langston Hughes
- wrote about the Black struggle for
equality
C. Cultural Explosion
- marked by white & black authors who
were critical of mass production/wanting
a simpler lifestyle

3. Fundamentalist Controversy
A. Scopes Trial
- John Scopes was a Biology teacher
- Scopes taught theory of evolution,
which was against Tennessee law to
teach
- Prosecution used William Jennings
Bryan to testify, but contradicted by
taking Bible out of context after
saying it was a literal translation

- Scopes was found guilty, given a $100 fine
- Bryan was so hurt by trial that he died 6
days later
- Fundamentalism did survive despite the
trial

Famous Lawyers

John Scopes
High School Biology teacher

I. Warren G. Harding (President 19211923)
A. Republican candidate for
president in 1920. His slogan
was “back to normalcy”
B. Believed in importance of Big
Business
- supported by big business
leaders
C. Tried to have U.S. face calm after
WWI and Wilson’s Treaty failure

D. Teapot Dome Scandal
1. Two cabinet members took bribes
for big oil leases in Teapot Dome,
Wyoming.
2. Harding died of a stroke in 1923,
before scandals became public
3. He was a good man, surrounded
by corruption

II. Calvin Coolidge, (President 1923-1929)
A. “Silent Cal”, honest, integrity, a
friend of business
B. “The Business of America is
Business”
1. Believed big business must be
prosperous for America to prosper
2. This was popular strategy
throughout the 1920s
3. Chose not to run again in 1928

III. Herbert Hoover (President 1929-1933)
A. Self-made millionaire named “Wonder Boy”
B. Most intelligent President in the 1920s, served
as secretary of commerce under Harding and
Coolidge
C. Pushed for gov’t. regulations, but only
wanted volunteerism from businesses, not
having the gov’t. make it mandatory

IV. Republican Policies
A. Isolationism
1. Wanted to separate from Europe’s
troubles
B. Dawes Plan
1. Allies owed the U.S. $10 billion in
war debts they couldn’t pay until
Germany repaid them $33 billion
debt
2. France moved into Germany,
possibly threatening a new war

3. Dawes was sent to avert another
war. Got U.S. bankers to loan
Germany money to repay its debt,
so allies could repay the U.S.
4. Policy was to replace Europe’s
military dependence with big
business dependence
5. Only worked until the Great
Depression destroyed banking
industry

V. Brand-Kellogg Treaty
A. 14 Nations signed a treaty outlawing
war
B. Treaty declared war was illegal
1. Weakness was there was no
punishment if treaty was broken

VI. Scientific Management
A. Developed by Frederick Taylor
1. Taylor felt workers were lazy, sloppy
2. Felt efficiency could be measured to
improve productivity, raise wages &
profits
B. Time Study Analysis
1. Take a single task (welding a car frame)
2. Use a stop watch to time the person
- after several times, the average time
represents the standard time it takes
to weld a car together

3. After a year, Management saw what average
time was taken to do the task. If it was twice
the standard time, the worker was at 50%
efficiency
4. Aim was for 100% or better. If not improved
after a period of time, then firings, demotions
or new supervisors took over
5. Exceptions to improvement: When changes are
made to the product, or new workers are hired
C. Benefits of Scientific Management
1. Accountability, evaluation of talent, future cost
projections
2. The more you do something, usually you get
more accurate in less time

VI. Failures of the Republican policies
A. Crash came down during Hoover’s time due to
ignorance
1. When economy slowed in 1927, credit
should have been made more difficult to
get, but instead it was made easier
2. This would have created a mild
recession, instead of a sudden, hard
depression
B. Failure of Brand-Kellogg and League of
Nations to create punishments helped
Germany & Japan get aggressive & led to WWII


Slide 40

•

•

•

Became the nation’s largest
industry in 1920s.
10 million cars in U.S. in 1920, 26
million by 1929!
Assembly line started in 1913,
building 5 million cars/year by
1929.



Industry weakness: Those who buy a long
lasting item are out of the market for a few
years (fewer sales)

1920 Ford Model T Center Door Sedan










More Steel mills were needed
More Rubber Factories
More Glass Suppliers
Real Estate: Can now build homes outside the
cities in suburbs
Gas Stations replaced horse stables
Roads to be built








When automobile sales slow down so do all of
the other industries that supply them.
This causes a massive downturn in the
economy.
Jobs are lost in those other areas
This is why Auto industry helps drive the
economy (even today)



New industries appeared in the 1920s:
1. Electric Industry
a. Massive steam generators converted
coal to electricity (2/3 of all
Americans had electricity by 1929)
b. New Appliances: Washing Machines,
vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, ovens
c. These appliances led to more free time
- “chores” decreased, kids faced
boredom

2. Radio/Motion Pictures
a. In 1929 NBC became the 1st
successful radio network
- Amos N’ Andy was 1st famous
radio comedy (it featured
“blackface comedy”)
b. Allowed the spread of advertising
c. First talking movie in 1927: “The
Jazz Singer”, starring Al Jolson

3. Aluminum became a major business

4. Corporations grew, forcing out family
owned businesses
a. increasing dependence on mortgage
bankers like J.P. Morgan



Economic Weaknesses did occur
1. Decline in “traditional” industries
a. Railroads were poorly managed & hurt by the
new trucking industry
b. Coal Industry was being replaced by
natural gas & petroleum
c. Cotton declined due to rayon & synthetic
fibers
d. Agriculture was hardest hit of all
- farmers had expanded meat production
in WWI to feed the U.S. & Europe
- prices dropped after WWI. This hurt
farmers during 1920s. Later drought &
depression devastated them in 1930s.

2. Middle to Upper Class Prospered
a. Ended up with more money than
they could spend
b. Many ended up speculating heavily in the
stock market
- instead of investing in sound
markets
- idea was to get rich quick
c. 1920s was known as a time of plenty:
spend and not worry about the future

IV. Heroes of the Decade
1. Babe Ruth (home run king)
2. Jack Dempsey & Gene Tunney
(boxing legends)
3. Charles Lindberg (1st man to fly solo
across the Atlantic) – Spirit of St.
Louis
4. Rudolph Valentino – first major
Hollywood “Sex symbol”



A half-million blacks left the South for the North in
the 1920s
1. Higher paying jobs, left behind Southern farms
and sharecropping
2. Competed for jobs/housing with existing Northern
Whites
a. caused resentment
b. race riots erupted in 26 Northern cities
c. White media reported RUMORS of spreading
violence by Blacks – this increased
tensions/retaliation by Northern Whites

3. Migration also occurred due to blacks
being hired to replace striking whites
while unions formed
4. Marcus Garvey
a. founded “Back to Africa”
movement
b. Garvey felt Blacks couldn’t
compete with whites in America
c. Urged blacks to return to “mother
countries” in Africa to build strong
separate civilizations
d. “Black Pride” was started, gained
recognition

e. Garvey started the Black Star Line ships
to Africa
- B.S.L. failed
- Garvey was tried & convicted of
fraud by an all-white jury
- Many felt he was convicted mainly on
radical beliefs
- B.S.L. really failed due to
mismanagement, rather than fraud.
- served in jail from 1925-1927,
released and deported to Jamaica

5. Black Ghettos Today
a. Many were a result of the great
migration
b. Migrants were poor, moved into less
expensive city houses
c. Middle Class whites with cars moved to
the new suburbs
d. Inner city houses decayed with age & poor
couldn’t afford to move out – stuck there
e. Poor directly affected by economy, 1st to
lose jobs, no way out of their situation

6. The Harlem Renaissance
a. Many migrant Blacks settled in
Harlem, New York
- became the “Negro capital of the
world”
b. W.E.B. Du Bois and James Walden
Johnson became leaders of the
Harlem Renaissance
- was an expression of African
American writers who began
expressing their own identity and
anger at racism
- jazz music, rhythm & blues told stories of
racism/hard times : Louis Armstrong,
Duke Ellington



Sacco & Vanzetti Trial
1. Sacco & Vanzetti were immigrants who believed
in anarchy
2. They were tried and convicted of murder, based
on circumstantial evidence, not hard proof
3. Some felt they were convicted on their beliefs &
because they were immigrants
4. Executed in 1927. Later Names were cleared by
Governor Michael Dukakis in 1977.
5. Riots erupted after executions in U.S. & Europe



Palmer Raids
1.
2.
3.
4.

Palmer was President Wilson’s Attorney General
Palmer gathered information on radicals
Deported up to 600 immigrants (mostly to Soviet
Union) due to Communist fears
Most deported or arrested favored NON-Violent
radicalism, not Violent revolution



Feminism/Suffrage
1.

Women Suffrage
a. 19th Amendment Passed in 1920
b. 15th Amendment allowed all MEN to vote
c. Progressives helped push for women to vote to
help push through their reforms

d. Sheppard/Tower Act (1921) was 1st
Amendment to deal with Welfare reform
- assisted maternal & infant health care
- Child killers included: polio, diphtheria &
smallpox
e. Young Women Rebelled against Victorian
Constraints
- wore shorter dresses
- smoking/drinking in public for 1st time
- wild dancing, more promiscuous

2. Children/Teens
A. Kids no longer worked much thanks to progressive
reforms
B. More Time led to: Drinking, promiscuity, constant
search for excitement
C. More middle class attended school & given more
luxuries
D. Lower Class had more idle time
E. Gangs developed on city streets

3. Crime Increased
A. Due to Prohibition (18th Amendment in
1917)
- More middle/upper class were
willing to break laws for alcohol
B. Bootlegging became common
- Adult gangs developed: Al Capone

4. Prohibition
A. It was illegal to sell, drink, make or
transport more than 1% alcohol
B. Represented moral issues by
Progressives & Southerners who
migrated North
C. Law angered ethnic groups such as
Germans and Irish immigrants
D. Drinking did decline, but it was
repealed in 1933

1.

KKK Rebirth
a. KKK had only 34 members in 1914 – 5
million by 1925
b. The Red Scare helped to convince
many to join the KKK
c. KKK was a sanctuary to the
frightened & insecure

d. KKK gained political control of state governments
in Oklahoma & Texas
e. Hatred extended to Mexicans, Japanese, European
immigrants, Catholics, Jews, French Canadians,
Prostitutes and radical women in the 1920s
f. KKK felt all of those groups were beyond redemption

g. Similarities to the rise of Nazi’s in
Germany
h. KKK wanted “pure Americanism”
i. KKK fell quickly in the 1920s due to:
- clashes with the law
- scandals with sex/corruption
j. Racism remained and there would be no
major civil rights legislation until the
1960s

2. Immigration Restriction
a. 1924 National Origins Act
- created a “quota system”
- limited European immigrants to
150,000 per year
- based on fears of immigrants flooding
into the U.S. from a rebuilding Europe
- the law lasted into the 1960s
- Mexican immigrants were NOT restricted
and filled the need for unskilled workers

1. The Lost Generation
a. American writers who questioned why Materialism
ruled over intellectual, spiritual and artistic concerns
b. Writers moved to Europe and wrote pessimistically
of greed/emptiness of American lives in 1920s
- included: Ernest Hemingway, Gertrude Stein, F.
Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound,T.S. Elliot, Sinclair Lewis

2. Harlem Renaissance brought previously hidden
Black art, music & literature to the world
A. Rhythm & Blues music
- sounds of years of sorrow and struggle
B. Writers Claude McKay, Langston Hughes
- wrote about the Black struggle for
equality
C. Cultural Explosion
- marked by white & black authors who
were critical of mass production/wanting
a simpler lifestyle

3. Fundamentalist Controversy
A. Scopes Trial
- John Scopes was a Biology teacher
- Scopes taught theory of evolution,
which was against Tennessee law to
teach
- Prosecution used William Jennings
Bryan to testify, but contradicted by
taking Bible out of context after
saying it was a literal translation

- Scopes was found guilty, given a $100 fine
- Bryan was so hurt by trial that he died 6
days later
- Fundamentalism did survive despite the
trial

Famous Lawyers

John Scopes
High School Biology teacher

I. Warren G. Harding (President 19211923)
A. Republican candidate for
president in 1920. His slogan
was “back to normalcy”
B. Believed in importance of Big
Business
- supported by big business
leaders
C. Tried to have U.S. face calm after
WWI and Wilson’s Treaty failure

D. Teapot Dome Scandal
1. Two cabinet members took bribes
for big oil leases in Teapot Dome,
Wyoming.
2. Harding died of a stroke in 1923,
before scandals became public
3. He was a good man, surrounded
by corruption

II. Calvin Coolidge, (President 1923-1929)
A. “Silent Cal”, honest, integrity, a
friend of business
B. “The Business of America is
Business”
1. Believed big business must be
prosperous for America to prosper
2. This was popular strategy
throughout the 1920s
3. Chose not to run again in 1928

III. Herbert Hoover (President 1929-1933)
A. Self-made millionaire named “Wonder Boy”
B. Most intelligent President in the 1920s, served
as secretary of commerce under Harding and
Coolidge
C. Pushed for gov’t. regulations, but only
wanted volunteerism from businesses, not
having the gov’t. make it mandatory

IV. Republican Policies
A. Isolationism
1. Wanted to separate from Europe’s
troubles
B. Dawes Plan
1. Allies owed the U.S. $10 billion in
war debts they couldn’t pay until
Germany repaid them $33 billion
debt
2. France moved into Germany,
possibly threatening a new war

3. Dawes was sent to avert another
war. Got U.S. bankers to loan
Germany money to repay its debt,
so allies could repay the U.S.
4. Policy was to replace Europe’s
military dependence with big
business dependence
5. Only worked until the Great
Depression destroyed banking
industry

V. Brand-Kellogg Treaty
A. 14 Nations signed a treaty outlawing
war
B. Treaty declared war was illegal
1. Weakness was there was no
punishment if treaty was broken

VI. Scientific Management
A. Developed by Frederick Taylor
1. Taylor felt workers were lazy, sloppy
2. Felt efficiency could be measured to
improve productivity, raise wages &
profits
B. Time Study Analysis
1. Take a single task (welding a car frame)
2. Use a stop watch to time the person
- after several times, the average time
represents the standard time it takes
to weld a car together

3. After a year, Management saw what average
time was taken to do the task. If it was twice
the standard time, the worker was at 50%
efficiency
4. Aim was for 100% or better. If not improved
after a period of time, then firings, demotions
or new supervisors took over
5. Exceptions to improvement: When changes are
made to the product, or new workers are hired
C. Benefits of Scientific Management
1. Accountability, evaluation of talent, future cost
projections
2. The more you do something, usually you get
more accurate in less time

VI. Failures of the Republican policies
A. Crash came down during Hoover’s time due to
ignorance
1. When economy slowed in 1927, credit
should have been made more difficult to
get, but instead it was made easier
2. This would have created a mild
recession, instead of a sudden, hard
depression
B. Failure of Brand-Kellogg and League of
Nations to create punishments helped
Germany & Japan get aggressive & led to WWII