Slide 1

Service Delivery 4
Explosives

Aim
To make students aware of the
operational procedures for dealing with
incidents involving explosives and the
marking systems in use to identify them.

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the session students will be able to:

• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives

• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

Nature of explosives
• All chemical explosives contain fuel
and oxygen
• Burn extremely quickly producing large
quantities of hot gasses

Nature of explosives
• ‘High Explosives’ propagate at
supersonic high velocity 1-10Km/sec
producing a blast wave
• ‘Low Explosives’ deflagrate at subsonic
low velocity up to 100m/sec.

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
Based on the UN system of 9
classes of dangerous goods:

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
•
•
•
•
•

Explosives
Gases
Flammable Liquids
Flammable Solids
Poisonous &
Infectious

• Radioactive
• Corrosives
• Miscellaneous
• Organic Peroxides.

Classification and labelling
Class 1 explosives are sub-divided into
hazard divisions;
1.1 Mass explosion hazard
1.2 Projection hazard, no mass
explosion

1.3 Fire hazard, minor blast and/or
minor projection, no mass
explosion.

Classification and labelling
1.4 Substances or articles that
present no significant hazard
1.5 Very insensitive substances that
have a mass explosion hazard
1.6 Extremely insensitive articles
that do not have a mass
explosion hazard.

Labelling

• Hazard division

• Compatibility group
• UN Class 1 explosive.

Marking of vehicles

Danger signs &
subsidiary danger
signs (if any)

Placarded vehicles may carry up to 16 tonnes of
explosives.

Exemptions
The Armed Forces are not subject to
requirement for placarding but the Ministry
of Defence through its Explosives Storage
and Transport Committee have voluntarily
adopted a similar placarding system.

Transport
• All vehicles carrying explosives must
be regarded as potentially hazardous
• Division 1.1 explosives present the
major hazard.

Transport
• The incident commander will decided
the extent to which fire fighting or
rescues might be attempted having
regard to the hazard and life risk
• The primary objective must be to
evacuate the public to at least 600
metres.

Firefighting
It is vitally important that we differentiate
between a fire or risk of fire that is;

• On or near the vehicle but not affecting
the load, nor likely to, and;
• An established fire involving the load or
threatening to spread to it.

Firefighting
Where the fire does not involve the load
such as a tyre or fire in the vehicle cab
priority must be given to extinguishing
the fire before it involves the load.

Firefighting
If the fire involves the load or is threatening it;

• Every possible effort must be directed
toward evacuating the area
• Only where this is clearly not possible
and the rapid application of water would
have a good chance should firefighters
be committed.

Protection
• Firefighters should not be committed
unless they are protected by an earth
banking or other substantial structure
at some distance from the incident
• An un-buttressed double brick wall
may not provide adequate protection.

Effects of explosions
Fatal injuries may arise from being struck by;

•
•
•
•
•

Vehicle parts
Packagings
Explosive debris
Person being thrown into the air
Being thrown against a solid object.

Effects of explosions
Some examples of the
effects of explosions on
persons of ‘average’
fitness;

50

5

16

99% survive lung damage

6m

38m

80m

kg

1% survive lung damage

tonnes tonnes

27m

50% eardrum rupture

12m

54m

80m

Missiles limit of throw.

150m 250m 2000m

Protection from explosions
To be protected requires;

• Distance
• Substantial cover
• Small buildings or vehicles offer little
protection
• Get below ground level if possible
• Or behind thick earth banking.

Radio communications

10 m
No Radios Closer
Than 10m
50 m

600 m

No appliance radios closer
than 50m
Keep public back at least 600 metres.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Covers precautions against fire, explosion,
theft and unauthorised access

• Prohibits carrying certain explosives
• Suitability of vehicle and freight containers

• Ensures mixed loads carried safely
• Placarding and marking of vehicles.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Ensures written information carried

• Supervision of vehicles
• Limits and duration of carriage

• Training of drivers and assistants.

Explosives
The driver of the vehicle must carry in writing the
following details in a consignment document;

• Division and compatibility group of each
explosive carried
• Net mass of each explosive carried
• Name & address of consignor
• If groups C,D or G whether it is a
substance or article.

Suspect devices
• Avoid the use of lights or any other
warning devices
• A 200m incident zone will have been
established within which the use of
radio equipment is strictly prohibited.

Suspect devices
• A message should be passed to
Brigade Control confirming the type of
device e.g. explosive or incendiary
device
• If an incendiary then the normal
predetermined attendance will be
mobilised to the incident.

Bomb alerts
Fire service personnel must not become
involved in the search for any suspect
devices or packages.

Health and safety
• Personnel should be alert to the
possibility of an incorrect marking
system being displayed
• As well as the normal hazards
associated with explosives, personnel
should also be aware of the possibility
of toxic emissions from burning
explosives.

Confirmation
Assessment will be based on this lesson and
the corresponding study note

Learning Outcomes
• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives
• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

THE END


Slide 2

Service Delivery 4
Explosives

Aim
To make students aware of the
operational procedures for dealing with
incidents involving explosives and the
marking systems in use to identify them.

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the session students will be able to:

• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives

• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

Nature of explosives
• All chemical explosives contain fuel
and oxygen
• Burn extremely quickly producing large
quantities of hot gasses

Nature of explosives
• ‘High Explosives’ propagate at
supersonic high velocity 1-10Km/sec
producing a blast wave
• ‘Low Explosives’ deflagrate at subsonic
low velocity up to 100m/sec.

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
Based on the UN system of 9
classes of dangerous goods:

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
•
•
•
•
•

Explosives
Gases
Flammable Liquids
Flammable Solids
Poisonous &
Infectious

• Radioactive
• Corrosives
• Miscellaneous
• Organic Peroxides.

Classification and labelling
Class 1 explosives are sub-divided into
hazard divisions;
1.1 Mass explosion hazard
1.2 Projection hazard, no mass
explosion

1.3 Fire hazard, minor blast and/or
minor projection, no mass
explosion.

Classification and labelling
1.4 Substances or articles that
present no significant hazard
1.5 Very insensitive substances that
have a mass explosion hazard
1.6 Extremely insensitive articles
that do not have a mass
explosion hazard.

Labelling

• Hazard division

• Compatibility group
• UN Class 1 explosive.

Marking of vehicles

Danger signs &
subsidiary danger
signs (if any)

Placarded vehicles may carry up to 16 tonnes of
explosives.

Exemptions
The Armed Forces are not subject to
requirement for placarding but the Ministry
of Defence through its Explosives Storage
and Transport Committee have voluntarily
adopted a similar placarding system.

Transport
• All vehicles carrying explosives must
be regarded as potentially hazardous
• Division 1.1 explosives present the
major hazard.

Transport
• The incident commander will decided
the extent to which fire fighting or
rescues might be attempted having
regard to the hazard and life risk
• The primary objective must be to
evacuate the public to at least 600
metres.

Firefighting
It is vitally important that we differentiate
between a fire or risk of fire that is;

• On or near the vehicle but not affecting
the load, nor likely to, and;
• An established fire involving the load or
threatening to spread to it.

Firefighting
Where the fire does not involve the load
such as a tyre or fire in the vehicle cab
priority must be given to extinguishing
the fire before it involves the load.

Firefighting
If the fire involves the load or is threatening it;

• Every possible effort must be directed
toward evacuating the area
• Only where this is clearly not possible
and the rapid application of water would
have a good chance should firefighters
be committed.

Protection
• Firefighters should not be committed
unless they are protected by an earth
banking or other substantial structure
at some distance from the incident
• An un-buttressed double brick wall
may not provide adequate protection.

Effects of explosions
Fatal injuries may arise from being struck by;

•
•
•
•
•

Vehicle parts
Packagings
Explosive debris
Person being thrown into the air
Being thrown against a solid object.

Effects of explosions
Some examples of the
effects of explosions on
persons of ‘average’
fitness;

50

5

16

99% survive lung damage

6m

38m

80m

kg

1% survive lung damage

tonnes tonnes

27m

50% eardrum rupture

12m

54m

80m

Missiles limit of throw.

150m 250m 2000m

Protection from explosions
To be protected requires;

• Distance
• Substantial cover
• Small buildings or vehicles offer little
protection
• Get below ground level if possible
• Or behind thick earth banking.

Radio communications

10 m
No Radios Closer
Than 10m
50 m

600 m

No appliance radios closer
than 50m
Keep public back at least 600 metres.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Covers precautions against fire, explosion,
theft and unauthorised access

• Prohibits carrying certain explosives
• Suitability of vehicle and freight containers

• Ensures mixed loads carried safely
• Placarding and marking of vehicles.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Ensures written information carried

• Supervision of vehicles
• Limits and duration of carriage

• Training of drivers and assistants.

Explosives
The driver of the vehicle must carry in writing the
following details in a consignment document;

• Division and compatibility group of each
explosive carried
• Net mass of each explosive carried
• Name & address of consignor
• If groups C,D or G whether it is a
substance or article.

Suspect devices
• Avoid the use of lights or any other
warning devices
• A 200m incident zone will have been
established within which the use of
radio equipment is strictly prohibited.

Suspect devices
• A message should be passed to
Brigade Control confirming the type of
device e.g. explosive or incendiary
device
• If an incendiary then the normal
predetermined attendance will be
mobilised to the incident.

Bomb alerts
Fire service personnel must not become
involved in the search for any suspect
devices or packages.

Health and safety
• Personnel should be alert to the
possibility of an incorrect marking
system being displayed
• As well as the normal hazards
associated with explosives, personnel
should also be aware of the possibility
of toxic emissions from burning
explosives.

Confirmation
Assessment will be based on this lesson and
the corresponding study note

Learning Outcomes
• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives
• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

THE END


Slide 3

Service Delivery 4
Explosives

Aim
To make students aware of the
operational procedures for dealing with
incidents involving explosives and the
marking systems in use to identify them.

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the session students will be able to:

• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives

• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

Nature of explosives
• All chemical explosives contain fuel
and oxygen
• Burn extremely quickly producing large
quantities of hot gasses

Nature of explosives
• ‘High Explosives’ propagate at
supersonic high velocity 1-10Km/sec
producing a blast wave
• ‘Low Explosives’ deflagrate at subsonic
low velocity up to 100m/sec.

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
Based on the UN system of 9
classes of dangerous goods:

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
•
•
•
•
•

Explosives
Gases
Flammable Liquids
Flammable Solids
Poisonous &
Infectious

• Radioactive
• Corrosives
• Miscellaneous
• Organic Peroxides.

Classification and labelling
Class 1 explosives are sub-divided into
hazard divisions;
1.1 Mass explosion hazard
1.2 Projection hazard, no mass
explosion

1.3 Fire hazard, minor blast and/or
minor projection, no mass
explosion.

Classification and labelling
1.4 Substances or articles that
present no significant hazard
1.5 Very insensitive substances that
have a mass explosion hazard
1.6 Extremely insensitive articles
that do not have a mass
explosion hazard.

Labelling

• Hazard division

• Compatibility group
• UN Class 1 explosive.

Marking of vehicles

Danger signs &
subsidiary danger
signs (if any)

Placarded vehicles may carry up to 16 tonnes of
explosives.

Exemptions
The Armed Forces are not subject to
requirement for placarding but the Ministry
of Defence through its Explosives Storage
and Transport Committee have voluntarily
adopted a similar placarding system.

Transport
• All vehicles carrying explosives must
be regarded as potentially hazardous
• Division 1.1 explosives present the
major hazard.

Transport
• The incident commander will decided
the extent to which fire fighting or
rescues might be attempted having
regard to the hazard and life risk
• The primary objective must be to
evacuate the public to at least 600
metres.

Firefighting
It is vitally important that we differentiate
between a fire or risk of fire that is;

• On or near the vehicle but not affecting
the load, nor likely to, and;
• An established fire involving the load or
threatening to spread to it.

Firefighting
Where the fire does not involve the load
such as a tyre or fire in the vehicle cab
priority must be given to extinguishing
the fire before it involves the load.

Firefighting
If the fire involves the load or is threatening it;

• Every possible effort must be directed
toward evacuating the area
• Only where this is clearly not possible
and the rapid application of water would
have a good chance should firefighters
be committed.

Protection
• Firefighters should not be committed
unless they are protected by an earth
banking or other substantial structure
at some distance from the incident
• An un-buttressed double brick wall
may not provide adequate protection.

Effects of explosions
Fatal injuries may arise from being struck by;

•
•
•
•
•

Vehicle parts
Packagings
Explosive debris
Person being thrown into the air
Being thrown against a solid object.

Effects of explosions
Some examples of the
effects of explosions on
persons of ‘average’
fitness;

50

5

16

99% survive lung damage

6m

38m

80m

kg

1% survive lung damage

tonnes tonnes

27m

50% eardrum rupture

12m

54m

80m

Missiles limit of throw.

150m 250m 2000m

Protection from explosions
To be protected requires;

• Distance
• Substantial cover
• Small buildings or vehicles offer little
protection
• Get below ground level if possible
• Or behind thick earth banking.

Radio communications

10 m
No Radios Closer
Than 10m
50 m

600 m

No appliance radios closer
than 50m
Keep public back at least 600 metres.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Covers precautions against fire, explosion,
theft and unauthorised access

• Prohibits carrying certain explosives
• Suitability of vehicle and freight containers

• Ensures mixed loads carried safely
• Placarding and marking of vehicles.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Ensures written information carried

• Supervision of vehicles
• Limits and duration of carriage

• Training of drivers and assistants.

Explosives
The driver of the vehicle must carry in writing the
following details in a consignment document;

• Division and compatibility group of each
explosive carried
• Net mass of each explosive carried
• Name & address of consignor
• If groups C,D or G whether it is a
substance or article.

Suspect devices
• Avoid the use of lights or any other
warning devices
• A 200m incident zone will have been
established within which the use of
radio equipment is strictly prohibited.

Suspect devices
• A message should be passed to
Brigade Control confirming the type of
device e.g. explosive or incendiary
device
• If an incendiary then the normal
predetermined attendance will be
mobilised to the incident.

Bomb alerts
Fire service personnel must not become
involved in the search for any suspect
devices or packages.

Health and safety
• Personnel should be alert to the
possibility of an incorrect marking
system being displayed
• As well as the normal hazards
associated with explosives, personnel
should also be aware of the possibility
of toxic emissions from burning
explosives.

Confirmation
Assessment will be based on this lesson and
the corresponding study note

Learning Outcomes
• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives
• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

THE END


Slide 4

Service Delivery 4
Explosives

Aim
To make students aware of the
operational procedures for dealing with
incidents involving explosives and the
marking systems in use to identify them.

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the session students will be able to:

• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives

• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

Nature of explosives
• All chemical explosives contain fuel
and oxygen
• Burn extremely quickly producing large
quantities of hot gasses

Nature of explosives
• ‘High Explosives’ propagate at
supersonic high velocity 1-10Km/sec
producing a blast wave
• ‘Low Explosives’ deflagrate at subsonic
low velocity up to 100m/sec.

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
Based on the UN system of 9
classes of dangerous goods:

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
•
•
•
•
•

Explosives
Gases
Flammable Liquids
Flammable Solids
Poisonous &
Infectious

• Radioactive
• Corrosives
• Miscellaneous
• Organic Peroxides.

Classification and labelling
Class 1 explosives are sub-divided into
hazard divisions;
1.1 Mass explosion hazard
1.2 Projection hazard, no mass
explosion

1.3 Fire hazard, minor blast and/or
minor projection, no mass
explosion.

Classification and labelling
1.4 Substances or articles that
present no significant hazard
1.5 Very insensitive substances that
have a mass explosion hazard
1.6 Extremely insensitive articles
that do not have a mass
explosion hazard.

Labelling

• Hazard division

• Compatibility group
• UN Class 1 explosive.

Marking of vehicles

Danger signs &
subsidiary danger
signs (if any)

Placarded vehicles may carry up to 16 tonnes of
explosives.

Exemptions
The Armed Forces are not subject to
requirement for placarding but the Ministry
of Defence through its Explosives Storage
and Transport Committee have voluntarily
adopted a similar placarding system.

Transport
• All vehicles carrying explosives must
be regarded as potentially hazardous
• Division 1.1 explosives present the
major hazard.

Transport
• The incident commander will decided
the extent to which fire fighting or
rescues might be attempted having
regard to the hazard and life risk
• The primary objective must be to
evacuate the public to at least 600
metres.

Firefighting
It is vitally important that we differentiate
between a fire or risk of fire that is;

• On or near the vehicle but not affecting
the load, nor likely to, and;
• An established fire involving the load or
threatening to spread to it.

Firefighting
Where the fire does not involve the load
such as a tyre or fire in the vehicle cab
priority must be given to extinguishing
the fire before it involves the load.

Firefighting
If the fire involves the load or is threatening it;

• Every possible effort must be directed
toward evacuating the area
• Only where this is clearly not possible
and the rapid application of water would
have a good chance should firefighters
be committed.

Protection
• Firefighters should not be committed
unless they are protected by an earth
banking or other substantial structure
at some distance from the incident
• An un-buttressed double brick wall
may not provide adequate protection.

Effects of explosions
Fatal injuries may arise from being struck by;

•
•
•
•
•

Vehicle parts
Packagings
Explosive debris
Person being thrown into the air
Being thrown against a solid object.

Effects of explosions
Some examples of the
effects of explosions on
persons of ‘average’
fitness;

50

5

16

99% survive lung damage

6m

38m

80m

kg

1% survive lung damage

tonnes tonnes

27m

50% eardrum rupture

12m

54m

80m

Missiles limit of throw.

150m 250m 2000m

Protection from explosions
To be protected requires;

• Distance
• Substantial cover
• Small buildings or vehicles offer little
protection
• Get below ground level if possible
• Or behind thick earth banking.

Radio communications

10 m
No Radios Closer
Than 10m
50 m

600 m

No appliance radios closer
than 50m
Keep public back at least 600 metres.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Covers precautions against fire, explosion,
theft and unauthorised access

• Prohibits carrying certain explosives
• Suitability of vehicle and freight containers

• Ensures mixed loads carried safely
• Placarding and marking of vehicles.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Ensures written information carried

• Supervision of vehicles
• Limits and duration of carriage

• Training of drivers and assistants.

Explosives
The driver of the vehicle must carry in writing the
following details in a consignment document;

• Division and compatibility group of each
explosive carried
• Net mass of each explosive carried
• Name & address of consignor
• If groups C,D or G whether it is a
substance or article.

Suspect devices
• Avoid the use of lights or any other
warning devices
• A 200m incident zone will have been
established within which the use of
radio equipment is strictly prohibited.

Suspect devices
• A message should be passed to
Brigade Control confirming the type of
device e.g. explosive or incendiary
device
• If an incendiary then the normal
predetermined attendance will be
mobilised to the incident.

Bomb alerts
Fire service personnel must not become
involved in the search for any suspect
devices or packages.

Health and safety
• Personnel should be alert to the
possibility of an incorrect marking
system being displayed
• As well as the normal hazards
associated with explosives, personnel
should also be aware of the possibility
of toxic emissions from burning
explosives.

Confirmation
Assessment will be based on this lesson and
the corresponding study note

Learning Outcomes
• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives
• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

THE END


Slide 5

Service Delivery 4
Explosives

Aim
To make students aware of the
operational procedures for dealing with
incidents involving explosives and the
marking systems in use to identify them.

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the session students will be able to:

• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives

• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

Nature of explosives
• All chemical explosives contain fuel
and oxygen
• Burn extremely quickly producing large
quantities of hot gasses

Nature of explosives
• ‘High Explosives’ propagate at
supersonic high velocity 1-10Km/sec
producing a blast wave
• ‘Low Explosives’ deflagrate at subsonic
low velocity up to 100m/sec.

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
Based on the UN system of 9
classes of dangerous goods:

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
•
•
•
•
•

Explosives
Gases
Flammable Liquids
Flammable Solids
Poisonous &
Infectious

• Radioactive
• Corrosives
• Miscellaneous
• Organic Peroxides.

Classification and labelling
Class 1 explosives are sub-divided into
hazard divisions;
1.1 Mass explosion hazard
1.2 Projection hazard, no mass
explosion

1.3 Fire hazard, minor blast and/or
minor projection, no mass
explosion.

Classification and labelling
1.4 Substances or articles that
present no significant hazard
1.5 Very insensitive substances that
have a mass explosion hazard
1.6 Extremely insensitive articles
that do not have a mass
explosion hazard.

Labelling

• Hazard division

• Compatibility group
• UN Class 1 explosive.

Marking of vehicles

Danger signs &
subsidiary danger
signs (if any)

Placarded vehicles may carry up to 16 tonnes of
explosives.

Exemptions
The Armed Forces are not subject to
requirement for placarding but the Ministry
of Defence through its Explosives Storage
and Transport Committee have voluntarily
adopted a similar placarding system.

Transport
• All vehicles carrying explosives must
be regarded as potentially hazardous
• Division 1.1 explosives present the
major hazard.

Transport
• The incident commander will decided
the extent to which fire fighting or
rescues might be attempted having
regard to the hazard and life risk
• The primary objective must be to
evacuate the public to at least 600
metres.

Firefighting
It is vitally important that we differentiate
between a fire or risk of fire that is;

• On or near the vehicle but not affecting
the load, nor likely to, and;
• An established fire involving the load or
threatening to spread to it.

Firefighting
Where the fire does not involve the load
such as a tyre or fire in the vehicle cab
priority must be given to extinguishing
the fire before it involves the load.

Firefighting
If the fire involves the load or is threatening it;

• Every possible effort must be directed
toward evacuating the area
• Only where this is clearly not possible
and the rapid application of water would
have a good chance should firefighters
be committed.

Protection
• Firefighters should not be committed
unless they are protected by an earth
banking or other substantial structure
at some distance from the incident
• An un-buttressed double brick wall
may not provide adequate protection.

Effects of explosions
Fatal injuries may arise from being struck by;

•
•
•
•
•

Vehicle parts
Packagings
Explosive debris
Person being thrown into the air
Being thrown against a solid object.

Effects of explosions
Some examples of the
effects of explosions on
persons of ‘average’
fitness;

50

5

16

99% survive lung damage

6m

38m

80m

kg

1% survive lung damage

tonnes tonnes

27m

50% eardrum rupture

12m

54m

80m

Missiles limit of throw.

150m 250m 2000m

Protection from explosions
To be protected requires;

• Distance
• Substantial cover
• Small buildings or vehicles offer little
protection
• Get below ground level if possible
• Or behind thick earth banking.

Radio communications

10 m
No Radios Closer
Than 10m
50 m

600 m

No appliance radios closer
than 50m
Keep public back at least 600 metres.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Covers precautions against fire, explosion,
theft and unauthorised access

• Prohibits carrying certain explosives
• Suitability of vehicle and freight containers

• Ensures mixed loads carried safely
• Placarding and marking of vehicles.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Ensures written information carried

• Supervision of vehicles
• Limits and duration of carriage

• Training of drivers and assistants.

Explosives
The driver of the vehicle must carry in writing the
following details in a consignment document;

• Division and compatibility group of each
explosive carried
• Net mass of each explosive carried
• Name & address of consignor
• If groups C,D or G whether it is a
substance or article.

Suspect devices
• Avoid the use of lights or any other
warning devices
• A 200m incident zone will have been
established within which the use of
radio equipment is strictly prohibited.

Suspect devices
• A message should be passed to
Brigade Control confirming the type of
device e.g. explosive or incendiary
device
• If an incendiary then the normal
predetermined attendance will be
mobilised to the incident.

Bomb alerts
Fire service personnel must not become
involved in the search for any suspect
devices or packages.

Health and safety
• Personnel should be alert to the
possibility of an incorrect marking
system being displayed
• As well as the normal hazards
associated with explosives, personnel
should also be aware of the possibility
of toxic emissions from burning
explosives.

Confirmation
Assessment will be based on this lesson and
the corresponding study note

Learning Outcomes
• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives
• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

THE END


Slide 6

Service Delivery 4
Explosives

Aim
To make students aware of the
operational procedures for dealing with
incidents involving explosives and the
marking systems in use to identify them.

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the session students will be able to:

• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives

• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

Nature of explosives
• All chemical explosives contain fuel
and oxygen
• Burn extremely quickly producing large
quantities of hot gasses

Nature of explosives
• ‘High Explosives’ propagate at
supersonic high velocity 1-10Km/sec
producing a blast wave
• ‘Low Explosives’ deflagrate at subsonic
low velocity up to 100m/sec.

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
Based on the UN system of 9
classes of dangerous goods:

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
•
•
•
•
•

Explosives
Gases
Flammable Liquids
Flammable Solids
Poisonous &
Infectious

• Radioactive
• Corrosives
• Miscellaneous
• Organic Peroxides.

Classification and labelling
Class 1 explosives are sub-divided into
hazard divisions;
1.1 Mass explosion hazard
1.2 Projection hazard, no mass
explosion

1.3 Fire hazard, minor blast and/or
minor projection, no mass
explosion.

Classification and labelling
1.4 Substances or articles that
present no significant hazard
1.5 Very insensitive substances that
have a mass explosion hazard
1.6 Extremely insensitive articles
that do not have a mass
explosion hazard.

Labelling

• Hazard division

• Compatibility group
• UN Class 1 explosive.

Marking of vehicles

Danger signs &
subsidiary danger
signs (if any)

Placarded vehicles may carry up to 16 tonnes of
explosives.

Exemptions
The Armed Forces are not subject to
requirement for placarding but the Ministry
of Defence through its Explosives Storage
and Transport Committee have voluntarily
adopted a similar placarding system.

Transport
• All vehicles carrying explosives must
be regarded as potentially hazardous
• Division 1.1 explosives present the
major hazard.

Transport
• The incident commander will decided
the extent to which fire fighting or
rescues might be attempted having
regard to the hazard and life risk
• The primary objective must be to
evacuate the public to at least 600
metres.

Firefighting
It is vitally important that we differentiate
between a fire or risk of fire that is;

• On or near the vehicle but not affecting
the load, nor likely to, and;
• An established fire involving the load or
threatening to spread to it.

Firefighting
Where the fire does not involve the load
such as a tyre or fire in the vehicle cab
priority must be given to extinguishing
the fire before it involves the load.

Firefighting
If the fire involves the load or is threatening it;

• Every possible effort must be directed
toward evacuating the area
• Only where this is clearly not possible
and the rapid application of water would
have a good chance should firefighters
be committed.

Protection
• Firefighters should not be committed
unless they are protected by an earth
banking or other substantial structure
at some distance from the incident
• An un-buttressed double brick wall
may not provide adequate protection.

Effects of explosions
Fatal injuries may arise from being struck by;

•
•
•
•
•

Vehicle parts
Packagings
Explosive debris
Person being thrown into the air
Being thrown against a solid object.

Effects of explosions
Some examples of the
effects of explosions on
persons of ‘average’
fitness;

50

5

16

99% survive lung damage

6m

38m

80m

kg

1% survive lung damage

tonnes tonnes

27m

50% eardrum rupture

12m

54m

80m

Missiles limit of throw.

150m 250m 2000m

Protection from explosions
To be protected requires;

• Distance
• Substantial cover
• Small buildings or vehicles offer little
protection
• Get below ground level if possible
• Or behind thick earth banking.

Radio communications

10 m
No Radios Closer
Than 10m
50 m

600 m

No appliance radios closer
than 50m
Keep public back at least 600 metres.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Covers precautions against fire, explosion,
theft and unauthorised access

• Prohibits carrying certain explosives
• Suitability of vehicle and freight containers

• Ensures mixed loads carried safely
• Placarding and marking of vehicles.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Ensures written information carried

• Supervision of vehicles
• Limits and duration of carriage

• Training of drivers and assistants.

Explosives
The driver of the vehicle must carry in writing the
following details in a consignment document;

• Division and compatibility group of each
explosive carried
• Net mass of each explosive carried
• Name & address of consignor
• If groups C,D or G whether it is a
substance or article.

Suspect devices
• Avoid the use of lights or any other
warning devices
• A 200m incident zone will have been
established within which the use of
radio equipment is strictly prohibited.

Suspect devices
• A message should be passed to
Brigade Control confirming the type of
device e.g. explosive or incendiary
device
• If an incendiary then the normal
predetermined attendance will be
mobilised to the incident.

Bomb alerts
Fire service personnel must not become
involved in the search for any suspect
devices or packages.

Health and safety
• Personnel should be alert to the
possibility of an incorrect marking
system being displayed
• As well as the normal hazards
associated with explosives, personnel
should also be aware of the possibility
of toxic emissions from burning
explosives.

Confirmation
Assessment will be based on this lesson and
the corresponding study note

Learning Outcomes
• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives
• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

THE END


Slide 7

Service Delivery 4
Explosives

Aim
To make students aware of the
operational procedures for dealing with
incidents involving explosives and the
marking systems in use to identify them.

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the session students will be able to:

• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives

• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

Nature of explosives
• All chemical explosives contain fuel
and oxygen
• Burn extremely quickly producing large
quantities of hot gasses

Nature of explosives
• ‘High Explosives’ propagate at
supersonic high velocity 1-10Km/sec
producing a blast wave
• ‘Low Explosives’ deflagrate at subsonic
low velocity up to 100m/sec.

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
Based on the UN system of 9
classes of dangerous goods:

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
•
•
•
•
•

Explosives
Gases
Flammable Liquids
Flammable Solids
Poisonous &
Infectious

• Radioactive
• Corrosives
• Miscellaneous
• Organic Peroxides.

Classification and labelling
Class 1 explosives are sub-divided into
hazard divisions;
1.1 Mass explosion hazard
1.2 Projection hazard, no mass
explosion

1.3 Fire hazard, minor blast and/or
minor projection, no mass
explosion.

Classification and labelling
1.4 Substances or articles that
present no significant hazard
1.5 Very insensitive substances that
have a mass explosion hazard
1.6 Extremely insensitive articles
that do not have a mass
explosion hazard.

Labelling

• Hazard division

• Compatibility group
• UN Class 1 explosive.

Marking of vehicles

Danger signs &
subsidiary danger
signs (if any)

Placarded vehicles may carry up to 16 tonnes of
explosives.

Exemptions
The Armed Forces are not subject to
requirement for placarding but the Ministry
of Defence through its Explosives Storage
and Transport Committee have voluntarily
adopted a similar placarding system.

Transport
• All vehicles carrying explosives must
be regarded as potentially hazardous
• Division 1.1 explosives present the
major hazard.

Transport
• The incident commander will decided
the extent to which fire fighting or
rescues might be attempted having
regard to the hazard and life risk
• The primary objective must be to
evacuate the public to at least 600
metres.

Firefighting
It is vitally important that we differentiate
between a fire or risk of fire that is;

• On or near the vehicle but not affecting
the load, nor likely to, and;
• An established fire involving the load or
threatening to spread to it.

Firefighting
Where the fire does not involve the load
such as a tyre or fire in the vehicle cab
priority must be given to extinguishing
the fire before it involves the load.

Firefighting
If the fire involves the load or is threatening it;

• Every possible effort must be directed
toward evacuating the area
• Only where this is clearly not possible
and the rapid application of water would
have a good chance should firefighters
be committed.

Protection
• Firefighters should not be committed
unless they are protected by an earth
banking or other substantial structure
at some distance from the incident
• An un-buttressed double brick wall
may not provide adequate protection.

Effects of explosions
Fatal injuries may arise from being struck by;

•
•
•
•
•

Vehicle parts
Packagings
Explosive debris
Person being thrown into the air
Being thrown against a solid object.

Effects of explosions
Some examples of the
effects of explosions on
persons of ‘average’
fitness;

50

5

16

99% survive lung damage

6m

38m

80m

kg

1% survive lung damage

tonnes tonnes

27m

50% eardrum rupture

12m

54m

80m

Missiles limit of throw.

150m 250m 2000m

Protection from explosions
To be protected requires;

• Distance
• Substantial cover
• Small buildings or vehicles offer little
protection
• Get below ground level if possible
• Or behind thick earth banking.

Radio communications

10 m
No Radios Closer
Than 10m
50 m

600 m

No appliance radios closer
than 50m
Keep public back at least 600 metres.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Covers precautions against fire, explosion,
theft and unauthorised access

• Prohibits carrying certain explosives
• Suitability of vehicle and freight containers

• Ensures mixed loads carried safely
• Placarding and marking of vehicles.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Ensures written information carried

• Supervision of vehicles
• Limits and duration of carriage

• Training of drivers and assistants.

Explosives
The driver of the vehicle must carry in writing the
following details in a consignment document;

• Division and compatibility group of each
explosive carried
• Net mass of each explosive carried
• Name & address of consignor
• If groups C,D or G whether it is a
substance or article.

Suspect devices
• Avoid the use of lights or any other
warning devices
• A 200m incident zone will have been
established within which the use of
radio equipment is strictly prohibited.

Suspect devices
• A message should be passed to
Brigade Control confirming the type of
device e.g. explosive or incendiary
device
• If an incendiary then the normal
predetermined attendance will be
mobilised to the incident.

Bomb alerts
Fire service personnel must not become
involved in the search for any suspect
devices or packages.

Health and safety
• Personnel should be alert to the
possibility of an incorrect marking
system being displayed
• As well as the normal hazards
associated with explosives, personnel
should also be aware of the possibility
of toxic emissions from burning
explosives.

Confirmation
Assessment will be based on this lesson and
the corresponding study note

Learning Outcomes
• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives
• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

THE END


Slide 8

Service Delivery 4
Explosives

Aim
To make students aware of the
operational procedures for dealing with
incidents involving explosives and the
marking systems in use to identify them.

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the session students will be able to:

• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives

• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

Nature of explosives
• All chemical explosives contain fuel
and oxygen
• Burn extremely quickly producing large
quantities of hot gasses

Nature of explosives
• ‘High Explosives’ propagate at
supersonic high velocity 1-10Km/sec
producing a blast wave
• ‘Low Explosives’ deflagrate at subsonic
low velocity up to 100m/sec.

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
Based on the UN system of 9
classes of dangerous goods:

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
•
•
•
•
•

Explosives
Gases
Flammable Liquids
Flammable Solids
Poisonous &
Infectious

• Radioactive
• Corrosives
• Miscellaneous
• Organic Peroxides.

Classification and labelling
Class 1 explosives are sub-divided into
hazard divisions;
1.1 Mass explosion hazard
1.2 Projection hazard, no mass
explosion

1.3 Fire hazard, minor blast and/or
minor projection, no mass
explosion.

Classification and labelling
1.4 Substances or articles that
present no significant hazard
1.5 Very insensitive substances that
have a mass explosion hazard
1.6 Extremely insensitive articles
that do not have a mass
explosion hazard.

Labelling

• Hazard division

• Compatibility group
• UN Class 1 explosive.

Marking of vehicles

Danger signs &
subsidiary danger
signs (if any)

Placarded vehicles may carry up to 16 tonnes of
explosives.

Exemptions
The Armed Forces are not subject to
requirement for placarding but the Ministry
of Defence through its Explosives Storage
and Transport Committee have voluntarily
adopted a similar placarding system.

Transport
• All vehicles carrying explosives must
be regarded as potentially hazardous
• Division 1.1 explosives present the
major hazard.

Transport
• The incident commander will decided
the extent to which fire fighting or
rescues might be attempted having
regard to the hazard and life risk
• The primary objective must be to
evacuate the public to at least 600
metres.

Firefighting
It is vitally important that we differentiate
between a fire or risk of fire that is;

• On or near the vehicle but not affecting
the load, nor likely to, and;
• An established fire involving the load or
threatening to spread to it.

Firefighting
Where the fire does not involve the load
such as a tyre or fire in the vehicle cab
priority must be given to extinguishing
the fire before it involves the load.

Firefighting
If the fire involves the load or is threatening it;

• Every possible effort must be directed
toward evacuating the area
• Only where this is clearly not possible
and the rapid application of water would
have a good chance should firefighters
be committed.

Protection
• Firefighters should not be committed
unless they are protected by an earth
banking or other substantial structure
at some distance from the incident
• An un-buttressed double brick wall
may not provide adequate protection.

Effects of explosions
Fatal injuries may arise from being struck by;

•
•
•
•
•

Vehicle parts
Packagings
Explosive debris
Person being thrown into the air
Being thrown against a solid object.

Effects of explosions
Some examples of the
effects of explosions on
persons of ‘average’
fitness;

50

5

16

99% survive lung damage

6m

38m

80m

kg

1% survive lung damage

tonnes tonnes

27m

50% eardrum rupture

12m

54m

80m

Missiles limit of throw.

150m 250m 2000m

Protection from explosions
To be protected requires;

• Distance
• Substantial cover
• Small buildings or vehicles offer little
protection
• Get below ground level if possible
• Or behind thick earth banking.

Radio communications

10 m
No Radios Closer
Than 10m
50 m

600 m

No appliance radios closer
than 50m
Keep public back at least 600 metres.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Covers precautions against fire, explosion,
theft and unauthorised access

• Prohibits carrying certain explosives
• Suitability of vehicle and freight containers

• Ensures mixed loads carried safely
• Placarding and marking of vehicles.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Ensures written information carried

• Supervision of vehicles
• Limits and duration of carriage

• Training of drivers and assistants.

Explosives
The driver of the vehicle must carry in writing the
following details in a consignment document;

• Division and compatibility group of each
explosive carried
• Net mass of each explosive carried
• Name & address of consignor
• If groups C,D or G whether it is a
substance or article.

Suspect devices
• Avoid the use of lights or any other
warning devices
• A 200m incident zone will have been
established within which the use of
radio equipment is strictly prohibited.

Suspect devices
• A message should be passed to
Brigade Control confirming the type of
device e.g. explosive or incendiary
device
• If an incendiary then the normal
predetermined attendance will be
mobilised to the incident.

Bomb alerts
Fire service personnel must not become
involved in the search for any suspect
devices or packages.

Health and safety
• Personnel should be alert to the
possibility of an incorrect marking
system being displayed
• As well as the normal hazards
associated with explosives, personnel
should also be aware of the possibility
of toxic emissions from burning
explosives.

Confirmation
Assessment will be based on this lesson and
the corresponding study note

Learning Outcomes
• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives
• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

THE END


Slide 9

Service Delivery 4
Explosives

Aim
To make students aware of the
operational procedures for dealing with
incidents involving explosives and the
marking systems in use to identify them.

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the session students will be able to:

• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives

• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

Nature of explosives
• All chemical explosives contain fuel
and oxygen
• Burn extremely quickly producing large
quantities of hot gasses

Nature of explosives
• ‘High Explosives’ propagate at
supersonic high velocity 1-10Km/sec
producing a blast wave
• ‘Low Explosives’ deflagrate at subsonic
low velocity up to 100m/sec.

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
Based on the UN system of 9
classes of dangerous goods:

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
•
•
•
•
•

Explosives
Gases
Flammable Liquids
Flammable Solids
Poisonous &
Infectious

• Radioactive
• Corrosives
• Miscellaneous
• Organic Peroxides.

Classification and labelling
Class 1 explosives are sub-divided into
hazard divisions;
1.1 Mass explosion hazard
1.2 Projection hazard, no mass
explosion

1.3 Fire hazard, minor blast and/or
minor projection, no mass
explosion.

Classification and labelling
1.4 Substances or articles that
present no significant hazard
1.5 Very insensitive substances that
have a mass explosion hazard
1.6 Extremely insensitive articles
that do not have a mass
explosion hazard.

Labelling

• Hazard division

• Compatibility group
• UN Class 1 explosive.

Marking of vehicles

Danger signs &
subsidiary danger
signs (if any)

Placarded vehicles may carry up to 16 tonnes of
explosives.

Exemptions
The Armed Forces are not subject to
requirement for placarding but the Ministry
of Defence through its Explosives Storage
and Transport Committee have voluntarily
adopted a similar placarding system.

Transport
• All vehicles carrying explosives must
be regarded as potentially hazardous
• Division 1.1 explosives present the
major hazard.

Transport
• The incident commander will decided
the extent to which fire fighting or
rescues might be attempted having
regard to the hazard and life risk
• The primary objective must be to
evacuate the public to at least 600
metres.

Firefighting
It is vitally important that we differentiate
between a fire or risk of fire that is;

• On or near the vehicle but not affecting
the load, nor likely to, and;
• An established fire involving the load or
threatening to spread to it.

Firefighting
Where the fire does not involve the load
such as a tyre or fire in the vehicle cab
priority must be given to extinguishing
the fire before it involves the load.

Firefighting
If the fire involves the load or is threatening it;

• Every possible effort must be directed
toward evacuating the area
• Only where this is clearly not possible
and the rapid application of water would
have a good chance should firefighters
be committed.

Protection
• Firefighters should not be committed
unless they are protected by an earth
banking or other substantial structure
at some distance from the incident
• An un-buttressed double brick wall
may not provide adequate protection.

Effects of explosions
Fatal injuries may arise from being struck by;

•
•
•
•
•

Vehicle parts
Packagings
Explosive debris
Person being thrown into the air
Being thrown against a solid object.

Effects of explosions
Some examples of the
effects of explosions on
persons of ‘average’
fitness;

50

5

16

99% survive lung damage

6m

38m

80m

kg

1% survive lung damage

tonnes tonnes

27m

50% eardrum rupture

12m

54m

80m

Missiles limit of throw.

150m 250m 2000m

Protection from explosions
To be protected requires;

• Distance
• Substantial cover
• Small buildings or vehicles offer little
protection
• Get below ground level if possible
• Or behind thick earth banking.

Radio communications

10 m
No Radios Closer
Than 10m
50 m

600 m

No appliance radios closer
than 50m
Keep public back at least 600 metres.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Covers precautions against fire, explosion,
theft and unauthorised access

• Prohibits carrying certain explosives
• Suitability of vehicle and freight containers

• Ensures mixed loads carried safely
• Placarding and marking of vehicles.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Ensures written information carried

• Supervision of vehicles
• Limits and duration of carriage

• Training of drivers and assistants.

Explosives
The driver of the vehicle must carry in writing the
following details in a consignment document;

• Division and compatibility group of each
explosive carried
• Net mass of each explosive carried
• Name & address of consignor
• If groups C,D or G whether it is a
substance or article.

Suspect devices
• Avoid the use of lights or any other
warning devices
• A 200m incident zone will have been
established within which the use of
radio equipment is strictly prohibited.

Suspect devices
• A message should be passed to
Brigade Control confirming the type of
device e.g. explosive or incendiary
device
• If an incendiary then the normal
predetermined attendance will be
mobilised to the incident.

Bomb alerts
Fire service personnel must not become
involved in the search for any suspect
devices or packages.

Health and safety
• Personnel should be alert to the
possibility of an incorrect marking
system being displayed
• As well as the normal hazards
associated with explosives, personnel
should also be aware of the possibility
of toxic emissions from burning
explosives.

Confirmation
Assessment will be based on this lesson and
the corresponding study note

Learning Outcomes
• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives
• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

THE END


Slide 10

Service Delivery 4
Explosives

Aim
To make students aware of the
operational procedures for dealing with
incidents involving explosives and the
marking systems in use to identify them.

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the session students will be able to:

• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives

• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

Nature of explosives
• All chemical explosives contain fuel
and oxygen
• Burn extremely quickly producing large
quantities of hot gasses

Nature of explosives
• ‘High Explosives’ propagate at
supersonic high velocity 1-10Km/sec
producing a blast wave
• ‘Low Explosives’ deflagrate at subsonic
low velocity up to 100m/sec.

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
Based on the UN system of 9
classes of dangerous goods:

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
•
•
•
•
•

Explosives
Gases
Flammable Liquids
Flammable Solids
Poisonous &
Infectious

• Radioactive
• Corrosives
• Miscellaneous
• Organic Peroxides.

Classification and labelling
Class 1 explosives are sub-divided into
hazard divisions;
1.1 Mass explosion hazard
1.2 Projection hazard, no mass
explosion

1.3 Fire hazard, minor blast and/or
minor projection, no mass
explosion.

Classification and labelling
1.4 Substances or articles that
present no significant hazard
1.5 Very insensitive substances that
have a mass explosion hazard
1.6 Extremely insensitive articles
that do not have a mass
explosion hazard.

Labelling

• Hazard division

• Compatibility group
• UN Class 1 explosive.

Marking of vehicles

Danger signs &
subsidiary danger
signs (if any)

Placarded vehicles may carry up to 16 tonnes of
explosives.

Exemptions
The Armed Forces are not subject to
requirement for placarding but the Ministry
of Defence through its Explosives Storage
and Transport Committee have voluntarily
adopted a similar placarding system.

Transport
• All vehicles carrying explosives must
be regarded as potentially hazardous
• Division 1.1 explosives present the
major hazard.

Transport
• The incident commander will decided
the extent to which fire fighting or
rescues might be attempted having
regard to the hazard and life risk
• The primary objective must be to
evacuate the public to at least 600
metres.

Firefighting
It is vitally important that we differentiate
between a fire or risk of fire that is;

• On or near the vehicle but not affecting
the load, nor likely to, and;
• An established fire involving the load or
threatening to spread to it.

Firefighting
Where the fire does not involve the load
such as a tyre or fire in the vehicle cab
priority must be given to extinguishing
the fire before it involves the load.

Firefighting
If the fire involves the load or is threatening it;

• Every possible effort must be directed
toward evacuating the area
• Only where this is clearly not possible
and the rapid application of water would
have a good chance should firefighters
be committed.

Protection
• Firefighters should not be committed
unless they are protected by an earth
banking or other substantial structure
at some distance from the incident
• An un-buttressed double brick wall
may not provide adequate protection.

Effects of explosions
Fatal injuries may arise from being struck by;

•
•
•
•
•

Vehicle parts
Packagings
Explosive debris
Person being thrown into the air
Being thrown against a solid object.

Effects of explosions
Some examples of the
effects of explosions on
persons of ‘average’
fitness;

50

5

16

99% survive lung damage

6m

38m

80m

kg

1% survive lung damage

tonnes tonnes

27m

50% eardrum rupture

12m

54m

80m

Missiles limit of throw.

150m 250m 2000m

Protection from explosions
To be protected requires;

• Distance
• Substantial cover
• Small buildings or vehicles offer little
protection
• Get below ground level if possible
• Or behind thick earth banking.

Radio communications

10 m
No Radios Closer
Than 10m
50 m

600 m

No appliance radios closer
than 50m
Keep public back at least 600 metres.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Covers precautions against fire, explosion,
theft and unauthorised access

• Prohibits carrying certain explosives
• Suitability of vehicle and freight containers

• Ensures mixed loads carried safely
• Placarding and marking of vehicles.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Ensures written information carried

• Supervision of vehicles
• Limits and duration of carriage

• Training of drivers and assistants.

Explosives
The driver of the vehicle must carry in writing the
following details in a consignment document;

• Division and compatibility group of each
explosive carried
• Net mass of each explosive carried
• Name & address of consignor
• If groups C,D or G whether it is a
substance or article.

Suspect devices
• Avoid the use of lights or any other
warning devices
• A 200m incident zone will have been
established within which the use of
radio equipment is strictly prohibited.

Suspect devices
• A message should be passed to
Brigade Control confirming the type of
device e.g. explosive or incendiary
device
• If an incendiary then the normal
predetermined attendance will be
mobilised to the incident.

Bomb alerts
Fire service personnel must not become
involved in the search for any suspect
devices or packages.

Health and safety
• Personnel should be alert to the
possibility of an incorrect marking
system being displayed
• As well as the normal hazards
associated with explosives, personnel
should also be aware of the possibility
of toxic emissions from burning
explosives.

Confirmation
Assessment will be based on this lesson and
the corresponding study note

Learning Outcomes
• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives
• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

THE END


Slide 11

Service Delivery 4
Explosives

Aim
To make students aware of the
operational procedures for dealing with
incidents involving explosives and the
marking systems in use to identify them.

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the session students will be able to:

• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives

• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

Nature of explosives
• All chemical explosives contain fuel
and oxygen
• Burn extremely quickly producing large
quantities of hot gasses

Nature of explosives
• ‘High Explosives’ propagate at
supersonic high velocity 1-10Km/sec
producing a blast wave
• ‘Low Explosives’ deflagrate at subsonic
low velocity up to 100m/sec.

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
Based on the UN system of 9
classes of dangerous goods:

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
•
•
•
•
•

Explosives
Gases
Flammable Liquids
Flammable Solids
Poisonous &
Infectious

• Radioactive
• Corrosives
• Miscellaneous
• Organic Peroxides.

Classification and labelling
Class 1 explosives are sub-divided into
hazard divisions;
1.1 Mass explosion hazard
1.2 Projection hazard, no mass
explosion

1.3 Fire hazard, minor blast and/or
minor projection, no mass
explosion.

Classification and labelling
1.4 Substances or articles that
present no significant hazard
1.5 Very insensitive substances that
have a mass explosion hazard
1.6 Extremely insensitive articles
that do not have a mass
explosion hazard.

Labelling

• Hazard division

• Compatibility group
• UN Class 1 explosive.

Marking of vehicles

Danger signs &
subsidiary danger
signs (if any)

Placarded vehicles may carry up to 16 tonnes of
explosives.

Exemptions
The Armed Forces are not subject to
requirement for placarding but the Ministry
of Defence through its Explosives Storage
and Transport Committee have voluntarily
adopted a similar placarding system.

Transport
• All vehicles carrying explosives must
be regarded as potentially hazardous
• Division 1.1 explosives present the
major hazard.

Transport
• The incident commander will decided
the extent to which fire fighting or
rescues might be attempted having
regard to the hazard and life risk
• The primary objective must be to
evacuate the public to at least 600
metres.

Firefighting
It is vitally important that we differentiate
between a fire or risk of fire that is;

• On or near the vehicle but not affecting
the load, nor likely to, and;
• An established fire involving the load or
threatening to spread to it.

Firefighting
Where the fire does not involve the load
such as a tyre or fire in the vehicle cab
priority must be given to extinguishing
the fire before it involves the load.

Firefighting
If the fire involves the load or is threatening it;

• Every possible effort must be directed
toward evacuating the area
• Only where this is clearly not possible
and the rapid application of water would
have a good chance should firefighters
be committed.

Protection
• Firefighters should not be committed
unless they are protected by an earth
banking or other substantial structure
at some distance from the incident
• An un-buttressed double brick wall
may not provide adequate protection.

Effects of explosions
Fatal injuries may arise from being struck by;

•
•
•
•
•

Vehicle parts
Packagings
Explosive debris
Person being thrown into the air
Being thrown against a solid object.

Effects of explosions
Some examples of the
effects of explosions on
persons of ‘average’
fitness;

50

5

16

99% survive lung damage

6m

38m

80m

kg

1% survive lung damage

tonnes tonnes

27m

50% eardrum rupture

12m

54m

80m

Missiles limit of throw.

150m 250m 2000m

Protection from explosions
To be protected requires;

• Distance
• Substantial cover
• Small buildings or vehicles offer little
protection
• Get below ground level if possible
• Or behind thick earth banking.

Radio communications

10 m
No Radios Closer
Than 10m
50 m

600 m

No appliance radios closer
than 50m
Keep public back at least 600 metres.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Covers precautions against fire, explosion,
theft and unauthorised access

• Prohibits carrying certain explosives
• Suitability of vehicle and freight containers

• Ensures mixed loads carried safely
• Placarding and marking of vehicles.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Ensures written information carried

• Supervision of vehicles
• Limits and duration of carriage

• Training of drivers and assistants.

Explosives
The driver of the vehicle must carry in writing the
following details in a consignment document;

• Division and compatibility group of each
explosive carried
• Net mass of each explosive carried
• Name & address of consignor
• If groups C,D or G whether it is a
substance or article.

Suspect devices
• Avoid the use of lights or any other
warning devices
• A 200m incident zone will have been
established within which the use of
radio equipment is strictly prohibited.

Suspect devices
• A message should be passed to
Brigade Control confirming the type of
device e.g. explosive or incendiary
device
• If an incendiary then the normal
predetermined attendance will be
mobilised to the incident.

Bomb alerts
Fire service personnel must not become
involved in the search for any suspect
devices or packages.

Health and safety
• Personnel should be alert to the
possibility of an incorrect marking
system being displayed
• As well as the normal hazards
associated with explosives, personnel
should also be aware of the possibility
of toxic emissions from burning
explosives.

Confirmation
Assessment will be based on this lesson and
the corresponding study note

Learning Outcomes
• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives
• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

THE END


Slide 12

Service Delivery 4
Explosives

Aim
To make students aware of the
operational procedures for dealing with
incidents involving explosives and the
marking systems in use to identify them.

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the session students will be able to:

• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives

• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

Nature of explosives
• All chemical explosives contain fuel
and oxygen
• Burn extremely quickly producing large
quantities of hot gasses

Nature of explosives
• ‘High Explosives’ propagate at
supersonic high velocity 1-10Km/sec
producing a blast wave
• ‘Low Explosives’ deflagrate at subsonic
low velocity up to 100m/sec.

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
Based on the UN system of 9
classes of dangerous goods:

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
•
•
•
•
•

Explosives
Gases
Flammable Liquids
Flammable Solids
Poisonous &
Infectious

• Radioactive
• Corrosives
• Miscellaneous
• Organic Peroxides.

Classification and labelling
Class 1 explosives are sub-divided into
hazard divisions;
1.1 Mass explosion hazard
1.2 Projection hazard, no mass
explosion

1.3 Fire hazard, minor blast and/or
minor projection, no mass
explosion.

Classification and labelling
1.4 Substances or articles that
present no significant hazard
1.5 Very insensitive substances that
have a mass explosion hazard
1.6 Extremely insensitive articles
that do not have a mass
explosion hazard.

Labelling

• Hazard division

• Compatibility group
• UN Class 1 explosive.

Marking of vehicles

Danger signs &
subsidiary danger
signs (if any)

Placarded vehicles may carry up to 16 tonnes of
explosives.

Exemptions
The Armed Forces are not subject to
requirement for placarding but the Ministry
of Defence through its Explosives Storage
and Transport Committee have voluntarily
adopted a similar placarding system.

Transport
• All vehicles carrying explosives must
be regarded as potentially hazardous
• Division 1.1 explosives present the
major hazard.

Transport
• The incident commander will decided
the extent to which fire fighting or
rescues might be attempted having
regard to the hazard and life risk
• The primary objective must be to
evacuate the public to at least 600
metres.

Firefighting
It is vitally important that we differentiate
between a fire or risk of fire that is;

• On or near the vehicle but not affecting
the load, nor likely to, and;
• An established fire involving the load or
threatening to spread to it.

Firefighting
Where the fire does not involve the load
such as a tyre or fire in the vehicle cab
priority must be given to extinguishing
the fire before it involves the load.

Firefighting
If the fire involves the load or is threatening it;

• Every possible effort must be directed
toward evacuating the area
• Only where this is clearly not possible
and the rapid application of water would
have a good chance should firefighters
be committed.

Protection
• Firefighters should not be committed
unless they are protected by an earth
banking or other substantial structure
at some distance from the incident
• An un-buttressed double brick wall
may not provide adequate protection.

Effects of explosions
Fatal injuries may arise from being struck by;

•
•
•
•
•

Vehicle parts
Packagings
Explosive debris
Person being thrown into the air
Being thrown against a solid object.

Effects of explosions
Some examples of the
effects of explosions on
persons of ‘average’
fitness;

50

5

16

99% survive lung damage

6m

38m

80m

kg

1% survive lung damage

tonnes tonnes

27m

50% eardrum rupture

12m

54m

80m

Missiles limit of throw.

150m 250m 2000m

Protection from explosions
To be protected requires;

• Distance
• Substantial cover
• Small buildings or vehicles offer little
protection
• Get below ground level if possible
• Or behind thick earth banking.

Radio communications

10 m
No Radios Closer
Than 10m
50 m

600 m

No appliance radios closer
than 50m
Keep public back at least 600 metres.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Covers precautions against fire, explosion,
theft and unauthorised access

• Prohibits carrying certain explosives
• Suitability of vehicle and freight containers

• Ensures mixed loads carried safely
• Placarding and marking of vehicles.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Ensures written information carried

• Supervision of vehicles
• Limits and duration of carriage

• Training of drivers and assistants.

Explosives
The driver of the vehicle must carry in writing the
following details in a consignment document;

• Division and compatibility group of each
explosive carried
• Net mass of each explosive carried
• Name & address of consignor
• If groups C,D or G whether it is a
substance or article.

Suspect devices
• Avoid the use of lights or any other
warning devices
• A 200m incident zone will have been
established within which the use of
radio equipment is strictly prohibited.

Suspect devices
• A message should be passed to
Brigade Control confirming the type of
device e.g. explosive or incendiary
device
• If an incendiary then the normal
predetermined attendance will be
mobilised to the incident.

Bomb alerts
Fire service personnel must not become
involved in the search for any suspect
devices or packages.

Health and safety
• Personnel should be alert to the
possibility of an incorrect marking
system being displayed
• As well as the normal hazards
associated with explosives, personnel
should also be aware of the possibility
of toxic emissions from burning
explosives.

Confirmation
Assessment will be based on this lesson and
the corresponding study note

Learning Outcomes
• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives
• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

THE END


Slide 13

Service Delivery 4
Explosives

Aim
To make students aware of the
operational procedures for dealing with
incidents involving explosives and the
marking systems in use to identify them.

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the session students will be able to:

• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives

• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

Nature of explosives
• All chemical explosives contain fuel
and oxygen
• Burn extremely quickly producing large
quantities of hot gasses

Nature of explosives
• ‘High Explosives’ propagate at
supersonic high velocity 1-10Km/sec
producing a blast wave
• ‘Low Explosives’ deflagrate at subsonic
low velocity up to 100m/sec.

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
Based on the UN system of 9
classes of dangerous goods:

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
•
•
•
•
•

Explosives
Gases
Flammable Liquids
Flammable Solids
Poisonous &
Infectious

• Radioactive
• Corrosives
• Miscellaneous
• Organic Peroxides.

Classification and labelling
Class 1 explosives are sub-divided into
hazard divisions;
1.1 Mass explosion hazard
1.2 Projection hazard, no mass
explosion

1.3 Fire hazard, minor blast and/or
minor projection, no mass
explosion.

Classification and labelling
1.4 Substances or articles that
present no significant hazard
1.5 Very insensitive substances that
have a mass explosion hazard
1.6 Extremely insensitive articles
that do not have a mass
explosion hazard.

Labelling

• Hazard division

• Compatibility group
• UN Class 1 explosive.

Marking of vehicles

Danger signs &
subsidiary danger
signs (if any)

Placarded vehicles may carry up to 16 tonnes of
explosives.

Exemptions
The Armed Forces are not subject to
requirement for placarding but the Ministry
of Defence through its Explosives Storage
and Transport Committee have voluntarily
adopted a similar placarding system.

Transport
• All vehicles carrying explosives must
be regarded as potentially hazardous
• Division 1.1 explosives present the
major hazard.

Transport
• The incident commander will decided
the extent to which fire fighting or
rescues might be attempted having
regard to the hazard and life risk
• The primary objective must be to
evacuate the public to at least 600
metres.

Firefighting
It is vitally important that we differentiate
between a fire or risk of fire that is;

• On or near the vehicle but not affecting
the load, nor likely to, and;
• An established fire involving the load or
threatening to spread to it.

Firefighting
Where the fire does not involve the load
such as a tyre or fire in the vehicle cab
priority must be given to extinguishing
the fire before it involves the load.

Firefighting
If the fire involves the load or is threatening it;

• Every possible effort must be directed
toward evacuating the area
• Only where this is clearly not possible
and the rapid application of water would
have a good chance should firefighters
be committed.

Protection
• Firefighters should not be committed
unless they are protected by an earth
banking or other substantial structure
at some distance from the incident
• An un-buttressed double brick wall
may not provide adequate protection.

Effects of explosions
Fatal injuries may arise from being struck by;

•
•
•
•
•

Vehicle parts
Packagings
Explosive debris
Person being thrown into the air
Being thrown against a solid object.

Effects of explosions
Some examples of the
effects of explosions on
persons of ‘average’
fitness;

50

5

16

99% survive lung damage

6m

38m

80m

kg

1% survive lung damage

tonnes tonnes

27m

50% eardrum rupture

12m

54m

80m

Missiles limit of throw.

150m 250m 2000m

Protection from explosions
To be protected requires;

• Distance
• Substantial cover
• Small buildings or vehicles offer little
protection
• Get below ground level if possible
• Or behind thick earth banking.

Radio communications

10 m
No Radios Closer
Than 10m
50 m

600 m

No appliance radios closer
than 50m
Keep public back at least 600 metres.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Covers precautions against fire, explosion,
theft and unauthorised access

• Prohibits carrying certain explosives
• Suitability of vehicle and freight containers

• Ensures mixed loads carried safely
• Placarding and marking of vehicles.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Ensures written information carried

• Supervision of vehicles
• Limits and duration of carriage

• Training of drivers and assistants.

Explosives
The driver of the vehicle must carry in writing the
following details in a consignment document;

• Division and compatibility group of each
explosive carried
• Net mass of each explosive carried
• Name & address of consignor
• If groups C,D or G whether it is a
substance or article.

Suspect devices
• Avoid the use of lights or any other
warning devices
• A 200m incident zone will have been
established within which the use of
radio equipment is strictly prohibited.

Suspect devices
• A message should be passed to
Brigade Control confirming the type of
device e.g. explosive or incendiary
device
• If an incendiary then the normal
predetermined attendance will be
mobilised to the incident.

Bomb alerts
Fire service personnel must not become
involved in the search for any suspect
devices or packages.

Health and safety
• Personnel should be alert to the
possibility of an incorrect marking
system being displayed
• As well as the normal hazards
associated with explosives, personnel
should also be aware of the possibility
of toxic emissions from burning
explosives.

Confirmation
Assessment will be based on this lesson and
the corresponding study note

Learning Outcomes
• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives
• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

THE END


Slide 14

Service Delivery 4
Explosives

Aim
To make students aware of the
operational procedures for dealing with
incidents involving explosives and the
marking systems in use to identify them.

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the session students will be able to:

• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives

• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

Nature of explosives
• All chemical explosives contain fuel
and oxygen
• Burn extremely quickly producing large
quantities of hot gasses

Nature of explosives
• ‘High Explosives’ propagate at
supersonic high velocity 1-10Km/sec
producing a blast wave
• ‘Low Explosives’ deflagrate at subsonic
low velocity up to 100m/sec.

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
Based on the UN system of 9
classes of dangerous goods:

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
•
•
•
•
•

Explosives
Gases
Flammable Liquids
Flammable Solids
Poisonous &
Infectious

• Radioactive
• Corrosives
• Miscellaneous
• Organic Peroxides.

Classification and labelling
Class 1 explosives are sub-divided into
hazard divisions;
1.1 Mass explosion hazard
1.2 Projection hazard, no mass
explosion

1.3 Fire hazard, minor blast and/or
minor projection, no mass
explosion.

Classification and labelling
1.4 Substances or articles that
present no significant hazard
1.5 Very insensitive substances that
have a mass explosion hazard
1.6 Extremely insensitive articles
that do not have a mass
explosion hazard.

Labelling

• Hazard division

• Compatibility group
• UN Class 1 explosive.

Marking of vehicles

Danger signs &
subsidiary danger
signs (if any)

Placarded vehicles may carry up to 16 tonnes of
explosives.

Exemptions
The Armed Forces are not subject to
requirement for placarding but the Ministry
of Defence through its Explosives Storage
and Transport Committee have voluntarily
adopted a similar placarding system.

Transport
• All vehicles carrying explosives must
be regarded as potentially hazardous
• Division 1.1 explosives present the
major hazard.

Transport
• The incident commander will decided
the extent to which fire fighting or
rescues might be attempted having
regard to the hazard and life risk
• The primary objective must be to
evacuate the public to at least 600
metres.

Firefighting
It is vitally important that we differentiate
between a fire or risk of fire that is;

• On or near the vehicle but not affecting
the load, nor likely to, and;
• An established fire involving the load or
threatening to spread to it.

Firefighting
Where the fire does not involve the load
such as a tyre or fire in the vehicle cab
priority must be given to extinguishing
the fire before it involves the load.

Firefighting
If the fire involves the load or is threatening it;

• Every possible effort must be directed
toward evacuating the area
• Only where this is clearly not possible
and the rapid application of water would
have a good chance should firefighters
be committed.

Protection
• Firefighters should not be committed
unless they are protected by an earth
banking or other substantial structure
at some distance from the incident
• An un-buttressed double brick wall
may not provide adequate protection.

Effects of explosions
Fatal injuries may arise from being struck by;

•
•
•
•
•

Vehicle parts
Packagings
Explosive debris
Person being thrown into the air
Being thrown against a solid object.

Effects of explosions
Some examples of the
effects of explosions on
persons of ‘average’
fitness;

50

5

16

99% survive lung damage

6m

38m

80m

kg

1% survive lung damage

tonnes tonnes

27m

50% eardrum rupture

12m

54m

80m

Missiles limit of throw.

150m 250m 2000m

Protection from explosions
To be protected requires;

• Distance
• Substantial cover
• Small buildings or vehicles offer little
protection
• Get below ground level if possible
• Or behind thick earth banking.

Radio communications

10 m
No Radios Closer
Than 10m
50 m

600 m

No appliance radios closer
than 50m
Keep public back at least 600 metres.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Covers precautions against fire, explosion,
theft and unauthorised access

• Prohibits carrying certain explosives
• Suitability of vehicle and freight containers

• Ensures mixed loads carried safely
• Placarding and marking of vehicles.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Ensures written information carried

• Supervision of vehicles
• Limits and duration of carriage

• Training of drivers and assistants.

Explosives
The driver of the vehicle must carry in writing the
following details in a consignment document;

• Division and compatibility group of each
explosive carried
• Net mass of each explosive carried
• Name & address of consignor
• If groups C,D or G whether it is a
substance or article.

Suspect devices
• Avoid the use of lights or any other
warning devices
• A 200m incident zone will have been
established within which the use of
radio equipment is strictly prohibited.

Suspect devices
• A message should be passed to
Brigade Control confirming the type of
device e.g. explosive or incendiary
device
• If an incendiary then the normal
predetermined attendance will be
mobilised to the incident.

Bomb alerts
Fire service personnel must not become
involved in the search for any suspect
devices or packages.

Health and safety
• Personnel should be alert to the
possibility of an incorrect marking
system being displayed
• As well as the normal hazards
associated with explosives, personnel
should also be aware of the possibility
of toxic emissions from burning
explosives.

Confirmation
Assessment will be based on this lesson and
the corresponding study note

Learning Outcomes
• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives
• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

THE END


Slide 15

Service Delivery 4
Explosives

Aim
To make students aware of the
operational procedures for dealing with
incidents involving explosives and the
marking systems in use to identify them.

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the session students will be able to:

• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives

• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

Nature of explosives
• All chemical explosives contain fuel
and oxygen
• Burn extremely quickly producing large
quantities of hot gasses

Nature of explosives
• ‘High Explosives’ propagate at
supersonic high velocity 1-10Km/sec
producing a blast wave
• ‘Low Explosives’ deflagrate at subsonic
low velocity up to 100m/sec.

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
Based on the UN system of 9
classes of dangerous goods:

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
•
•
•
•
•

Explosives
Gases
Flammable Liquids
Flammable Solids
Poisonous &
Infectious

• Radioactive
• Corrosives
• Miscellaneous
• Organic Peroxides.

Classification and labelling
Class 1 explosives are sub-divided into
hazard divisions;
1.1 Mass explosion hazard
1.2 Projection hazard, no mass
explosion

1.3 Fire hazard, minor blast and/or
minor projection, no mass
explosion.

Classification and labelling
1.4 Substances or articles that
present no significant hazard
1.5 Very insensitive substances that
have a mass explosion hazard
1.6 Extremely insensitive articles
that do not have a mass
explosion hazard.

Labelling

• Hazard division

• Compatibility group
• UN Class 1 explosive.

Marking of vehicles

Danger signs &
subsidiary danger
signs (if any)

Placarded vehicles may carry up to 16 tonnes of
explosives.

Exemptions
The Armed Forces are not subject to
requirement for placarding but the Ministry
of Defence through its Explosives Storage
and Transport Committee have voluntarily
adopted a similar placarding system.

Transport
• All vehicles carrying explosives must
be regarded as potentially hazardous
• Division 1.1 explosives present the
major hazard.

Transport
• The incident commander will decided
the extent to which fire fighting or
rescues might be attempted having
regard to the hazard and life risk
• The primary objective must be to
evacuate the public to at least 600
metres.

Firefighting
It is vitally important that we differentiate
between a fire or risk of fire that is;

• On or near the vehicle but not affecting
the load, nor likely to, and;
• An established fire involving the load or
threatening to spread to it.

Firefighting
Where the fire does not involve the load
such as a tyre or fire in the vehicle cab
priority must be given to extinguishing
the fire before it involves the load.

Firefighting
If the fire involves the load or is threatening it;

• Every possible effort must be directed
toward evacuating the area
• Only where this is clearly not possible
and the rapid application of water would
have a good chance should firefighters
be committed.

Protection
• Firefighters should not be committed
unless they are protected by an earth
banking or other substantial structure
at some distance from the incident
• An un-buttressed double brick wall
may not provide adequate protection.

Effects of explosions
Fatal injuries may arise from being struck by;

•
•
•
•
•

Vehicle parts
Packagings
Explosive debris
Person being thrown into the air
Being thrown against a solid object.

Effects of explosions
Some examples of the
effects of explosions on
persons of ‘average’
fitness;

50

5

16

99% survive lung damage

6m

38m

80m

kg

1% survive lung damage

tonnes tonnes

27m

50% eardrum rupture

12m

54m

80m

Missiles limit of throw.

150m 250m 2000m

Protection from explosions
To be protected requires;

• Distance
• Substantial cover
• Small buildings or vehicles offer little
protection
• Get below ground level if possible
• Or behind thick earth banking.

Radio communications

10 m
No Radios Closer
Than 10m
50 m

600 m

No appliance radios closer
than 50m
Keep public back at least 600 metres.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Covers precautions against fire, explosion,
theft and unauthorised access

• Prohibits carrying certain explosives
• Suitability of vehicle and freight containers

• Ensures mixed loads carried safely
• Placarding and marking of vehicles.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Ensures written information carried

• Supervision of vehicles
• Limits and duration of carriage

• Training of drivers and assistants.

Explosives
The driver of the vehicle must carry in writing the
following details in a consignment document;

• Division and compatibility group of each
explosive carried
• Net mass of each explosive carried
• Name & address of consignor
• If groups C,D or G whether it is a
substance or article.

Suspect devices
• Avoid the use of lights or any other
warning devices
• A 200m incident zone will have been
established within which the use of
radio equipment is strictly prohibited.

Suspect devices
• A message should be passed to
Brigade Control confirming the type of
device e.g. explosive or incendiary
device
• If an incendiary then the normal
predetermined attendance will be
mobilised to the incident.

Bomb alerts
Fire service personnel must not become
involved in the search for any suspect
devices or packages.

Health and safety
• Personnel should be alert to the
possibility of an incorrect marking
system being displayed
• As well as the normal hazards
associated with explosives, personnel
should also be aware of the possibility
of toxic emissions from burning
explosives.

Confirmation
Assessment will be based on this lesson and
the corresponding study note

Learning Outcomes
• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives
• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

THE END


Slide 16

Service Delivery 4
Explosives

Aim
To make students aware of the
operational procedures for dealing with
incidents involving explosives and the
marking systems in use to identify them.

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the session students will be able to:

• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives

• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

Nature of explosives
• All chemical explosives contain fuel
and oxygen
• Burn extremely quickly producing large
quantities of hot gasses

Nature of explosives
• ‘High Explosives’ propagate at
supersonic high velocity 1-10Km/sec
producing a blast wave
• ‘Low Explosives’ deflagrate at subsonic
low velocity up to 100m/sec.

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
Based on the UN system of 9
classes of dangerous goods:

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
•
•
•
•
•

Explosives
Gases
Flammable Liquids
Flammable Solids
Poisonous &
Infectious

• Radioactive
• Corrosives
• Miscellaneous
• Organic Peroxides.

Classification and labelling
Class 1 explosives are sub-divided into
hazard divisions;
1.1 Mass explosion hazard
1.2 Projection hazard, no mass
explosion

1.3 Fire hazard, minor blast and/or
minor projection, no mass
explosion.

Classification and labelling
1.4 Substances or articles that
present no significant hazard
1.5 Very insensitive substances that
have a mass explosion hazard
1.6 Extremely insensitive articles
that do not have a mass
explosion hazard.

Labelling

• Hazard division

• Compatibility group
• UN Class 1 explosive.

Marking of vehicles

Danger signs &
subsidiary danger
signs (if any)

Placarded vehicles may carry up to 16 tonnes of
explosives.

Exemptions
The Armed Forces are not subject to
requirement for placarding but the Ministry
of Defence through its Explosives Storage
and Transport Committee have voluntarily
adopted a similar placarding system.

Transport
• All vehicles carrying explosives must
be regarded as potentially hazardous
• Division 1.1 explosives present the
major hazard.

Transport
• The incident commander will decided
the extent to which fire fighting or
rescues might be attempted having
regard to the hazard and life risk
• The primary objective must be to
evacuate the public to at least 600
metres.

Firefighting
It is vitally important that we differentiate
between a fire or risk of fire that is;

• On or near the vehicle but not affecting
the load, nor likely to, and;
• An established fire involving the load or
threatening to spread to it.

Firefighting
Where the fire does not involve the load
such as a tyre or fire in the vehicle cab
priority must be given to extinguishing
the fire before it involves the load.

Firefighting
If the fire involves the load or is threatening it;

• Every possible effort must be directed
toward evacuating the area
• Only where this is clearly not possible
and the rapid application of water would
have a good chance should firefighters
be committed.

Protection
• Firefighters should not be committed
unless they are protected by an earth
banking or other substantial structure
at some distance from the incident
• An un-buttressed double brick wall
may not provide adequate protection.

Effects of explosions
Fatal injuries may arise from being struck by;

•
•
•
•
•

Vehicle parts
Packagings
Explosive debris
Person being thrown into the air
Being thrown against a solid object.

Effects of explosions
Some examples of the
effects of explosions on
persons of ‘average’
fitness;

50

5

16

99% survive lung damage

6m

38m

80m

kg

1% survive lung damage

tonnes tonnes

27m

50% eardrum rupture

12m

54m

80m

Missiles limit of throw.

150m 250m 2000m

Protection from explosions
To be protected requires;

• Distance
• Substantial cover
• Small buildings or vehicles offer little
protection
• Get below ground level if possible
• Or behind thick earth banking.

Radio communications

10 m
No Radios Closer
Than 10m
50 m

600 m

No appliance radios closer
than 50m
Keep public back at least 600 metres.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Covers precautions against fire, explosion,
theft and unauthorised access

• Prohibits carrying certain explosives
• Suitability of vehicle and freight containers

• Ensures mixed loads carried safely
• Placarding and marking of vehicles.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Ensures written information carried

• Supervision of vehicles
• Limits and duration of carriage

• Training of drivers and assistants.

Explosives
The driver of the vehicle must carry in writing the
following details in a consignment document;

• Division and compatibility group of each
explosive carried
• Net mass of each explosive carried
• Name & address of consignor
• If groups C,D or G whether it is a
substance or article.

Suspect devices
• Avoid the use of lights or any other
warning devices
• A 200m incident zone will have been
established within which the use of
radio equipment is strictly prohibited.

Suspect devices
• A message should be passed to
Brigade Control confirming the type of
device e.g. explosive or incendiary
device
• If an incendiary then the normal
predetermined attendance will be
mobilised to the incident.

Bomb alerts
Fire service personnel must not become
involved in the search for any suspect
devices or packages.

Health and safety
• Personnel should be alert to the
possibility of an incorrect marking
system being displayed
• As well as the normal hazards
associated with explosives, personnel
should also be aware of the possibility
of toxic emissions from burning
explosives.

Confirmation
Assessment will be based on this lesson and
the corresponding study note

Learning Outcomes
• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives
• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

THE END


Slide 17

Service Delivery 4
Explosives

Aim
To make students aware of the
operational procedures for dealing with
incidents involving explosives and the
marking systems in use to identify them.

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the session students will be able to:

• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives

• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

Nature of explosives
• All chemical explosives contain fuel
and oxygen
• Burn extremely quickly producing large
quantities of hot gasses

Nature of explosives
• ‘High Explosives’ propagate at
supersonic high velocity 1-10Km/sec
producing a blast wave
• ‘Low Explosives’ deflagrate at subsonic
low velocity up to 100m/sec.

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
Based on the UN system of 9
classes of dangerous goods:

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
•
•
•
•
•

Explosives
Gases
Flammable Liquids
Flammable Solids
Poisonous &
Infectious

• Radioactive
• Corrosives
• Miscellaneous
• Organic Peroxides.

Classification and labelling
Class 1 explosives are sub-divided into
hazard divisions;
1.1 Mass explosion hazard
1.2 Projection hazard, no mass
explosion

1.3 Fire hazard, minor blast and/or
minor projection, no mass
explosion.

Classification and labelling
1.4 Substances or articles that
present no significant hazard
1.5 Very insensitive substances that
have a mass explosion hazard
1.6 Extremely insensitive articles
that do not have a mass
explosion hazard.

Labelling

• Hazard division

• Compatibility group
• UN Class 1 explosive.

Marking of vehicles

Danger signs &
subsidiary danger
signs (if any)

Placarded vehicles may carry up to 16 tonnes of
explosives.

Exemptions
The Armed Forces are not subject to
requirement for placarding but the Ministry
of Defence through its Explosives Storage
and Transport Committee have voluntarily
adopted a similar placarding system.

Transport
• All vehicles carrying explosives must
be regarded as potentially hazardous
• Division 1.1 explosives present the
major hazard.

Transport
• The incident commander will decided
the extent to which fire fighting or
rescues might be attempted having
regard to the hazard and life risk
• The primary objective must be to
evacuate the public to at least 600
metres.

Firefighting
It is vitally important that we differentiate
between a fire or risk of fire that is;

• On or near the vehicle but not affecting
the load, nor likely to, and;
• An established fire involving the load or
threatening to spread to it.

Firefighting
Where the fire does not involve the load
such as a tyre or fire in the vehicle cab
priority must be given to extinguishing
the fire before it involves the load.

Firefighting
If the fire involves the load or is threatening it;

• Every possible effort must be directed
toward evacuating the area
• Only where this is clearly not possible
and the rapid application of water would
have a good chance should firefighters
be committed.

Protection
• Firefighters should not be committed
unless they are protected by an earth
banking or other substantial structure
at some distance from the incident
• An un-buttressed double brick wall
may not provide adequate protection.

Effects of explosions
Fatal injuries may arise from being struck by;

•
•
•
•
•

Vehicle parts
Packagings
Explosive debris
Person being thrown into the air
Being thrown against a solid object.

Effects of explosions
Some examples of the
effects of explosions on
persons of ‘average’
fitness;

50

5

16

99% survive lung damage

6m

38m

80m

kg

1% survive lung damage

tonnes tonnes

27m

50% eardrum rupture

12m

54m

80m

Missiles limit of throw.

150m 250m 2000m

Protection from explosions
To be protected requires;

• Distance
• Substantial cover
• Small buildings or vehicles offer little
protection
• Get below ground level if possible
• Or behind thick earth banking.

Radio communications

10 m
No Radios Closer
Than 10m
50 m

600 m

No appliance radios closer
than 50m
Keep public back at least 600 metres.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Covers precautions against fire, explosion,
theft and unauthorised access

• Prohibits carrying certain explosives
• Suitability of vehicle and freight containers

• Ensures mixed loads carried safely
• Placarding and marking of vehicles.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Ensures written information carried

• Supervision of vehicles
• Limits and duration of carriage

• Training of drivers and assistants.

Explosives
The driver of the vehicle must carry in writing the
following details in a consignment document;

• Division and compatibility group of each
explosive carried
• Net mass of each explosive carried
• Name & address of consignor
• If groups C,D or G whether it is a
substance or article.

Suspect devices
• Avoid the use of lights or any other
warning devices
• A 200m incident zone will have been
established within which the use of
radio equipment is strictly prohibited.

Suspect devices
• A message should be passed to
Brigade Control confirming the type of
device e.g. explosive or incendiary
device
• If an incendiary then the normal
predetermined attendance will be
mobilised to the incident.

Bomb alerts
Fire service personnel must not become
involved in the search for any suspect
devices or packages.

Health and safety
• Personnel should be alert to the
possibility of an incorrect marking
system being displayed
• As well as the normal hazards
associated with explosives, personnel
should also be aware of the possibility
of toxic emissions from burning
explosives.

Confirmation
Assessment will be based on this lesson and
the corresponding study note

Learning Outcomes
• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives
• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

THE END


Slide 18

Service Delivery 4
Explosives

Aim
To make students aware of the
operational procedures for dealing with
incidents involving explosives and the
marking systems in use to identify them.

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the session students will be able to:

• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives

• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

Nature of explosives
• All chemical explosives contain fuel
and oxygen
• Burn extremely quickly producing large
quantities of hot gasses

Nature of explosives
• ‘High Explosives’ propagate at
supersonic high velocity 1-10Km/sec
producing a blast wave
• ‘Low Explosives’ deflagrate at subsonic
low velocity up to 100m/sec.

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
Based on the UN system of 9
classes of dangerous goods:

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
•
•
•
•
•

Explosives
Gases
Flammable Liquids
Flammable Solids
Poisonous &
Infectious

• Radioactive
• Corrosives
• Miscellaneous
• Organic Peroxides.

Classification and labelling
Class 1 explosives are sub-divided into
hazard divisions;
1.1 Mass explosion hazard
1.2 Projection hazard, no mass
explosion

1.3 Fire hazard, minor blast and/or
minor projection, no mass
explosion.

Classification and labelling
1.4 Substances or articles that
present no significant hazard
1.5 Very insensitive substances that
have a mass explosion hazard
1.6 Extremely insensitive articles
that do not have a mass
explosion hazard.

Labelling

• Hazard division

• Compatibility group
• UN Class 1 explosive.

Marking of vehicles

Danger signs &
subsidiary danger
signs (if any)

Placarded vehicles may carry up to 16 tonnes of
explosives.

Exemptions
The Armed Forces are not subject to
requirement for placarding but the Ministry
of Defence through its Explosives Storage
and Transport Committee have voluntarily
adopted a similar placarding system.

Transport
• All vehicles carrying explosives must
be regarded as potentially hazardous
• Division 1.1 explosives present the
major hazard.

Transport
• The incident commander will decided
the extent to which fire fighting or
rescues might be attempted having
regard to the hazard and life risk
• The primary objective must be to
evacuate the public to at least 600
metres.

Firefighting
It is vitally important that we differentiate
between a fire or risk of fire that is;

• On or near the vehicle but not affecting
the load, nor likely to, and;
• An established fire involving the load or
threatening to spread to it.

Firefighting
Where the fire does not involve the load
such as a tyre or fire in the vehicle cab
priority must be given to extinguishing
the fire before it involves the load.

Firefighting
If the fire involves the load or is threatening it;

• Every possible effort must be directed
toward evacuating the area
• Only where this is clearly not possible
and the rapid application of water would
have a good chance should firefighters
be committed.

Protection
• Firefighters should not be committed
unless they are protected by an earth
banking or other substantial structure
at some distance from the incident
• An un-buttressed double brick wall
may not provide adequate protection.

Effects of explosions
Fatal injuries may arise from being struck by;

•
•
•
•
•

Vehicle parts
Packagings
Explosive debris
Person being thrown into the air
Being thrown against a solid object.

Effects of explosions
Some examples of the
effects of explosions on
persons of ‘average’
fitness;

50

5

16

99% survive lung damage

6m

38m

80m

kg

1% survive lung damage

tonnes tonnes

27m

50% eardrum rupture

12m

54m

80m

Missiles limit of throw.

150m 250m 2000m

Protection from explosions
To be protected requires;

• Distance
• Substantial cover
• Small buildings or vehicles offer little
protection
• Get below ground level if possible
• Or behind thick earth banking.

Radio communications

10 m
No Radios Closer
Than 10m
50 m

600 m

No appliance radios closer
than 50m
Keep public back at least 600 metres.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Covers precautions against fire, explosion,
theft and unauthorised access

• Prohibits carrying certain explosives
• Suitability of vehicle and freight containers

• Ensures mixed loads carried safely
• Placarding and marking of vehicles.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Ensures written information carried

• Supervision of vehicles
• Limits and duration of carriage

• Training of drivers and assistants.

Explosives
The driver of the vehicle must carry in writing the
following details in a consignment document;

• Division and compatibility group of each
explosive carried
• Net mass of each explosive carried
• Name & address of consignor
• If groups C,D or G whether it is a
substance or article.

Suspect devices
• Avoid the use of lights or any other
warning devices
• A 200m incident zone will have been
established within which the use of
radio equipment is strictly prohibited.

Suspect devices
• A message should be passed to
Brigade Control confirming the type of
device e.g. explosive or incendiary
device
• If an incendiary then the normal
predetermined attendance will be
mobilised to the incident.

Bomb alerts
Fire service personnel must not become
involved in the search for any suspect
devices or packages.

Health and safety
• Personnel should be alert to the
possibility of an incorrect marking
system being displayed
• As well as the normal hazards
associated with explosives, personnel
should also be aware of the possibility
of toxic emissions from burning
explosives.

Confirmation
Assessment will be based on this lesson and
the corresponding study note

Learning Outcomes
• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives
• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

THE END


Slide 19

Service Delivery 4
Explosives

Aim
To make students aware of the
operational procedures for dealing with
incidents involving explosives and the
marking systems in use to identify them.

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the session students will be able to:

• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives

• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

Nature of explosives
• All chemical explosives contain fuel
and oxygen
• Burn extremely quickly producing large
quantities of hot gasses

Nature of explosives
• ‘High Explosives’ propagate at
supersonic high velocity 1-10Km/sec
producing a blast wave
• ‘Low Explosives’ deflagrate at subsonic
low velocity up to 100m/sec.

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
Based on the UN system of 9
classes of dangerous goods:

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
•
•
•
•
•

Explosives
Gases
Flammable Liquids
Flammable Solids
Poisonous &
Infectious

• Radioactive
• Corrosives
• Miscellaneous
• Organic Peroxides.

Classification and labelling
Class 1 explosives are sub-divided into
hazard divisions;
1.1 Mass explosion hazard
1.2 Projection hazard, no mass
explosion

1.3 Fire hazard, minor blast and/or
minor projection, no mass
explosion.

Classification and labelling
1.4 Substances or articles that
present no significant hazard
1.5 Very insensitive substances that
have a mass explosion hazard
1.6 Extremely insensitive articles
that do not have a mass
explosion hazard.

Labelling

• Hazard division

• Compatibility group
• UN Class 1 explosive.

Marking of vehicles

Danger signs &
subsidiary danger
signs (if any)

Placarded vehicles may carry up to 16 tonnes of
explosives.

Exemptions
The Armed Forces are not subject to
requirement for placarding but the Ministry
of Defence through its Explosives Storage
and Transport Committee have voluntarily
adopted a similar placarding system.

Transport
• All vehicles carrying explosives must
be regarded as potentially hazardous
• Division 1.1 explosives present the
major hazard.

Transport
• The incident commander will decided
the extent to which fire fighting or
rescues might be attempted having
regard to the hazard and life risk
• The primary objective must be to
evacuate the public to at least 600
metres.

Firefighting
It is vitally important that we differentiate
between a fire or risk of fire that is;

• On or near the vehicle but not affecting
the load, nor likely to, and;
• An established fire involving the load or
threatening to spread to it.

Firefighting
Where the fire does not involve the load
such as a tyre or fire in the vehicle cab
priority must be given to extinguishing
the fire before it involves the load.

Firefighting
If the fire involves the load or is threatening it;

• Every possible effort must be directed
toward evacuating the area
• Only where this is clearly not possible
and the rapid application of water would
have a good chance should firefighters
be committed.

Protection
• Firefighters should not be committed
unless they are protected by an earth
banking or other substantial structure
at some distance from the incident
• An un-buttressed double brick wall
may not provide adequate protection.

Effects of explosions
Fatal injuries may arise from being struck by;

•
•
•
•
•

Vehicle parts
Packagings
Explosive debris
Person being thrown into the air
Being thrown against a solid object.

Effects of explosions
Some examples of the
effects of explosions on
persons of ‘average’
fitness;

50

5

16

99% survive lung damage

6m

38m

80m

kg

1% survive lung damage

tonnes tonnes

27m

50% eardrum rupture

12m

54m

80m

Missiles limit of throw.

150m 250m 2000m

Protection from explosions
To be protected requires;

• Distance
• Substantial cover
• Small buildings or vehicles offer little
protection
• Get below ground level if possible
• Or behind thick earth banking.

Radio communications

10 m
No Radios Closer
Than 10m
50 m

600 m

No appliance radios closer
than 50m
Keep public back at least 600 metres.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Covers precautions against fire, explosion,
theft and unauthorised access

• Prohibits carrying certain explosives
• Suitability of vehicle and freight containers

• Ensures mixed loads carried safely
• Placarding and marking of vehicles.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Ensures written information carried

• Supervision of vehicles
• Limits and duration of carriage

• Training of drivers and assistants.

Explosives
The driver of the vehicle must carry in writing the
following details in a consignment document;

• Division and compatibility group of each
explosive carried
• Net mass of each explosive carried
• Name & address of consignor
• If groups C,D or G whether it is a
substance or article.

Suspect devices
• Avoid the use of lights or any other
warning devices
• A 200m incident zone will have been
established within which the use of
radio equipment is strictly prohibited.

Suspect devices
• A message should be passed to
Brigade Control confirming the type of
device e.g. explosive or incendiary
device
• If an incendiary then the normal
predetermined attendance will be
mobilised to the incident.

Bomb alerts
Fire service personnel must not become
involved in the search for any suspect
devices or packages.

Health and safety
• Personnel should be alert to the
possibility of an incorrect marking
system being displayed
• As well as the normal hazards
associated with explosives, personnel
should also be aware of the possibility
of toxic emissions from burning
explosives.

Confirmation
Assessment will be based on this lesson and
the corresponding study note

Learning Outcomes
• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives
• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

THE END


Slide 20

Service Delivery 4
Explosives

Aim
To make students aware of the
operational procedures for dealing with
incidents involving explosives and the
marking systems in use to identify them.

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the session students will be able to:

• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives

• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

Nature of explosives
• All chemical explosives contain fuel
and oxygen
• Burn extremely quickly producing large
quantities of hot gasses

Nature of explosives
• ‘High Explosives’ propagate at
supersonic high velocity 1-10Km/sec
producing a blast wave
• ‘Low Explosives’ deflagrate at subsonic
low velocity up to 100m/sec.

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
Based on the UN system of 9
classes of dangerous goods:

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
•
•
•
•
•

Explosives
Gases
Flammable Liquids
Flammable Solids
Poisonous &
Infectious

• Radioactive
• Corrosives
• Miscellaneous
• Organic Peroxides.

Classification and labelling
Class 1 explosives are sub-divided into
hazard divisions;
1.1 Mass explosion hazard
1.2 Projection hazard, no mass
explosion

1.3 Fire hazard, minor blast and/or
minor projection, no mass
explosion.

Classification and labelling
1.4 Substances or articles that
present no significant hazard
1.5 Very insensitive substances that
have a mass explosion hazard
1.6 Extremely insensitive articles
that do not have a mass
explosion hazard.

Labelling

• Hazard division

• Compatibility group
• UN Class 1 explosive.

Marking of vehicles

Danger signs &
subsidiary danger
signs (if any)

Placarded vehicles may carry up to 16 tonnes of
explosives.

Exemptions
The Armed Forces are not subject to
requirement for placarding but the Ministry
of Defence through its Explosives Storage
and Transport Committee have voluntarily
adopted a similar placarding system.

Transport
• All vehicles carrying explosives must
be regarded as potentially hazardous
• Division 1.1 explosives present the
major hazard.

Transport
• The incident commander will decided
the extent to which fire fighting or
rescues might be attempted having
regard to the hazard and life risk
• The primary objective must be to
evacuate the public to at least 600
metres.

Firefighting
It is vitally important that we differentiate
between a fire or risk of fire that is;

• On or near the vehicle but not affecting
the load, nor likely to, and;
• An established fire involving the load or
threatening to spread to it.

Firefighting
Where the fire does not involve the load
such as a tyre or fire in the vehicle cab
priority must be given to extinguishing
the fire before it involves the load.

Firefighting
If the fire involves the load or is threatening it;

• Every possible effort must be directed
toward evacuating the area
• Only where this is clearly not possible
and the rapid application of water would
have a good chance should firefighters
be committed.

Protection
• Firefighters should not be committed
unless they are protected by an earth
banking or other substantial structure
at some distance from the incident
• An un-buttressed double brick wall
may not provide adequate protection.

Effects of explosions
Fatal injuries may arise from being struck by;

•
•
•
•
•

Vehicle parts
Packagings
Explosive debris
Person being thrown into the air
Being thrown against a solid object.

Effects of explosions
Some examples of the
effects of explosions on
persons of ‘average’
fitness;

50

5

16

99% survive lung damage

6m

38m

80m

kg

1% survive lung damage

tonnes tonnes

27m

50% eardrum rupture

12m

54m

80m

Missiles limit of throw.

150m 250m 2000m

Protection from explosions
To be protected requires;

• Distance
• Substantial cover
• Small buildings or vehicles offer little
protection
• Get below ground level if possible
• Or behind thick earth banking.

Radio communications

10 m
No Radios Closer
Than 10m
50 m

600 m

No appliance radios closer
than 50m
Keep public back at least 600 metres.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Covers precautions against fire, explosion,
theft and unauthorised access

• Prohibits carrying certain explosives
• Suitability of vehicle and freight containers

• Ensures mixed loads carried safely
• Placarding and marking of vehicles.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Ensures written information carried

• Supervision of vehicles
• Limits and duration of carriage

• Training of drivers and assistants.

Explosives
The driver of the vehicle must carry in writing the
following details in a consignment document;

• Division and compatibility group of each
explosive carried
• Net mass of each explosive carried
• Name & address of consignor
• If groups C,D or G whether it is a
substance or article.

Suspect devices
• Avoid the use of lights or any other
warning devices
• A 200m incident zone will have been
established within which the use of
radio equipment is strictly prohibited.

Suspect devices
• A message should be passed to
Brigade Control confirming the type of
device e.g. explosive or incendiary
device
• If an incendiary then the normal
predetermined attendance will be
mobilised to the incident.

Bomb alerts
Fire service personnel must not become
involved in the search for any suspect
devices or packages.

Health and safety
• Personnel should be alert to the
possibility of an incorrect marking
system being displayed
• As well as the normal hazards
associated with explosives, personnel
should also be aware of the possibility
of toxic emissions from burning
explosives.

Confirmation
Assessment will be based on this lesson and
the corresponding study note

Learning Outcomes
• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives
• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

THE END


Slide 21

Service Delivery 4
Explosives

Aim
To make students aware of the
operational procedures for dealing with
incidents involving explosives and the
marking systems in use to identify them.

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the session students will be able to:

• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives

• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

Nature of explosives
• All chemical explosives contain fuel
and oxygen
• Burn extremely quickly producing large
quantities of hot gasses

Nature of explosives
• ‘High Explosives’ propagate at
supersonic high velocity 1-10Km/sec
producing a blast wave
• ‘Low Explosives’ deflagrate at subsonic
low velocity up to 100m/sec.

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
Based on the UN system of 9
classes of dangerous goods:

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
•
•
•
•
•

Explosives
Gases
Flammable Liquids
Flammable Solids
Poisonous &
Infectious

• Radioactive
• Corrosives
• Miscellaneous
• Organic Peroxides.

Classification and labelling
Class 1 explosives are sub-divided into
hazard divisions;
1.1 Mass explosion hazard
1.2 Projection hazard, no mass
explosion

1.3 Fire hazard, minor blast and/or
minor projection, no mass
explosion.

Classification and labelling
1.4 Substances or articles that
present no significant hazard
1.5 Very insensitive substances that
have a mass explosion hazard
1.6 Extremely insensitive articles
that do not have a mass
explosion hazard.

Labelling

• Hazard division

• Compatibility group
• UN Class 1 explosive.

Marking of vehicles

Danger signs &
subsidiary danger
signs (if any)

Placarded vehicles may carry up to 16 tonnes of
explosives.

Exemptions
The Armed Forces are not subject to
requirement for placarding but the Ministry
of Defence through its Explosives Storage
and Transport Committee have voluntarily
adopted a similar placarding system.

Transport
• All vehicles carrying explosives must
be regarded as potentially hazardous
• Division 1.1 explosives present the
major hazard.

Transport
• The incident commander will decided
the extent to which fire fighting or
rescues might be attempted having
regard to the hazard and life risk
• The primary objective must be to
evacuate the public to at least 600
metres.

Firefighting
It is vitally important that we differentiate
between a fire or risk of fire that is;

• On or near the vehicle but not affecting
the load, nor likely to, and;
• An established fire involving the load or
threatening to spread to it.

Firefighting
Where the fire does not involve the load
such as a tyre or fire in the vehicle cab
priority must be given to extinguishing
the fire before it involves the load.

Firefighting
If the fire involves the load or is threatening it;

• Every possible effort must be directed
toward evacuating the area
• Only where this is clearly not possible
and the rapid application of water would
have a good chance should firefighters
be committed.

Protection
• Firefighters should not be committed
unless they are protected by an earth
banking or other substantial structure
at some distance from the incident
• An un-buttressed double brick wall
may not provide adequate protection.

Effects of explosions
Fatal injuries may arise from being struck by;

•
•
•
•
•

Vehicle parts
Packagings
Explosive debris
Person being thrown into the air
Being thrown against a solid object.

Effects of explosions
Some examples of the
effects of explosions on
persons of ‘average’
fitness;

50

5

16

99% survive lung damage

6m

38m

80m

kg

1% survive lung damage

tonnes tonnes

27m

50% eardrum rupture

12m

54m

80m

Missiles limit of throw.

150m 250m 2000m

Protection from explosions
To be protected requires;

• Distance
• Substantial cover
• Small buildings or vehicles offer little
protection
• Get below ground level if possible
• Or behind thick earth banking.

Radio communications

10 m
No Radios Closer
Than 10m
50 m

600 m

No appliance radios closer
than 50m
Keep public back at least 600 metres.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Covers precautions against fire, explosion,
theft and unauthorised access

• Prohibits carrying certain explosives
• Suitability of vehicle and freight containers

• Ensures mixed loads carried safely
• Placarding and marking of vehicles.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Ensures written information carried

• Supervision of vehicles
• Limits and duration of carriage

• Training of drivers and assistants.

Explosives
The driver of the vehicle must carry in writing the
following details in a consignment document;

• Division and compatibility group of each
explosive carried
• Net mass of each explosive carried
• Name & address of consignor
• If groups C,D or G whether it is a
substance or article.

Suspect devices
• Avoid the use of lights or any other
warning devices
• A 200m incident zone will have been
established within which the use of
radio equipment is strictly prohibited.

Suspect devices
• A message should be passed to
Brigade Control confirming the type of
device e.g. explosive or incendiary
device
• If an incendiary then the normal
predetermined attendance will be
mobilised to the incident.

Bomb alerts
Fire service personnel must not become
involved in the search for any suspect
devices or packages.

Health and safety
• Personnel should be alert to the
possibility of an incorrect marking
system being displayed
• As well as the normal hazards
associated with explosives, personnel
should also be aware of the possibility
of toxic emissions from burning
explosives.

Confirmation
Assessment will be based on this lesson and
the corresponding study note

Learning Outcomes
• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives
• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

THE END


Slide 22

Service Delivery 4
Explosives

Aim
To make students aware of the
operational procedures for dealing with
incidents involving explosives and the
marking systems in use to identify them.

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the session students will be able to:

• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives

• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

Nature of explosives
• All chemical explosives contain fuel
and oxygen
• Burn extremely quickly producing large
quantities of hot gasses

Nature of explosives
• ‘High Explosives’ propagate at
supersonic high velocity 1-10Km/sec
producing a blast wave
• ‘Low Explosives’ deflagrate at subsonic
low velocity up to 100m/sec.

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
Based on the UN system of 9
classes of dangerous goods:

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
•
•
•
•
•

Explosives
Gases
Flammable Liquids
Flammable Solids
Poisonous &
Infectious

• Radioactive
• Corrosives
• Miscellaneous
• Organic Peroxides.

Classification and labelling
Class 1 explosives are sub-divided into
hazard divisions;
1.1 Mass explosion hazard
1.2 Projection hazard, no mass
explosion

1.3 Fire hazard, minor blast and/or
minor projection, no mass
explosion.

Classification and labelling
1.4 Substances or articles that
present no significant hazard
1.5 Very insensitive substances that
have a mass explosion hazard
1.6 Extremely insensitive articles
that do not have a mass
explosion hazard.

Labelling

• Hazard division

• Compatibility group
• UN Class 1 explosive.

Marking of vehicles

Danger signs &
subsidiary danger
signs (if any)

Placarded vehicles may carry up to 16 tonnes of
explosives.

Exemptions
The Armed Forces are not subject to
requirement for placarding but the Ministry
of Defence through its Explosives Storage
and Transport Committee have voluntarily
adopted a similar placarding system.

Transport
• All vehicles carrying explosives must
be regarded as potentially hazardous
• Division 1.1 explosives present the
major hazard.

Transport
• The incident commander will decided
the extent to which fire fighting or
rescues might be attempted having
regard to the hazard and life risk
• The primary objective must be to
evacuate the public to at least 600
metres.

Firefighting
It is vitally important that we differentiate
between a fire or risk of fire that is;

• On or near the vehicle but not affecting
the load, nor likely to, and;
• An established fire involving the load or
threatening to spread to it.

Firefighting
Where the fire does not involve the load
such as a tyre or fire in the vehicle cab
priority must be given to extinguishing
the fire before it involves the load.

Firefighting
If the fire involves the load or is threatening it;

• Every possible effort must be directed
toward evacuating the area
• Only where this is clearly not possible
and the rapid application of water would
have a good chance should firefighters
be committed.

Protection
• Firefighters should not be committed
unless they are protected by an earth
banking or other substantial structure
at some distance from the incident
• An un-buttressed double brick wall
may not provide adequate protection.

Effects of explosions
Fatal injuries may arise from being struck by;

•
•
•
•
•

Vehicle parts
Packagings
Explosive debris
Person being thrown into the air
Being thrown against a solid object.

Effects of explosions
Some examples of the
effects of explosions on
persons of ‘average’
fitness;

50

5

16

99% survive lung damage

6m

38m

80m

kg

1% survive lung damage

tonnes tonnes

27m

50% eardrum rupture

12m

54m

80m

Missiles limit of throw.

150m 250m 2000m

Protection from explosions
To be protected requires;

• Distance
• Substantial cover
• Small buildings or vehicles offer little
protection
• Get below ground level if possible
• Or behind thick earth banking.

Radio communications

10 m
No Radios Closer
Than 10m
50 m

600 m

No appliance radios closer
than 50m
Keep public back at least 600 metres.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Covers precautions against fire, explosion,
theft and unauthorised access

• Prohibits carrying certain explosives
• Suitability of vehicle and freight containers

• Ensures mixed loads carried safely
• Placarding and marking of vehicles.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Ensures written information carried

• Supervision of vehicles
• Limits and duration of carriage

• Training of drivers and assistants.

Explosives
The driver of the vehicle must carry in writing the
following details in a consignment document;

• Division and compatibility group of each
explosive carried
• Net mass of each explosive carried
• Name & address of consignor
• If groups C,D or G whether it is a
substance or article.

Suspect devices
• Avoid the use of lights or any other
warning devices
• A 200m incident zone will have been
established within which the use of
radio equipment is strictly prohibited.

Suspect devices
• A message should be passed to
Brigade Control confirming the type of
device e.g. explosive or incendiary
device
• If an incendiary then the normal
predetermined attendance will be
mobilised to the incident.

Bomb alerts
Fire service personnel must not become
involved in the search for any suspect
devices or packages.

Health and safety
• Personnel should be alert to the
possibility of an incorrect marking
system being displayed
• As well as the normal hazards
associated with explosives, personnel
should also be aware of the possibility
of toxic emissions from burning
explosives.

Confirmation
Assessment will be based on this lesson and
the corresponding study note

Learning Outcomes
• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives
• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

THE END


Slide 23

Service Delivery 4
Explosives

Aim
To make students aware of the
operational procedures for dealing with
incidents involving explosives and the
marking systems in use to identify them.

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the session students will be able to:

• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives

• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

Nature of explosives
• All chemical explosives contain fuel
and oxygen
• Burn extremely quickly producing large
quantities of hot gasses

Nature of explosives
• ‘High Explosives’ propagate at
supersonic high velocity 1-10Km/sec
producing a blast wave
• ‘Low Explosives’ deflagrate at subsonic
low velocity up to 100m/sec.

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
Based on the UN system of 9
classes of dangerous goods:

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
•
•
•
•
•

Explosives
Gases
Flammable Liquids
Flammable Solids
Poisonous &
Infectious

• Radioactive
• Corrosives
• Miscellaneous
• Organic Peroxides.

Classification and labelling
Class 1 explosives are sub-divided into
hazard divisions;
1.1 Mass explosion hazard
1.2 Projection hazard, no mass
explosion

1.3 Fire hazard, minor blast and/or
minor projection, no mass
explosion.

Classification and labelling
1.4 Substances or articles that
present no significant hazard
1.5 Very insensitive substances that
have a mass explosion hazard
1.6 Extremely insensitive articles
that do not have a mass
explosion hazard.

Labelling

• Hazard division

• Compatibility group
• UN Class 1 explosive.

Marking of vehicles

Danger signs &
subsidiary danger
signs (if any)

Placarded vehicles may carry up to 16 tonnes of
explosives.

Exemptions
The Armed Forces are not subject to
requirement for placarding but the Ministry
of Defence through its Explosives Storage
and Transport Committee have voluntarily
adopted a similar placarding system.

Transport
• All vehicles carrying explosives must
be regarded as potentially hazardous
• Division 1.1 explosives present the
major hazard.

Transport
• The incident commander will decided
the extent to which fire fighting or
rescues might be attempted having
regard to the hazard and life risk
• The primary objective must be to
evacuate the public to at least 600
metres.

Firefighting
It is vitally important that we differentiate
between a fire or risk of fire that is;

• On or near the vehicle but not affecting
the load, nor likely to, and;
• An established fire involving the load or
threatening to spread to it.

Firefighting
Where the fire does not involve the load
such as a tyre or fire in the vehicle cab
priority must be given to extinguishing
the fire before it involves the load.

Firefighting
If the fire involves the load or is threatening it;

• Every possible effort must be directed
toward evacuating the area
• Only where this is clearly not possible
and the rapid application of water would
have a good chance should firefighters
be committed.

Protection
• Firefighters should not be committed
unless they are protected by an earth
banking or other substantial structure
at some distance from the incident
• An un-buttressed double brick wall
may not provide adequate protection.

Effects of explosions
Fatal injuries may arise from being struck by;

•
•
•
•
•

Vehicle parts
Packagings
Explosive debris
Person being thrown into the air
Being thrown against a solid object.

Effects of explosions
Some examples of the
effects of explosions on
persons of ‘average’
fitness;

50

5

16

99% survive lung damage

6m

38m

80m

kg

1% survive lung damage

tonnes tonnes

27m

50% eardrum rupture

12m

54m

80m

Missiles limit of throw.

150m 250m 2000m

Protection from explosions
To be protected requires;

• Distance
• Substantial cover
• Small buildings or vehicles offer little
protection
• Get below ground level if possible
• Or behind thick earth banking.

Radio communications

10 m
No Radios Closer
Than 10m
50 m

600 m

No appliance radios closer
than 50m
Keep public back at least 600 metres.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Covers precautions against fire, explosion,
theft and unauthorised access

• Prohibits carrying certain explosives
• Suitability of vehicle and freight containers

• Ensures mixed loads carried safely
• Placarding and marking of vehicles.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Ensures written information carried

• Supervision of vehicles
• Limits and duration of carriage

• Training of drivers and assistants.

Explosives
The driver of the vehicle must carry in writing the
following details in a consignment document;

• Division and compatibility group of each
explosive carried
• Net mass of each explosive carried
• Name & address of consignor
• If groups C,D or G whether it is a
substance or article.

Suspect devices
• Avoid the use of lights or any other
warning devices
• A 200m incident zone will have been
established within which the use of
radio equipment is strictly prohibited.

Suspect devices
• A message should be passed to
Brigade Control confirming the type of
device e.g. explosive or incendiary
device
• If an incendiary then the normal
predetermined attendance will be
mobilised to the incident.

Bomb alerts
Fire service personnel must not become
involved in the search for any suspect
devices or packages.

Health and safety
• Personnel should be alert to the
possibility of an incorrect marking
system being displayed
• As well as the normal hazards
associated with explosives, personnel
should also be aware of the possibility
of toxic emissions from burning
explosives.

Confirmation
Assessment will be based on this lesson and
the corresponding study note

Learning Outcomes
• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives
• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

THE END


Slide 24

Service Delivery 4
Explosives

Aim
To make students aware of the
operational procedures for dealing with
incidents involving explosives and the
marking systems in use to identify them.

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the session students will be able to:

• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives

• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

Nature of explosives
• All chemical explosives contain fuel
and oxygen
• Burn extremely quickly producing large
quantities of hot gasses

Nature of explosives
• ‘High Explosives’ propagate at
supersonic high velocity 1-10Km/sec
producing a blast wave
• ‘Low Explosives’ deflagrate at subsonic
low velocity up to 100m/sec.

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
Based on the UN system of 9
classes of dangerous goods:

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
•
•
•
•
•

Explosives
Gases
Flammable Liquids
Flammable Solids
Poisonous &
Infectious

• Radioactive
• Corrosives
• Miscellaneous
• Organic Peroxides.

Classification and labelling
Class 1 explosives are sub-divided into
hazard divisions;
1.1 Mass explosion hazard
1.2 Projection hazard, no mass
explosion

1.3 Fire hazard, minor blast and/or
minor projection, no mass
explosion.

Classification and labelling
1.4 Substances or articles that
present no significant hazard
1.5 Very insensitive substances that
have a mass explosion hazard
1.6 Extremely insensitive articles
that do not have a mass
explosion hazard.

Labelling

• Hazard division

• Compatibility group
• UN Class 1 explosive.

Marking of vehicles

Danger signs &
subsidiary danger
signs (if any)

Placarded vehicles may carry up to 16 tonnes of
explosives.

Exemptions
The Armed Forces are not subject to
requirement for placarding but the Ministry
of Defence through its Explosives Storage
and Transport Committee have voluntarily
adopted a similar placarding system.

Transport
• All vehicles carrying explosives must
be regarded as potentially hazardous
• Division 1.1 explosives present the
major hazard.

Transport
• The incident commander will decided
the extent to which fire fighting or
rescues might be attempted having
regard to the hazard and life risk
• The primary objective must be to
evacuate the public to at least 600
metres.

Firefighting
It is vitally important that we differentiate
between a fire or risk of fire that is;

• On or near the vehicle but not affecting
the load, nor likely to, and;
• An established fire involving the load or
threatening to spread to it.

Firefighting
Where the fire does not involve the load
such as a tyre or fire in the vehicle cab
priority must be given to extinguishing
the fire before it involves the load.

Firefighting
If the fire involves the load or is threatening it;

• Every possible effort must be directed
toward evacuating the area
• Only where this is clearly not possible
and the rapid application of water would
have a good chance should firefighters
be committed.

Protection
• Firefighters should not be committed
unless they are protected by an earth
banking or other substantial structure
at some distance from the incident
• An un-buttressed double brick wall
may not provide adequate protection.

Effects of explosions
Fatal injuries may arise from being struck by;

•
•
•
•
•

Vehicle parts
Packagings
Explosive debris
Person being thrown into the air
Being thrown against a solid object.

Effects of explosions
Some examples of the
effects of explosions on
persons of ‘average’
fitness;

50

5

16

99% survive lung damage

6m

38m

80m

kg

1% survive lung damage

tonnes tonnes

27m

50% eardrum rupture

12m

54m

80m

Missiles limit of throw.

150m 250m 2000m

Protection from explosions
To be protected requires;

• Distance
• Substantial cover
• Small buildings or vehicles offer little
protection
• Get below ground level if possible
• Or behind thick earth banking.

Radio communications

10 m
No Radios Closer
Than 10m
50 m

600 m

No appliance radios closer
than 50m
Keep public back at least 600 metres.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Covers precautions against fire, explosion,
theft and unauthorised access

• Prohibits carrying certain explosives
• Suitability of vehicle and freight containers

• Ensures mixed loads carried safely
• Placarding and marking of vehicles.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Ensures written information carried

• Supervision of vehicles
• Limits and duration of carriage

• Training of drivers and assistants.

Explosives
The driver of the vehicle must carry in writing the
following details in a consignment document;

• Division and compatibility group of each
explosive carried
• Net mass of each explosive carried
• Name & address of consignor
• If groups C,D or G whether it is a
substance or article.

Suspect devices
• Avoid the use of lights or any other
warning devices
• A 200m incident zone will have been
established within which the use of
radio equipment is strictly prohibited.

Suspect devices
• A message should be passed to
Brigade Control confirming the type of
device e.g. explosive or incendiary
device
• If an incendiary then the normal
predetermined attendance will be
mobilised to the incident.

Bomb alerts
Fire service personnel must not become
involved in the search for any suspect
devices or packages.

Health and safety
• Personnel should be alert to the
possibility of an incorrect marking
system being displayed
• As well as the normal hazards
associated with explosives, personnel
should also be aware of the possibility
of toxic emissions from burning
explosives.

Confirmation
Assessment will be based on this lesson and
the corresponding study note

Learning Outcomes
• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives
• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

THE END


Slide 25

Service Delivery 4
Explosives

Aim
To make students aware of the
operational procedures for dealing with
incidents involving explosives and the
marking systems in use to identify them.

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the session students will be able to:

• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives

• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

Nature of explosives
• All chemical explosives contain fuel
and oxygen
• Burn extremely quickly producing large
quantities of hot gasses

Nature of explosives
• ‘High Explosives’ propagate at
supersonic high velocity 1-10Km/sec
producing a blast wave
• ‘Low Explosives’ deflagrate at subsonic
low velocity up to 100m/sec.

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
Based on the UN system of 9
classes of dangerous goods:

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
•
•
•
•
•

Explosives
Gases
Flammable Liquids
Flammable Solids
Poisonous &
Infectious

• Radioactive
• Corrosives
• Miscellaneous
• Organic Peroxides.

Classification and labelling
Class 1 explosives are sub-divided into
hazard divisions;
1.1 Mass explosion hazard
1.2 Projection hazard, no mass
explosion

1.3 Fire hazard, minor blast and/or
minor projection, no mass
explosion.

Classification and labelling
1.4 Substances or articles that
present no significant hazard
1.5 Very insensitive substances that
have a mass explosion hazard
1.6 Extremely insensitive articles
that do not have a mass
explosion hazard.

Labelling

• Hazard division

• Compatibility group
• UN Class 1 explosive.

Marking of vehicles

Danger signs &
subsidiary danger
signs (if any)

Placarded vehicles may carry up to 16 tonnes of
explosives.

Exemptions
The Armed Forces are not subject to
requirement for placarding but the Ministry
of Defence through its Explosives Storage
and Transport Committee have voluntarily
adopted a similar placarding system.

Transport
• All vehicles carrying explosives must
be regarded as potentially hazardous
• Division 1.1 explosives present the
major hazard.

Transport
• The incident commander will decided
the extent to which fire fighting or
rescues might be attempted having
regard to the hazard and life risk
• The primary objective must be to
evacuate the public to at least 600
metres.

Firefighting
It is vitally important that we differentiate
between a fire or risk of fire that is;

• On or near the vehicle but not affecting
the load, nor likely to, and;
• An established fire involving the load or
threatening to spread to it.

Firefighting
Where the fire does not involve the load
such as a tyre or fire in the vehicle cab
priority must be given to extinguishing
the fire before it involves the load.

Firefighting
If the fire involves the load or is threatening it;

• Every possible effort must be directed
toward evacuating the area
• Only where this is clearly not possible
and the rapid application of water would
have a good chance should firefighters
be committed.

Protection
• Firefighters should not be committed
unless they are protected by an earth
banking or other substantial structure
at some distance from the incident
• An un-buttressed double brick wall
may not provide adequate protection.

Effects of explosions
Fatal injuries may arise from being struck by;

•
•
•
•
•

Vehicle parts
Packagings
Explosive debris
Person being thrown into the air
Being thrown against a solid object.

Effects of explosions
Some examples of the
effects of explosions on
persons of ‘average’
fitness;

50

5

16

99% survive lung damage

6m

38m

80m

kg

1% survive lung damage

tonnes tonnes

27m

50% eardrum rupture

12m

54m

80m

Missiles limit of throw.

150m 250m 2000m

Protection from explosions
To be protected requires;

• Distance
• Substantial cover
• Small buildings or vehicles offer little
protection
• Get below ground level if possible
• Or behind thick earth banking.

Radio communications

10 m
No Radios Closer
Than 10m
50 m

600 m

No appliance radios closer
than 50m
Keep public back at least 600 metres.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Covers precautions against fire, explosion,
theft and unauthorised access

• Prohibits carrying certain explosives
• Suitability of vehicle and freight containers

• Ensures mixed loads carried safely
• Placarding and marking of vehicles.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Ensures written information carried

• Supervision of vehicles
• Limits and duration of carriage

• Training of drivers and assistants.

Explosives
The driver of the vehicle must carry in writing the
following details in a consignment document;

• Division and compatibility group of each
explosive carried
• Net mass of each explosive carried
• Name & address of consignor
• If groups C,D or G whether it is a
substance or article.

Suspect devices
• Avoid the use of lights or any other
warning devices
• A 200m incident zone will have been
established within which the use of
radio equipment is strictly prohibited.

Suspect devices
• A message should be passed to
Brigade Control confirming the type of
device e.g. explosive or incendiary
device
• If an incendiary then the normal
predetermined attendance will be
mobilised to the incident.

Bomb alerts
Fire service personnel must not become
involved in the search for any suspect
devices or packages.

Health and safety
• Personnel should be alert to the
possibility of an incorrect marking
system being displayed
• As well as the normal hazards
associated with explosives, personnel
should also be aware of the possibility
of toxic emissions from burning
explosives.

Confirmation
Assessment will be based on this lesson and
the corresponding study note

Learning Outcomes
• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives
• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

THE END


Slide 26

Service Delivery 4
Explosives

Aim
To make students aware of the
operational procedures for dealing with
incidents involving explosives and the
marking systems in use to identify them.

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the session students will be able to:

• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives

• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

Nature of explosives
• All chemical explosives contain fuel
and oxygen
• Burn extremely quickly producing large
quantities of hot gasses

Nature of explosives
• ‘High Explosives’ propagate at
supersonic high velocity 1-10Km/sec
producing a blast wave
• ‘Low Explosives’ deflagrate at subsonic
low velocity up to 100m/sec.

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
Based on the UN system of 9
classes of dangerous goods:

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
•
•
•
•
•

Explosives
Gases
Flammable Liquids
Flammable Solids
Poisonous &
Infectious

• Radioactive
• Corrosives
• Miscellaneous
• Organic Peroxides.

Classification and labelling
Class 1 explosives are sub-divided into
hazard divisions;
1.1 Mass explosion hazard
1.2 Projection hazard, no mass
explosion

1.3 Fire hazard, minor blast and/or
minor projection, no mass
explosion.

Classification and labelling
1.4 Substances or articles that
present no significant hazard
1.5 Very insensitive substances that
have a mass explosion hazard
1.6 Extremely insensitive articles
that do not have a mass
explosion hazard.

Labelling

• Hazard division

• Compatibility group
• UN Class 1 explosive.

Marking of vehicles

Danger signs &
subsidiary danger
signs (if any)

Placarded vehicles may carry up to 16 tonnes of
explosives.

Exemptions
The Armed Forces are not subject to
requirement for placarding but the Ministry
of Defence through its Explosives Storage
and Transport Committee have voluntarily
adopted a similar placarding system.

Transport
• All vehicles carrying explosives must
be regarded as potentially hazardous
• Division 1.1 explosives present the
major hazard.

Transport
• The incident commander will decided
the extent to which fire fighting or
rescues might be attempted having
regard to the hazard and life risk
• The primary objective must be to
evacuate the public to at least 600
metres.

Firefighting
It is vitally important that we differentiate
between a fire or risk of fire that is;

• On or near the vehicle but not affecting
the load, nor likely to, and;
• An established fire involving the load or
threatening to spread to it.

Firefighting
Where the fire does not involve the load
such as a tyre or fire in the vehicle cab
priority must be given to extinguishing
the fire before it involves the load.

Firefighting
If the fire involves the load or is threatening it;

• Every possible effort must be directed
toward evacuating the area
• Only where this is clearly not possible
and the rapid application of water would
have a good chance should firefighters
be committed.

Protection
• Firefighters should not be committed
unless they are protected by an earth
banking or other substantial structure
at some distance from the incident
• An un-buttressed double brick wall
may not provide adequate protection.

Effects of explosions
Fatal injuries may arise from being struck by;

•
•
•
•
•

Vehicle parts
Packagings
Explosive debris
Person being thrown into the air
Being thrown against a solid object.

Effects of explosions
Some examples of the
effects of explosions on
persons of ‘average’
fitness;

50

5

16

99% survive lung damage

6m

38m

80m

kg

1% survive lung damage

tonnes tonnes

27m

50% eardrum rupture

12m

54m

80m

Missiles limit of throw.

150m 250m 2000m

Protection from explosions
To be protected requires;

• Distance
• Substantial cover
• Small buildings or vehicles offer little
protection
• Get below ground level if possible
• Or behind thick earth banking.

Radio communications

10 m
No Radios Closer
Than 10m
50 m

600 m

No appliance radios closer
than 50m
Keep public back at least 600 metres.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Covers precautions against fire, explosion,
theft and unauthorised access

• Prohibits carrying certain explosives
• Suitability of vehicle and freight containers

• Ensures mixed loads carried safely
• Placarding and marking of vehicles.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Ensures written information carried

• Supervision of vehicles
• Limits and duration of carriage

• Training of drivers and assistants.

Explosives
The driver of the vehicle must carry in writing the
following details in a consignment document;

• Division and compatibility group of each
explosive carried
• Net mass of each explosive carried
• Name & address of consignor
• If groups C,D or G whether it is a
substance or article.

Suspect devices
• Avoid the use of lights or any other
warning devices
• A 200m incident zone will have been
established within which the use of
radio equipment is strictly prohibited.

Suspect devices
• A message should be passed to
Brigade Control confirming the type of
device e.g. explosive or incendiary
device
• If an incendiary then the normal
predetermined attendance will be
mobilised to the incident.

Bomb alerts
Fire service personnel must not become
involved in the search for any suspect
devices or packages.

Health and safety
• Personnel should be alert to the
possibility of an incorrect marking
system being displayed
• As well as the normal hazards
associated with explosives, personnel
should also be aware of the possibility
of toxic emissions from burning
explosives.

Confirmation
Assessment will be based on this lesson and
the corresponding study note

Learning Outcomes
• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives
• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

THE END


Slide 27

Service Delivery 4
Explosives

Aim
To make students aware of the
operational procedures for dealing with
incidents involving explosives and the
marking systems in use to identify them.

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the session students will be able to:

• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives

• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

Nature of explosives
• All chemical explosives contain fuel
and oxygen
• Burn extremely quickly producing large
quantities of hot gasses

Nature of explosives
• ‘High Explosives’ propagate at
supersonic high velocity 1-10Km/sec
producing a blast wave
• ‘Low Explosives’ deflagrate at subsonic
low velocity up to 100m/sec.

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
Based on the UN system of 9
classes of dangerous goods:

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
•
•
•
•
•

Explosives
Gases
Flammable Liquids
Flammable Solids
Poisonous &
Infectious

• Radioactive
• Corrosives
• Miscellaneous
• Organic Peroxides.

Classification and labelling
Class 1 explosives are sub-divided into
hazard divisions;
1.1 Mass explosion hazard
1.2 Projection hazard, no mass
explosion

1.3 Fire hazard, minor blast and/or
minor projection, no mass
explosion.

Classification and labelling
1.4 Substances or articles that
present no significant hazard
1.5 Very insensitive substances that
have a mass explosion hazard
1.6 Extremely insensitive articles
that do not have a mass
explosion hazard.

Labelling

• Hazard division

• Compatibility group
• UN Class 1 explosive.

Marking of vehicles

Danger signs &
subsidiary danger
signs (if any)

Placarded vehicles may carry up to 16 tonnes of
explosives.

Exemptions
The Armed Forces are not subject to
requirement for placarding but the Ministry
of Defence through its Explosives Storage
and Transport Committee have voluntarily
adopted a similar placarding system.

Transport
• All vehicles carrying explosives must
be regarded as potentially hazardous
• Division 1.1 explosives present the
major hazard.

Transport
• The incident commander will decided
the extent to which fire fighting or
rescues might be attempted having
regard to the hazard and life risk
• The primary objective must be to
evacuate the public to at least 600
metres.

Firefighting
It is vitally important that we differentiate
between a fire or risk of fire that is;

• On or near the vehicle but not affecting
the load, nor likely to, and;
• An established fire involving the load or
threatening to spread to it.

Firefighting
Where the fire does not involve the load
such as a tyre or fire in the vehicle cab
priority must be given to extinguishing
the fire before it involves the load.

Firefighting
If the fire involves the load or is threatening it;

• Every possible effort must be directed
toward evacuating the area
• Only where this is clearly not possible
and the rapid application of water would
have a good chance should firefighters
be committed.

Protection
• Firefighters should not be committed
unless they are protected by an earth
banking or other substantial structure
at some distance from the incident
• An un-buttressed double brick wall
may not provide adequate protection.

Effects of explosions
Fatal injuries may arise from being struck by;

•
•
•
•
•

Vehicle parts
Packagings
Explosive debris
Person being thrown into the air
Being thrown against a solid object.

Effects of explosions
Some examples of the
effects of explosions on
persons of ‘average’
fitness;

50

5

16

99% survive lung damage

6m

38m

80m

kg

1% survive lung damage

tonnes tonnes

27m

50% eardrum rupture

12m

54m

80m

Missiles limit of throw.

150m 250m 2000m

Protection from explosions
To be protected requires;

• Distance
• Substantial cover
• Small buildings or vehicles offer little
protection
• Get below ground level if possible
• Or behind thick earth banking.

Radio communications

10 m
No Radios Closer
Than 10m
50 m

600 m

No appliance radios closer
than 50m
Keep public back at least 600 metres.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Covers precautions against fire, explosion,
theft and unauthorised access

• Prohibits carrying certain explosives
• Suitability of vehicle and freight containers

• Ensures mixed loads carried safely
• Placarding and marking of vehicles.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Ensures written information carried

• Supervision of vehicles
• Limits and duration of carriage

• Training of drivers and assistants.

Explosives
The driver of the vehicle must carry in writing the
following details in a consignment document;

• Division and compatibility group of each
explosive carried
• Net mass of each explosive carried
• Name & address of consignor
• If groups C,D or G whether it is a
substance or article.

Suspect devices
• Avoid the use of lights or any other
warning devices
• A 200m incident zone will have been
established within which the use of
radio equipment is strictly prohibited.

Suspect devices
• A message should be passed to
Brigade Control confirming the type of
device e.g. explosive or incendiary
device
• If an incendiary then the normal
predetermined attendance will be
mobilised to the incident.

Bomb alerts
Fire service personnel must not become
involved in the search for any suspect
devices or packages.

Health and safety
• Personnel should be alert to the
possibility of an incorrect marking
system being displayed
• As well as the normal hazards
associated with explosives, personnel
should also be aware of the possibility
of toxic emissions from burning
explosives.

Confirmation
Assessment will be based on this lesson and
the corresponding study note

Learning Outcomes
• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives
• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

THE END


Slide 28

Service Delivery 4
Explosives

Aim
To make students aware of the
operational procedures for dealing with
incidents involving explosives and the
marking systems in use to identify them.

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the session students will be able to:

• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives

• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

Nature of explosives
• All chemical explosives contain fuel
and oxygen
• Burn extremely quickly producing large
quantities of hot gasses

Nature of explosives
• ‘High Explosives’ propagate at
supersonic high velocity 1-10Km/sec
producing a blast wave
• ‘Low Explosives’ deflagrate at subsonic
low velocity up to 100m/sec.

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
Based on the UN system of 9
classes of dangerous goods:

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
•
•
•
•
•

Explosives
Gases
Flammable Liquids
Flammable Solids
Poisonous &
Infectious

• Radioactive
• Corrosives
• Miscellaneous
• Organic Peroxides.

Classification and labelling
Class 1 explosives are sub-divided into
hazard divisions;
1.1 Mass explosion hazard
1.2 Projection hazard, no mass
explosion

1.3 Fire hazard, minor blast and/or
minor projection, no mass
explosion.

Classification and labelling
1.4 Substances or articles that
present no significant hazard
1.5 Very insensitive substances that
have a mass explosion hazard
1.6 Extremely insensitive articles
that do not have a mass
explosion hazard.

Labelling

• Hazard division

• Compatibility group
• UN Class 1 explosive.

Marking of vehicles

Danger signs &
subsidiary danger
signs (if any)

Placarded vehicles may carry up to 16 tonnes of
explosives.

Exemptions
The Armed Forces are not subject to
requirement for placarding but the Ministry
of Defence through its Explosives Storage
and Transport Committee have voluntarily
adopted a similar placarding system.

Transport
• All vehicles carrying explosives must
be regarded as potentially hazardous
• Division 1.1 explosives present the
major hazard.

Transport
• The incident commander will decided
the extent to which fire fighting or
rescues might be attempted having
regard to the hazard and life risk
• The primary objective must be to
evacuate the public to at least 600
metres.

Firefighting
It is vitally important that we differentiate
between a fire or risk of fire that is;

• On or near the vehicle but not affecting
the load, nor likely to, and;
• An established fire involving the load or
threatening to spread to it.

Firefighting
Where the fire does not involve the load
such as a tyre or fire in the vehicle cab
priority must be given to extinguishing
the fire before it involves the load.

Firefighting
If the fire involves the load or is threatening it;

• Every possible effort must be directed
toward evacuating the area
• Only where this is clearly not possible
and the rapid application of water would
have a good chance should firefighters
be committed.

Protection
• Firefighters should not be committed
unless they are protected by an earth
banking or other substantial structure
at some distance from the incident
• An un-buttressed double brick wall
may not provide adequate protection.

Effects of explosions
Fatal injuries may arise from being struck by;

•
•
•
•
•

Vehicle parts
Packagings
Explosive debris
Person being thrown into the air
Being thrown against a solid object.

Effects of explosions
Some examples of the
effects of explosions on
persons of ‘average’
fitness;

50

5

16

99% survive lung damage

6m

38m

80m

kg

1% survive lung damage

tonnes tonnes

27m

50% eardrum rupture

12m

54m

80m

Missiles limit of throw.

150m 250m 2000m

Protection from explosions
To be protected requires;

• Distance
• Substantial cover
• Small buildings or vehicles offer little
protection
• Get below ground level if possible
• Or behind thick earth banking.

Radio communications

10 m
No Radios Closer
Than 10m
50 m

600 m

No appliance radios closer
than 50m
Keep public back at least 600 metres.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Covers precautions against fire, explosion,
theft and unauthorised access

• Prohibits carrying certain explosives
• Suitability of vehicle and freight containers

• Ensures mixed loads carried safely
• Placarding and marking of vehicles.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Ensures written information carried

• Supervision of vehicles
• Limits and duration of carriage

• Training of drivers and assistants.

Explosives
The driver of the vehicle must carry in writing the
following details in a consignment document;

• Division and compatibility group of each
explosive carried
• Net mass of each explosive carried
• Name & address of consignor
• If groups C,D or G whether it is a
substance or article.

Suspect devices
• Avoid the use of lights or any other
warning devices
• A 200m incident zone will have been
established within which the use of
radio equipment is strictly prohibited.

Suspect devices
• A message should be passed to
Brigade Control confirming the type of
device e.g. explosive or incendiary
device
• If an incendiary then the normal
predetermined attendance will be
mobilised to the incident.

Bomb alerts
Fire service personnel must not become
involved in the search for any suspect
devices or packages.

Health and safety
• Personnel should be alert to the
possibility of an incorrect marking
system being displayed
• As well as the normal hazards
associated with explosives, personnel
should also be aware of the possibility
of toxic emissions from burning
explosives.

Confirmation
Assessment will be based on this lesson and
the corresponding study note

Learning Outcomes
• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives
• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

THE END


Slide 29

Service Delivery 4
Explosives

Aim
To make students aware of the
operational procedures for dealing with
incidents involving explosives and the
marking systems in use to identify them.

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the session students will be able to:

• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives

• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

Nature of explosives
• All chemical explosives contain fuel
and oxygen
• Burn extremely quickly producing large
quantities of hot gasses

Nature of explosives
• ‘High Explosives’ propagate at
supersonic high velocity 1-10Km/sec
producing a blast wave
• ‘Low Explosives’ deflagrate at subsonic
low velocity up to 100m/sec.

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
Based on the UN system of 9
classes of dangerous goods:

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
•
•
•
•
•

Explosives
Gases
Flammable Liquids
Flammable Solids
Poisonous &
Infectious

• Radioactive
• Corrosives
• Miscellaneous
• Organic Peroxides.

Classification and labelling
Class 1 explosives are sub-divided into
hazard divisions;
1.1 Mass explosion hazard
1.2 Projection hazard, no mass
explosion

1.3 Fire hazard, minor blast and/or
minor projection, no mass
explosion.

Classification and labelling
1.4 Substances or articles that
present no significant hazard
1.5 Very insensitive substances that
have a mass explosion hazard
1.6 Extremely insensitive articles
that do not have a mass
explosion hazard.

Labelling

• Hazard division

• Compatibility group
• UN Class 1 explosive.

Marking of vehicles

Danger signs &
subsidiary danger
signs (if any)

Placarded vehicles may carry up to 16 tonnes of
explosives.

Exemptions
The Armed Forces are not subject to
requirement for placarding but the Ministry
of Defence through its Explosives Storage
and Transport Committee have voluntarily
adopted a similar placarding system.

Transport
• All vehicles carrying explosives must
be regarded as potentially hazardous
• Division 1.1 explosives present the
major hazard.

Transport
• The incident commander will decided
the extent to which fire fighting or
rescues might be attempted having
regard to the hazard and life risk
• The primary objective must be to
evacuate the public to at least 600
metres.

Firefighting
It is vitally important that we differentiate
between a fire or risk of fire that is;

• On or near the vehicle but not affecting
the load, nor likely to, and;
• An established fire involving the load or
threatening to spread to it.

Firefighting
Where the fire does not involve the load
such as a tyre or fire in the vehicle cab
priority must be given to extinguishing
the fire before it involves the load.

Firefighting
If the fire involves the load or is threatening it;

• Every possible effort must be directed
toward evacuating the area
• Only where this is clearly not possible
and the rapid application of water would
have a good chance should firefighters
be committed.

Protection
• Firefighters should not be committed
unless they are protected by an earth
banking or other substantial structure
at some distance from the incident
• An un-buttressed double brick wall
may not provide adequate protection.

Effects of explosions
Fatal injuries may arise from being struck by;

•
•
•
•
•

Vehicle parts
Packagings
Explosive debris
Person being thrown into the air
Being thrown against a solid object.

Effects of explosions
Some examples of the
effects of explosions on
persons of ‘average’
fitness;

50

5

16

99% survive lung damage

6m

38m

80m

kg

1% survive lung damage

tonnes tonnes

27m

50% eardrum rupture

12m

54m

80m

Missiles limit of throw.

150m 250m 2000m

Protection from explosions
To be protected requires;

• Distance
• Substantial cover
• Small buildings or vehicles offer little
protection
• Get below ground level if possible
• Or behind thick earth banking.

Radio communications

10 m
No Radios Closer
Than 10m
50 m

600 m

No appliance radios closer
than 50m
Keep public back at least 600 metres.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Covers precautions against fire, explosion,
theft and unauthorised access

• Prohibits carrying certain explosives
• Suitability of vehicle and freight containers

• Ensures mixed loads carried safely
• Placarding and marking of vehicles.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Ensures written information carried

• Supervision of vehicles
• Limits and duration of carriage

• Training of drivers and assistants.

Explosives
The driver of the vehicle must carry in writing the
following details in a consignment document;

• Division and compatibility group of each
explosive carried
• Net mass of each explosive carried
• Name & address of consignor
• If groups C,D or G whether it is a
substance or article.

Suspect devices
• Avoid the use of lights or any other
warning devices
• A 200m incident zone will have been
established within which the use of
radio equipment is strictly prohibited.

Suspect devices
• A message should be passed to
Brigade Control confirming the type of
device e.g. explosive or incendiary
device
• If an incendiary then the normal
predetermined attendance will be
mobilised to the incident.

Bomb alerts
Fire service personnel must not become
involved in the search for any suspect
devices or packages.

Health and safety
• Personnel should be alert to the
possibility of an incorrect marking
system being displayed
• As well as the normal hazards
associated with explosives, personnel
should also be aware of the possibility
of toxic emissions from burning
explosives.

Confirmation
Assessment will be based on this lesson and
the corresponding study note

Learning Outcomes
• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives
• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

THE END


Slide 30

Service Delivery 4
Explosives

Aim
To make students aware of the
operational procedures for dealing with
incidents involving explosives and the
marking systems in use to identify them.

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the session students will be able to:

• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives

• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

Nature of explosives
• All chemical explosives contain fuel
and oxygen
• Burn extremely quickly producing large
quantities of hot gasses

Nature of explosives
• ‘High Explosives’ propagate at
supersonic high velocity 1-10Km/sec
producing a blast wave
• ‘Low Explosives’ deflagrate at subsonic
low velocity up to 100m/sec.

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
Based on the UN system of 9
classes of dangerous goods:

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
•
•
•
•
•

Explosives
Gases
Flammable Liquids
Flammable Solids
Poisonous &
Infectious

• Radioactive
• Corrosives
• Miscellaneous
• Organic Peroxides.

Classification and labelling
Class 1 explosives are sub-divided into
hazard divisions;
1.1 Mass explosion hazard
1.2 Projection hazard, no mass
explosion

1.3 Fire hazard, minor blast and/or
minor projection, no mass
explosion.

Classification and labelling
1.4 Substances or articles that
present no significant hazard
1.5 Very insensitive substances that
have a mass explosion hazard
1.6 Extremely insensitive articles
that do not have a mass
explosion hazard.

Labelling

• Hazard division

• Compatibility group
• UN Class 1 explosive.

Marking of vehicles

Danger signs &
subsidiary danger
signs (if any)

Placarded vehicles may carry up to 16 tonnes of
explosives.

Exemptions
The Armed Forces are not subject to
requirement for placarding but the Ministry
of Defence through its Explosives Storage
and Transport Committee have voluntarily
adopted a similar placarding system.

Transport
• All vehicles carrying explosives must
be regarded as potentially hazardous
• Division 1.1 explosives present the
major hazard.

Transport
• The incident commander will decided
the extent to which fire fighting or
rescues might be attempted having
regard to the hazard and life risk
• The primary objective must be to
evacuate the public to at least 600
metres.

Firefighting
It is vitally important that we differentiate
between a fire or risk of fire that is;

• On or near the vehicle but not affecting
the load, nor likely to, and;
• An established fire involving the load or
threatening to spread to it.

Firefighting
Where the fire does not involve the load
such as a tyre or fire in the vehicle cab
priority must be given to extinguishing
the fire before it involves the load.

Firefighting
If the fire involves the load or is threatening it;

• Every possible effort must be directed
toward evacuating the area
• Only where this is clearly not possible
and the rapid application of water would
have a good chance should firefighters
be committed.

Protection
• Firefighters should not be committed
unless they are protected by an earth
banking or other substantial structure
at some distance from the incident
• An un-buttressed double brick wall
may not provide adequate protection.

Effects of explosions
Fatal injuries may arise from being struck by;

•
•
•
•
•

Vehicle parts
Packagings
Explosive debris
Person being thrown into the air
Being thrown against a solid object.

Effects of explosions
Some examples of the
effects of explosions on
persons of ‘average’
fitness;

50

5

16

99% survive lung damage

6m

38m

80m

kg

1% survive lung damage

tonnes tonnes

27m

50% eardrum rupture

12m

54m

80m

Missiles limit of throw.

150m 250m 2000m

Protection from explosions
To be protected requires;

• Distance
• Substantial cover
• Small buildings or vehicles offer little
protection
• Get below ground level if possible
• Or behind thick earth banking.

Radio communications

10 m
No Radios Closer
Than 10m
50 m

600 m

No appliance radios closer
than 50m
Keep public back at least 600 metres.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Covers precautions against fire, explosion,
theft and unauthorised access

• Prohibits carrying certain explosives
• Suitability of vehicle and freight containers

• Ensures mixed loads carried safely
• Placarding and marking of vehicles.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Ensures written information carried

• Supervision of vehicles
• Limits and duration of carriage

• Training of drivers and assistants.

Explosives
The driver of the vehicle must carry in writing the
following details in a consignment document;

• Division and compatibility group of each
explosive carried
• Net mass of each explosive carried
• Name & address of consignor
• If groups C,D or G whether it is a
substance or article.

Suspect devices
• Avoid the use of lights or any other
warning devices
• A 200m incident zone will have been
established within which the use of
radio equipment is strictly prohibited.

Suspect devices
• A message should be passed to
Brigade Control confirming the type of
device e.g. explosive or incendiary
device
• If an incendiary then the normal
predetermined attendance will be
mobilised to the incident.

Bomb alerts
Fire service personnel must not become
involved in the search for any suspect
devices or packages.

Health and safety
• Personnel should be alert to the
possibility of an incorrect marking
system being displayed
• As well as the normal hazards
associated with explosives, personnel
should also be aware of the possibility
of toxic emissions from burning
explosives.

Confirmation
Assessment will be based on this lesson and
the corresponding study note

Learning Outcomes
• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives
• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

THE END


Slide 31

Service Delivery 4
Explosives

Aim
To make students aware of the
operational procedures for dealing with
incidents involving explosives and the
marking systems in use to identify them.

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the session students will be able to:

• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives

• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

Nature of explosives
• All chemical explosives contain fuel
and oxygen
• Burn extremely quickly producing large
quantities of hot gasses

Nature of explosives
• ‘High Explosives’ propagate at
supersonic high velocity 1-10Km/sec
producing a blast wave
• ‘Low Explosives’ deflagrate at subsonic
low velocity up to 100m/sec.

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
Based on the UN system of 9
classes of dangerous goods:

Classification and Labelling of
Explosives Regulations 1983
•
•
•
•
•

Explosives
Gases
Flammable Liquids
Flammable Solids
Poisonous &
Infectious

• Radioactive
• Corrosives
• Miscellaneous
• Organic Peroxides.

Classification and labelling
Class 1 explosives are sub-divided into
hazard divisions;
1.1 Mass explosion hazard
1.2 Projection hazard, no mass
explosion

1.3 Fire hazard, minor blast and/or
minor projection, no mass
explosion.

Classification and labelling
1.4 Substances or articles that
present no significant hazard
1.5 Very insensitive substances that
have a mass explosion hazard
1.6 Extremely insensitive articles
that do not have a mass
explosion hazard.

Labelling

• Hazard division

• Compatibility group
• UN Class 1 explosive.

Marking of vehicles

Danger signs &
subsidiary danger
signs (if any)

Placarded vehicles may carry up to 16 tonnes of
explosives.

Exemptions
The Armed Forces are not subject to
requirement for placarding but the Ministry
of Defence through its Explosives Storage
and Transport Committee have voluntarily
adopted a similar placarding system.

Transport
• All vehicles carrying explosives must
be regarded as potentially hazardous
• Division 1.1 explosives present the
major hazard.

Transport
• The incident commander will decided
the extent to which fire fighting or
rescues might be attempted having
regard to the hazard and life risk
• The primary objective must be to
evacuate the public to at least 600
metres.

Firefighting
It is vitally important that we differentiate
between a fire or risk of fire that is;

• On or near the vehicle but not affecting
the load, nor likely to, and;
• An established fire involving the load or
threatening to spread to it.

Firefighting
Where the fire does not involve the load
such as a tyre or fire in the vehicle cab
priority must be given to extinguishing
the fire before it involves the load.

Firefighting
If the fire involves the load or is threatening it;

• Every possible effort must be directed
toward evacuating the area
• Only where this is clearly not possible
and the rapid application of water would
have a good chance should firefighters
be committed.

Protection
• Firefighters should not be committed
unless they are protected by an earth
banking or other substantial structure
at some distance from the incident
• An un-buttressed double brick wall
may not provide adequate protection.

Effects of explosions
Fatal injuries may arise from being struck by;

•
•
•
•
•

Vehicle parts
Packagings
Explosive debris
Person being thrown into the air
Being thrown against a solid object.

Effects of explosions
Some examples of the
effects of explosions on
persons of ‘average’
fitness;

50

5

16

99% survive lung damage

6m

38m

80m

kg

1% survive lung damage

tonnes tonnes

27m

50% eardrum rupture

12m

54m

80m

Missiles limit of throw.

150m 250m 2000m

Protection from explosions
To be protected requires;

• Distance
• Substantial cover
• Small buildings or vehicles offer little
protection
• Get below ground level if possible
• Or behind thick earth banking.

Radio communications

10 m
No Radios Closer
Than 10m
50 m

600 m

No appliance radios closer
than 50m
Keep public back at least 600 metres.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Covers precautions against fire, explosion,
theft and unauthorised access

• Prohibits carrying certain explosives
• Suitability of vehicle and freight containers

• Ensures mixed loads carried safely
• Placarding and marking of vehicles.

The Carriage of Explosives by
Road Regulations 1996
• Ensures written information carried

• Supervision of vehicles
• Limits and duration of carriage

• Training of drivers and assistants.

Explosives
The driver of the vehicle must carry in writing the
following details in a consignment document;

• Division and compatibility group of each
explosive carried
• Net mass of each explosive carried
• Name & address of consignor
• If groups C,D or G whether it is a
substance or article.

Suspect devices
• Avoid the use of lights or any other
warning devices
• A 200m incident zone will have been
established within which the use of
radio equipment is strictly prohibited.

Suspect devices
• A message should be passed to
Brigade Control confirming the type of
device e.g. explosive or incendiary
device
• If an incendiary then the normal
predetermined attendance will be
mobilised to the incident.

Bomb alerts
Fire service personnel must not become
involved in the search for any suspect
devices or packages.

Health and safety
• Personnel should be alert to the
possibility of an incorrect marking
system being displayed
• As well as the normal hazards
associated with explosives, personnel
should also be aware of the possibility
of toxic emissions from burning
explosives.

Confirmation
Assessment will be based on this lesson and
the corresponding study note

Learning Outcomes
• Identify the hazards and risks associated
with explosives
• Understand the marking systems used to
identify explosives
• Be aware of the operational procedures for
dealing with incidents involving explosives.

THE END