《语言学概论》教学课件 胡壮麟教授 Chapter 1. Invitations to Linguistics 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 Why study language? What is language? Design features of language Origin of language Functions of language What is linguistics Main.
Download ReportTranscript 《语言学概论》教学课件 胡壮麟教授 Chapter 1. Invitations to Linguistics 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 Why study language? What is language? Design features of language Origin of language Functions of language What is linguistics Main.
Slide 1
《语言学概论》教学课件
Slide 2
胡壮麟教授
Slide 3
Chapter 1. Invitations to Linguistics
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
Why study language?
What is language?
Design features of language
Origin of language
Functions of language
What is linguistics
Main branches of linguistics
Macro linguistics
Important distinctions in linguistics
Slide 4
1.1 Why study language?
A tool for communication
An integral part of our life and humanity
If we are not fully aware of the nature
and mechanism of our language, we will
be ignorant of what constitutes our
essential humanity
Slide 5
1.2 What is language?
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal
symbols used for human communication.
System: Elements in it are arranged
according to certain rules. They cannot
Symbols----words
Vocal--------the
are
primary
just the
medium
forintrinsic (logic)
Arbitrary----there
is
no
be arranged at will.
symbols
all languages
associated
is sound,
with objects,
no matterahow
connection
between
form
e.g. He the table cleaned (×);linguistic
bkli
actions,
well developed
and ideas
their
by meaning.
convention.
writing systems
and
its
(×).
Communication-----A
process in which
are.
information
is transmitted
from
a source
Humansystems
----language
human-specific.
Writing
cameisinto
being
(sender
or speaker)
tospoken
adifferent
goal forms.
(receiver
Human
beings
have
kinds of
much
later
than the
or brains
listener).
vocal
Peopleand
with
littlecapacity.
or no literacy can
also
be competent
language
users.
“Language
Acquisition
Device”
(LAD)
Slide 6
1.3 Design features of
language
– Arbitrariness
– Duality
– Creativity
– Displacement
Charles Hockett (1958)
American linguist
Slide 7
• arbitrariness----the form of
linguistic signs bear no natural
relationship to their meaning. The
link between them is a matter of
convention.
– e.g. “house”
–
–
uchi (Japanese)
mansion (French)
房子(Chinese)
Slide 8
Significance of Arbitrariness
The arbitrary nature of language is
a sign of sophistication and it
makes it possible for language to
have an unlimited source of
expressions.
Slide 9
• duality----language is simultaneously
organized at two levels or layers, namely,
the level of sounds and that of meaning.
• the higher level ----words which are meaningful
• the lower or the basic level----sounds which are
meaningless, but can be grouped and regrouped
into words.
• Dog: woof (but not “w-oo-f” )
• This duality of levels is, in fact, one of the most
economical features of human language, since
with a limited set of distinct sounds we are
capable of producing a very large number of
sound combinations (e.g. words) which are
distinct in meaning.
• The principle of economy
Slide 10
Hierarchy of Language:
Expression of Duality
Astronomical
number of
sentences
Thousands of
words
Hundreds of
morphemes
Scores of
sounds
语言的双重性表现在两
个方面：
1. 用自身无意义的
语音构成 有意义的
语言单位
2. 用小单位构成大
单位
Slide 11
Significance of Duality
• Because of duality, the speaker is able
to combine the basic linguistic units to
form an infinite set of sentences, most
of which are never before produced or
heard. （胡壮麟 2001：7-8）
• In other words, language is productive
because of its own duality.
Slide 12
• Creativity----language is resourceful.
It makes possible the construction and
interpretation of new signals by its users.
(novel utterances are continually being
created.)
• non-human signals ,on the other hand,
appears to have little flexibility.
e.g. an experiment of bee communication:
Slide 13
• Displacement----human languages
enable their users to symbolize objects,
events and concepts which are not present
at the moment of communication.
Slide 14
1.4
Origin of language
How did language
come into being?
Slide 15
(1)The Divine- Origin Theory
Adam’s naming
• And out of the ground •
the LORD God formed
every beast of the field,
and every fowl of the
air; and brought them
unto Adam to see what
he would call them: and
whatsoever Adam
called every living
creature, that was the
name thereof.
耶
所
各
中
带
看
那
样
就
和
造
样
各
到
他
人
的
是
华
成
走
样
那
叫
怎
活
它
神
的
兽
飞
人
什
样
物
的
用
野
和
鸟
面
么
叫
，
名
土
地
空
都
前 ，
。
各
那
字 。
Slide 16
Adam’s naming
• And Adam gave
names to all cattle,
and to the fowl of
the air, and to every
beast of the field;
but for Adam there
was not found an
help meet for him.
• 那
畜
野
名
有
他
人
和
地
。
遇
。
便
空
走
只
见
给
中
兽
是
配
一
飞
都
那
偶
切
鸟
起
人
帮
牲
，
了
没
助
Slide 17
仓颉造字
上古仓颉造字时,飞沙走
石,“天雨粟、鬼夜哭”,
• 仓颉陵遗址 仓颉、史皇氏，
今濮阳市南乐县吴村人，相
传是黄帝时期造字的史官，
仰观天象、俯察鸟兽虫鱼之
迹，总结远古各部落的刻划
符号首创文字，从而结束了
远古先民结绳纪事的历史，
后人尊之为'造字圣人'。仓
颉陵遗址上建有仓颉陵墓和
仓颉庙，还有藏甲楼、故宅
井及部分石刻、碑刻。目前
主要修复的建筑有万古一人
殿、仰圣门、碑亭、朝天门、
六书殿、字圣坊、造书台、
碑林。
Slide 18
(2)The Invention Theory
The Bow-wow theory
（咆哮说/拟声说）
The Pooh-pooh theory
（啵啵说/感叹说）
Slide 19
The Ding-dong theory
（丁咚说/声象说）
The “Yo-he-ho” theory
（吆嘿嗬说/喘 息说）
Slide 20
(3)The Evolutionary Theory
There is certain relationship between the
development of language and the evolutionary
development of the human species.
1. Children are born with both thought and
language.
2. The development of the
physical apparatus for
speech.
3. It is labor that created the
necessity for language.
Slide 21
1.5 Functions of language
• Informative
• Interpersonal function
• Performative
• Emotive function
• Phatic communion
• Recreational function
• Recreational function
• Metalingual function
Slide 22
Elements of Communication:
Jakobson’s Model (1960)
Context
Referential
Addresser
Emotive
Message
Poetic
Contact
Phatic
Code
Metalingual
Addressee
Conative
Slide 23
Metafunctions of Language:
Halliday’s Model
1. Ideational: Constructs a model of experience
and constructs logical relations ( through
transitive system)
(Linguistic Constructionism)
2. Interpersonal: enacts social relationships
(through mood and modality)
3. Contextual: creates relevance to context
(through coherence and cohesion)
Systemic Functional Linguistics
Slide 24
M. A. K. Halliday（韩礼德）
• (1925-), founder of
systemic functional
linguistics,19471949 studied at
Beijing University,
1949-1950 studied
at Ling Nan
University, 1955
got doctor’s degree
at Cambridge
University with The
Language of the
Chinese “Secret
History of the
Mongols”
Slide 25
Summary of the Functions of anguage
1.Informative （信息功能）: Language
serves an informative function when
it is used to tell what the speaker
believes, to give information about
facts, or to reason things out.
By use of Declarative Sentences
2. Interrogative（询问功能）: When
language is used to get information from
others, it serves an interrogative function
Through Questions that expect answers.
Slide 26
3. Interpersonal（人际功能）: Language serves an interpersonal
function when it is used to establish and maintain their status
in a society.Five sub-categories of interpersonal function:
Performative（行事功能）: the
use of language to “do things”,
to perform actions.
Through quite formal and even
ritualized language.
Directive（指令功能）: When
language is used to get the
hearer do something, it serves a
directive function.
Most Imperative sentences.
Emotive（感情功能）: the use
of language to create certain
feelings in the hearer.
Expressive（表达功能）: the use of
language to reveal something
about the feelings and attitudes
of the speaker.
Through Jokes, Advertising,
Propaganda, etc.
Through Exclamations, etc.
Phatic（寒暄功能）: the use of language to establish an
atmosphere or maintaining social contact.
E.g. Greetings, Farewells, and Comments on the weather, etc.
Slide 27
4.
Recreational（娱乐功能）: the use of language for
the sheer joy of using it.
e.g. baby’s babbling, poetry, etc.
5. Metalingual（元语言功能）: the use of language
to talk about language itself.
This makes language infinitely self-reflexive: We
human beings can talk about talk and think
about thinking, and thus only humans can ask
what it means to communicate, to think, to be
human.
Slide 28
1.6 What is linguistics
1.1.1
Definition
Linguistics
studies not just
Linguistic
dataofand
theory
stand
one
language
any
society,
Linguistics is generally
inbut
a dialectical
complementation.
the language
of all human
society,
in general.
defined language
as the scientific
study of language.
Slide 29
1.7 Main branches of linguistics
• Phonetics
• Phonology
• Morphology
• Syntax
• Semantics
• Pragmatics
Slide 30
1.8 Macro linguistics
•
•
•
•
Psycholinguistics
Sociolinguistics
Anthropological linguistics
Computational linguistics
Slide 31
1.9 Important distinctions
in linguistics
• Descriptive vs. prescriptive
• Synchronic vs. diachronic
• Langue & parole
• Competence & performance
Slide 32
Descriptive vs. prescriptive
•
•
They represent two different types of linguistic
study.
If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze
the language people actually use, it is said to be
descriptive; if the linguistic study aims to lay
down rules for “correct and standard” behavior
in using language, i. e. to tell people what they
should say and what they should not say, it is
said to be prescriptive.
Slide 33
Synchronic vs. diachronic
•
•
•
The description of a language at some
point of time in history is a synchronic
study。
The description of language as it
changes through time is a diachronic
study.
A diachronic study is a historical study; it
studies the historical development of
language over a period of time.
Slide 34
Langue & parole
• The distinction was made by the Swiss linguist
Saussure in the early 20th century.
• Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system
shared by all members of a speech community,
and parole refers to the realization of language
in actual use.
• What linguists should do is to abstract langue
from parole, i. e. to discover the regularities
governing the actual use of language and make
them the subjects of study of linguistics.
Slide 35
Ferdinand de Saussure
• (1857-1913),
Swiss, founder
of structuralism,
modern
linguistics,
semiology.
• Course in
General
Linguistics,
1916
Slide 36
Competence & performance
• The distinction is discussed by the
American linguist N. Chomsky in the late
1950’s.
• Competence----the ideal user’s knowledge
of the rules of his language.
• Performance----the actual realization of
this knowledge in linguistic communication.
Slide 37
Avram Noam Chomsky
• (1928-),
founder of
TG(Pp. 42), a
revolution to
structuralism.
• LAD- (Pp.145)PPH-Universal
Grammar
• ST-EST-REST
Slide 38
Traditional linguistics & modern
linguistics
• Modern linguistics started with the publication of
F. de Saussure’ s book “Course in General
Linguistics” in the early 20th century. So
Saussure is often described as “father of
modern linguistics”.
• The general approach traditionally formed to the
study of language before that is roughly referred
to as “traditional grammar.” They differ in several
basic ways.
• Differences between the two.
Slide 39
Firstly, modern linguistics is descriptive while traditional
grammar is prescriptive. A linguist is interested in what is
said, not in what he thinks ought to be said. He describes
language in all its aspects, but does not prescribe rules of
“correctness”.
Secondly, modern linguistics regards the spoken language
as primary, not the written. Traditional grammarians, on the
other hand, tend to emphasize, may be over-emphasize, the
importance of the written word, partly because of its permanence.
Then, modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar
also in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based
framework. To modern linguists ,it is unthinkable to judge one
language by standards of another. They are trying to set up a
universal framework, but that would be based on the features
shared by most of the languages used by mankind
《语言学概论》教学课件
Slide 2
胡壮麟教授
Slide 3
Chapter 1. Invitations to Linguistics
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
Why study language?
What is language?
Design features of language
Origin of language
Functions of language
What is linguistics
Main branches of linguistics
Macro linguistics
Important distinctions in linguistics
Slide 4
1.1 Why study language?
A tool for communication
An integral part of our life and humanity
If we are not fully aware of the nature
and mechanism of our language, we will
be ignorant of what constitutes our
essential humanity
Slide 5
1.2 What is language?
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal
symbols used for human communication.
System: Elements in it are arranged
according to certain rules. They cannot
Symbols----words
Vocal--------the
are
primary
just the
medium
forintrinsic (logic)
Arbitrary----there
is
no
be arranged at will.
symbols
all languages
associated
is sound,
with objects,
no matterahow
connection
between
form
e.g. He the table cleaned (×);linguistic
bkli
actions,
well developed
and ideas
their
by meaning.
convention.
writing systems
and
its
(×).
Communication-----A
process in which
are.
information
is transmitted
from
a source
Humansystems
----language
human-specific.
Writing
cameisinto
being
(sender
or speaker)
tospoken
adifferent
goal forms.
(receiver
Human
beings
have
kinds of
much
later
than the
or brains
listener).
vocal
Peopleand
with
littlecapacity.
or no literacy can
also
be competent
language
users.
“Language
Acquisition
Device”
(LAD)
Slide 6
1.3 Design features of
language
– Arbitrariness
– Duality
– Creativity
– Displacement
Charles Hockett (1958)
American linguist
Slide 7
• arbitrariness----the form of
linguistic signs bear no natural
relationship to their meaning. The
link between them is a matter of
convention.
– e.g. “house”
–
–
uchi (Japanese)
mansion (French)
房子(Chinese)
Slide 8
Significance of Arbitrariness
The arbitrary nature of language is
a sign of sophistication and it
makes it possible for language to
have an unlimited source of
expressions.
Slide 9
• duality----language is simultaneously
organized at two levels or layers, namely,
the level of sounds and that of meaning.
• the higher level ----words which are meaningful
• the lower or the basic level----sounds which are
meaningless, but can be grouped and regrouped
into words.
• Dog: woof (but not “w-oo-f” )
• This duality of levels is, in fact, one of the most
economical features of human language, since
with a limited set of distinct sounds we are
capable of producing a very large number of
sound combinations (e.g. words) which are
distinct in meaning.
• The principle of economy
Slide 10
Hierarchy of Language:
Expression of Duality
Astronomical
number of
sentences
Thousands of
words
Hundreds of
morphemes
Scores of
sounds
语言的双重性表现在两
个方面：
1. 用自身无意义的
语音构成 有意义的
语言单位
2. 用小单位构成大
单位
Slide 11
Significance of Duality
• Because of duality, the speaker is able
to combine the basic linguistic units to
form an infinite set of sentences, most
of which are never before produced or
heard. （胡壮麟 2001：7-8）
• In other words, language is productive
because of its own duality.
Slide 12
• Creativity----language is resourceful.
It makes possible the construction and
interpretation of new signals by its users.
(novel utterances are continually being
created.)
• non-human signals ,on the other hand,
appears to have little flexibility.
e.g. an experiment of bee communication:
Slide 13
• Displacement----human languages
enable their users to symbolize objects,
events and concepts which are not present
at the moment of communication.
Slide 14
1.4
Origin of language
How did language
come into being?
Slide 15
(1)The Divine- Origin Theory
Adam’s naming
• And out of the ground •
the LORD God formed
every beast of the field,
and every fowl of the
air; and brought them
unto Adam to see what
he would call them: and
whatsoever Adam
called every living
creature, that was the
name thereof.
耶
所
各
中
带
看
那
样
就
和
造
样
各
到
他
人
的
是
华
成
走
样
那
叫
怎
活
它
神
的
兽
飞
人
什
样
物
的
用
野
和
鸟
面
么
叫
，
名
土
地
空
都
前 ，
。
各
那
字 。
Slide 16
Adam’s naming
• And Adam gave
names to all cattle,
and to the fowl of
the air, and to every
beast of the field;
but for Adam there
was not found an
help meet for him.
• 那
畜
野
名
有
他
人
和
地
。
遇
。
便
空
走
只
见
给
中
兽
是
配
一
飞
都
那
偶
切
鸟
起
人
帮
牲
，
了
没
助
Slide 17
仓颉造字
上古仓颉造字时,飞沙走
石,“天雨粟、鬼夜哭”,
• 仓颉陵遗址 仓颉、史皇氏，
今濮阳市南乐县吴村人，相
传是黄帝时期造字的史官，
仰观天象、俯察鸟兽虫鱼之
迹，总结远古各部落的刻划
符号首创文字，从而结束了
远古先民结绳纪事的历史，
后人尊之为'造字圣人'。仓
颉陵遗址上建有仓颉陵墓和
仓颉庙，还有藏甲楼、故宅
井及部分石刻、碑刻。目前
主要修复的建筑有万古一人
殿、仰圣门、碑亭、朝天门、
六书殿、字圣坊、造书台、
碑林。
Slide 18
(2)The Invention Theory
The Bow-wow theory
（咆哮说/拟声说）
The Pooh-pooh theory
（啵啵说/感叹说）
Slide 19
The Ding-dong theory
（丁咚说/声象说）
The “Yo-he-ho” theory
（吆嘿嗬说/喘 息说）
Slide 20
(3)The Evolutionary Theory
There is certain relationship between the
development of language and the evolutionary
development of the human species.
1. Children are born with both thought and
language.
2. The development of the
physical apparatus for
speech.
3. It is labor that created the
necessity for language.
Slide 21
1.5 Functions of language
• Informative
• Interpersonal function
• Performative
• Emotive function
• Phatic communion
• Recreational function
• Recreational function
• Metalingual function
Slide 22
Elements of Communication:
Jakobson’s Model (1960)
Context
Referential
Addresser
Emotive
Message
Poetic
Contact
Phatic
Code
Metalingual
Addressee
Conative
Slide 23
Metafunctions of Language:
Halliday’s Model
1. Ideational: Constructs a model of experience
and constructs logical relations ( through
transitive system)
(Linguistic Constructionism)
2. Interpersonal: enacts social relationships
(through mood and modality)
3. Contextual: creates relevance to context
(through coherence and cohesion)
Systemic Functional Linguistics
Slide 24
M. A. K. Halliday（韩礼德）
• (1925-), founder of
systemic functional
linguistics,19471949 studied at
Beijing University,
1949-1950 studied
at Ling Nan
University, 1955
got doctor’s degree
at Cambridge
University with The
Language of the
Chinese “Secret
History of the
Mongols”
Slide 25
Summary of the Functions of anguage
1.Informative （信息功能）: Language
serves an informative function when
it is used to tell what the speaker
believes, to give information about
facts, or to reason things out.
By use of Declarative Sentences
2. Interrogative（询问功能）: When
language is used to get information from
others, it serves an interrogative function
Through Questions that expect answers.
Slide 26
3. Interpersonal（人际功能）: Language serves an interpersonal
function when it is used to establish and maintain their status
in a society.Five sub-categories of interpersonal function:
Performative（行事功能）: the
use of language to “do things”,
to perform actions.
Through quite formal and even
ritualized language.
Directive（指令功能）: When
language is used to get the
hearer do something, it serves a
directive function.
Most Imperative sentences.
Emotive（感情功能）: the use
of language to create certain
feelings in the hearer.
Expressive（表达功能）: the use of
language to reveal something
about the feelings and attitudes
of the speaker.
Through Jokes, Advertising,
Propaganda, etc.
Through Exclamations, etc.
Phatic（寒暄功能）: the use of language to establish an
atmosphere or maintaining social contact.
E.g. Greetings, Farewells, and Comments on the weather, etc.
Slide 27
4.
Recreational（娱乐功能）: the use of language for
the sheer joy of using it.
e.g. baby’s babbling, poetry, etc.
5. Metalingual（元语言功能）: the use of language
to talk about language itself.
This makes language infinitely self-reflexive: We
human beings can talk about talk and think
about thinking, and thus only humans can ask
what it means to communicate, to think, to be
human.
Slide 28
1.6 What is linguistics
1.1.1
Definition
Linguistics
studies not just
Linguistic
dataofand
theory
stand
one
language
any
society,
Linguistics is generally
inbut
a dialectical
complementation.
the language
of all human
society,
in general.
defined language
as the scientific
study of language.
Slide 29
1.7 Main branches of linguistics
• Phonetics
• Phonology
• Morphology
• Syntax
• Semantics
• Pragmatics
Slide 30
1.8 Macro linguistics
•
•
•
•
Psycholinguistics
Sociolinguistics
Anthropological linguistics
Computational linguistics
Slide 31
1.9 Important distinctions
in linguistics
• Descriptive vs. prescriptive
• Synchronic vs. diachronic
• Langue & parole
• Competence & performance
Slide 32
Descriptive vs. prescriptive
•
•
They represent two different types of linguistic
study.
If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze
the language people actually use, it is said to be
descriptive; if the linguistic study aims to lay
down rules for “correct and standard” behavior
in using language, i. e. to tell people what they
should say and what they should not say, it is
said to be prescriptive.
Slide 33
Synchronic vs. diachronic
•
•
•
The description of a language at some
point of time in history is a synchronic
study。
The description of language as it
changes through time is a diachronic
study.
A diachronic study is a historical study; it
studies the historical development of
language over a period of time.
Slide 34
Langue & parole
• The distinction was made by the Swiss linguist
Saussure in the early 20th century.
• Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system
shared by all members of a speech community,
and parole refers to the realization of language
in actual use.
• What linguists should do is to abstract langue
from parole, i. e. to discover the regularities
governing the actual use of language and make
them the subjects of study of linguistics.
Slide 35
Ferdinand de Saussure
• (1857-1913),
Swiss, founder
of structuralism,
modern
linguistics,
semiology.
• Course in
General
Linguistics,
1916
Slide 36
Competence & performance
• The distinction is discussed by the
American linguist N. Chomsky in the late
1950’s.
• Competence----the ideal user’s knowledge
of the rules of his language.
• Performance----the actual realization of
this knowledge in linguistic communication.
Slide 37
Avram Noam Chomsky
• (1928-),
founder of
TG(Pp. 42), a
revolution to
structuralism.
• LAD- (Pp.145)PPH-Universal
Grammar
• ST-EST-REST
Slide 38
Traditional linguistics & modern
linguistics
• Modern linguistics started with the publication of
F. de Saussure’ s book “Course in General
Linguistics” in the early 20th century. So
Saussure is often described as “father of
modern linguistics”.
• The general approach traditionally formed to the
study of language before that is roughly referred
to as “traditional grammar.” They differ in several
basic ways.
• Differences between the two.
Slide 39
Firstly, modern linguistics is descriptive while traditional
grammar is prescriptive. A linguist is interested in what is
said, not in what he thinks ought to be said. He describes
language in all its aspects, but does not prescribe rules of
“correctness”.
Secondly, modern linguistics regards the spoken language
as primary, not the written. Traditional grammarians, on the
other hand, tend to emphasize, may be over-emphasize, the
importance of the written word, partly because of its permanence.
Then, modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar
also in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based
framework. To modern linguists ,it is unthinkable to judge one
language by standards of another. They are trying to set up a
universal framework, but that would be based on the features
shared by most of the languages used by mankind