Speculations and Conclusions About the Past Speculations and Conclusions About the Past May have Might have Could have Must have Had to.
Download ReportTranscript Speculations and Conclusions About the Past Speculations and Conclusions About the Past May have Might have Could have Must have Had to.
Slide 1
Speculations and Conclusions About the Past
Speculations and Conclusions
About the Past
May have
Might have
Could have
Must have
Had to have
+
Past participle
Speculations or Possibilities
About a Past Situation
May have, might have, could have + past participle
To express speculations or possibilities
Usually based on facts that we don’t have
Tom’s absent today. Where is he?
I have no idea. He may be at work.
•
He could have an appointment.
•
He may be at work.
Conclusions
Must have and had to have + past participle
Use when you are almost certain about your
conclusions
How was the weather?
Well, Tom’s hair and shirt were wet when he came in. It
must have been (had to have been) raining.
My husband looked tired after work. He must have had
(had to have had) a hard day.
Negative Statements
Do not use HAD TO HAVE in negative statements
to draw conclusions.
The must not have been very easy to move.
NOT
They didn’t have to have been easy to move.
Questions
Use COULD HAVE in questions about possibility.
Do not use MAY HAVE/MIGHT HAVE.
Could the students have cheated?
Short Answers
Use BEEN in short answers to questions that
include a form of BE.
Could Eric HAVE BEEN wrong?
Yes, he could have been.
Use only the MODAL + HAVE in short answers to
questions with other verbs.
Did he cheat on the test?
Yes, he MUST HAVE.
Slide 2
Speculations and Conclusions About the Past
Speculations and Conclusions
About the Past
May have
Might have
Could have
Must have
Had to have
+
Past participle
Speculations or Possibilities
About a Past Situation
May have, might have, could have + past participle
To express speculations or possibilities
Usually based on facts that we don’t have
Tom’s absent today. Where is he?
I have no idea. He may be at work.
•
He could have an appointment.
•
He may be at work.
Conclusions
Must have and had to have + past participle
Use when you are almost certain about your
conclusions
How was the weather?
Well, Tom’s hair and shirt were wet when he came in. It
must have been (had to have been) raining.
My husband looked tired after work. He must have had
(had to have had) a hard day.
Negative Statements
Do not use HAD TO HAVE in negative statements
to draw conclusions.
The must not have been very easy to move.
NOT
They didn’t have to have been easy to move.
Questions
Use COULD HAVE in questions about possibility.
Do not use MAY HAVE/MIGHT HAVE.
Could the students have cheated?
Short Answers
Use BEEN in short answers to questions that
include a form of BE.
Could Eric HAVE BEEN wrong?
Yes, he could have been.
Use only the MODAL + HAVE in short answers to
questions with other verbs.
Did he cheat on the test?
Yes, he MUST HAVE.
Slide 3
Speculations and Conclusions About the Past
Speculations and Conclusions
About the Past
May have
Might have
Could have
Must have
Had to have
+
Past participle
Speculations or Possibilities
About a Past Situation
May have, might have, could have + past participle
To express speculations or possibilities
Usually based on facts that we don’t have
Tom’s absent today. Where is he?
I have no idea. He may be at work.
•
He could have an appointment.
•
He may be at work.
Conclusions
Must have and had to have + past participle
Use when you are almost certain about your
conclusions
How was the weather?
Well, Tom’s hair and shirt were wet when he came in. It
must have been (had to have been) raining.
My husband looked tired after work. He must have had
(had to have had) a hard day.
Negative Statements
Do not use HAD TO HAVE in negative statements
to draw conclusions.
The must not have been very easy to move.
NOT
They didn’t have to have been easy to move.
Questions
Use COULD HAVE in questions about possibility.
Do not use MAY HAVE/MIGHT HAVE.
Could the students have cheated?
Short Answers
Use BEEN in short answers to questions that
include a form of BE.
Could Eric HAVE BEEN wrong?
Yes, he could have been.
Use only the MODAL + HAVE in short answers to
questions with other verbs.
Did he cheat on the test?
Yes, he MUST HAVE.
Slide 4
Speculations and Conclusions About the Past
Speculations and Conclusions
About the Past
May have
Might have
Could have
Must have
Had to have
+
Past participle
Speculations or Possibilities
About a Past Situation
May have, might have, could have + past participle
To express speculations or possibilities
Usually based on facts that we don’t have
Tom’s absent today. Where is he?
I have no idea. He may be at work.
•
He could have an appointment.
•
He may be at work.
Conclusions
Must have and had to have + past participle
Use when you are almost certain about your
conclusions
How was the weather?
Well, Tom’s hair and shirt were wet when he came in. It
must have been (had to have been) raining.
My husband looked tired after work. He must have had
(had to have had) a hard day.
Negative Statements
Do not use HAD TO HAVE in negative statements
to draw conclusions.
The must not have been very easy to move.
NOT
They didn’t have to have been easy to move.
Questions
Use COULD HAVE in questions about possibility.
Do not use MAY HAVE/MIGHT HAVE.
Could the students have cheated?
Short Answers
Use BEEN in short answers to questions that
include a form of BE.
Could Eric HAVE BEEN wrong?
Yes, he could have been.
Use only the MODAL + HAVE in short answers to
questions with other verbs.
Did he cheat on the test?
Yes, he MUST HAVE.
Slide 5
Speculations and Conclusions About the Past
Speculations and Conclusions
About the Past
May have
Might have
Could have
Must have
Had to have
+
Past participle
Speculations or Possibilities
About a Past Situation
May have, might have, could have + past participle
To express speculations or possibilities
Usually based on facts that we don’t have
Tom’s absent today. Where is he?
I have no idea. He may be at work.
•
He could have an appointment.
•
He may be at work.
Conclusions
Must have and had to have + past participle
Use when you are almost certain about your
conclusions
How was the weather?
Well, Tom’s hair and shirt were wet when he came in. It
must have been (had to have been) raining.
My husband looked tired after work. He must have had
(had to have had) a hard day.
Negative Statements
Do not use HAD TO HAVE in negative statements
to draw conclusions.
The must not have been very easy to move.
NOT
They didn’t have to have been easy to move.
Questions
Use COULD HAVE in questions about possibility.
Do not use MAY HAVE/MIGHT HAVE.
Could the students have cheated?
Short Answers
Use BEEN in short answers to questions that
include a form of BE.
Could Eric HAVE BEEN wrong?
Yes, he could have been.
Use only the MODAL + HAVE in short answers to
questions with other verbs.
Did he cheat on the test?
Yes, he MUST HAVE.
Slide 6
Speculations and Conclusions About the Past
Speculations and Conclusions
About the Past
May have
Might have
Could have
Must have
Had to have
+
Past participle
Speculations or Possibilities
About a Past Situation
May have, might have, could have + past participle
To express speculations or possibilities
Usually based on facts that we don’t have
Tom’s absent today. Where is he?
I have no idea. He may be at work.
•
He could have an appointment.
•
He may be at work.
Conclusions
Must have and had to have + past participle
Use when you are almost certain about your
conclusions
How was the weather?
Well, Tom’s hair and shirt were wet when he came in. It
must have been (had to have been) raining.
My husband looked tired after work. He must have had
(had to have had) a hard day.
Negative Statements
Do not use HAD TO HAVE in negative statements
to draw conclusions.
The must not have been very easy to move.
NOT
They didn’t have to have been easy to move.
Questions
Use COULD HAVE in questions about possibility.
Do not use MAY HAVE/MIGHT HAVE.
Could the students have cheated?
Short Answers
Use BEEN in short answers to questions that
include a form of BE.
Could Eric HAVE BEEN wrong?
Yes, he could have been.
Use only the MODAL + HAVE in short answers to
questions with other verbs.
Did he cheat on the test?
Yes, he MUST HAVE.
Slide 7
Speculations and Conclusions About the Past
Speculations and Conclusions
About the Past
May have
Might have
Could have
Must have
Had to have
+
Past participle
Speculations or Possibilities
About a Past Situation
May have, might have, could have + past participle
To express speculations or possibilities
Usually based on facts that we don’t have
Tom’s absent today. Where is he?
I have no idea. He may be at work.
•
He could have an appointment.
•
He may be at work.
Conclusions
Must have and had to have + past participle
Use when you are almost certain about your
conclusions
How was the weather?
Well, Tom’s hair and shirt were wet when he came in. It
must have been (had to have been) raining.
My husband looked tired after work. He must have had
(had to have had) a hard day.
Negative Statements
Do not use HAD TO HAVE in negative statements
to draw conclusions.
The must not have been very easy to move.
NOT
They didn’t have to have been easy to move.
Questions
Use COULD HAVE in questions about possibility.
Do not use MAY HAVE/MIGHT HAVE.
Could the students have cheated?
Short Answers
Use BEEN in short answers to questions that
include a form of BE.
Could Eric HAVE BEEN wrong?
Yes, he could have been.
Use only the MODAL + HAVE in short answers to
questions with other verbs.
Did he cheat on the test?
Yes, he MUST HAVE.
Speculations and Conclusions About the Past
Speculations and Conclusions
About the Past
May have
Might have
Could have
Must have
Had to have
+
Past participle
Speculations or Possibilities
About a Past Situation
May have, might have, could have + past participle
To express speculations or possibilities
Usually based on facts that we don’t have
Tom’s absent today. Where is he?
I have no idea. He may be at work.
•
He could have an appointment.
•
He may be at work.
Conclusions
Must have and had to have + past participle
Use when you are almost certain about your
conclusions
How was the weather?
Well, Tom’s hair and shirt were wet when he came in. It
must have been (had to have been) raining.
My husband looked tired after work. He must have had
(had to have had) a hard day.
Negative Statements
Do not use HAD TO HAVE in negative statements
to draw conclusions.
The must not have been very easy to move.
NOT
They didn’t have to have been easy to move.
Questions
Use COULD HAVE in questions about possibility.
Do not use MAY HAVE/MIGHT HAVE.
Could the students have cheated?
Short Answers
Use BEEN in short answers to questions that
include a form of BE.
Could Eric HAVE BEEN wrong?
Yes, he could have been.
Use only the MODAL + HAVE in short answers to
questions with other verbs.
Did he cheat on the test?
Yes, he MUST HAVE.
Slide 2
Speculations and Conclusions About the Past
Speculations and Conclusions
About the Past
May have
Might have
Could have
Must have
Had to have
+
Past participle
Speculations or Possibilities
About a Past Situation
May have, might have, could have + past participle
To express speculations or possibilities
Usually based on facts that we don’t have
Tom’s absent today. Where is he?
I have no idea. He may be at work.
•
He could have an appointment.
•
He may be at work.
Conclusions
Must have and had to have + past participle
Use when you are almost certain about your
conclusions
How was the weather?
Well, Tom’s hair and shirt were wet when he came in. It
must have been (had to have been) raining.
My husband looked tired after work. He must have had
(had to have had) a hard day.
Negative Statements
Do not use HAD TO HAVE in negative statements
to draw conclusions.
The must not have been very easy to move.
NOT
They didn’t have to have been easy to move.
Questions
Use COULD HAVE in questions about possibility.
Do not use MAY HAVE/MIGHT HAVE.
Could the students have cheated?
Short Answers
Use BEEN in short answers to questions that
include a form of BE.
Could Eric HAVE BEEN wrong?
Yes, he could have been.
Use only the MODAL + HAVE in short answers to
questions with other verbs.
Did he cheat on the test?
Yes, he MUST HAVE.
Slide 3
Speculations and Conclusions About the Past
Speculations and Conclusions
About the Past
May have
Might have
Could have
Must have
Had to have
+
Past participle
Speculations or Possibilities
About a Past Situation
May have, might have, could have + past participle
To express speculations or possibilities
Usually based on facts that we don’t have
Tom’s absent today. Where is he?
I have no idea. He may be at work.
•
He could have an appointment.
•
He may be at work.
Conclusions
Must have and had to have + past participle
Use when you are almost certain about your
conclusions
How was the weather?
Well, Tom’s hair and shirt were wet when he came in. It
must have been (had to have been) raining.
My husband looked tired after work. He must have had
(had to have had) a hard day.
Negative Statements
Do not use HAD TO HAVE in negative statements
to draw conclusions.
The must not have been very easy to move.
NOT
They didn’t have to have been easy to move.
Questions
Use COULD HAVE in questions about possibility.
Do not use MAY HAVE/MIGHT HAVE.
Could the students have cheated?
Short Answers
Use BEEN in short answers to questions that
include a form of BE.
Could Eric HAVE BEEN wrong?
Yes, he could have been.
Use only the MODAL + HAVE in short answers to
questions with other verbs.
Did he cheat on the test?
Yes, he MUST HAVE.
Slide 4
Speculations and Conclusions About the Past
Speculations and Conclusions
About the Past
May have
Might have
Could have
Must have
Had to have
+
Past participle
Speculations or Possibilities
About a Past Situation
May have, might have, could have + past participle
To express speculations or possibilities
Usually based on facts that we don’t have
Tom’s absent today. Where is he?
I have no idea. He may be at work.
•
He could have an appointment.
•
He may be at work.
Conclusions
Must have and had to have + past participle
Use when you are almost certain about your
conclusions
How was the weather?
Well, Tom’s hair and shirt were wet when he came in. It
must have been (had to have been) raining.
My husband looked tired after work. He must have had
(had to have had) a hard day.
Negative Statements
Do not use HAD TO HAVE in negative statements
to draw conclusions.
The must not have been very easy to move.
NOT
They didn’t have to have been easy to move.
Questions
Use COULD HAVE in questions about possibility.
Do not use MAY HAVE/MIGHT HAVE.
Could the students have cheated?
Short Answers
Use BEEN in short answers to questions that
include a form of BE.
Could Eric HAVE BEEN wrong?
Yes, he could have been.
Use only the MODAL + HAVE in short answers to
questions with other verbs.
Did he cheat on the test?
Yes, he MUST HAVE.
Slide 5
Speculations and Conclusions About the Past
Speculations and Conclusions
About the Past
May have
Might have
Could have
Must have
Had to have
+
Past participle
Speculations or Possibilities
About a Past Situation
May have, might have, could have + past participle
To express speculations or possibilities
Usually based on facts that we don’t have
Tom’s absent today. Where is he?
I have no idea. He may be at work.
•
He could have an appointment.
•
He may be at work.
Conclusions
Must have and had to have + past participle
Use when you are almost certain about your
conclusions
How was the weather?
Well, Tom’s hair and shirt were wet when he came in. It
must have been (had to have been) raining.
My husband looked tired after work. He must have had
(had to have had) a hard day.
Negative Statements
Do not use HAD TO HAVE in negative statements
to draw conclusions.
The must not have been very easy to move.
NOT
They didn’t have to have been easy to move.
Questions
Use COULD HAVE in questions about possibility.
Do not use MAY HAVE/MIGHT HAVE.
Could the students have cheated?
Short Answers
Use BEEN in short answers to questions that
include a form of BE.
Could Eric HAVE BEEN wrong?
Yes, he could have been.
Use only the MODAL + HAVE in short answers to
questions with other verbs.
Did he cheat on the test?
Yes, he MUST HAVE.
Slide 6
Speculations and Conclusions About the Past
Speculations and Conclusions
About the Past
May have
Might have
Could have
Must have
Had to have
+
Past participle
Speculations or Possibilities
About a Past Situation
May have, might have, could have + past participle
To express speculations or possibilities
Usually based on facts that we don’t have
Tom’s absent today. Where is he?
I have no idea. He may be at work.
•
He could have an appointment.
•
He may be at work.
Conclusions
Must have and had to have + past participle
Use when you are almost certain about your
conclusions
How was the weather?
Well, Tom’s hair and shirt were wet when he came in. It
must have been (had to have been) raining.
My husband looked tired after work. He must have had
(had to have had) a hard day.
Negative Statements
Do not use HAD TO HAVE in negative statements
to draw conclusions.
The must not have been very easy to move.
NOT
They didn’t have to have been easy to move.
Questions
Use COULD HAVE in questions about possibility.
Do not use MAY HAVE/MIGHT HAVE.
Could the students have cheated?
Short Answers
Use BEEN in short answers to questions that
include a form of BE.
Could Eric HAVE BEEN wrong?
Yes, he could have been.
Use only the MODAL + HAVE in short answers to
questions with other verbs.
Did he cheat on the test?
Yes, he MUST HAVE.
Slide 7
Speculations and Conclusions About the Past
Speculations and Conclusions
About the Past
May have
Might have
Could have
Must have
Had to have
+
Past participle
Speculations or Possibilities
About a Past Situation
May have, might have, could have + past participle
To express speculations or possibilities
Usually based on facts that we don’t have
Tom’s absent today. Where is he?
I have no idea. He may be at work.
•
He could have an appointment.
•
He may be at work.
Conclusions
Must have and had to have + past participle
Use when you are almost certain about your
conclusions
How was the weather?
Well, Tom’s hair and shirt were wet when he came in. It
must have been (had to have been) raining.
My husband looked tired after work. He must have had
(had to have had) a hard day.
Negative Statements
Do not use HAD TO HAVE in negative statements
to draw conclusions.
The must not have been very easy to move.
NOT
They didn’t have to have been easy to move.
Questions
Use COULD HAVE in questions about possibility.
Do not use MAY HAVE/MIGHT HAVE.
Could the students have cheated?
Short Answers
Use BEEN in short answers to questions that
include a form of BE.
Could Eric HAVE BEEN wrong?
Yes, he could have been.
Use only the MODAL + HAVE in short answers to
questions with other verbs.
Did he cheat on the test?
Yes, he MUST HAVE.