Slide 1

EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
BEHAVIORS AND ATTITUDE

Amir Akbar


Slide 2

PIONEERING RESEARCH ON LEADERSHIP
BEHAVIOR AND ATTITUDES
Between mid 1940’s and mid 1950s, extensive research was
conducted at

• Ohio State University
• University of Michigan
• This research is about understanding the difference between
successful and unsuccessful leaders.
• It also led to modern concept of leadership style
• Most of the surveys and interviews were conducted with bomber
airplane commanders and production and office supervisor


Slide 3

OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY

• Studies of Initiating Structure and
Consideration
• It identified 1800 specific examples
of leadership behavior.
• Leaders also rated themselves on
leadership dimensions

TWO KEY DIMENSIONS
– Initiating structure
– Consideration


Slide 4

OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY
Initiating Structure
Degree to which
leader organizes and defines
relationship in the group by
activities such as :
•
•
•
•

Assigning specific tasks
Specifying procedures to be followed
Scheduling work
Clarifying group expectations


Slide 5

OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY
Consideration
Degree to which
leader creates an environment of
emotional support, warmth, friendliness
and trust :
• By being friendly and approachable
• Looking out for personal welfare of
group
• Keeping group abreast of new
developments
• Doing small favors for group


Slide 6

MICHIGAN STUDIES
Supervisory leaders were categorized in two groups
with respect to emphasis on production or employees

Production Centered Leaders
• Set tight work standards
• Organize tasks carefully
• Prescribe work methods to be
followed
• Closely supervise work of group
members
There is only one dimensional classification
Leader is employee centered or production centered


Slide 7

MICHIGAN STUDIES
Supervisory leaders were categorized in two groups
with respect to emphasis on production or employees

Employee Centered Leaders
• Encourage participation in goal
setting
• Help to ensure high performance
through trust and mutual respect

There is only one dimensional classification
Leader is employee centered or production centered


Slide 8

TASK RELATED
BEHAVIOURS & ATTITUDES

Adaptability to Situation
• Adaptability is an important aspect of
effective leadership
• Leader with inexperienced, less mature
people will have to devote more time
on supervision
• Leader with experienced / mature
group, will supervise less


Slide 9

TASK RELATED
BEHAVIOURS & ATTITUDES

High Performance Standards
• People tend to live up to the expectation of

their superiors
• Setting high standards therefore, increases
productivity
• This is called as Pygmalion Effect and it
works in an unconscious way


Slide 10

TASK RELATED
BEHAVIOURS & ATTITUDES

Direction Setting
• Direction setting is a part of creating a
vision and strategy
• When leader brings about a change,
he sets a direction and while doing so,
he goes beyond management function
of planning


Slide 11

TASK RELATED
BEHAVIOURS & ATTITUDES

Risk Taking and Bias for Action
• To affect a constructive change, the
leader takes risks and is ready to
implement a risky decision
• Leader trusts his judgment


Slide 12

TASK RELATED
BEHAVIOURS & ATTITUDES
Frequent Feedback
• Giving members feedback on their
performance is vital
• Feedback helps to take corrective action

Stability of performance
• Effective leaders perform steadily
• It helps leaders appear professional and
cool under pressure


Slide 13

Super Leadership
Leading others to lead themselves

Super leader is one who
leads others to lead themselves
by acting as coach , teacher and not a director


Slide 14

Super Leadership

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•
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Super Leader inspires self motivation
Super Leadership requires leader to take risk on people
Key aspect of Super Leadership is to teach right thought
Leader must teach people to develop positive thinking to gain
control on their behaviour.
• Super Leader serves as model of constructive thought pattern


Slide 15

Thanks