Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600 By Sam Irving Renaissance Defined BIG Idea: During the Renaissance, Western Europeans experienced a profound cultural awakening, signaling the beginning of modern times.
Download ReportTranscript Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600 By Sam Irving Renaissance Defined BIG Idea: During the Renaissance, Western Europeans experienced a profound cultural awakening, signaling the beginning of modern times.
Slide 1
Slide 2
Renaissance,
Reformation,
&
Exploration
1400-1600
By Sam Irving
Slide 3
Renaissance Defined
BIG Idea: During the Renaissance,
Western Europeans experienced a
profound cultural awakening,
signaling the beginning of modern
times.
Slide 4
Renaissance
:
Rebirth of interest in classical ideas
and cultures.
– What are the classical cultures?
Ancient
Greek knowledge was
preserved in the Byzantine and Muslim
empires.
Slide 5
Humanism
Focused on Liberal Arts.
– Philosophy, History, Art, Literature
Individualism:
emphasized the dignity
and worth of the individual.
– “Man is the measure of all things.”
– Renaissance Man: individual skilled in many areas.
Slide 6
Was religion important in Medieval
life?
Secular:
focus on worldly, not
religious themes.
– Laypeople, not monks, became the
leading intellectuals.
– Worldly immortality via art and
literature.
Slide 7
Think back to our last unit.
What social changes occurred during
the late middle ages that broke down
feudalism?
What specific event encouraged new
learning in Europe at the beginning of
the 13th Century (the 1200s)?
Slide 8
Italy
birthplace
of the Renaissance.
– Why?
Geography
– At a trading crossroad
Classical
past was visibly
present in Italy.
Slide 9
New Social Order
Upper:
merchants and bankers
replaced the landed nobility.
– Banking & checks replaced heavy coins.
Middle:
shop-keepers and
artisans.
Lower:
rural peasants and poor
urban workers.
Slide 10
Slide 11
Assignment/Activity
No homework!
Slide 12
Renaissance Masters &
Masterpieces
Slide 13
A
return to Greek and Roman styles.
Slide 14
Architecture
Brunelleschi’s Cathedral of Florence
Slide 15
Michelangelo’s
“David”
Slide 16
Painting
Perspective,
giving depth.
Emotions
Frescos:
painting on damp plaster.
Slide 17
Da Vinci’s “The Last Supper”
Slide 18
Da Vinci’s
“Mona Lisa”
Slide 19
Raphael’s “School of Athens”
Slide 20
Slide 21
Michelangelo’s “Sistine Chapel”
Slide 22
The Renaissance Man
Slide 23
Activity
Visit
the Irving Museum of
Renaissance Art.
– Look around and select your
favorite piece of Renaissance
artwork.
– Explain how it reflects Renaissance
themes and/or styles.
– Tell me why you like it.
Slide 24
Renaissance Writing
BIG
Idea: New printing technology
allowed Renaissance ideas to spread.
Slide 25
From
parchment, or animal skin, to
paper in 12th century Europe.
– From China
Slide 26
A medieval book created by a monk.
Slide 27
How did the moveable type printing press help the
Renaissance spread?
Slide 28
The Printing Press
Invented
by Johannes Gutenberg in
the 1450s.
Used individual, moveable type.
Slide 29
Books
could be made cheaper and
faster, and thus became more
abundant in Europe.
Slide 30
Literature
Machiavelli
“The Prince”
– (We’ll read some of this.)
William
Shakespeare
Slide 31
Who’s this guy?
Slide 32
ELT: Give examples of how philosophical
beliefs have influenced various aspects
of society throughout history.
Why are politicians lying liars?
Let’s take a look at The Prince by
Machiavelli.
Slide 33
The Protestant Reformation
BIG
Idea: In 16th
Century (1500s)
Germany, a desire
for church reform
led to a new form
of Christianity
called
Protestantism.
Slide 34
What was religion like in medieval Europe?
Slide 35
Martin Luther
German
monk/professor
Justification
by faith: Luther’s concept
that faith alone is enough to bring
salvation, or acceptance into heaven.
Slide 36
What’s going on here?
Slide 37
Luther’s Protest Against
Indulgences:
certificates sold by the
Catholic Church to reduce or cancel
punishment for a person’s sin.
Slide 38
Oct. 31st, 1517 Luther posts his 95 Theses.
Slide 39
Luther’s 95 Theses (1517)
Criticized
indulgences and other church
corruption.
Copies
type.
spread fast due to movable
– Popular
Slide 40
Why
was Germany, or the Holy
Roman Empire, exceptional at this
time?
How could this political landscape
have prevented the Holy Roman
Emperor from silencing Luther?
Slide 41
“ I am bound by the Sacred Scriptures I have
cited…and my conscience is captive to the
Word of God. I cannot and will not recant
(take back) anything.”
– Martin Luther
In
1521, the Pope excommunicates
Luther as a heretic.
Pope Leo X
Slide 42
Luther’s other opinions
Supported
hierarchy.
the feudal social
– Luther’s call for religious freedom
led to peasant calls for freedom
from feudalism.
– Lords violently put down peasant
revolts and Luther sided with the
lords.
Virulent
anti-Semite
– Luther’s anti-Semitic writings were
reproduced by the Nazis.
Slide 43
Lutheranism
First
protestant faith.
Bible as the only source of religious
truth.
– Readings during religious services.
– Catholicism stressed good works and
church rituals.
Slide 44
Assignment
ELT: Give examples of how religion has
influenced aspects of society
throughout history.
Let’s take a look at the 95 Theses.
Slide 45
The Spread of
Protestantism
BIG Idea: The
Reformation spread
throughout Europe
(1500s) and began
to divide.
Slide 46
Calvinism
Strict code of
conduct.
All powerful, All
knowing God.
Predestination:
God
determines the fate
of every person in
advance.
Slide 47
Slide 48
What’s going on?
Slide 49
Anabaptists
What does baptism symbolize?
Only
baptized adults
– Free and informed decision
Separation of church and state
– Fled to North America (1600s)
– Baptists, Mennonites, and Amish
Slide 50
Slide 51
Anglicanism
(a.k.a. The Church of England)
Henry VIII split with the Catholic Church
when the pope refused him a divorce.
A blend of Protestantism and Catholicism.
Slide 52
The Catholic Reformation
Council
of Trent 1545
Ended
indulgences.
Valued
sacraments and the bible.
Slide 53
Bernini’s St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome
Slide 54
Laocoon by El Greco
Slide 55
Activity
ELT: Trace the history of how
principal world religions developed
and spread.
Show me the religions of Europe
during the Renaissance geographically.
– Turn to page 424 in World History: The
Human Experience.
Slide 56
In your journal, create and complete the chart
above. Enter someone of your choosing in the ? row
(you, a relative, etc.).
Slide 57
Exploration
BIG Idea: 15th Century Europeans
sought a better trade route to Asia,
excluding Arab middlemen.
Slide 58
Slide 59
Technology
Educated
townspeople expanded
upon classical knowledge to improve
maps and ships.
– Cartographer: mapmaker
– Ptolemy’s Grid System
Slide 60
Caravel
– Multiple-masts
– Triangular Sails
– Drew little water
Slide 61
Slide 62
Portugal
Vasco
da Gama
pioneered a water
route around
Africa to India.
–Direct route to
Asia
Controlled the
spice trade.
Slide 63
Spain
Columbus
attempts to sail west across
the Atlantic to reach India.
Reaches the Caribbean islands.
Amerigo Vespucci later suggests Columbus discovered
a “new world”
Slide 64
Spanish Conquistadors
Used
“Guns, Germs, and Steel” to
conquer Native Americans and
establish an empire.
,
,&
Slide 65
Hernán
Cortés conquered the Aztecs.
Cortés with Montezuma II
Slide 66
Francisco
Pizarro conquers the Inca.
Pizarro and Atahuallpa
Slide 67
Columbian Exchange
The
transatlantic exchange of plants,
animals, and diseases between
Europe, Africa, & Asia on one side,
and the Americas on the other
beginning in 1492.
Slide 68
Columbian Exchange Flow Chart
Slide 69
Slave Trade
Empires
in the Americas used native,
then African slave labor to grow
crops.
Purchased
from African merchants.
– Increased warfare and depopulation in
Africa.
Slide 70
Triangular:
between Europe, Africa,
and the Americas.
Slide 71
Est.
10-24 million enslaved Africans.
1/5 died on the middle passage.
Slide 72
Assignment/Activity
ELT: Analyze how forces of change
have influenced societies throughout
history.
Let’s learn more about the Columbian
Exchange from the leading scholar in
the field.
Slide 73
Commerce in Europe (1600s)
BIG
Idea: Overseas trade and the
conquest of empires expanded
Europe’s economy and formed the
roots of modern capitalism.
Slide 74
Royal Power
Did more trade occur during the
Roman Empire or Feudal Europe? Why?
Absolutism:
monarchs had unlimited
power.
Divine Right: monarchs received their
power from God.
Slide 75
Mercantilism
?
:
=
nations competed for wealth.
– Nations overpowered cities.
– Government banks replaced banking
families.
Tried
to export more than they
imported.
Slide 76
Commercial Revolution
Growth
of entrepreneurs, or profitseeking business owners.
– A shift from the Guild mentality
Joint-stock
company: many people
invested in an overseas venture.
– Shared the risks and profits.
Slide 77
Demographic (Population) Changes
Population doubled.
– From 55 million in 1450 to 100 million in
1650.
Increased
Urbanization.
Merchants (businesspeople)
Nobility declined.
prospered,
Slide 78
Assignment
ELT: Describe characteristics of
specific economic systems and how
these systems have existed in
different ways at different times
throughout history.
Let’s take a closer look at Joint-Stock
Companies, the precursor to modernday corporations.
Slide 79
Works Cited
Atahuallpa and Pizarro. Private collection. Web. 26 Oct. 2009
Bernini. Canopy above St. Peter's Tomb. St. Peter's Basilica, Rome. Web. 25 Oct.
2009
a,%20Rome.htm>.
Bernini. The Throne of St. Peter. 1666. St. Peter's Cathedral, Vatican City. Web. 25
Oct. 2009.
Binding/Unknown. 1270. J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles. Web. 24 Sep. 2009
Brunelleschi, Filippo. Cupola of Florence Cathedral. 1434. Private collection,
Florence. Web. 18 Oct. 2009
.
Buonarroti, Michelangelo. The ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. 1512. Sistene Chapel,
Vatican City. Web. 18 Oct. 2009
.
Buonarroti, Michelangelo. The Creation of Adam. 1512. Sistene Chapel, Vatican City.
Web. 18 Oct. 2009.
Buonarroti, Michelangelo. David. 1504. Galleria dell'Accademia, Florence. Web. 18
Oct. 2009.
Slide 80
Caravel Image. 2008. Private collection. Web. 26 Oct. 2009
webster.com/transport-machinery/maritime-transport/ancient-ships/caravel.php>.
"Columbus Voyage." Christopher Columbus and the Age of Exporation. World Book,
Inc. 10 Aug. 2009
da Vinci, Leonardo. Mona Lisa. 1506. Musée du Louvre, Paris. Web. 18 Oct. 2009
da Vinci, Leonardo. The Last Supper. 1498. Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan. Web. 18
Oct. 2009.
da Vinci, Leonardo. Vitruvian Man. 1519. Private collection. Web. 18 Oct. 2009
.
El Greco. Laocoon. 1614. Samuel H. Kress Collection, Washington, D.C. Web. 25 Oct.
2009.
Farah, Mounir A., and Andrea B. Karls. World History The Human Experience. New
York: Glencoe/McGraw Hill, 1999. 402-50. Print.
Flowers, David D. John Calvin. Private collection. Web. 24 Oct. 2009
Geneva, Switzerland. Map. Britannica Online for Kids Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc,
2009. Web. 24 Oct. 2009.
Get Out of Jail Free. Private collection. Web. 13 Oct. 2009
Slide 81
Gutenberg's Printing Press. University of South Florida. Web. 24 Sep. 2009
.
Heidelbach, Willi. Metal Moveable Type. 2009. Private Collection. Web. 24 Sep.
2009
.
Hernan Cortes with Montezuma II. Historical Picture Archive/Corbis. Web. 26 Oct.
2009.
Hull, Kay. Baby Goat. Private collection. Web. 24 Sep. 2009
.
Initial V: An Angel Before Micah. 1270. J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles. Web.
24 Sep. 2009
Lutheran Symbol. Private collection. Web. 13 Oct. 2009
.
Luther, Martin. Von den Juden und Ihren Lügen . 1543. Private collection. Web.
20 Oct. 2009.
Martin Luther. 2002. PBS DVD VIDEO. DVD-ROM.
Martin Luther's 95 Theses. Private collection. Web. 13 Oct. 2009
.
Martin Luther. Private collection. Web. 13 Oct. 2009
Middle Passage. Newsweek Magazine. Web. 26 Oct. 2009
.
Slide 82
Ninja Turtles. 2009. Pritvate collection. Web. 19 Oct. 2009
Nixon Resignation. 1974. Private collection. Web. 20 Oct. 2009
Parchment Making (Modern). J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles. Web. 24 Sep. 2009
Pope Selling Sinful Indulgences. Private collection. Web. 13 Oct. 2009
"Predestination Cartoon 1." Cartoon. CartoonStock N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Oct. 2009
.
President Bush. Private collection. Web. 20 Oct. 2009
Protest. Private collection. Web. 13 Oct. 2009
Sacraments. Private collection. Web. 13 Oct. 2009
Sanzio, Raphael. The School of Athens. 1510. Apostolic Palace, Rome. Web. 18 Oct.
2009
Slide 83
Shakespeare. Private collection. Web. 20 Oct. 2009
.
Shakespeare. Private collection. Web. 20 Oct. 2009
Shakespeare Reading. Private collection. Web. 20 Oct. 2009
.
The Columbian Exchange. Private collection. Web. 27 Oct. 2009
.
The Wives of Henry VIII. Private collection. Web. 25 Oct. 2009
.
Titian. Pope Leo X. Private collection. Web. 13 Oct. 2009.
Touchton, Ken. Baptism. 2004. Florida Baptist Witness, Jacksonville. Web. 25 Oct.
2009.
Trade Triangle. Private collection. Web. 26 Oct. 2009
.
Vasco da Gama's Route. 2009. Private collection. Web. 26 Oct. 2009
Vitruvian Homer. Private collection. Web. 18 Oct. 2009
.
Slide 2
Renaissance,
Reformation,
&
Exploration
1400-1600
By Sam Irving
Slide 3
Renaissance Defined
BIG Idea: During the Renaissance,
Western Europeans experienced a
profound cultural awakening,
signaling the beginning of modern
times.
Slide 4
Renaissance
:
Rebirth of interest in classical ideas
and cultures.
– What are the classical cultures?
Ancient
Greek knowledge was
preserved in the Byzantine and Muslim
empires.
Slide 5
Humanism
Focused on Liberal Arts.
– Philosophy, History, Art, Literature
Individualism:
emphasized the dignity
and worth of the individual.
– “Man is the measure of all things.”
– Renaissance Man: individual skilled in many areas.
Slide 6
Was religion important in Medieval
life?
Secular:
focus on worldly, not
religious themes.
– Laypeople, not monks, became the
leading intellectuals.
– Worldly immortality via art and
literature.
Slide 7
Think back to our last unit.
What social changes occurred during
the late middle ages that broke down
feudalism?
What specific event encouraged new
learning in Europe at the beginning of
the 13th Century (the 1200s)?
Slide 8
Italy
birthplace
of the Renaissance.
– Why?
Geography
– At a trading crossroad
Classical
past was visibly
present in Italy.
Slide 9
New Social Order
Upper:
merchants and bankers
replaced the landed nobility.
– Banking & checks replaced heavy coins.
Middle:
shop-keepers and
artisans.
Lower:
rural peasants and poor
urban workers.
Slide 10
Slide 11
Assignment/Activity
No homework!
Slide 12
Renaissance Masters &
Masterpieces
Slide 13
A
return to Greek and Roman styles.
Slide 14
Architecture
Brunelleschi’s Cathedral of Florence
Slide 15
Michelangelo’s
“David”
Slide 16
Painting
Perspective,
giving depth.
Emotions
Frescos:
painting on damp plaster.
Slide 17
Da Vinci’s “The Last Supper”
Slide 18
Da Vinci’s
“Mona Lisa”
Slide 19
Raphael’s “School of Athens”
Slide 20
Slide 21
Michelangelo’s “Sistine Chapel”
Slide 22
The Renaissance Man
Slide 23
Activity
Visit
the Irving Museum of
Renaissance Art.
– Look around and select your
favorite piece of Renaissance
artwork.
– Explain how it reflects Renaissance
themes and/or styles.
– Tell me why you like it.
Slide 24
Renaissance Writing
BIG
Idea: New printing technology
allowed Renaissance ideas to spread.
Slide 25
From
parchment, or animal skin, to
paper in 12th century Europe.
– From China
Slide 26
A medieval book created by a monk.
Slide 27
How did the moveable type printing press help the
Renaissance spread?
Slide 28
The Printing Press
Invented
by Johannes Gutenberg in
the 1450s.
Used individual, moveable type.
Slide 29
Books
could be made cheaper and
faster, and thus became more
abundant in Europe.
Slide 30
Literature
Machiavelli
“The Prince”
– (We’ll read some of this.)
William
Shakespeare
Slide 31
Who’s this guy?
Slide 32
ELT: Give examples of how philosophical
beliefs have influenced various aspects
of society throughout history.
Why are politicians lying liars?
Let’s take a look at The Prince by
Machiavelli.
Slide 33
The Protestant Reformation
BIG
Idea: In 16th
Century (1500s)
Germany, a desire
for church reform
led to a new form
of Christianity
called
Protestantism.
Slide 34
What was religion like in medieval Europe?
Slide 35
Martin Luther
German
monk/professor
Justification
by faith: Luther’s concept
that faith alone is enough to bring
salvation, or acceptance into heaven.
Slide 36
What’s going on here?
Slide 37
Luther’s Protest Against
Indulgences:
certificates sold by the
Catholic Church to reduce or cancel
punishment for a person’s sin.
Slide 38
Oct. 31st, 1517 Luther posts his 95 Theses.
Slide 39
Luther’s 95 Theses (1517)
Criticized
indulgences and other church
corruption.
Copies
type.
spread fast due to movable
– Popular
Slide 40
Why
was Germany, or the Holy
Roman Empire, exceptional at this
time?
How could this political landscape
have prevented the Holy Roman
Emperor from silencing Luther?
Slide 41
“ I am bound by the Sacred Scriptures I have
cited…and my conscience is captive to the
Word of God. I cannot and will not recant
(take back) anything.”
– Martin Luther
In
1521, the Pope excommunicates
Luther as a heretic.
Pope Leo X
Slide 42
Luther’s other opinions
Supported
hierarchy.
the feudal social
– Luther’s call for religious freedom
led to peasant calls for freedom
from feudalism.
– Lords violently put down peasant
revolts and Luther sided with the
lords.
Virulent
anti-Semite
– Luther’s anti-Semitic writings were
reproduced by the Nazis.
Slide 43
Lutheranism
First
protestant faith.
Bible as the only source of religious
truth.
– Readings during religious services.
– Catholicism stressed good works and
church rituals.
Slide 44
Assignment
ELT: Give examples of how religion has
influenced aspects of society
throughout history.
Let’s take a look at the 95 Theses.
Slide 45
The Spread of
Protestantism
BIG Idea: The
Reformation spread
throughout Europe
(1500s) and began
to divide.
Slide 46
Calvinism
Strict code of
conduct.
All powerful, All
knowing God.
Predestination:
God
determines the fate
of every person in
advance.
Slide 47
Slide 48
What’s going on?
Slide 49
Anabaptists
What does baptism symbolize?
Only
baptized adults
– Free and informed decision
Separation of church and state
– Fled to North America (1600s)
– Baptists, Mennonites, and Amish
Slide 50
Slide 51
Anglicanism
(a.k.a. The Church of England)
Henry VIII split with the Catholic Church
when the pope refused him a divorce.
A blend of Protestantism and Catholicism.
Slide 52
The Catholic Reformation
Council
of Trent 1545
Ended
indulgences.
Valued
sacraments and the bible.
Slide 53
Bernini’s St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome
Slide 54
Laocoon by El Greco
Slide 55
Activity
ELT: Trace the history of how
principal world religions developed
and spread.
Show me the religions of Europe
during the Renaissance geographically.
– Turn to page 424 in World History: The
Human Experience.
Slide 56
In your journal, create and complete the chart
above. Enter someone of your choosing in the ? row
(you, a relative, etc.).
Slide 57
Exploration
BIG Idea: 15th Century Europeans
sought a better trade route to Asia,
excluding Arab middlemen.
Slide 58
Slide 59
Technology
Educated
townspeople expanded
upon classical knowledge to improve
maps and ships.
– Cartographer: mapmaker
– Ptolemy’s Grid System
Slide 60
Caravel
– Multiple-masts
– Triangular Sails
– Drew little water
Slide 61
Slide 62
Portugal
Vasco
da Gama
pioneered a water
route around
Africa to India.
–Direct route to
Asia
Controlled the
spice trade.
Slide 63
Spain
Columbus
attempts to sail west across
the Atlantic to reach India.
Reaches the Caribbean islands.
Amerigo Vespucci later suggests Columbus discovered
a “new world”
Slide 64
Spanish Conquistadors
Used
“Guns, Germs, and Steel” to
conquer Native Americans and
establish an empire.
,
,&
Slide 65
Hernán
Cortés conquered the Aztecs.
Cortés with Montezuma II
Slide 66
Francisco
Pizarro conquers the Inca.
Pizarro and Atahuallpa
Slide 67
Columbian Exchange
The
transatlantic exchange of plants,
animals, and diseases between
Europe, Africa, & Asia on one side,
and the Americas on the other
beginning in 1492.
Slide 68
Columbian Exchange Flow Chart
Slide 69
Slave Trade
Empires
in the Americas used native,
then African slave labor to grow
crops.
Purchased
from African merchants.
– Increased warfare and depopulation in
Africa.
Slide 70
Triangular:
between Europe, Africa,
and the Americas.
Slide 71
Est.
10-24 million enslaved Africans.
1/5 died on the middle passage.
Slide 72
Assignment/Activity
ELT: Analyze how forces of change
have influenced societies throughout
history.
Let’s learn more about the Columbian
Exchange from the leading scholar in
the field.
Slide 73
Commerce in Europe (1600s)
BIG
Idea: Overseas trade and the
conquest of empires expanded
Europe’s economy and formed the
roots of modern capitalism.
Slide 74
Royal Power
Did more trade occur during the
Roman Empire or Feudal Europe? Why?
Absolutism:
monarchs had unlimited
power.
Divine Right: monarchs received their
power from God.
Slide 75
Mercantilism
?
:
=
nations competed for wealth.
– Nations overpowered cities.
– Government banks replaced banking
families.
Tried
to export more than they
imported.
Slide 76
Commercial Revolution
Growth
of entrepreneurs, or profitseeking business owners.
– A shift from the Guild mentality
Joint-stock
company: many people
invested in an overseas venture.
– Shared the risks and profits.
Slide 77
Demographic (Population) Changes
Population doubled.
– From 55 million in 1450 to 100 million in
1650.
Increased
Urbanization.
Merchants (businesspeople)
Nobility declined.
prospered,
Slide 78
Assignment
ELT: Describe characteristics of
specific economic systems and how
these systems have existed in
different ways at different times
throughout history.
Let’s take a closer look at Joint-Stock
Companies, the precursor to modernday corporations.
Slide 79
Works Cited
Atahuallpa and Pizarro. Private collection. Web. 26 Oct. 2009
Bernini. Canopy above St. Peter's Tomb. St. Peter's Basilica, Rome. Web. 25 Oct.
2009
a,%20Rome.htm>.
Bernini. The Throne of St. Peter. 1666. St. Peter's Cathedral, Vatican City. Web. 25
Oct. 2009
Binding/Unknown. 1270. J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles. Web. 24 Sep. 2009
Brunelleschi, Filippo. Cupola of Florence Cathedral. 1434. Private collection,
Florence. Web. 18 Oct. 2009
Buonarroti, Michelangelo. The ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. 1512. Sistene Chapel,
Vatican City. Web. 18 Oct. 2009
Buonarroti, Michelangelo. The Creation of Adam. 1512. Sistene Chapel, Vatican City.
Web. 18 Oct. 2009
Buonarroti, Michelangelo. David. 1504. Galleria dell'Accademia, Florence. Web. 18
Oct. 2009
Slide 80
Caravel Image. 2008. Private collection. Web. 26 Oct. 2009
webster.com/transport-machinery/maritime-transport/ancient-ships/caravel.php>.
"Columbus Voyage." Christopher Columbus and the Age of Exporation. World Book,
Inc. 10 Aug. 2009
da Vinci, Leonardo. Mona Lisa. 1506. Musée du Louvre, Paris. Web. 18 Oct. 2009
da Vinci, Leonardo. The Last Supper. 1498. Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan. Web. 18
Oct. 2009
da Vinci, Leonardo. Vitruvian Man. 1519. Private collection. Web. 18 Oct. 2009
El Greco. Laocoon. 1614. Samuel H. Kress Collection, Washington, D.C. Web. 25 Oct.
2009
Farah, Mounir A., and Andrea B. Karls. World History The Human Experience. New
York: Glencoe/McGraw Hill, 1999. 402-50. Print.
Flowers, David D. John Calvin. Private collection. Web. 24 Oct. 2009
Geneva, Switzerland. Map. Britannica Online for Kids Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc,
2009. Web. 24 Oct. 2009
Get Out of Jail Free. Private collection. Web. 13 Oct. 2009
Slide 81
Gutenberg's Printing Press. University of South Florida. Web. 24 Sep. 2009
Heidelbach, Willi. Metal Moveable Type. 2009. Private Collection. Web. 24 Sep.
2009
Hernan Cortes with Montezuma II. Historical Picture Archive/Corbis. Web. 26 Oct.
2009
Hull, Kay. Baby Goat. Private collection. Web. 24 Sep. 2009
Initial V: An Angel Before Micah. 1270. J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles. Web.
24 Sep. 2009
Lutheran Symbol. Private collection. Web. 13 Oct. 2009
Luther, Martin. Von den Juden und Ihren Lügen . 1543. Private collection. Web.
20 Oct. 2009
Martin Luther. 2002. PBS DVD VIDEO. DVD-ROM.
Martin Luther's 95 Theses. Private collection. Web. 13 Oct. 2009
Martin Luther. Private collection. Web. 13 Oct. 2009
Middle Passage. Newsweek Magazine. Web. 26 Oct. 2009
Slide 82
Ninja Turtles. 2009. Pritvate collection. Web. 19 Oct. 2009
Nixon Resignation. 1974. Private collection. Web. 20 Oct. 2009
Parchment Making (Modern). J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles. Web. 24 Sep. 2009
Pope Selling Sinful Indulgences. Private collection. Web. 13 Oct. 2009
"Predestination Cartoon 1." Cartoon. CartoonStock N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Oct. 2009
President Bush. Private collection. Web. 20 Oct. 2009
Protest. Private collection. Web. 13 Oct. 2009
Sacraments. Private collection. Web. 13 Oct. 2009
Sanzio, Raphael. The School of Athens. 1510. Apostolic Palace, Rome. Web. 18 Oct.
2009
Slide 83
Shakespeare. Private collection. Web. 20 Oct. 2009
Shakespeare. Private collection. Web. 20 Oct. 2009
Shakespeare Reading. Private collection. Web. 20 Oct. 2009
The Columbian Exchange. Private collection. Web. 27 Oct. 2009
The Wives of Henry VIII. Private collection. Web. 25 Oct. 2009
Titian. Pope Leo X. Private collection. Web. 13 Oct. 2009
Touchton, Ken. Baptism. 2004. Florida Baptist Witness, Jacksonville. Web. 25 Oct.
2009
Trade Triangle. Private collection. Web. 26 Oct. 2009
Vasco da Gama's Route. 2009. Private collection. Web. 26 Oct. 2009
Vitruvian Homer. Private collection. Web. 18 Oct. 2009