Introduction Biochemistry Aulanni’am Biochemistry Laboratory Chemistry Departement Brawijaya University Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction Exploring Life Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction The molecules of life The activities of cellular.
Download ReportTranscript Introduction Biochemistry Aulanni’am Biochemistry Laboratory Chemistry Departement Brawijaya University Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction Exploring Life Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction The molecules of life The activities of cellular.
Slide 1
Introduction Biochemistry
Aulanni’am
Biochemistry Laboratory
Chemistry Departement
Brawijaya University
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Exploring Life
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The molecules of life
The activities of cellular molecules are governed by
the basic principles of chemistry
Cellular water, inorganic ions, and small organic
molecules account for 75-80% of the living weight of
a cell
Macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, DNA)
account for the remainder
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The Chemicals of Life
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
The Chemicals of Life
Macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Different monosaccharides have different arrangements
around asymmetric carbons
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
and glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Cells are packed with molecules of various sizes
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Multiple weak bonds stabilize large molecule
interactions
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Examples of cellular macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Lineage tree of life
on earth
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment
The fundamental structure of all cell membranes is the lipid bilayer
Various membrane proteins present in the different cell membranes give
each membrane a specific function
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
Single cell organisms
Two main types: bacteria and archaea
Relatively simple structure
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
– Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles
found in eukaryotic cells
EUKARYOTIC CELL
PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
1 µm
Eukaryotic cells
Single cell or multicellular organisms
Plants and animals
Structurally more complex: organelles, cytoskeleton
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Eukaryotic cells
– Are subdivided by internal membranes into
various membrane-enclosed organelles
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The life cycle of cells
Cell division occurs when one cell, after a period of
growth, divides to become two daughter cells
Most eukaryotic cells follow the cell cycle, an internal
clock that determines the phases of cell growth and
division
Progress through the cell cycle is controlled at
checkpoints
Cells may “leave” the cell cycle and differentiate to
perform specialized functions
Cells may undergo programmed cell death as a way of
balancing cell growth or generating structures during
development (apoptosis)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The eukaryotic cell cycle
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Ecosystem Dynamics
The dynamics of any ecosystem include two
major processes
–
–
Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired
by plants eventually return to the soil
The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to
consumers
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy Conversion
Activities of life
– Require organisms to perform work, which
depends on an energy source
The exchange of energy between an organism and its
surroundings
– Often involves the transformation of one form of
energy to another
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy flows through an ecosystem
– Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Producers
(plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms)
Heat
Chemical
energy
Consumers
(including animals)
Heat
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the
substance of genes
– Which program the cells’ production of proteins
and transmit information from parents to
offspring
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embyro’s cells
with copies of
inherited DNA
Egg cell
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
The molecular structure of DNA
– Accounts for it information-rich nature
Nucleus
DNA
Cell
Nucleotide
(a) DNA double helix. This model shows
each atom in a segment of DNA.Made
up of two long chains of building
blocks called nucleotides, a DNA
molecule takes the three-dimensional
form of a double helix.
A
C
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and
letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a
small section of one chain of a DNA molecule.
Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences
of the four types of nucleotides (their names are
abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G).
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
feedback regulation
– The output, or product, of a process regulates
that very process
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
negative feedback
–
An accumulation of an end product slows the
process that produces that product
A
Negative
feedback
Enzyme 1
B
A
Enzyme 1
B
Enzyme 2
C
C
Enzyme 3
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
positive feedback
–
The end product speeds up production
W
W
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 4
Positive
feedback
X
X
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 5
Y
Y
Enzyme 6
Z
Enzyme 6
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
The Culture of Science
Science is a social activity
– Characterized
by
both
cooperation and competition
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Slide 2
Introduction Biochemistry
Aulanni’am
Biochemistry Laboratory
Chemistry Departement
Brawijaya University
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Exploring Life
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The molecules of life
The activities of cellular molecules are governed by
the basic principles of chemistry
Cellular water, inorganic ions, and small organic
molecules account for 75-80% of the living weight of
a cell
Macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, DNA)
account for the remainder
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The Chemicals of Life
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
The Chemicals of Life
Macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Different monosaccharides have different arrangements
around asymmetric carbons
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
and glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Cells are packed with molecules of various sizes
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Multiple weak bonds stabilize large molecule
interactions
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Examples of cellular macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Lineage tree of life
on earth
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment
The fundamental structure of all cell membranes is the lipid bilayer
Various membrane proteins present in the different cell membranes give
each membrane a specific function
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
Single cell organisms
Two main types: bacteria and archaea
Relatively simple structure
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
– Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles
found in eukaryotic cells
EUKARYOTIC CELL
PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
1 µm
Eukaryotic cells
Single cell or multicellular organisms
Plants and animals
Structurally more complex: organelles, cytoskeleton
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Eukaryotic cells
– Are subdivided by internal membranes into
various membrane-enclosed organelles
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The life cycle of cells
Cell division occurs when one cell, after a period of
growth, divides to become two daughter cells
Most eukaryotic cells follow the cell cycle, an internal
clock that determines the phases of cell growth and
division
Progress through the cell cycle is controlled at
checkpoints
Cells may “leave” the cell cycle and differentiate to
perform specialized functions
Cells may undergo programmed cell death as a way of
balancing cell growth or generating structures during
development (apoptosis)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The eukaryotic cell cycle
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Ecosystem Dynamics
The dynamics of any ecosystem include two
major processes
–
–
Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired
by plants eventually return to the soil
The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to
consumers
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy Conversion
Activities of life
– Require organisms to perform work, which
depends on an energy source
The exchange of energy between an organism and its
surroundings
– Often involves the transformation of one form of
energy to another
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy flows through an ecosystem
– Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Producers
(plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms)
Heat
Chemical
energy
Consumers
(including animals)
Heat
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the
substance of genes
– Which program the cells’ production of proteins
and transmit information from parents to
offspring
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embyro’s cells
with copies of
inherited DNA
Egg cell
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
The molecular structure of DNA
– Accounts for it information-rich nature
Nucleus
DNA
Cell
Nucleotide
(a) DNA double helix. This model shows
each atom in a segment of DNA.Made
up of two long chains of building
blocks called nucleotides, a DNA
molecule takes the three-dimensional
form of a double helix.
A
C
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and
letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a
small section of one chain of a DNA molecule.
Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences
of the four types of nucleotides (their names are
abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G).
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
feedback regulation
– The output, or product, of a process regulates
that very process
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
negative feedback
–
An accumulation of an end product slows the
process that produces that product
A
Negative
feedback
Enzyme 1
B
A
Enzyme 1
B
Enzyme 2
C
C
Enzyme 3
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
positive feedback
–
The end product speeds up production
W
W
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 4
Positive
feedback
X
X
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 5
Y
Y
Enzyme 6
Z
Enzyme 6
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
The Culture of Science
Science is a social activity
– Characterized
by
both
cooperation and competition
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Slide 3
Introduction Biochemistry
Aulanni’am
Biochemistry Laboratory
Chemistry Departement
Brawijaya University
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Exploring Life
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The molecules of life
The activities of cellular molecules are governed by
the basic principles of chemistry
Cellular water, inorganic ions, and small organic
molecules account for 75-80% of the living weight of
a cell
Macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, DNA)
account for the remainder
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The Chemicals of Life
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
The Chemicals of Life
Macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Different monosaccharides have different arrangements
around asymmetric carbons
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
and glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Cells are packed with molecules of various sizes
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Multiple weak bonds stabilize large molecule
interactions
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Examples of cellular macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Lineage tree of life
on earth
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment
The fundamental structure of all cell membranes is the lipid bilayer
Various membrane proteins present in the different cell membranes give
each membrane a specific function
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
Single cell organisms
Two main types: bacteria and archaea
Relatively simple structure
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
– Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles
found in eukaryotic cells
EUKARYOTIC CELL
PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
1 µm
Eukaryotic cells
Single cell or multicellular organisms
Plants and animals
Structurally more complex: organelles, cytoskeleton
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Eukaryotic cells
– Are subdivided by internal membranes into
various membrane-enclosed organelles
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The life cycle of cells
Cell division occurs when one cell, after a period of
growth, divides to become two daughter cells
Most eukaryotic cells follow the cell cycle, an internal
clock that determines the phases of cell growth and
division
Progress through the cell cycle is controlled at
checkpoints
Cells may “leave” the cell cycle and differentiate to
perform specialized functions
Cells may undergo programmed cell death as a way of
balancing cell growth or generating structures during
development (apoptosis)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The eukaryotic cell cycle
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Ecosystem Dynamics
The dynamics of any ecosystem include two
major processes
–
–
Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired
by plants eventually return to the soil
The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to
consumers
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy Conversion
Activities of life
– Require organisms to perform work, which
depends on an energy source
The exchange of energy between an organism and its
surroundings
– Often involves the transformation of one form of
energy to another
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy flows through an ecosystem
– Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Producers
(plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms)
Heat
Chemical
energy
Consumers
(including animals)
Heat
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the
substance of genes
– Which program the cells’ production of proteins
and transmit information from parents to
offspring
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embyro’s cells
with copies of
inherited DNA
Egg cell
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
The molecular structure of DNA
– Accounts for it information-rich nature
Nucleus
DNA
Cell
Nucleotide
(a) DNA double helix. This model shows
each atom in a segment of DNA.Made
up of two long chains of building
blocks called nucleotides, a DNA
molecule takes the three-dimensional
form of a double helix.
A
C
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and
letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a
small section of one chain of a DNA molecule.
Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences
of the four types of nucleotides (their names are
abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G).
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
feedback regulation
– The output, or product, of a process regulates
that very process
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
negative feedback
–
An accumulation of an end product slows the
process that produces that product
A
Negative
feedback
Enzyme 1
B
A
Enzyme 1
B
Enzyme 2
C
C
Enzyme 3
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
positive feedback
–
The end product speeds up production
W
W
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 4
Positive
feedback
X
X
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 5
Y
Y
Enzyme 6
Z
Enzyme 6
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
The Culture of Science
Science is a social activity
– Characterized
by
both
cooperation and competition
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Slide 4
Introduction Biochemistry
Aulanni’am
Biochemistry Laboratory
Chemistry Departement
Brawijaya University
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Exploring Life
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The molecules of life
The activities of cellular molecules are governed by
the basic principles of chemistry
Cellular water, inorganic ions, and small organic
molecules account for 75-80% of the living weight of
a cell
Macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, DNA)
account for the remainder
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The Chemicals of Life
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
The Chemicals of Life
Macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Different monosaccharides have different arrangements
around asymmetric carbons
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
and glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Cells are packed with molecules of various sizes
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Multiple weak bonds stabilize large molecule
interactions
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Examples of cellular macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Lineage tree of life
on earth
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment
The fundamental structure of all cell membranes is the lipid bilayer
Various membrane proteins present in the different cell membranes give
each membrane a specific function
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
Single cell organisms
Two main types: bacteria and archaea
Relatively simple structure
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
– Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles
found in eukaryotic cells
EUKARYOTIC CELL
PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
1 µm
Eukaryotic cells
Single cell or multicellular organisms
Plants and animals
Structurally more complex: organelles, cytoskeleton
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Eukaryotic cells
– Are subdivided by internal membranes into
various membrane-enclosed organelles
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The life cycle of cells
Cell division occurs when one cell, after a period of
growth, divides to become two daughter cells
Most eukaryotic cells follow the cell cycle, an internal
clock that determines the phases of cell growth and
division
Progress through the cell cycle is controlled at
checkpoints
Cells may “leave” the cell cycle and differentiate to
perform specialized functions
Cells may undergo programmed cell death as a way of
balancing cell growth or generating structures during
development (apoptosis)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The eukaryotic cell cycle
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Ecosystem Dynamics
The dynamics of any ecosystem include two
major processes
–
–
Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired
by plants eventually return to the soil
The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to
consumers
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy Conversion
Activities of life
– Require organisms to perform work, which
depends on an energy source
The exchange of energy between an organism and its
surroundings
– Often involves the transformation of one form of
energy to another
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy flows through an ecosystem
– Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Producers
(plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms)
Heat
Chemical
energy
Consumers
(including animals)
Heat
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the
substance of genes
– Which program the cells’ production of proteins
and transmit information from parents to
offspring
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embyro’s cells
with copies of
inherited DNA
Egg cell
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
The molecular structure of DNA
– Accounts for it information-rich nature
Nucleus
DNA
Cell
Nucleotide
(a) DNA double helix. This model shows
each atom in a segment of DNA.Made
up of two long chains of building
blocks called nucleotides, a DNA
molecule takes the three-dimensional
form of a double helix.
A
C
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and
letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a
small section of one chain of a DNA molecule.
Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences
of the four types of nucleotides (their names are
abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G).
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
feedback regulation
– The output, or product, of a process regulates
that very process
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
negative feedback
–
An accumulation of an end product slows the
process that produces that product
A
Negative
feedback
Enzyme 1
B
A
Enzyme 1
B
Enzyme 2
C
C
Enzyme 3
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
positive feedback
–
The end product speeds up production
W
W
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 4
Positive
feedback
X
X
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 5
Y
Y
Enzyme 6
Z
Enzyme 6
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
The Culture of Science
Science is a social activity
– Characterized
by
both
cooperation and competition
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Slide 5
Introduction Biochemistry
Aulanni’am
Biochemistry Laboratory
Chemistry Departement
Brawijaya University
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Exploring Life
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The molecules of life
The activities of cellular molecules are governed by
the basic principles of chemistry
Cellular water, inorganic ions, and small organic
molecules account for 75-80% of the living weight of
a cell
Macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, DNA)
account for the remainder
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The Chemicals of Life
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
The Chemicals of Life
Macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Different monosaccharides have different arrangements
around asymmetric carbons
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
and glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Cells are packed with molecules of various sizes
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Multiple weak bonds stabilize large molecule
interactions
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Examples of cellular macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Lineage tree of life
on earth
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment
The fundamental structure of all cell membranes is the lipid bilayer
Various membrane proteins present in the different cell membranes give
each membrane a specific function
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
Single cell organisms
Two main types: bacteria and archaea
Relatively simple structure
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
– Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles
found in eukaryotic cells
EUKARYOTIC CELL
PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
1 µm
Eukaryotic cells
Single cell or multicellular organisms
Plants and animals
Structurally more complex: organelles, cytoskeleton
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Eukaryotic cells
– Are subdivided by internal membranes into
various membrane-enclosed organelles
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The life cycle of cells
Cell division occurs when one cell, after a period of
growth, divides to become two daughter cells
Most eukaryotic cells follow the cell cycle, an internal
clock that determines the phases of cell growth and
division
Progress through the cell cycle is controlled at
checkpoints
Cells may “leave” the cell cycle and differentiate to
perform specialized functions
Cells may undergo programmed cell death as a way of
balancing cell growth or generating structures during
development (apoptosis)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The eukaryotic cell cycle
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Ecosystem Dynamics
The dynamics of any ecosystem include two
major processes
–
–
Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired
by plants eventually return to the soil
The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to
consumers
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy Conversion
Activities of life
– Require organisms to perform work, which
depends on an energy source
The exchange of energy between an organism and its
surroundings
– Often involves the transformation of one form of
energy to another
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy flows through an ecosystem
– Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Producers
(plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms)
Heat
Chemical
energy
Consumers
(including animals)
Heat
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the
substance of genes
– Which program the cells’ production of proteins
and transmit information from parents to
offspring
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embyro’s cells
with copies of
inherited DNA
Egg cell
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
The molecular structure of DNA
– Accounts for it information-rich nature
Nucleus
DNA
Cell
Nucleotide
(a) DNA double helix. This model shows
each atom in a segment of DNA.Made
up of two long chains of building
blocks called nucleotides, a DNA
molecule takes the three-dimensional
form of a double helix.
A
C
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and
letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a
small section of one chain of a DNA molecule.
Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences
of the four types of nucleotides (their names are
abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G).
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
feedback regulation
– The output, or product, of a process regulates
that very process
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
negative feedback
–
An accumulation of an end product slows the
process that produces that product
A
Negative
feedback
Enzyme 1
B
A
Enzyme 1
B
Enzyme 2
C
C
Enzyme 3
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
positive feedback
–
The end product speeds up production
W
W
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 4
Positive
feedback
X
X
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 5
Y
Y
Enzyme 6
Z
Enzyme 6
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
The Culture of Science
Science is a social activity
– Characterized
by
both
cooperation and competition
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Slide 6
Introduction Biochemistry
Aulanni’am
Biochemistry Laboratory
Chemistry Departement
Brawijaya University
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Exploring Life
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The molecules of life
The activities of cellular molecules are governed by
the basic principles of chemistry
Cellular water, inorganic ions, and small organic
molecules account for 75-80% of the living weight of
a cell
Macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, DNA)
account for the remainder
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The Chemicals of Life
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
The Chemicals of Life
Macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Different monosaccharides have different arrangements
around asymmetric carbons
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
and glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Cells are packed with molecules of various sizes
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Multiple weak bonds stabilize large molecule
interactions
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Examples of cellular macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Lineage tree of life
on earth
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment
The fundamental structure of all cell membranes is the lipid bilayer
Various membrane proteins present in the different cell membranes give
each membrane a specific function
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
Single cell organisms
Two main types: bacteria and archaea
Relatively simple structure
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
– Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles
found in eukaryotic cells
EUKARYOTIC CELL
PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
1 µm
Eukaryotic cells
Single cell or multicellular organisms
Plants and animals
Structurally more complex: organelles, cytoskeleton
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Eukaryotic cells
– Are subdivided by internal membranes into
various membrane-enclosed organelles
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The life cycle of cells
Cell division occurs when one cell, after a period of
growth, divides to become two daughter cells
Most eukaryotic cells follow the cell cycle, an internal
clock that determines the phases of cell growth and
division
Progress through the cell cycle is controlled at
checkpoints
Cells may “leave” the cell cycle and differentiate to
perform specialized functions
Cells may undergo programmed cell death as a way of
balancing cell growth or generating structures during
development (apoptosis)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The eukaryotic cell cycle
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Ecosystem Dynamics
The dynamics of any ecosystem include two
major processes
–
–
Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired
by plants eventually return to the soil
The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to
consumers
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy Conversion
Activities of life
– Require organisms to perform work, which
depends on an energy source
The exchange of energy between an organism and its
surroundings
– Often involves the transformation of one form of
energy to another
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy flows through an ecosystem
– Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Producers
(plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms)
Heat
Chemical
energy
Consumers
(including animals)
Heat
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the
substance of genes
– Which program the cells’ production of proteins
and transmit information from parents to
offspring
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embyro’s cells
with copies of
inherited DNA
Egg cell
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
The molecular structure of DNA
– Accounts for it information-rich nature
Nucleus
DNA
Cell
Nucleotide
(a) DNA double helix. This model shows
each atom in a segment of DNA.Made
up of two long chains of building
blocks called nucleotides, a DNA
molecule takes the three-dimensional
form of a double helix.
A
C
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and
letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a
small section of one chain of a DNA molecule.
Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences
of the four types of nucleotides (their names are
abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G).
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
feedback regulation
– The output, or product, of a process regulates
that very process
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
negative feedback
–
An accumulation of an end product slows the
process that produces that product
A
Negative
feedback
Enzyme 1
B
A
Enzyme 1
B
Enzyme 2
C
C
Enzyme 3
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
positive feedback
–
The end product speeds up production
W
W
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 4
Positive
feedback
X
X
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 5
Y
Y
Enzyme 6
Z
Enzyme 6
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
The Culture of Science
Science is a social activity
– Characterized
by
both
cooperation and competition
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Slide 7
Introduction Biochemistry
Aulanni’am
Biochemistry Laboratory
Chemistry Departement
Brawijaya University
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Exploring Life
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The molecules of life
The activities of cellular molecules are governed by
the basic principles of chemistry
Cellular water, inorganic ions, and small organic
molecules account for 75-80% of the living weight of
a cell
Macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, DNA)
account for the remainder
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The Chemicals of Life
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
The Chemicals of Life
Macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Different monosaccharides have different arrangements
around asymmetric carbons
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
and glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Cells are packed with molecules of various sizes
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Multiple weak bonds stabilize large molecule
interactions
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Examples of cellular macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Lineage tree of life
on earth
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment
The fundamental structure of all cell membranes is the lipid bilayer
Various membrane proteins present in the different cell membranes give
each membrane a specific function
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
Single cell organisms
Two main types: bacteria and archaea
Relatively simple structure
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
– Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles
found in eukaryotic cells
EUKARYOTIC CELL
PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
1 µm
Eukaryotic cells
Single cell or multicellular organisms
Plants and animals
Structurally more complex: organelles, cytoskeleton
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Eukaryotic cells
– Are subdivided by internal membranes into
various membrane-enclosed organelles
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The life cycle of cells
Cell division occurs when one cell, after a period of
growth, divides to become two daughter cells
Most eukaryotic cells follow the cell cycle, an internal
clock that determines the phases of cell growth and
division
Progress through the cell cycle is controlled at
checkpoints
Cells may “leave” the cell cycle and differentiate to
perform specialized functions
Cells may undergo programmed cell death as a way of
balancing cell growth or generating structures during
development (apoptosis)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The eukaryotic cell cycle
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Ecosystem Dynamics
The dynamics of any ecosystem include two
major processes
–
–
Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired
by plants eventually return to the soil
The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to
consumers
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy Conversion
Activities of life
– Require organisms to perform work, which
depends on an energy source
The exchange of energy between an organism and its
surroundings
– Often involves the transformation of one form of
energy to another
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy flows through an ecosystem
– Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Producers
(plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms)
Heat
Chemical
energy
Consumers
(including animals)
Heat
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the
substance of genes
– Which program the cells’ production of proteins
and transmit information from parents to
offspring
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embyro’s cells
with copies of
inherited DNA
Egg cell
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
The molecular structure of DNA
– Accounts for it information-rich nature
Nucleus
DNA
Cell
Nucleotide
(a) DNA double helix. This model shows
each atom in a segment of DNA.Made
up of two long chains of building
blocks called nucleotides, a DNA
molecule takes the three-dimensional
form of a double helix.
A
C
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and
letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a
small section of one chain of a DNA molecule.
Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences
of the four types of nucleotides (their names are
abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G).
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
feedback regulation
– The output, or product, of a process regulates
that very process
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
negative feedback
–
An accumulation of an end product slows the
process that produces that product
A
Negative
feedback
Enzyme 1
B
A
Enzyme 1
B
Enzyme 2
C
C
Enzyme 3
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
positive feedback
–
The end product speeds up production
W
W
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 4
Positive
feedback
X
X
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 5
Y
Y
Enzyme 6
Z
Enzyme 6
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
The Culture of Science
Science is a social activity
– Characterized
by
both
cooperation and competition
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Slide 8
Introduction Biochemistry
Aulanni’am
Biochemistry Laboratory
Chemistry Departement
Brawijaya University
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Exploring Life
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The molecules of life
The activities of cellular molecules are governed by
the basic principles of chemistry
Cellular water, inorganic ions, and small organic
molecules account for 75-80% of the living weight of
a cell
Macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, DNA)
account for the remainder
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The Chemicals of Life
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
The Chemicals of Life
Macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Different monosaccharides have different arrangements
around asymmetric carbons
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
and glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Cells are packed with molecules of various sizes
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Multiple weak bonds stabilize large molecule
interactions
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Examples of cellular macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Lineage tree of life
on earth
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment
The fundamental structure of all cell membranes is the lipid bilayer
Various membrane proteins present in the different cell membranes give
each membrane a specific function
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
Single cell organisms
Two main types: bacteria and archaea
Relatively simple structure
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
– Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles
found in eukaryotic cells
EUKARYOTIC CELL
PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
1 µm
Eukaryotic cells
Single cell or multicellular organisms
Plants and animals
Structurally more complex: organelles, cytoskeleton
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Eukaryotic cells
– Are subdivided by internal membranes into
various membrane-enclosed organelles
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The life cycle of cells
Cell division occurs when one cell, after a period of
growth, divides to become two daughter cells
Most eukaryotic cells follow the cell cycle, an internal
clock that determines the phases of cell growth and
division
Progress through the cell cycle is controlled at
checkpoints
Cells may “leave” the cell cycle and differentiate to
perform specialized functions
Cells may undergo programmed cell death as a way of
balancing cell growth or generating structures during
development (apoptosis)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The eukaryotic cell cycle
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Ecosystem Dynamics
The dynamics of any ecosystem include two
major processes
–
–
Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired
by plants eventually return to the soil
The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to
consumers
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy Conversion
Activities of life
– Require organisms to perform work, which
depends on an energy source
The exchange of energy between an organism and its
surroundings
– Often involves the transformation of one form of
energy to another
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy flows through an ecosystem
– Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Producers
(plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms)
Heat
Chemical
energy
Consumers
(including animals)
Heat
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the
substance of genes
– Which program the cells’ production of proteins
and transmit information from parents to
offspring
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embyro’s cells
with copies of
inherited DNA
Egg cell
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
The molecular structure of DNA
– Accounts for it information-rich nature
Nucleus
DNA
Cell
Nucleotide
(a) DNA double helix. This model shows
each atom in a segment of DNA.Made
up of two long chains of building
blocks called nucleotides, a DNA
molecule takes the three-dimensional
form of a double helix.
A
C
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and
letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a
small section of one chain of a DNA molecule.
Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences
of the four types of nucleotides (their names are
abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G).
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
feedback regulation
– The output, or product, of a process regulates
that very process
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
negative feedback
–
An accumulation of an end product slows the
process that produces that product
A
Negative
feedback
Enzyme 1
B
A
Enzyme 1
B
Enzyme 2
C
C
Enzyme 3
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
positive feedback
–
The end product speeds up production
W
W
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 4
Positive
feedback
X
X
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 5
Y
Y
Enzyme 6
Z
Enzyme 6
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
The Culture of Science
Science is a social activity
– Characterized
by
both
cooperation and competition
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Slide 9
Introduction Biochemistry
Aulanni’am
Biochemistry Laboratory
Chemistry Departement
Brawijaya University
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Exploring Life
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The molecules of life
The activities of cellular molecules are governed by
the basic principles of chemistry
Cellular water, inorganic ions, and small organic
molecules account for 75-80% of the living weight of
a cell
Macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, DNA)
account for the remainder
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The Chemicals of Life
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
The Chemicals of Life
Macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Different monosaccharides have different arrangements
around asymmetric carbons
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
and glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Cells are packed with molecules of various sizes
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Multiple weak bonds stabilize large molecule
interactions
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Examples of cellular macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Lineage tree of life
on earth
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment
The fundamental structure of all cell membranes is the lipid bilayer
Various membrane proteins present in the different cell membranes give
each membrane a specific function
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
Single cell organisms
Two main types: bacteria and archaea
Relatively simple structure
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
– Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles
found in eukaryotic cells
EUKARYOTIC CELL
PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
1 µm
Eukaryotic cells
Single cell or multicellular organisms
Plants and animals
Structurally more complex: organelles, cytoskeleton
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Eukaryotic cells
– Are subdivided by internal membranes into
various membrane-enclosed organelles
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The life cycle of cells
Cell division occurs when one cell, after a period of
growth, divides to become two daughter cells
Most eukaryotic cells follow the cell cycle, an internal
clock that determines the phases of cell growth and
division
Progress through the cell cycle is controlled at
checkpoints
Cells may “leave” the cell cycle and differentiate to
perform specialized functions
Cells may undergo programmed cell death as a way of
balancing cell growth or generating structures during
development (apoptosis)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The eukaryotic cell cycle
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Ecosystem Dynamics
The dynamics of any ecosystem include two
major processes
–
–
Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired
by plants eventually return to the soil
The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to
consumers
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy Conversion
Activities of life
– Require organisms to perform work, which
depends on an energy source
The exchange of energy between an organism and its
surroundings
– Often involves the transformation of one form of
energy to another
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy flows through an ecosystem
– Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Producers
(plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms)
Heat
Chemical
energy
Consumers
(including animals)
Heat
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the
substance of genes
– Which program the cells’ production of proteins
and transmit information from parents to
offspring
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embyro’s cells
with copies of
inherited DNA
Egg cell
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
The molecular structure of DNA
– Accounts for it information-rich nature
Nucleus
DNA
Cell
Nucleotide
(a) DNA double helix. This model shows
each atom in a segment of DNA.Made
up of two long chains of building
blocks called nucleotides, a DNA
molecule takes the three-dimensional
form of a double helix.
A
C
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and
letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a
small section of one chain of a DNA molecule.
Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences
of the four types of nucleotides (their names are
abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G).
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
feedback regulation
– The output, or product, of a process regulates
that very process
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
negative feedback
–
An accumulation of an end product slows the
process that produces that product
A
Negative
feedback
Enzyme 1
B
A
Enzyme 1
B
Enzyme 2
C
C
Enzyme 3
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
positive feedback
–
The end product speeds up production
W
W
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 4
Positive
feedback
X
X
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 5
Y
Y
Enzyme 6
Z
Enzyme 6
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
The Culture of Science
Science is a social activity
– Characterized
by
both
cooperation and competition
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Slide 10
Introduction Biochemistry
Aulanni’am
Biochemistry Laboratory
Chemistry Departement
Brawijaya University
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Exploring Life
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The molecules of life
The activities of cellular molecules are governed by
the basic principles of chemistry
Cellular water, inorganic ions, and small organic
molecules account for 75-80% of the living weight of
a cell
Macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, DNA)
account for the remainder
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The Chemicals of Life
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
The Chemicals of Life
Macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Different monosaccharides have different arrangements
around asymmetric carbons
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
and glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Cells are packed with molecules of various sizes
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Multiple weak bonds stabilize large molecule
interactions
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Examples of cellular macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Lineage tree of life
on earth
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment
The fundamental structure of all cell membranes is the lipid bilayer
Various membrane proteins present in the different cell membranes give
each membrane a specific function
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
Single cell organisms
Two main types: bacteria and archaea
Relatively simple structure
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
– Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles
found in eukaryotic cells
EUKARYOTIC CELL
PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
1 µm
Eukaryotic cells
Single cell or multicellular organisms
Plants and animals
Structurally more complex: organelles, cytoskeleton
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Eukaryotic cells
– Are subdivided by internal membranes into
various membrane-enclosed organelles
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The life cycle of cells
Cell division occurs when one cell, after a period of
growth, divides to become two daughter cells
Most eukaryotic cells follow the cell cycle, an internal
clock that determines the phases of cell growth and
division
Progress through the cell cycle is controlled at
checkpoints
Cells may “leave” the cell cycle and differentiate to
perform specialized functions
Cells may undergo programmed cell death as a way of
balancing cell growth or generating structures during
development (apoptosis)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The eukaryotic cell cycle
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Ecosystem Dynamics
The dynamics of any ecosystem include two
major processes
–
–
Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired
by plants eventually return to the soil
The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to
consumers
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy Conversion
Activities of life
– Require organisms to perform work, which
depends on an energy source
The exchange of energy between an organism and its
surroundings
– Often involves the transformation of one form of
energy to another
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy flows through an ecosystem
– Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Producers
(plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms)
Heat
Chemical
energy
Consumers
(including animals)
Heat
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the
substance of genes
– Which program the cells’ production of proteins
and transmit information from parents to
offspring
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embyro’s cells
with copies of
inherited DNA
Egg cell
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
The molecular structure of DNA
– Accounts for it information-rich nature
Nucleus
DNA
Cell
Nucleotide
(a) DNA double helix. This model shows
each atom in a segment of DNA.Made
up of two long chains of building
blocks called nucleotides, a DNA
molecule takes the three-dimensional
form of a double helix.
A
C
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and
letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a
small section of one chain of a DNA molecule.
Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences
of the four types of nucleotides (their names are
abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G).
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
feedback regulation
– The output, or product, of a process regulates
that very process
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
negative feedback
–
An accumulation of an end product slows the
process that produces that product
A
Negative
feedback
Enzyme 1
B
A
Enzyme 1
B
Enzyme 2
C
C
Enzyme 3
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
positive feedback
–
The end product speeds up production
W
W
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 4
Positive
feedback
X
X
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 5
Y
Y
Enzyme 6
Z
Enzyme 6
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
The Culture of Science
Science is a social activity
– Characterized
by
both
cooperation and competition
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Slide 11
Introduction Biochemistry
Aulanni’am
Biochemistry Laboratory
Chemistry Departement
Brawijaya University
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Exploring Life
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The molecules of life
The activities of cellular molecules are governed by
the basic principles of chemistry
Cellular water, inorganic ions, and small organic
molecules account for 75-80% of the living weight of
a cell
Macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, DNA)
account for the remainder
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The Chemicals of Life
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
The Chemicals of Life
Macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Different monosaccharides have different arrangements
around asymmetric carbons
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
and glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Cells are packed with molecules of various sizes
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Multiple weak bonds stabilize large molecule
interactions
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Examples of cellular macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Lineage tree of life
on earth
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment
The fundamental structure of all cell membranes is the lipid bilayer
Various membrane proteins present in the different cell membranes give
each membrane a specific function
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
Single cell organisms
Two main types: bacteria and archaea
Relatively simple structure
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
– Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles
found in eukaryotic cells
EUKARYOTIC CELL
PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
1 µm
Eukaryotic cells
Single cell or multicellular organisms
Plants and animals
Structurally more complex: organelles, cytoskeleton
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Eukaryotic cells
– Are subdivided by internal membranes into
various membrane-enclosed organelles
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The life cycle of cells
Cell division occurs when one cell, after a period of
growth, divides to become two daughter cells
Most eukaryotic cells follow the cell cycle, an internal
clock that determines the phases of cell growth and
division
Progress through the cell cycle is controlled at
checkpoints
Cells may “leave” the cell cycle and differentiate to
perform specialized functions
Cells may undergo programmed cell death as a way of
balancing cell growth or generating structures during
development (apoptosis)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The eukaryotic cell cycle
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Ecosystem Dynamics
The dynamics of any ecosystem include two
major processes
–
–
Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired
by plants eventually return to the soil
The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to
consumers
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy Conversion
Activities of life
– Require organisms to perform work, which
depends on an energy source
The exchange of energy between an organism and its
surroundings
– Often involves the transformation of one form of
energy to another
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy flows through an ecosystem
– Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Producers
(plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms)
Heat
Chemical
energy
Consumers
(including animals)
Heat
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the
substance of genes
– Which program the cells’ production of proteins
and transmit information from parents to
offspring
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embyro’s cells
with copies of
inherited DNA
Egg cell
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
The molecular structure of DNA
– Accounts for it information-rich nature
Nucleus
DNA
Cell
Nucleotide
(a) DNA double helix. This model shows
each atom in a segment of DNA.Made
up of two long chains of building
blocks called nucleotides, a DNA
molecule takes the three-dimensional
form of a double helix.
A
C
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and
letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a
small section of one chain of a DNA molecule.
Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences
of the four types of nucleotides (their names are
abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G).
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
feedback regulation
– The output, or product, of a process regulates
that very process
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
negative feedback
–
An accumulation of an end product slows the
process that produces that product
A
Negative
feedback
Enzyme 1
B
A
Enzyme 1
B
Enzyme 2
C
C
Enzyme 3
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
positive feedback
–
The end product speeds up production
W
W
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 4
Positive
feedback
X
X
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 5
Y
Y
Enzyme 6
Z
Enzyme 6
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
The Culture of Science
Science is a social activity
– Characterized
by
both
cooperation and competition
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Slide 12
Introduction Biochemistry
Aulanni’am
Biochemistry Laboratory
Chemistry Departement
Brawijaya University
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Exploring Life
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The molecules of life
The activities of cellular molecules are governed by
the basic principles of chemistry
Cellular water, inorganic ions, and small organic
molecules account for 75-80% of the living weight of
a cell
Macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, DNA)
account for the remainder
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The Chemicals of Life
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
The Chemicals of Life
Macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Different monosaccharides have different arrangements
around asymmetric carbons
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
and glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Cells are packed with molecules of various sizes
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Multiple weak bonds stabilize large molecule
interactions
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Examples of cellular macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Lineage tree of life
on earth
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment
The fundamental structure of all cell membranes is the lipid bilayer
Various membrane proteins present in the different cell membranes give
each membrane a specific function
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
Single cell organisms
Two main types: bacteria and archaea
Relatively simple structure
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
– Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles
found in eukaryotic cells
EUKARYOTIC CELL
PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
1 µm
Eukaryotic cells
Single cell or multicellular organisms
Plants and animals
Structurally more complex: organelles, cytoskeleton
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Eukaryotic cells
– Are subdivided by internal membranes into
various membrane-enclosed organelles
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The life cycle of cells
Cell division occurs when one cell, after a period of
growth, divides to become two daughter cells
Most eukaryotic cells follow the cell cycle, an internal
clock that determines the phases of cell growth and
division
Progress through the cell cycle is controlled at
checkpoints
Cells may “leave” the cell cycle and differentiate to
perform specialized functions
Cells may undergo programmed cell death as a way of
balancing cell growth or generating structures during
development (apoptosis)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The eukaryotic cell cycle
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Ecosystem Dynamics
The dynamics of any ecosystem include two
major processes
–
–
Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired
by plants eventually return to the soil
The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to
consumers
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy Conversion
Activities of life
– Require organisms to perform work, which
depends on an energy source
The exchange of energy between an organism and its
surroundings
– Often involves the transformation of one form of
energy to another
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy flows through an ecosystem
– Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Producers
(plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms)
Heat
Chemical
energy
Consumers
(including animals)
Heat
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the
substance of genes
– Which program the cells’ production of proteins
and transmit information from parents to
offspring
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embyro’s cells
with copies of
inherited DNA
Egg cell
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
The molecular structure of DNA
– Accounts for it information-rich nature
Nucleus
DNA
Cell
Nucleotide
(a) DNA double helix. This model shows
each atom in a segment of DNA.Made
up of two long chains of building
blocks called nucleotides, a DNA
molecule takes the three-dimensional
form of a double helix.
A
C
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and
letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a
small section of one chain of a DNA molecule.
Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences
of the four types of nucleotides (their names are
abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G).
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
feedback regulation
– The output, or product, of a process regulates
that very process
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
negative feedback
–
An accumulation of an end product slows the
process that produces that product
A
Negative
feedback
Enzyme 1
B
A
Enzyme 1
B
Enzyme 2
C
C
Enzyme 3
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
positive feedback
–
The end product speeds up production
W
W
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 4
Positive
feedback
X
X
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 5
Y
Y
Enzyme 6
Z
Enzyme 6
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
The Culture of Science
Science is a social activity
– Characterized
by
both
cooperation and competition
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Slide 13
Introduction Biochemistry
Aulanni’am
Biochemistry Laboratory
Chemistry Departement
Brawijaya University
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Exploring Life
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The molecules of life
The activities of cellular molecules are governed by
the basic principles of chemistry
Cellular water, inorganic ions, and small organic
molecules account for 75-80% of the living weight of
a cell
Macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, DNA)
account for the remainder
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The Chemicals of Life
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
The Chemicals of Life
Macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Different monosaccharides have different arrangements
around asymmetric carbons
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
and glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Cells are packed with molecules of various sizes
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Multiple weak bonds stabilize large molecule
interactions
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Examples of cellular macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Lineage tree of life
on earth
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment
The fundamental structure of all cell membranes is the lipid bilayer
Various membrane proteins present in the different cell membranes give
each membrane a specific function
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
Single cell organisms
Two main types: bacteria and archaea
Relatively simple structure
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
– Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles
found in eukaryotic cells
EUKARYOTIC CELL
PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
1 µm
Eukaryotic cells
Single cell or multicellular organisms
Plants and animals
Structurally more complex: organelles, cytoskeleton
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Eukaryotic cells
– Are subdivided by internal membranes into
various membrane-enclosed organelles
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The life cycle of cells
Cell division occurs when one cell, after a period of
growth, divides to become two daughter cells
Most eukaryotic cells follow the cell cycle, an internal
clock that determines the phases of cell growth and
division
Progress through the cell cycle is controlled at
checkpoints
Cells may “leave” the cell cycle and differentiate to
perform specialized functions
Cells may undergo programmed cell death as a way of
balancing cell growth or generating structures during
development (apoptosis)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The eukaryotic cell cycle
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Ecosystem Dynamics
The dynamics of any ecosystem include two
major processes
–
–
Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired
by plants eventually return to the soil
The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to
consumers
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy Conversion
Activities of life
– Require organisms to perform work, which
depends on an energy source
The exchange of energy between an organism and its
surroundings
– Often involves the transformation of one form of
energy to another
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy flows through an ecosystem
– Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Producers
(plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms)
Heat
Chemical
energy
Consumers
(including animals)
Heat
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the
substance of genes
– Which program the cells’ production of proteins
and transmit information from parents to
offspring
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embyro’s cells
with copies of
inherited DNA
Egg cell
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
The molecular structure of DNA
– Accounts for it information-rich nature
Nucleus
DNA
Cell
Nucleotide
(a) DNA double helix. This model shows
each atom in a segment of DNA.Made
up of two long chains of building
blocks called nucleotides, a DNA
molecule takes the three-dimensional
form of a double helix.
A
C
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and
letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a
small section of one chain of a DNA molecule.
Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences
of the four types of nucleotides (their names are
abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G).
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
feedback regulation
– The output, or product, of a process regulates
that very process
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
negative feedback
–
An accumulation of an end product slows the
process that produces that product
A
Negative
feedback
Enzyme 1
B
A
Enzyme 1
B
Enzyme 2
C
C
Enzyme 3
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
positive feedback
–
The end product speeds up production
W
W
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 4
Positive
feedback
X
X
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 5
Y
Y
Enzyme 6
Z
Enzyme 6
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
The Culture of Science
Science is a social activity
– Characterized
by
both
cooperation and competition
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Slide 14
Introduction Biochemistry
Aulanni’am
Biochemistry Laboratory
Chemistry Departement
Brawijaya University
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Exploring Life
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The molecules of life
The activities of cellular molecules are governed by
the basic principles of chemistry
Cellular water, inorganic ions, and small organic
molecules account for 75-80% of the living weight of
a cell
Macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, DNA)
account for the remainder
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The Chemicals of Life
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
The Chemicals of Life
Macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Different monosaccharides have different arrangements
around asymmetric carbons
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
and glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Cells are packed with molecules of various sizes
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Multiple weak bonds stabilize large molecule
interactions
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Examples of cellular macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Lineage tree of life
on earth
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment
The fundamental structure of all cell membranes is the lipid bilayer
Various membrane proteins present in the different cell membranes give
each membrane a specific function
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
Single cell organisms
Two main types: bacteria and archaea
Relatively simple structure
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
– Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles
found in eukaryotic cells
EUKARYOTIC CELL
PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
1 µm
Eukaryotic cells
Single cell or multicellular organisms
Plants and animals
Structurally more complex: organelles, cytoskeleton
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Eukaryotic cells
– Are subdivided by internal membranes into
various membrane-enclosed organelles
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The life cycle of cells
Cell division occurs when one cell, after a period of
growth, divides to become two daughter cells
Most eukaryotic cells follow the cell cycle, an internal
clock that determines the phases of cell growth and
division
Progress through the cell cycle is controlled at
checkpoints
Cells may “leave” the cell cycle and differentiate to
perform specialized functions
Cells may undergo programmed cell death as a way of
balancing cell growth or generating structures during
development (apoptosis)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The eukaryotic cell cycle
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Ecosystem Dynamics
The dynamics of any ecosystem include two
major processes
–
–
Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired
by plants eventually return to the soil
The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to
consumers
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy Conversion
Activities of life
– Require organisms to perform work, which
depends on an energy source
The exchange of energy between an organism and its
surroundings
– Often involves the transformation of one form of
energy to another
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy flows through an ecosystem
– Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Producers
(plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms)
Heat
Chemical
energy
Consumers
(including animals)
Heat
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the
substance of genes
– Which program the cells’ production of proteins
and transmit information from parents to
offspring
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embyro’s cells
with copies of
inherited DNA
Egg cell
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
The molecular structure of DNA
– Accounts for it information-rich nature
Nucleus
DNA
Cell
Nucleotide
(a) DNA double helix. This model shows
each atom in a segment of DNA.Made
up of two long chains of building
blocks called nucleotides, a DNA
molecule takes the three-dimensional
form of a double helix.
A
C
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and
letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a
small section of one chain of a DNA molecule.
Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences
of the four types of nucleotides (their names are
abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G).
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
feedback regulation
– The output, or product, of a process regulates
that very process
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
negative feedback
–
An accumulation of an end product slows the
process that produces that product
A
Negative
feedback
Enzyme 1
B
A
Enzyme 1
B
Enzyme 2
C
C
Enzyme 3
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
positive feedback
–
The end product speeds up production
W
W
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 4
Positive
feedback
X
X
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 5
Y
Y
Enzyme 6
Z
Enzyme 6
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
The Culture of Science
Science is a social activity
– Characterized
by
both
cooperation and competition
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Slide 15
Introduction Biochemistry
Aulanni’am
Biochemistry Laboratory
Chemistry Departement
Brawijaya University
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Exploring Life
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The molecules of life
The activities of cellular molecules are governed by
the basic principles of chemistry
Cellular water, inorganic ions, and small organic
molecules account for 75-80% of the living weight of
a cell
Macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, DNA)
account for the remainder
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The Chemicals of Life
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
The Chemicals of Life
Macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Different monosaccharides have different arrangements
around asymmetric carbons
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
and glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Cells are packed with molecules of various sizes
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Multiple weak bonds stabilize large molecule
interactions
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Examples of cellular macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Lineage tree of life
on earth
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment
The fundamental structure of all cell membranes is the lipid bilayer
Various membrane proteins present in the different cell membranes give
each membrane a specific function
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
Single cell organisms
Two main types: bacteria and archaea
Relatively simple structure
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
– Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles
found in eukaryotic cells
EUKARYOTIC CELL
PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
1 µm
Eukaryotic cells
Single cell or multicellular organisms
Plants and animals
Structurally more complex: organelles, cytoskeleton
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Eukaryotic cells
– Are subdivided by internal membranes into
various membrane-enclosed organelles
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The life cycle of cells
Cell division occurs when one cell, after a period of
growth, divides to become two daughter cells
Most eukaryotic cells follow the cell cycle, an internal
clock that determines the phases of cell growth and
division
Progress through the cell cycle is controlled at
checkpoints
Cells may “leave” the cell cycle and differentiate to
perform specialized functions
Cells may undergo programmed cell death as a way of
balancing cell growth or generating structures during
development (apoptosis)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The eukaryotic cell cycle
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Ecosystem Dynamics
The dynamics of any ecosystem include two
major processes
–
–
Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired
by plants eventually return to the soil
The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to
consumers
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy Conversion
Activities of life
– Require organisms to perform work, which
depends on an energy source
The exchange of energy between an organism and its
surroundings
– Often involves the transformation of one form of
energy to another
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy flows through an ecosystem
– Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Producers
(plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms)
Heat
Chemical
energy
Consumers
(including animals)
Heat
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the
substance of genes
– Which program the cells’ production of proteins
and transmit information from parents to
offspring
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embyro’s cells
with copies of
inherited DNA
Egg cell
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
The molecular structure of DNA
– Accounts for it information-rich nature
Nucleus
DNA
Cell
Nucleotide
(a) DNA double helix. This model shows
each atom in a segment of DNA.Made
up of two long chains of building
blocks called nucleotides, a DNA
molecule takes the three-dimensional
form of a double helix.
A
C
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and
letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a
small section of one chain of a DNA molecule.
Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences
of the four types of nucleotides (their names are
abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G).
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
feedback regulation
– The output, or product, of a process regulates
that very process
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
negative feedback
–
An accumulation of an end product slows the
process that produces that product
A
Negative
feedback
Enzyme 1
B
A
Enzyme 1
B
Enzyme 2
C
C
Enzyme 3
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
positive feedback
–
The end product speeds up production
W
W
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 4
Positive
feedback
X
X
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 5
Y
Y
Enzyme 6
Z
Enzyme 6
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
The Culture of Science
Science is a social activity
– Characterized
by
both
cooperation and competition
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Slide 16
Introduction Biochemistry
Aulanni’am
Biochemistry Laboratory
Chemistry Departement
Brawijaya University
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Exploring Life
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The molecules of life
The activities of cellular molecules are governed by
the basic principles of chemistry
Cellular water, inorganic ions, and small organic
molecules account for 75-80% of the living weight of
a cell
Macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, DNA)
account for the remainder
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The Chemicals of Life
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
The Chemicals of Life
Macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Different monosaccharides have different arrangements
around asymmetric carbons
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
and glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Cells are packed with molecules of various sizes
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Multiple weak bonds stabilize large molecule
interactions
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Examples of cellular macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Lineage tree of life
on earth
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment
The fundamental structure of all cell membranes is the lipid bilayer
Various membrane proteins present in the different cell membranes give
each membrane a specific function
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
Single cell organisms
Two main types: bacteria and archaea
Relatively simple structure
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
– Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles
found in eukaryotic cells
EUKARYOTIC CELL
PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
1 µm
Eukaryotic cells
Single cell or multicellular organisms
Plants and animals
Structurally more complex: organelles, cytoskeleton
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Eukaryotic cells
– Are subdivided by internal membranes into
various membrane-enclosed organelles
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The life cycle of cells
Cell division occurs when one cell, after a period of
growth, divides to become two daughter cells
Most eukaryotic cells follow the cell cycle, an internal
clock that determines the phases of cell growth and
division
Progress through the cell cycle is controlled at
checkpoints
Cells may “leave” the cell cycle and differentiate to
perform specialized functions
Cells may undergo programmed cell death as a way of
balancing cell growth or generating structures during
development (apoptosis)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The eukaryotic cell cycle
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Ecosystem Dynamics
The dynamics of any ecosystem include two
major processes
–
–
Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired
by plants eventually return to the soil
The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to
consumers
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy Conversion
Activities of life
– Require organisms to perform work, which
depends on an energy source
The exchange of energy between an organism and its
surroundings
– Often involves the transformation of one form of
energy to another
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy flows through an ecosystem
– Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Producers
(plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms)
Heat
Chemical
energy
Consumers
(including animals)
Heat
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the
substance of genes
– Which program the cells’ production of proteins
and transmit information from parents to
offspring
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embyro’s cells
with copies of
inherited DNA
Egg cell
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
The molecular structure of DNA
– Accounts for it information-rich nature
Nucleus
DNA
Cell
Nucleotide
(a) DNA double helix. This model shows
each atom in a segment of DNA.Made
up of two long chains of building
blocks called nucleotides, a DNA
molecule takes the three-dimensional
form of a double helix.
A
C
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and
letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a
small section of one chain of a DNA molecule.
Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences
of the four types of nucleotides (their names are
abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G).
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
feedback regulation
– The output, or product, of a process regulates
that very process
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
negative feedback
–
An accumulation of an end product slows the
process that produces that product
A
Negative
feedback
Enzyme 1
B
A
Enzyme 1
B
Enzyme 2
C
C
Enzyme 3
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
positive feedback
–
The end product speeds up production
W
W
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 4
Positive
feedback
X
X
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 5
Y
Y
Enzyme 6
Z
Enzyme 6
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
The Culture of Science
Science is a social activity
– Characterized
by
both
cooperation and competition
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Slide 17
Introduction Biochemistry
Aulanni’am
Biochemistry Laboratory
Chemistry Departement
Brawijaya University
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Exploring Life
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The molecules of life
The activities of cellular molecules are governed by
the basic principles of chemistry
Cellular water, inorganic ions, and small organic
molecules account for 75-80% of the living weight of
a cell
Macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, DNA)
account for the remainder
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The Chemicals of Life
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
The Chemicals of Life
Macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Different monosaccharides have different arrangements
around asymmetric carbons
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
and glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Cells are packed with molecules of various sizes
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Multiple weak bonds stabilize large molecule
interactions
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Examples of cellular macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Lineage tree of life
on earth
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment
The fundamental structure of all cell membranes is the lipid bilayer
Various membrane proteins present in the different cell membranes give
each membrane a specific function
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
Single cell organisms
Two main types: bacteria and archaea
Relatively simple structure
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
– Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles
found in eukaryotic cells
EUKARYOTIC CELL
PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
1 µm
Eukaryotic cells
Single cell or multicellular organisms
Plants and animals
Structurally more complex: organelles, cytoskeleton
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Eukaryotic cells
– Are subdivided by internal membranes into
various membrane-enclosed organelles
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The life cycle of cells
Cell division occurs when one cell, after a period of
growth, divides to become two daughter cells
Most eukaryotic cells follow the cell cycle, an internal
clock that determines the phases of cell growth and
division
Progress through the cell cycle is controlled at
checkpoints
Cells may “leave” the cell cycle and differentiate to
perform specialized functions
Cells may undergo programmed cell death as a way of
balancing cell growth or generating structures during
development (apoptosis)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The eukaryotic cell cycle
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Ecosystem Dynamics
The dynamics of any ecosystem include two
major processes
–
–
Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired
by plants eventually return to the soil
The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to
consumers
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy Conversion
Activities of life
– Require organisms to perform work, which
depends on an energy source
The exchange of energy between an organism and its
surroundings
– Often involves the transformation of one form of
energy to another
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy flows through an ecosystem
– Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Producers
(plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms)
Heat
Chemical
energy
Consumers
(including animals)
Heat
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the
substance of genes
– Which program the cells’ production of proteins
and transmit information from parents to
offspring
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embyro’s cells
with copies of
inherited DNA
Egg cell
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
The molecular structure of DNA
– Accounts for it information-rich nature
Nucleus
DNA
Cell
Nucleotide
(a) DNA double helix. This model shows
each atom in a segment of DNA.Made
up of two long chains of building
blocks called nucleotides, a DNA
molecule takes the three-dimensional
form of a double helix.
A
C
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and
letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a
small section of one chain of a DNA molecule.
Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences
of the four types of nucleotides (their names are
abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G).
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
feedback regulation
– The output, or product, of a process regulates
that very process
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
negative feedback
–
An accumulation of an end product slows the
process that produces that product
A
Negative
feedback
Enzyme 1
B
A
Enzyme 1
B
Enzyme 2
C
C
Enzyme 3
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
positive feedback
–
The end product speeds up production
W
W
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 4
Positive
feedback
X
X
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 5
Y
Y
Enzyme 6
Z
Enzyme 6
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
The Culture of Science
Science is a social activity
– Characterized
by
both
cooperation and competition
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Slide 18
Introduction Biochemistry
Aulanni’am
Biochemistry Laboratory
Chemistry Departement
Brawijaya University
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Exploring Life
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The molecules of life
The activities of cellular molecules are governed by
the basic principles of chemistry
Cellular water, inorganic ions, and small organic
molecules account for 75-80% of the living weight of
a cell
Macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, DNA)
account for the remainder
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The Chemicals of Life
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
The Chemicals of Life
Macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Different monosaccharides have different arrangements
around asymmetric carbons
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
and glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Cells are packed with molecules of various sizes
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Multiple weak bonds stabilize large molecule
interactions
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Examples of cellular macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Lineage tree of life
on earth
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment
The fundamental structure of all cell membranes is the lipid bilayer
Various membrane proteins present in the different cell membranes give
each membrane a specific function
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
Single cell organisms
Two main types: bacteria and archaea
Relatively simple structure
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
– Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles
found in eukaryotic cells
EUKARYOTIC CELL
PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
1 µm
Eukaryotic cells
Single cell or multicellular organisms
Plants and animals
Structurally more complex: organelles, cytoskeleton
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Eukaryotic cells
– Are subdivided by internal membranes into
various membrane-enclosed organelles
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The life cycle of cells
Cell division occurs when one cell, after a period of
growth, divides to become two daughter cells
Most eukaryotic cells follow the cell cycle, an internal
clock that determines the phases of cell growth and
division
Progress through the cell cycle is controlled at
checkpoints
Cells may “leave” the cell cycle and differentiate to
perform specialized functions
Cells may undergo programmed cell death as a way of
balancing cell growth or generating structures during
development (apoptosis)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The eukaryotic cell cycle
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Ecosystem Dynamics
The dynamics of any ecosystem include two
major processes
–
–
Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired
by plants eventually return to the soil
The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to
consumers
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy Conversion
Activities of life
– Require organisms to perform work, which
depends on an energy source
The exchange of energy between an organism and its
surroundings
– Often involves the transformation of one form of
energy to another
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy flows through an ecosystem
– Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Producers
(plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms)
Heat
Chemical
energy
Consumers
(including animals)
Heat
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the
substance of genes
– Which program the cells’ production of proteins
and transmit information from parents to
offspring
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embyro’s cells
with copies of
inherited DNA
Egg cell
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
The molecular structure of DNA
– Accounts for it information-rich nature
Nucleus
DNA
Cell
Nucleotide
(a) DNA double helix. This model shows
each atom in a segment of DNA.Made
up of two long chains of building
blocks called nucleotides, a DNA
molecule takes the three-dimensional
form of a double helix.
A
C
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and
letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a
small section of one chain of a DNA molecule.
Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences
of the four types of nucleotides (their names are
abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G).
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
feedback regulation
– The output, or product, of a process regulates
that very process
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
negative feedback
–
An accumulation of an end product slows the
process that produces that product
A
Negative
feedback
Enzyme 1
B
A
Enzyme 1
B
Enzyme 2
C
C
Enzyme 3
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
positive feedback
–
The end product speeds up production
W
W
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 4
Positive
feedback
X
X
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 5
Y
Y
Enzyme 6
Z
Enzyme 6
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
The Culture of Science
Science is a social activity
– Characterized
by
both
cooperation and competition
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Slide 19
Introduction Biochemistry
Aulanni’am
Biochemistry Laboratory
Chemistry Departement
Brawijaya University
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Exploring Life
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The molecules of life
The activities of cellular molecules are governed by
the basic principles of chemistry
Cellular water, inorganic ions, and small organic
molecules account for 75-80% of the living weight of
a cell
Macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, DNA)
account for the remainder
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The Chemicals of Life
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
The Chemicals of Life
Macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Different monosaccharides have different arrangements
around asymmetric carbons
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
and glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Cells are packed with molecules of various sizes
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Multiple weak bonds stabilize large molecule
interactions
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Examples of cellular macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Lineage tree of life
on earth
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment
The fundamental structure of all cell membranes is the lipid bilayer
Various membrane proteins present in the different cell membranes give
each membrane a specific function
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
Single cell organisms
Two main types: bacteria and archaea
Relatively simple structure
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
– Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles
found in eukaryotic cells
EUKARYOTIC CELL
PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
1 µm
Eukaryotic cells
Single cell or multicellular organisms
Plants and animals
Structurally more complex: organelles, cytoskeleton
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Eukaryotic cells
– Are subdivided by internal membranes into
various membrane-enclosed organelles
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The life cycle of cells
Cell division occurs when one cell, after a period of
growth, divides to become two daughter cells
Most eukaryotic cells follow the cell cycle, an internal
clock that determines the phases of cell growth and
division
Progress through the cell cycle is controlled at
checkpoints
Cells may “leave” the cell cycle and differentiate to
perform specialized functions
Cells may undergo programmed cell death as a way of
balancing cell growth or generating structures during
development (apoptosis)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The eukaryotic cell cycle
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Ecosystem Dynamics
The dynamics of any ecosystem include two
major processes
–
–
Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired
by plants eventually return to the soil
The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to
consumers
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy Conversion
Activities of life
– Require organisms to perform work, which
depends on an energy source
The exchange of energy between an organism and its
surroundings
– Often involves the transformation of one form of
energy to another
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy flows through an ecosystem
– Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Producers
(plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms)
Heat
Chemical
energy
Consumers
(including animals)
Heat
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the
substance of genes
– Which program the cells’ production of proteins
and transmit information from parents to
offspring
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embyro’s cells
with copies of
inherited DNA
Egg cell
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
The molecular structure of DNA
– Accounts for it information-rich nature
Nucleus
DNA
Cell
Nucleotide
(a) DNA double helix. This model shows
each atom in a segment of DNA.Made
up of two long chains of building
blocks called nucleotides, a DNA
molecule takes the three-dimensional
form of a double helix.
A
C
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and
letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a
small section of one chain of a DNA molecule.
Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences
of the four types of nucleotides (their names are
abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G).
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
feedback regulation
– The output, or product, of a process regulates
that very process
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
negative feedback
–
An accumulation of an end product slows the
process that produces that product
A
Negative
feedback
Enzyme 1
B
A
Enzyme 1
B
Enzyme 2
C
C
Enzyme 3
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
positive feedback
–
The end product speeds up production
W
W
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 4
Positive
feedback
X
X
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 5
Y
Y
Enzyme 6
Z
Enzyme 6
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
The Culture of Science
Science is a social activity
– Characterized
by
both
cooperation and competition
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Slide 20
Introduction Biochemistry
Aulanni’am
Biochemistry Laboratory
Chemistry Departement
Brawijaya University
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Exploring Life
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The molecules of life
The activities of cellular molecules are governed by
the basic principles of chemistry
Cellular water, inorganic ions, and small organic
molecules account for 75-80% of the living weight of
a cell
Macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, DNA)
account for the remainder
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The Chemicals of Life
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
The Chemicals of Life
Macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Different monosaccharides have different arrangements
around asymmetric carbons
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
and glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Cells are packed with molecules of various sizes
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Multiple weak bonds stabilize large molecule
interactions
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Examples of cellular macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Lineage tree of life
on earth
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment
The fundamental structure of all cell membranes is the lipid bilayer
Various membrane proteins present in the different cell membranes give
each membrane a specific function
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
Single cell organisms
Two main types: bacteria and archaea
Relatively simple structure
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
– Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles
found in eukaryotic cells
EUKARYOTIC CELL
PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
1 µm
Eukaryotic cells
Single cell or multicellular organisms
Plants and animals
Structurally more complex: organelles, cytoskeleton
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Eukaryotic cells
– Are subdivided by internal membranes into
various membrane-enclosed organelles
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The life cycle of cells
Cell division occurs when one cell, after a period of
growth, divides to become two daughter cells
Most eukaryotic cells follow the cell cycle, an internal
clock that determines the phases of cell growth and
division
Progress through the cell cycle is controlled at
checkpoints
Cells may “leave” the cell cycle and differentiate to
perform specialized functions
Cells may undergo programmed cell death as a way of
balancing cell growth or generating structures during
development (apoptosis)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The eukaryotic cell cycle
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Ecosystem Dynamics
The dynamics of any ecosystem include two
major processes
–
–
Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired
by plants eventually return to the soil
The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to
consumers
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy Conversion
Activities of life
– Require organisms to perform work, which
depends on an energy source
The exchange of energy between an organism and its
surroundings
– Often involves the transformation of one form of
energy to another
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy flows through an ecosystem
– Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Producers
(plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms)
Heat
Chemical
energy
Consumers
(including animals)
Heat
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the
substance of genes
– Which program the cells’ production of proteins
and transmit information from parents to
offspring
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embyro’s cells
with copies of
inherited DNA
Egg cell
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
The molecular structure of DNA
– Accounts for it information-rich nature
Nucleus
DNA
Cell
Nucleotide
(a) DNA double helix. This model shows
each atom in a segment of DNA.Made
up of two long chains of building
blocks called nucleotides, a DNA
molecule takes the three-dimensional
form of a double helix.
A
C
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and
letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a
small section of one chain of a DNA molecule.
Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences
of the four types of nucleotides (their names are
abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G).
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
feedback regulation
– The output, or product, of a process regulates
that very process
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
negative feedback
–
An accumulation of an end product slows the
process that produces that product
A
Negative
feedback
Enzyme 1
B
A
Enzyme 1
B
Enzyme 2
C
C
Enzyme 3
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
positive feedback
–
The end product speeds up production
W
W
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 4
Positive
feedback
X
X
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 5
Y
Y
Enzyme 6
Z
Enzyme 6
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
The Culture of Science
Science is a social activity
– Characterized
by
both
cooperation and competition
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Slide 21
Introduction Biochemistry
Aulanni’am
Biochemistry Laboratory
Chemistry Departement
Brawijaya University
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Exploring Life
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The molecules of life
The activities of cellular molecules are governed by
the basic principles of chemistry
Cellular water, inorganic ions, and small organic
molecules account for 75-80% of the living weight of
a cell
Macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, DNA)
account for the remainder
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The Chemicals of Life
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
The Chemicals of Life
Macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Different monosaccharides have different arrangements
around asymmetric carbons
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
and glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Cells are packed with molecules of various sizes
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Multiple weak bonds stabilize large molecule
interactions
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Examples of cellular macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Lineage tree of life
on earth
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment
The fundamental structure of all cell membranes is the lipid bilayer
Various membrane proteins present in the different cell membranes give
each membrane a specific function
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
Single cell organisms
Two main types: bacteria and archaea
Relatively simple structure
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
– Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles
found in eukaryotic cells
EUKARYOTIC CELL
PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
1 µm
Eukaryotic cells
Single cell or multicellular organisms
Plants and animals
Structurally more complex: organelles, cytoskeleton
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Eukaryotic cells
– Are subdivided by internal membranes into
various membrane-enclosed organelles
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The life cycle of cells
Cell division occurs when one cell, after a period of
growth, divides to become two daughter cells
Most eukaryotic cells follow the cell cycle, an internal
clock that determines the phases of cell growth and
division
Progress through the cell cycle is controlled at
checkpoints
Cells may “leave” the cell cycle and differentiate to
perform specialized functions
Cells may undergo programmed cell death as a way of
balancing cell growth or generating structures during
development (apoptosis)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The eukaryotic cell cycle
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Ecosystem Dynamics
The dynamics of any ecosystem include two
major processes
–
–
Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired
by plants eventually return to the soil
The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to
consumers
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy Conversion
Activities of life
– Require organisms to perform work, which
depends on an energy source
The exchange of energy between an organism and its
surroundings
– Often involves the transformation of one form of
energy to another
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy flows through an ecosystem
– Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Producers
(plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms)
Heat
Chemical
energy
Consumers
(including animals)
Heat
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the
substance of genes
– Which program the cells’ production of proteins
and transmit information from parents to
offspring
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embyro’s cells
with copies of
inherited DNA
Egg cell
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
The molecular structure of DNA
– Accounts for it information-rich nature
Nucleus
DNA
Cell
Nucleotide
(a) DNA double helix. This model shows
each atom in a segment of DNA.Made
up of two long chains of building
blocks called nucleotides, a DNA
molecule takes the three-dimensional
form of a double helix.
A
C
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and
letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a
small section of one chain of a DNA molecule.
Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences
of the four types of nucleotides (their names are
abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G).
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
feedback regulation
– The output, or product, of a process regulates
that very process
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
negative feedback
–
An accumulation of an end product slows the
process that produces that product
A
Negative
feedback
Enzyme 1
B
A
Enzyme 1
B
Enzyme 2
C
C
Enzyme 3
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
positive feedback
–
The end product speeds up production
W
W
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 4
Positive
feedback
X
X
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 5
Y
Y
Enzyme 6
Z
Enzyme 6
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
The Culture of Science
Science is a social activity
– Characterized
by
both
cooperation and competition
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Slide 22
Introduction Biochemistry
Aulanni’am
Biochemistry Laboratory
Chemistry Departement
Brawijaya University
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Exploring Life
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The molecules of life
The activities of cellular molecules are governed by
the basic principles of chemistry
Cellular water, inorganic ions, and small organic
molecules account for 75-80% of the living weight of
a cell
Macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, DNA)
account for the remainder
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The Chemicals of Life
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
The Chemicals of Life
Macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Different monosaccharides have different arrangements
around asymmetric carbons
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
and glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Cells are packed with molecules of various sizes
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Multiple weak bonds stabilize large molecule
interactions
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Examples of cellular macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Lineage tree of life
on earth
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment
The fundamental structure of all cell membranes is the lipid bilayer
Various membrane proteins present in the different cell membranes give
each membrane a specific function
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
Single cell organisms
Two main types: bacteria and archaea
Relatively simple structure
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
– Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles
found in eukaryotic cells
EUKARYOTIC CELL
PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
1 µm
Eukaryotic cells
Single cell or multicellular organisms
Plants and animals
Structurally more complex: organelles, cytoskeleton
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Eukaryotic cells
– Are subdivided by internal membranes into
various membrane-enclosed organelles
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The life cycle of cells
Cell division occurs when one cell, after a period of
growth, divides to become two daughter cells
Most eukaryotic cells follow the cell cycle, an internal
clock that determines the phases of cell growth and
division
Progress through the cell cycle is controlled at
checkpoints
Cells may “leave” the cell cycle and differentiate to
perform specialized functions
Cells may undergo programmed cell death as a way of
balancing cell growth or generating structures during
development (apoptosis)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The eukaryotic cell cycle
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Ecosystem Dynamics
The dynamics of any ecosystem include two
major processes
–
–
Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired
by plants eventually return to the soil
The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to
consumers
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy Conversion
Activities of life
– Require organisms to perform work, which
depends on an energy source
The exchange of energy between an organism and its
surroundings
– Often involves the transformation of one form of
energy to another
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy flows through an ecosystem
– Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Producers
(plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms)
Heat
Chemical
energy
Consumers
(including animals)
Heat
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the
substance of genes
– Which program the cells’ production of proteins
and transmit information from parents to
offspring
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embyro’s cells
with copies of
inherited DNA
Egg cell
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
The molecular structure of DNA
– Accounts for it information-rich nature
Nucleus
DNA
Cell
Nucleotide
(a) DNA double helix. This model shows
each atom in a segment of DNA.Made
up of two long chains of building
blocks called nucleotides, a DNA
molecule takes the three-dimensional
form of a double helix.
A
C
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and
letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a
small section of one chain of a DNA molecule.
Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences
of the four types of nucleotides (their names are
abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G).
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
feedback regulation
– The output, or product, of a process regulates
that very process
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
negative feedback
–
An accumulation of an end product slows the
process that produces that product
A
Negative
feedback
Enzyme 1
B
A
Enzyme 1
B
Enzyme 2
C
C
Enzyme 3
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
positive feedback
–
The end product speeds up production
W
W
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 4
Positive
feedback
X
X
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 5
Y
Y
Enzyme 6
Z
Enzyme 6
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
The Culture of Science
Science is a social activity
– Characterized
by
both
cooperation and competition
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Slide 23
Introduction Biochemistry
Aulanni’am
Biochemistry Laboratory
Chemistry Departement
Brawijaya University
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Exploring Life
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The molecules of life
The activities of cellular molecules are governed by
the basic principles of chemistry
Cellular water, inorganic ions, and small organic
molecules account for 75-80% of the living weight of
a cell
Macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, DNA)
account for the remainder
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The Chemicals of Life
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
The Chemicals of Life
Macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Different monosaccharides have different arrangements
around asymmetric carbons
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
and glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Cells are packed with molecules of various sizes
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Multiple weak bonds stabilize large molecule
interactions
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Examples of cellular macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Lineage tree of life
on earth
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment
The fundamental structure of all cell membranes is the lipid bilayer
Various membrane proteins present in the different cell membranes give
each membrane a specific function
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
Single cell organisms
Two main types: bacteria and archaea
Relatively simple structure
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
– Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles
found in eukaryotic cells
EUKARYOTIC CELL
PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
1 µm
Eukaryotic cells
Single cell or multicellular organisms
Plants and animals
Structurally more complex: organelles, cytoskeleton
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Eukaryotic cells
– Are subdivided by internal membranes into
various membrane-enclosed organelles
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The life cycle of cells
Cell division occurs when one cell, after a period of
growth, divides to become two daughter cells
Most eukaryotic cells follow the cell cycle, an internal
clock that determines the phases of cell growth and
division
Progress through the cell cycle is controlled at
checkpoints
Cells may “leave” the cell cycle and differentiate to
perform specialized functions
Cells may undergo programmed cell death as a way of
balancing cell growth or generating structures during
development (apoptosis)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The eukaryotic cell cycle
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Ecosystem Dynamics
The dynamics of any ecosystem include two
major processes
–
–
Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired
by plants eventually return to the soil
The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to
consumers
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy Conversion
Activities of life
– Require organisms to perform work, which
depends on an energy source
The exchange of energy between an organism and its
surroundings
– Often involves the transformation of one form of
energy to another
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy flows through an ecosystem
– Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Producers
(plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms)
Heat
Chemical
energy
Consumers
(including animals)
Heat
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the
substance of genes
– Which program the cells’ production of proteins
and transmit information from parents to
offspring
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embyro’s cells
with copies of
inherited DNA
Egg cell
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
The molecular structure of DNA
– Accounts for it information-rich nature
Nucleus
DNA
Cell
Nucleotide
(a) DNA double helix. This model shows
each atom in a segment of DNA.Made
up of two long chains of building
blocks called nucleotides, a DNA
molecule takes the three-dimensional
form of a double helix.
A
C
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and
letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a
small section of one chain of a DNA molecule.
Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences
of the four types of nucleotides (their names are
abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G).
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
feedback regulation
– The output, or product, of a process regulates
that very process
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
negative feedback
–
An accumulation of an end product slows the
process that produces that product
A
Negative
feedback
Enzyme 1
B
A
Enzyme 1
B
Enzyme 2
C
C
Enzyme 3
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
positive feedback
–
The end product speeds up production
W
W
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 4
Positive
feedback
X
X
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 5
Y
Y
Enzyme 6
Z
Enzyme 6
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
The Culture of Science
Science is a social activity
– Characterized
by
both
cooperation and competition
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Slide 24
Introduction Biochemistry
Aulanni’am
Biochemistry Laboratory
Chemistry Departement
Brawijaya University
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Exploring Life
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The molecules of life
The activities of cellular molecules are governed by
the basic principles of chemistry
Cellular water, inorganic ions, and small organic
molecules account for 75-80% of the living weight of
a cell
Macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, DNA)
account for the remainder
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The Chemicals of Life
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
The Chemicals of Life
Macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Different monosaccharides have different arrangements
around asymmetric carbons
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
and glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Cells are packed with molecules of various sizes
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Multiple weak bonds stabilize large molecule
interactions
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Examples of cellular macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Lineage tree of life
on earth
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment
The fundamental structure of all cell membranes is the lipid bilayer
Various membrane proteins present in the different cell membranes give
each membrane a specific function
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
Single cell organisms
Two main types: bacteria and archaea
Relatively simple structure
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
– Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles
found in eukaryotic cells
EUKARYOTIC CELL
PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
1 µm
Eukaryotic cells
Single cell or multicellular organisms
Plants and animals
Structurally more complex: organelles, cytoskeleton
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Eukaryotic cells
– Are subdivided by internal membranes into
various membrane-enclosed organelles
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The life cycle of cells
Cell division occurs when one cell, after a period of
growth, divides to become two daughter cells
Most eukaryotic cells follow the cell cycle, an internal
clock that determines the phases of cell growth and
division
Progress through the cell cycle is controlled at
checkpoints
Cells may “leave” the cell cycle and differentiate to
perform specialized functions
Cells may undergo programmed cell death as a way of
balancing cell growth or generating structures during
development (apoptosis)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The eukaryotic cell cycle
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Ecosystem Dynamics
The dynamics of any ecosystem include two
major processes
–
–
Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired
by plants eventually return to the soil
The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to
consumers
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy Conversion
Activities of life
– Require organisms to perform work, which
depends on an energy source
The exchange of energy between an organism and its
surroundings
– Often involves the transformation of one form of
energy to another
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy flows through an ecosystem
– Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Producers
(plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms)
Heat
Chemical
energy
Consumers
(including animals)
Heat
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the
substance of genes
– Which program the cells’ production of proteins
and transmit information from parents to
offspring
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embyro’s cells
with copies of
inherited DNA
Egg cell
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
The molecular structure of DNA
– Accounts for it information-rich nature
Nucleus
DNA
Cell
Nucleotide
(a) DNA double helix. This model shows
each atom in a segment of DNA.Made
up of two long chains of building
blocks called nucleotides, a DNA
molecule takes the three-dimensional
form of a double helix.
A
C
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and
letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a
small section of one chain of a DNA molecule.
Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences
of the four types of nucleotides (their names are
abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G).
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
feedback regulation
– The output, or product, of a process regulates
that very process
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
negative feedback
–
An accumulation of an end product slows the
process that produces that product
A
Negative
feedback
Enzyme 1
B
A
Enzyme 1
B
Enzyme 2
C
C
Enzyme 3
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
positive feedback
–
The end product speeds up production
W
W
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 4
Positive
feedback
X
X
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 5
Y
Y
Enzyme 6
Z
Enzyme 6
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
The Culture of Science
Science is a social activity
– Characterized
by
both
cooperation and competition
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Slide 25
Introduction Biochemistry
Aulanni’am
Biochemistry Laboratory
Chemistry Departement
Brawijaya University
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Exploring Life
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The molecules of life
The activities of cellular molecules are governed by
the basic principles of chemistry
Cellular water, inorganic ions, and small organic
molecules account for 75-80% of the living weight of
a cell
Macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, DNA)
account for the remainder
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The Chemicals of Life
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
The Chemicals of Life
Macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Different monosaccharides have different arrangements
around asymmetric carbons
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
and glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Cells are packed with molecules of various sizes
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Multiple weak bonds stabilize large molecule
interactions
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Examples of cellular macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Lineage tree of life
on earth
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment
The fundamental structure of all cell membranes is the lipid bilayer
Various membrane proteins present in the different cell membranes give
each membrane a specific function
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
Single cell organisms
Two main types: bacteria and archaea
Relatively simple structure
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
– Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles
found in eukaryotic cells
EUKARYOTIC CELL
PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
1 µm
Eukaryotic cells
Single cell or multicellular organisms
Plants and animals
Structurally more complex: organelles, cytoskeleton
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Eukaryotic cells
– Are subdivided by internal membranes into
various membrane-enclosed organelles
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The life cycle of cells
Cell division occurs when one cell, after a period of
growth, divides to become two daughter cells
Most eukaryotic cells follow the cell cycle, an internal
clock that determines the phases of cell growth and
division
Progress through the cell cycle is controlled at
checkpoints
Cells may “leave” the cell cycle and differentiate to
perform specialized functions
Cells may undergo programmed cell death as a way of
balancing cell growth or generating structures during
development (apoptosis)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The eukaryotic cell cycle
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Ecosystem Dynamics
The dynamics of any ecosystem include two
major processes
–
–
Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired
by plants eventually return to the soil
The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to
consumers
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy Conversion
Activities of life
– Require organisms to perform work, which
depends on an energy source
The exchange of energy between an organism and its
surroundings
– Often involves the transformation of one form of
energy to another
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy flows through an ecosystem
– Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Producers
(plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms)
Heat
Chemical
energy
Consumers
(including animals)
Heat
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the
substance of genes
– Which program the cells’ production of proteins
and transmit information from parents to
offspring
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embyro’s cells
with copies of
inherited DNA
Egg cell
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
The molecular structure of DNA
– Accounts for it information-rich nature
Nucleus
DNA
Cell
Nucleotide
(a) DNA double helix. This model shows
each atom in a segment of DNA.Made
up of two long chains of building
blocks called nucleotides, a DNA
molecule takes the three-dimensional
form of a double helix.
A
C
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and
letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a
small section of one chain of a DNA molecule.
Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences
of the four types of nucleotides (their names are
abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G).
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
feedback regulation
– The output, or product, of a process regulates
that very process
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
negative feedback
–
An accumulation of an end product slows the
process that produces that product
A
Negative
feedback
Enzyme 1
B
A
Enzyme 1
B
Enzyme 2
C
C
Enzyme 3
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
positive feedback
–
The end product speeds up production
W
W
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 4
Positive
feedback
X
X
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 5
Y
Y
Enzyme 6
Z
Enzyme 6
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
The Culture of Science
Science is a social activity
– Characterized
by
both
cooperation and competition
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Slide 26
Introduction Biochemistry
Aulanni’am
Biochemistry Laboratory
Chemistry Departement
Brawijaya University
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Exploring Life
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The molecules of life
The activities of cellular molecules are governed by
the basic principles of chemistry
Cellular water, inorganic ions, and small organic
molecules account for 75-80% of the living weight of
a cell
Macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, DNA)
account for the remainder
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The Chemicals of Life
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
The Chemicals of Life
Macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Different monosaccharides have different arrangements
around asymmetric carbons
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
and glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Cells are packed with molecules of various sizes
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Multiple weak bonds stabilize large molecule
interactions
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Examples of cellular macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Lineage tree of life
on earth
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment
The fundamental structure of all cell membranes is the lipid bilayer
Various membrane proteins present in the different cell membranes give
each membrane a specific function
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
Single cell organisms
Two main types: bacteria and archaea
Relatively simple structure
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
– Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles
found in eukaryotic cells
EUKARYOTIC CELL
PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
1 µm
Eukaryotic cells
Single cell or multicellular organisms
Plants and animals
Structurally more complex: organelles, cytoskeleton
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Eukaryotic cells
– Are subdivided by internal membranes into
various membrane-enclosed organelles
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The life cycle of cells
Cell division occurs when one cell, after a period of
growth, divides to become two daughter cells
Most eukaryotic cells follow the cell cycle, an internal
clock that determines the phases of cell growth and
division
Progress through the cell cycle is controlled at
checkpoints
Cells may “leave” the cell cycle and differentiate to
perform specialized functions
Cells may undergo programmed cell death as a way of
balancing cell growth or generating structures during
development (apoptosis)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The eukaryotic cell cycle
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Ecosystem Dynamics
The dynamics of any ecosystem include two
major processes
–
–
Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired
by plants eventually return to the soil
The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to
consumers
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy Conversion
Activities of life
– Require organisms to perform work, which
depends on an energy source
The exchange of energy between an organism and its
surroundings
– Often involves the transformation of one form of
energy to another
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy flows through an ecosystem
– Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Producers
(plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms)
Heat
Chemical
energy
Consumers
(including animals)
Heat
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the
substance of genes
– Which program the cells’ production of proteins
and transmit information from parents to
offspring
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embyro’s cells
with copies of
inherited DNA
Egg cell
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
The molecular structure of DNA
– Accounts for it information-rich nature
Nucleus
DNA
Cell
Nucleotide
(a) DNA double helix. This model shows
each atom in a segment of DNA.Made
up of two long chains of building
blocks called nucleotides, a DNA
molecule takes the three-dimensional
form of a double helix.
A
C
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and
letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a
small section of one chain of a DNA molecule.
Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences
of the four types of nucleotides (their names are
abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G).
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
feedback regulation
– The output, or product, of a process regulates
that very process
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
negative feedback
–
An accumulation of an end product slows the
process that produces that product
A
Negative
feedback
Enzyme 1
B
A
Enzyme 1
B
Enzyme 2
C
C
Enzyme 3
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
positive feedback
–
The end product speeds up production
W
W
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 4
Positive
feedback
X
X
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 5
Y
Y
Enzyme 6
Z
Enzyme 6
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
The Culture of Science
Science is a social activity
– Characterized
by
both
cooperation and competition
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Slide 27
Introduction Biochemistry
Aulanni’am
Biochemistry Laboratory
Chemistry Departement
Brawijaya University
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Exploring Life
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The molecules of life
The activities of cellular molecules are governed by
the basic principles of chemistry
Cellular water, inorganic ions, and small organic
molecules account for 75-80% of the living weight of
a cell
Macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, DNA)
account for the remainder
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The Chemicals of Life
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
The Chemicals of Life
Macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Different monosaccharides have different arrangements
around asymmetric carbons
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
and glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Cells are packed with molecules of various sizes
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Multiple weak bonds stabilize large molecule
interactions
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Examples of cellular macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Lineage tree of life
on earth
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment
The fundamental structure of all cell membranes is the lipid bilayer
Various membrane proteins present in the different cell membranes give
each membrane a specific function
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
Single cell organisms
Two main types: bacteria and archaea
Relatively simple structure
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
– Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles
found in eukaryotic cells
EUKARYOTIC CELL
PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
1 µm
Eukaryotic cells
Single cell or multicellular organisms
Plants and animals
Structurally more complex: organelles, cytoskeleton
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Eukaryotic cells
– Are subdivided by internal membranes into
various membrane-enclosed organelles
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The life cycle of cells
Cell division occurs when one cell, after a period of
growth, divides to become two daughter cells
Most eukaryotic cells follow the cell cycle, an internal
clock that determines the phases of cell growth and
division
Progress through the cell cycle is controlled at
checkpoints
Cells may “leave” the cell cycle and differentiate to
perform specialized functions
Cells may undergo programmed cell death as a way of
balancing cell growth or generating structures during
development (apoptosis)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The eukaryotic cell cycle
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Ecosystem Dynamics
The dynamics of any ecosystem include two
major processes
–
–
Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired
by plants eventually return to the soil
The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to
consumers
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy Conversion
Activities of life
– Require organisms to perform work, which
depends on an energy source
The exchange of energy between an organism and its
surroundings
– Often involves the transformation of one form of
energy to another
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy flows through an ecosystem
– Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Producers
(plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms)
Heat
Chemical
energy
Consumers
(including animals)
Heat
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the
substance of genes
– Which program the cells’ production of proteins
and transmit information from parents to
offspring
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embyro’s cells
with copies of
inherited DNA
Egg cell
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
The molecular structure of DNA
– Accounts for it information-rich nature
Nucleus
DNA
Cell
Nucleotide
(a) DNA double helix. This model shows
each atom in a segment of DNA.Made
up of two long chains of building
blocks called nucleotides, a DNA
molecule takes the three-dimensional
form of a double helix.
A
C
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and
letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a
small section of one chain of a DNA molecule.
Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences
of the four types of nucleotides (their names are
abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G).
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
feedback regulation
– The output, or product, of a process regulates
that very process
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
negative feedback
–
An accumulation of an end product slows the
process that produces that product
A
Negative
feedback
Enzyme 1
B
A
Enzyme 1
B
Enzyme 2
C
C
Enzyme 3
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
positive feedback
–
The end product speeds up production
W
W
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 4
Positive
feedback
X
X
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 5
Y
Y
Enzyme 6
Z
Enzyme 6
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
The Culture of Science
Science is a social activity
– Characterized
by
both
cooperation and competition
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Slide 28
Introduction Biochemistry
Aulanni’am
Biochemistry Laboratory
Chemistry Departement
Brawijaya University
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Exploring Life
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The molecules of life
The activities of cellular molecules are governed by
the basic principles of chemistry
Cellular water, inorganic ions, and small organic
molecules account for 75-80% of the living weight of
a cell
Macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, DNA)
account for the remainder
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The Chemicals of Life
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
The Chemicals of Life
Macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Different monosaccharides have different arrangements
around asymmetric carbons
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
and glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Cells are packed with molecules of various sizes
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Multiple weak bonds stabilize large molecule
interactions
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Examples of cellular macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Lineage tree of life
on earth
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment
The fundamental structure of all cell membranes is the lipid bilayer
Various membrane proteins present in the different cell membranes give
each membrane a specific function
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
Single cell organisms
Two main types: bacteria and archaea
Relatively simple structure
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
– Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles
found in eukaryotic cells
EUKARYOTIC CELL
PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
1 µm
Eukaryotic cells
Single cell or multicellular organisms
Plants and animals
Structurally more complex: organelles, cytoskeleton
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Eukaryotic cells
– Are subdivided by internal membranes into
various membrane-enclosed organelles
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The life cycle of cells
Cell division occurs when one cell, after a period of
growth, divides to become two daughter cells
Most eukaryotic cells follow the cell cycle, an internal
clock that determines the phases of cell growth and
division
Progress through the cell cycle is controlled at
checkpoints
Cells may “leave” the cell cycle and differentiate to
perform specialized functions
Cells may undergo programmed cell death as a way of
balancing cell growth or generating structures during
development (apoptosis)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The eukaryotic cell cycle
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Ecosystem Dynamics
The dynamics of any ecosystem include two
major processes
–
–
Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired
by plants eventually return to the soil
The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to
consumers
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy Conversion
Activities of life
– Require organisms to perform work, which
depends on an energy source
The exchange of energy between an organism and its
surroundings
– Often involves the transformation of one form of
energy to another
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy flows through an ecosystem
– Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Producers
(plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms)
Heat
Chemical
energy
Consumers
(including animals)
Heat
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the
substance of genes
– Which program the cells’ production of proteins
and transmit information from parents to
offspring
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embyro’s cells
with copies of
inherited DNA
Egg cell
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
The molecular structure of DNA
– Accounts for it information-rich nature
Nucleus
DNA
Cell
Nucleotide
(a) DNA double helix. This model shows
each atom in a segment of DNA.Made
up of two long chains of building
blocks called nucleotides, a DNA
molecule takes the three-dimensional
form of a double helix.
A
C
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and
letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a
small section of one chain of a DNA molecule.
Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences
of the four types of nucleotides (their names are
abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G).
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
feedback regulation
– The output, or product, of a process regulates
that very process
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
negative feedback
–
An accumulation of an end product slows the
process that produces that product
A
Negative
feedback
Enzyme 1
B
A
Enzyme 1
B
Enzyme 2
C
C
Enzyme 3
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
positive feedback
–
The end product speeds up production
W
W
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 4
Positive
feedback
X
X
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 5
Y
Y
Enzyme 6
Z
Enzyme 6
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
The Culture of Science
Science is a social activity
– Characterized
by
both
cooperation and competition
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Introduction Biochemistry
Aulanni’am
Biochemistry Laboratory
Chemistry Departement
Brawijaya University
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Exploring Life
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The molecules of life
The activities of cellular molecules are governed by
the basic principles of chemistry
Cellular water, inorganic ions, and small organic
molecules account for 75-80% of the living weight of
a cell
Macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, DNA)
account for the remainder
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The Chemicals of Life
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
The Chemicals of Life
Macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Different monosaccharides have different arrangements
around asymmetric carbons
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
and glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Cells are packed with molecules of various sizes
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Multiple weak bonds stabilize large molecule
interactions
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Examples of cellular macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Lineage tree of life
on earth
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment
The fundamental structure of all cell membranes is the lipid bilayer
Various membrane proteins present in the different cell membranes give
each membrane a specific function
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
Single cell organisms
Two main types: bacteria and archaea
Relatively simple structure
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
– Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles
found in eukaryotic cells
EUKARYOTIC CELL
PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
1 µm
Eukaryotic cells
Single cell or multicellular organisms
Plants and animals
Structurally more complex: organelles, cytoskeleton
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Eukaryotic cells
– Are subdivided by internal membranes into
various membrane-enclosed organelles
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The life cycle of cells
Cell division occurs when one cell, after a period of
growth, divides to become two daughter cells
Most eukaryotic cells follow the cell cycle, an internal
clock that determines the phases of cell growth and
division
Progress through the cell cycle is controlled at
checkpoints
Cells may “leave” the cell cycle and differentiate to
perform specialized functions
Cells may undergo programmed cell death as a way of
balancing cell growth or generating structures during
development (apoptosis)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The eukaryotic cell cycle
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Ecosystem Dynamics
The dynamics of any ecosystem include two
major processes
–
–
Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired
by plants eventually return to the soil
The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to
consumers
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy Conversion
Activities of life
– Require organisms to perform work, which
depends on an energy source
The exchange of energy between an organism and its
surroundings
– Often involves the transformation of one form of
energy to another
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy flows through an ecosystem
– Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Producers
(plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms)
Heat
Chemical
energy
Consumers
(including animals)
Heat
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the
substance of genes
– Which program the cells’ production of proteins
and transmit information from parents to
offspring
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embyro’s cells
with copies of
inherited DNA
Egg cell
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
The molecular structure of DNA
– Accounts for it information-rich nature
Nucleus
DNA
Cell
Nucleotide
(a) DNA double helix. This model shows
each atom in a segment of DNA.Made
up of two long chains of building
blocks called nucleotides, a DNA
molecule takes the three-dimensional
form of a double helix.
A
C
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and
letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a
small section of one chain of a DNA molecule.
Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences
of the four types of nucleotides (their names are
abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G).
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
feedback regulation
– The output, or product, of a process regulates
that very process
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
negative feedback
–
An accumulation of an end product slows the
process that produces that product
A
Negative
feedback
Enzyme 1
B
A
Enzyme 1
B
Enzyme 2
C
C
Enzyme 3
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
positive feedback
–
The end product speeds up production
W
W
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 4
Positive
feedback
X
X
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 5
Y
Y
Enzyme 6
Z
Enzyme 6
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
The Culture of Science
Science is a social activity
– Characterized
by
both
cooperation and competition
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Slide 2
Introduction Biochemistry
Aulanni’am
Biochemistry Laboratory
Chemistry Departement
Brawijaya University
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Exploring Life
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The molecules of life
The activities of cellular molecules are governed by
the basic principles of chemistry
Cellular water, inorganic ions, and small organic
molecules account for 75-80% of the living weight of
a cell
Macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, DNA)
account for the remainder
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The Chemicals of Life
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
The Chemicals of Life
Macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Different monosaccharides have different arrangements
around asymmetric carbons
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
and glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Cells are packed with molecules of various sizes
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Multiple weak bonds stabilize large molecule
interactions
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Examples of cellular macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Lineage tree of life
on earth
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment
The fundamental structure of all cell membranes is the lipid bilayer
Various membrane proteins present in the different cell membranes give
each membrane a specific function
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
Single cell organisms
Two main types: bacteria and archaea
Relatively simple structure
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
– Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles
found in eukaryotic cells
EUKARYOTIC CELL
PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
1 µm
Eukaryotic cells
Single cell or multicellular organisms
Plants and animals
Structurally more complex: organelles, cytoskeleton
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Eukaryotic cells
– Are subdivided by internal membranes into
various membrane-enclosed organelles
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The life cycle of cells
Cell division occurs when one cell, after a period of
growth, divides to become two daughter cells
Most eukaryotic cells follow the cell cycle, an internal
clock that determines the phases of cell growth and
division
Progress through the cell cycle is controlled at
checkpoints
Cells may “leave” the cell cycle and differentiate to
perform specialized functions
Cells may undergo programmed cell death as a way of
balancing cell growth or generating structures during
development (apoptosis)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The eukaryotic cell cycle
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Ecosystem Dynamics
The dynamics of any ecosystem include two
major processes
–
–
Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired
by plants eventually return to the soil
The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to
consumers
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy Conversion
Activities of life
– Require organisms to perform work, which
depends on an energy source
The exchange of energy between an organism and its
surroundings
– Often involves the transformation of one form of
energy to another
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy flows through an ecosystem
– Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Producers
(plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms)
Heat
Chemical
energy
Consumers
(including animals)
Heat
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the
substance of genes
– Which program the cells’ production of proteins
and transmit information from parents to
offspring
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embyro’s cells
with copies of
inherited DNA
Egg cell
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
The molecular structure of DNA
– Accounts for it information-rich nature
Nucleus
DNA
Cell
Nucleotide
(a) DNA double helix. This model shows
each atom in a segment of DNA.Made
up of two long chains of building
blocks called nucleotides, a DNA
molecule takes the three-dimensional
form of a double helix.
A
C
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and
letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a
small section of one chain of a DNA molecule.
Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences
of the four types of nucleotides (their names are
abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G).
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
feedback regulation
– The output, or product, of a process regulates
that very process
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
negative feedback
–
An accumulation of an end product slows the
process that produces that product
A
Negative
feedback
Enzyme 1
B
A
Enzyme 1
B
Enzyme 2
C
C
Enzyme 3
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
positive feedback
–
The end product speeds up production
W
W
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 4
Positive
feedback
X
X
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 5
Y
Y
Enzyme 6
Z
Enzyme 6
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
The Culture of Science
Science is a social activity
– Characterized
by
both
cooperation and competition
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Slide 3
Introduction Biochemistry
Aulanni’am
Biochemistry Laboratory
Chemistry Departement
Brawijaya University
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Exploring Life
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The molecules of life
The activities of cellular molecules are governed by
the basic principles of chemistry
Cellular water, inorganic ions, and small organic
molecules account for 75-80% of the living weight of
a cell
Macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, DNA)
account for the remainder
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The Chemicals of Life
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
The Chemicals of Life
Macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Different monosaccharides have different arrangements
around asymmetric carbons
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
and glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Cells are packed with molecules of various sizes
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Multiple weak bonds stabilize large molecule
interactions
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Examples of cellular macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Lineage tree of life
on earth
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment
The fundamental structure of all cell membranes is the lipid bilayer
Various membrane proteins present in the different cell membranes give
each membrane a specific function
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
Single cell organisms
Two main types: bacteria and archaea
Relatively simple structure
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
– Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles
found in eukaryotic cells
EUKARYOTIC CELL
PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
1 µm
Eukaryotic cells
Single cell or multicellular organisms
Plants and animals
Structurally more complex: organelles, cytoskeleton
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Eukaryotic cells
– Are subdivided by internal membranes into
various membrane-enclosed organelles
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The life cycle of cells
Cell division occurs when one cell, after a period of
growth, divides to become two daughter cells
Most eukaryotic cells follow the cell cycle, an internal
clock that determines the phases of cell growth and
division
Progress through the cell cycle is controlled at
checkpoints
Cells may “leave” the cell cycle and differentiate to
perform specialized functions
Cells may undergo programmed cell death as a way of
balancing cell growth or generating structures during
development (apoptosis)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The eukaryotic cell cycle
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Ecosystem Dynamics
The dynamics of any ecosystem include two
major processes
–
–
Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired
by plants eventually return to the soil
The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to
consumers
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy Conversion
Activities of life
– Require organisms to perform work, which
depends on an energy source
The exchange of energy between an organism and its
surroundings
– Often involves the transformation of one form of
energy to another
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy flows through an ecosystem
– Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Producers
(plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms)
Heat
Chemical
energy
Consumers
(including animals)
Heat
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the
substance of genes
– Which program the cells’ production of proteins
and transmit information from parents to
offspring
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embyro’s cells
with copies of
inherited DNA
Egg cell
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
The molecular structure of DNA
– Accounts for it information-rich nature
Nucleus
DNA
Cell
Nucleotide
(a) DNA double helix. This model shows
each atom in a segment of DNA.Made
up of two long chains of building
blocks called nucleotides, a DNA
molecule takes the three-dimensional
form of a double helix.
A
C
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and
letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a
small section of one chain of a DNA molecule.
Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences
of the four types of nucleotides (their names are
abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G).
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
feedback regulation
– The output, or product, of a process regulates
that very process
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
negative feedback
–
An accumulation of an end product slows the
process that produces that product
A
Negative
feedback
Enzyme 1
B
A
Enzyme 1
B
Enzyme 2
C
C
Enzyme 3
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
positive feedback
–
The end product speeds up production
W
W
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 4
Positive
feedback
X
X
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 5
Y
Y
Enzyme 6
Z
Enzyme 6
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
The Culture of Science
Science is a social activity
– Characterized
by
both
cooperation and competition
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Slide 4
Introduction Biochemistry
Aulanni’am
Biochemistry Laboratory
Chemistry Departement
Brawijaya University
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Exploring Life
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The molecules of life
The activities of cellular molecules are governed by
the basic principles of chemistry
Cellular water, inorganic ions, and small organic
molecules account for 75-80% of the living weight of
a cell
Macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, DNA)
account for the remainder
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The Chemicals of Life
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
The Chemicals of Life
Macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Different monosaccharides have different arrangements
around asymmetric carbons
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
and glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Cells are packed with molecules of various sizes
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Multiple weak bonds stabilize large molecule
interactions
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Examples of cellular macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Lineage tree of life
on earth
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment
The fundamental structure of all cell membranes is the lipid bilayer
Various membrane proteins present in the different cell membranes give
each membrane a specific function
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
Single cell organisms
Two main types: bacteria and archaea
Relatively simple structure
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
– Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles
found in eukaryotic cells
EUKARYOTIC CELL
PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
1 µm
Eukaryotic cells
Single cell or multicellular organisms
Plants and animals
Structurally more complex: organelles, cytoskeleton
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Eukaryotic cells
– Are subdivided by internal membranes into
various membrane-enclosed organelles
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The life cycle of cells
Cell division occurs when one cell, after a period of
growth, divides to become two daughter cells
Most eukaryotic cells follow the cell cycle, an internal
clock that determines the phases of cell growth and
division
Progress through the cell cycle is controlled at
checkpoints
Cells may “leave” the cell cycle and differentiate to
perform specialized functions
Cells may undergo programmed cell death as a way of
balancing cell growth or generating structures during
development (apoptosis)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The eukaryotic cell cycle
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Ecosystem Dynamics
The dynamics of any ecosystem include two
major processes
–
–
Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired
by plants eventually return to the soil
The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to
consumers
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy Conversion
Activities of life
– Require organisms to perform work, which
depends on an energy source
The exchange of energy between an organism and its
surroundings
– Often involves the transformation of one form of
energy to another
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy flows through an ecosystem
– Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Producers
(plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms)
Heat
Chemical
energy
Consumers
(including animals)
Heat
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the
substance of genes
– Which program the cells’ production of proteins
and transmit information from parents to
offspring
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embyro’s cells
with copies of
inherited DNA
Egg cell
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
The molecular structure of DNA
– Accounts for it information-rich nature
Nucleus
DNA
Cell
Nucleotide
(a) DNA double helix. This model shows
each atom in a segment of DNA.Made
up of two long chains of building
blocks called nucleotides, a DNA
molecule takes the three-dimensional
form of a double helix.
A
C
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and
letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a
small section of one chain of a DNA molecule.
Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences
of the four types of nucleotides (their names are
abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G).
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
feedback regulation
– The output, or product, of a process regulates
that very process
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
negative feedback
–
An accumulation of an end product slows the
process that produces that product
A
Negative
feedback
Enzyme 1
B
A
Enzyme 1
B
Enzyme 2
C
C
Enzyme 3
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
positive feedback
–
The end product speeds up production
W
W
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 4
Positive
feedback
X
X
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 5
Y
Y
Enzyme 6
Z
Enzyme 6
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
The Culture of Science
Science is a social activity
– Characterized
by
both
cooperation and competition
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Slide 5
Introduction Biochemistry
Aulanni’am
Biochemistry Laboratory
Chemistry Departement
Brawijaya University
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Exploring Life
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The molecules of life
The activities of cellular molecules are governed by
the basic principles of chemistry
Cellular water, inorganic ions, and small organic
molecules account for 75-80% of the living weight of
a cell
Macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, DNA)
account for the remainder
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The Chemicals of Life
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
The Chemicals of Life
Macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Different monosaccharides have different arrangements
around asymmetric carbons
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
and glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Cells are packed with molecules of various sizes
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Multiple weak bonds stabilize large molecule
interactions
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Examples of cellular macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Lineage tree of life
on earth
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment
The fundamental structure of all cell membranes is the lipid bilayer
Various membrane proteins present in the different cell membranes give
each membrane a specific function
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
Single cell organisms
Two main types: bacteria and archaea
Relatively simple structure
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
– Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles
found in eukaryotic cells
EUKARYOTIC CELL
PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
1 µm
Eukaryotic cells
Single cell or multicellular organisms
Plants and animals
Structurally more complex: organelles, cytoskeleton
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Eukaryotic cells
– Are subdivided by internal membranes into
various membrane-enclosed organelles
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The life cycle of cells
Cell division occurs when one cell, after a period of
growth, divides to become two daughter cells
Most eukaryotic cells follow the cell cycle, an internal
clock that determines the phases of cell growth and
division
Progress through the cell cycle is controlled at
checkpoints
Cells may “leave” the cell cycle and differentiate to
perform specialized functions
Cells may undergo programmed cell death as a way of
balancing cell growth or generating structures during
development (apoptosis)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The eukaryotic cell cycle
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Ecosystem Dynamics
The dynamics of any ecosystem include two
major processes
–
–
Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired
by plants eventually return to the soil
The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to
consumers
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy Conversion
Activities of life
– Require organisms to perform work, which
depends on an energy source
The exchange of energy between an organism and its
surroundings
– Often involves the transformation of one form of
energy to another
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy flows through an ecosystem
– Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Producers
(plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms)
Heat
Chemical
energy
Consumers
(including animals)
Heat
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the
substance of genes
– Which program the cells’ production of proteins
and transmit information from parents to
offspring
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embyro’s cells
with copies of
inherited DNA
Egg cell
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
The molecular structure of DNA
– Accounts for it information-rich nature
Nucleus
DNA
Cell
Nucleotide
(a) DNA double helix. This model shows
each atom in a segment of DNA.Made
up of two long chains of building
blocks called nucleotides, a DNA
molecule takes the three-dimensional
form of a double helix.
A
C
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and
letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a
small section of one chain of a DNA molecule.
Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences
of the four types of nucleotides (their names are
abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G).
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
feedback regulation
– The output, or product, of a process regulates
that very process
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
negative feedback
–
An accumulation of an end product slows the
process that produces that product
A
Negative
feedback
Enzyme 1
B
A
Enzyme 1
B
Enzyme 2
C
C
Enzyme 3
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
positive feedback
–
The end product speeds up production
W
W
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 4
Positive
feedback
X
X
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 5
Y
Y
Enzyme 6
Z
Enzyme 6
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
The Culture of Science
Science is a social activity
– Characterized
by
both
cooperation and competition
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Slide 6
Introduction Biochemistry
Aulanni’am
Biochemistry Laboratory
Chemistry Departement
Brawijaya University
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Exploring Life
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The molecules of life
The activities of cellular molecules are governed by
the basic principles of chemistry
Cellular water, inorganic ions, and small organic
molecules account for 75-80% of the living weight of
a cell
Macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, DNA)
account for the remainder
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The Chemicals of Life
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
The Chemicals of Life
Macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Different monosaccharides have different arrangements
around asymmetric carbons
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
and glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Cells are packed with molecules of various sizes
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Multiple weak bonds stabilize large molecule
interactions
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Examples of cellular macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Lineage tree of life
on earth
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment
The fundamental structure of all cell membranes is the lipid bilayer
Various membrane proteins present in the different cell membranes give
each membrane a specific function
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
Single cell organisms
Two main types: bacteria and archaea
Relatively simple structure
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
– Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles
found in eukaryotic cells
EUKARYOTIC CELL
PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
1 µm
Eukaryotic cells
Single cell or multicellular organisms
Plants and animals
Structurally more complex: organelles, cytoskeleton
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Eukaryotic cells
– Are subdivided by internal membranes into
various membrane-enclosed organelles
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The life cycle of cells
Cell division occurs when one cell, after a period of
growth, divides to become two daughter cells
Most eukaryotic cells follow the cell cycle, an internal
clock that determines the phases of cell growth and
division
Progress through the cell cycle is controlled at
checkpoints
Cells may “leave” the cell cycle and differentiate to
perform specialized functions
Cells may undergo programmed cell death as a way of
balancing cell growth or generating structures during
development (apoptosis)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The eukaryotic cell cycle
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Ecosystem Dynamics
The dynamics of any ecosystem include two
major processes
–
–
Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired
by plants eventually return to the soil
The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to
consumers
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy Conversion
Activities of life
– Require organisms to perform work, which
depends on an energy source
The exchange of energy between an organism and its
surroundings
– Often involves the transformation of one form of
energy to another
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy flows through an ecosystem
– Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Producers
(plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms)
Heat
Chemical
energy
Consumers
(including animals)
Heat
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the
substance of genes
– Which program the cells’ production of proteins
and transmit information from parents to
offspring
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embyro’s cells
with copies of
inherited DNA
Egg cell
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
The molecular structure of DNA
– Accounts for it information-rich nature
Nucleus
DNA
Cell
Nucleotide
(a) DNA double helix. This model shows
each atom in a segment of DNA.Made
up of two long chains of building
blocks called nucleotides, a DNA
molecule takes the three-dimensional
form of a double helix.
A
C
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and
letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a
small section of one chain of a DNA molecule.
Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences
of the four types of nucleotides (their names are
abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G).
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
feedback regulation
– The output, or product, of a process regulates
that very process
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
negative feedback
–
An accumulation of an end product slows the
process that produces that product
A
Negative
feedback
Enzyme 1
B
A
Enzyme 1
B
Enzyme 2
C
C
Enzyme 3
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
positive feedback
–
The end product speeds up production
W
W
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 4
Positive
feedback
X
X
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 5
Y
Y
Enzyme 6
Z
Enzyme 6
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
The Culture of Science
Science is a social activity
– Characterized
by
both
cooperation and competition
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Slide 7
Introduction Biochemistry
Aulanni’am
Biochemistry Laboratory
Chemistry Departement
Brawijaya University
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Exploring Life
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The molecules of life
The activities of cellular molecules are governed by
the basic principles of chemistry
Cellular water, inorganic ions, and small organic
molecules account for 75-80% of the living weight of
a cell
Macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, DNA)
account for the remainder
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The Chemicals of Life
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
The Chemicals of Life
Macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Different monosaccharides have different arrangements
around asymmetric carbons
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
and glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Cells are packed with molecules of various sizes
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Multiple weak bonds stabilize large molecule
interactions
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Examples of cellular macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Lineage tree of life
on earth
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment
The fundamental structure of all cell membranes is the lipid bilayer
Various membrane proteins present in the different cell membranes give
each membrane a specific function
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
Single cell organisms
Two main types: bacteria and archaea
Relatively simple structure
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
– Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles
found in eukaryotic cells
EUKARYOTIC CELL
PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
1 µm
Eukaryotic cells
Single cell or multicellular organisms
Plants and animals
Structurally more complex: organelles, cytoskeleton
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Eukaryotic cells
– Are subdivided by internal membranes into
various membrane-enclosed organelles
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The life cycle of cells
Cell division occurs when one cell, after a period of
growth, divides to become two daughter cells
Most eukaryotic cells follow the cell cycle, an internal
clock that determines the phases of cell growth and
division
Progress through the cell cycle is controlled at
checkpoints
Cells may “leave” the cell cycle and differentiate to
perform specialized functions
Cells may undergo programmed cell death as a way of
balancing cell growth or generating structures during
development (apoptosis)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The eukaryotic cell cycle
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Ecosystem Dynamics
The dynamics of any ecosystem include two
major processes
–
–
Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired
by plants eventually return to the soil
The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to
consumers
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy Conversion
Activities of life
– Require organisms to perform work, which
depends on an energy source
The exchange of energy between an organism and its
surroundings
– Often involves the transformation of one form of
energy to another
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy flows through an ecosystem
– Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Producers
(plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms)
Heat
Chemical
energy
Consumers
(including animals)
Heat
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the
substance of genes
– Which program the cells’ production of proteins
and transmit information from parents to
offspring
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embyro’s cells
with copies of
inherited DNA
Egg cell
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
The molecular structure of DNA
– Accounts for it information-rich nature
Nucleus
DNA
Cell
Nucleotide
(a) DNA double helix. This model shows
each atom in a segment of DNA.Made
up of two long chains of building
blocks called nucleotides, a DNA
molecule takes the three-dimensional
form of a double helix.
A
C
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and
letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a
small section of one chain of a DNA molecule.
Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences
of the four types of nucleotides (their names are
abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G).
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
feedback regulation
– The output, or product, of a process regulates
that very process
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
negative feedback
–
An accumulation of an end product slows the
process that produces that product
A
Negative
feedback
Enzyme 1
B
A
Enzyme 1
B
Enzyme 2
C
C
Enzyme 3
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
positive feedback
–
The end product speeds up production
W
W
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 4
Positive
feedback
X
X
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 5
Y
Y
Enzyme 6
Z
Enzyme 6
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
The Culture of Science
Science is a social activity
– Characterized
by
both
cooperation and competition
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Slide 8
Introduction Biochemistry
Aulanni’am
Biochemistry Laboratory
Chemistry Departement
Brawijaya University
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Exploring Life
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The molecules of life
The activities of cellular molecules are governed by
the basic principles of chemistry
Cellular water, inorganic ions, and small organic
molecules account for 75-80% of the living weight of
a cell
Macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, DNA)
account for the remainder
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The Chemicals of Life
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
The Chemicals of Life
Macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Different monosaccharides have different arrangements
around asymmetric carbons
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
and glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Cells are packed with molecules of various sizes
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Multiple weak bonds stabilize large molecule
interactions
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Examples of cellular macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Lineage tree of life
on earth
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment
The fundamental structure of all cell membranes is the lipid bilayer
Various membrane proteins present in the different cell membranes give
each membrane a specific function
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
Single cell organisms
Two main types: bacteria and archaea
Relatively simple structure
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
– Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles
found in eukaryotic cells
EUKARYOTIC CELL
PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
1 µm
Eukaryotic cells
Single cell or multicellular organisms
Plants and animals
Structurally more complex: organelles, cytoskeleton
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Eukaryotic cells
– Are subdivided by internal membranes into
various membrane-enclosed organelles
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The life cycle of cells
Cell division occurs when one cell, after a period of
growth, divides to become two daughter cells
Most eukaryotic cells follow the cell cycle, an internal
clock that determines the phases of cell growth and
division
Progress through the cell cycle is controlled at
checkpoints
Cells may “leave” the cell cycle and differentiate to
perform specialized functions
Cells may undergo programmed cell death as a way of
balancing cell growth or generating structures during
development (apoptosis)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The eukaryotic cell cycle
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Ecosystem Dynamics
The dynamics of any ecosystem include two
major processes
–
–
Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired
by plants eventually return to the soil
The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to
consumers
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy Conversion
Activities of life
– Require organisms to perform work, which
depends on an energy source
The exchange of energy between an organism and its
surroundings
– Often involves the transformation of one form of
energy to another
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy flows through an ecosystem
– Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Producers
(plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms)
Heat
Chemical
energy
Consumers
(including animals)
Heat
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the
substance of genes
– Which program the cells’ production of proteins
and transmit information from parents to
offspring
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embyro’s cells
with copies of
inherited DNA
Egg cell
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
The molecular structure of DNA
– Accounts for it information-rich nature
Nucleus
DNA
Cell
Nucleotide
(a) DNA double helix. This model shows
each atom in a segment of DNA.Made
up of two long chains of building
blocks called nucleotides, a DNA
molecule takes the three-dimensional
form of a double helix.
A
C
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and
letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a
small section of one chain of a DNA molecule.
Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences
of the four types of nucleotides (their names are
abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G).
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
feedback regulation
– The output, or product, of a process regulates
that very process
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
negative feedback
–
An accumulation of an end product slows the
process that produces that product
A
Negative
feedback
Enzyme 1
B
A
Enzyme 1
B
Enzyme 2
C
C
Enzyme 3
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
positive feedback
–
The end product speeds up production
W
W
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 4
Positive
feedback
X
X
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 5
Y
Y
Enzyme 6
Z
Enzyme 6
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
The Culture of Science
Science is a social activity
– Characterized
by
both
cooperation and competition
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Slide 9
Introduction Biochemistry
Aulanni’am
Biochemistry Laboratory
Chemistry Departement
Brawijaya University
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Exploring Life
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The molecules of life
The activities of cellular molecules are governed by
the basic principles of chemistry
Cellular water, inorganic ions, and small organic
molecules account for 75-80% of the living weight of
a cell
Macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, DNA)
account for the remainder
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The Chemicals of Life
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
The Chemicals of Life
Macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Different monosaccharides have different arrangements
around asymmetric carbons
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
and glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Cells are packed with molecules of various sizes
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Multiple weak bonds stabilize large molecule
interactions
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Examples of cellular macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Lineage tree of life
on earth
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment
The fundamental structure of all cell membranes is the lipid bilayer
Various membrane proteins present in the different cell membranes give
each membrane a specific function
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
Single cell organisms
Two main types: bacteria and archaea
Relatively simple structure
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
– Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles
found in eukaryotic cells
EUKARYOTIC CELL
PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
1 µm
Eukaryotic cells
Single cell or multicellular organisms
Plants and animals
Structurally more complex: organelles, cytoskeleton
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Eukaryotic cells
– Are subdivided by internal membranes into
various membrane-enclosed organelles
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The life cycle of cells
Cell division occurs when one cell, after a period of
growth, divides to become two daughter cells
Most eukaryotic cells follow the cell cycle, an internal
clock that determines the phases of cell growth and
division
Progress through the cell cycle is controlled at
checkpoints
Cells may “leave” the cell cycle and differentiate to
perform specialized functions
Cells may undergo programmed cell death as a way of
balancing cell growth or generating structures during
development (apoptosis)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The eukaryotic cell cycle
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Ecosystem Dynamics
The dynamics of any ecosystem include two
major processes
–
–
Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired
by plants eventually return to the soil
The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to
consumers
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy Conversion
Activities of life
– Require organisms to perform work, which
depends on an energy source
The exchange of energy between an organism and its
surroundings
– Often involves the transformation of one form of
energy to another
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy flows through an ecosystem
– Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Producers
(plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms)
Heat
Chemical
energy
Consumers
(including animals)
Heat
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the
substance of genes
– Which program the cells’ production of proteins
and transmit information from parents to
offspring
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embyro’s cells
with copies of
inherited DNA
Egg cell
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
The molecular structure of DNA
– Accounts for it information-rich nature
Nucleus
DNA
Cell
Nucleotide
(a) DNA double helix. This model shows
each atom in a segment of DNA.Made
up of two long chains of building
blocks called nucleotides, a DNA
molecule takes the three-dimensional
form of a double helix.
A
C
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and
letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a
small section of one chain of a DNA molecule.
Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences
of the four types of nucleotides (their names are
abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G).
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
feedback regulation
– The output, or product, of a process regulates
that very process
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
negative feedback
–
An accumulation of an end product slows the
process that produces that product
A
Negative
feedback
Enzyme 1
B
A
Enzyme 1
B
Enzyme 2
C
C
Enzyme 3
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
positive feedback
–
The end product speeds up production
W
W
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 4
Positive
feedback
X
X
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 5
Y
Y
Enzyme 6
Z
Enzyme 6
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
The Culture of Science
Science is a social activity
– Characterized
by
both
cooperation and competition
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Slide 10
Introduction Biochemistry
Aulanni’am
Biochemistry Laboratory
Chemistry Departement
Brawijaya University
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Exploring Life
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The molecules of life
The activities of cellular molecules are governed by
the basic principles of chemistry
Cellular water, inorganic ions, and small organic
molecules account for 75-80% of the living weight of
a cell
Macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, DNA)
account for the remainder
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The Chemicals of Life
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
The Chemicals of Life
Macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Different monosaccharides have different arrangements
around asymmetric carbons
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
and glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Cells are packed with molecules of various sizes
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Multiple weak bonds stabilize large molecule
interactions
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Examples of cellular macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Lineage tree of life
on earth
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment
The fundamental structure of all cell membranes is the lipid bilayer
Various membrane proteins present in the different cell membranes give
each membrane a specific function
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
Single cell organisms
Two main types: bacteria and archaea
Relatively simple structure
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
– Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles
found in eukaryotic cells
EUKARYOTIC CELL
PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
1 µm
Eukaryotic cells
Single cell or multicellular organisms
Plants and animals
Structurally more complex: organelles, cytoskeleton
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Eukaryotic cells
– Are subdivided by internal membranes into
various membrane-enclosed organelles
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The life cycle of cells
Cell division occurs when one cell, after a period of
growth, divides to become two daughter cells
Most eukaryotic cells follow the cell cycle, an internal
clock that determines the phases of cell growth and
division
Progress through the cell cycle is controlled at
checkpoints
Cells may “leave” the cell cycle and differentiate to
perform specialized functions
Cells may undergo programmed cell death as a way of
balancing cell growth or generating structures during
development (apoptosis)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The eukaryotic cell cycle
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Ecosystem Dynamics
The dynamics of any ecosystem include two
major processes
–
–
Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired
by plants eventually return to the soil
The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to
consumers
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy Conversion
Activities of life
– Require organisms to perform work, which
depends on an energy source
The exchange of energy between an organism and its
surroundings
– Often involves the transformation of one form of
energy to another
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy flows through an ecosystem
– Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Producers
(plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms)
Heat
Chemical
energy
Consumers
(including animals)
Heat
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the
substance of genes
– Which program the cells’ production of proteins
and transmit information from parents to
offspring
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embyro’s cells
with copies of
inherited DNA
Egg cell
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
The molecular structure of DNA
– Accounts for it information-rich nature
Nucleus
DNA
Cell
Nucleotide
(a) DNA double helix. This model shows
each atom in a segment of DNA.Made
up of two long chains of building
blocks called nucleotides, a DNA
molecule takes the three-dimensional
form of a double helix.
A
C
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and
letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a
small section of one chain of a DNA molecule.
Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences
of the four types of nucleotides (their names are
abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G).
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
feedback regulation
– The output, or product, of a process regulates
that very process
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
negative feedback
–
An accumulation of an end product slows the
process that produces that product
A
Negative
feedback
Enzyme 1
B
A
Enzyme 1
B
Enzyme 2
C
C
Enzyme 3
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
positive feedback
–
The end product speeds up production
W
W
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 4
Positive
feedback
X
X
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 5
Y
Y
Enzyme 6
Z
Enzyme 6
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
The Culture of Science
Science is a social activity
– Characterized
by
both
cooperation and competition
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Slide 11
Introduction Biochemistry
Aulanni’am
Biochemistry Laboratory
Chemistry Departement
Brawijaya University
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Exploring Life
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The molecules of life
The activities of cellular molecules are governed by
the basic principles of chemistry
Cellular water, inorganic ions, and small organic
molecules account for 75-80% of the living weight of
a cell
Macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, DNA)
account for the remainder
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The Chemicals of Life
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
The Chemicals of Life
Macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Different monosaccharides have different arrangements
around asymmetric carbons
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
and glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Cells are packed with molecules of various sizes
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Multiple weak bonds stabilize large molecule
interactions
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Examples of cellular macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Lineage tree of life
on earth
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment
The fundamental structure of all cell membranes is the lipid bilayer
Various membrane proteins present in the different cell membranes give
each membrane a specific function
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
Single cell organisms
Two main types: bacteria and archaea
Relatively simple structure
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
– Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles
found in eukaryotic cells
EUKARYOTIC CELL
PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
1 µm
Eukaryotic cells
Single cell or multicellular organisms
Plants and animals
Structurally more complex: organelles, cytoskeleton
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Eukaryotic cells
– Are subdivided by internal membranes into
various membrane-enclosed organelles
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The life cycle of cells
Cell division occurs when one cell, after a period of
growth, divides to become two daughter cells
Most eukaryotic cells follow the cell cycle, an internal
clock that determines the phases of cell growth and
division
Progress through the cell cycle is controlled at
checkpoints
Cells may “leave” the cell cycle and differentiate to
perform specialized functions
Cells may undergo programmed cell death as a way of
balancing cell growth or generating structures during
development (apoptosis)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The eukaryotic cell cycle
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Ecosystem Dynamics
The dynamics of any ecosystem include two
major processes
–
–
Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired
by plants eventually return to the soil
The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to
consumers
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy Conversion
Activities of life
– Require organisms to perform work, which
depends on an energy source
The exchange of energy between an organism and its
surroundings
– Often involves the transformation of one form of
energy to another
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy flows through an ecosystem
– Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Producers
(plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms)
Heat
Chemical
energy
Consumers
(including animals)
Heat
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the
substance of genes
– Which program the cells’ production of proteins
and transmit information from parents to
offspring
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embyro’s cells
with copies of
inherited DNA
Egg cell
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
The molecular structure of DNA
– Accounts for it information-rich nature
Nucleus
DNA
Cell
Nucleotide
(a) DNA double helix. This model shows
each atom in a segment of DNA.Made
up of two long chains of building
blocks called nucleotides, a DNA
molecule takes the three-dimensional
form of a double helix.
A
C
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and
letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a
small section of one chain of a DNA molecule.
Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences
of the four types of nucleotides (their names are
abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G).
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
feedback regulation
– The output, or product, of a process regulates
that very process
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
negative feedback
–
An accumulation of an end product slows the
process that produces that product
A
Negative
feedback
Enzyme 1
B
A
Enzyme 1
B
Enzyme 2
C
C
Enzyme 3
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
positive feedback
–
The end product speeds up production
W
W
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 4
Positive
feedback
X
X
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 5
Y
Y
Enzyme 6
Z
Enzyme 6
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
The Culture of Science
Science is a social activity
– Characterized
by
both
cooperation and competition
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Slide 12
Introduction Biochemistry
Aulanni’am
Biochemistry Laboratory
Chemistry Departement
Brawijaya University
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Exploring Life
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The molecules of life
The activities of cellular molecules are governed by
the basic principles of chemistry
Cellular water, inorganic ions, and small organic
molecules account for 75-80% of the living weight of
a cell
Macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, DNA)
account for the remainder
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The Chemicals of Life
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
The Chemicals of Life
Macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Different monosaccharides have different arrangements
around asymmetric carbons
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
and glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Cells are packed with molecules of various sizes
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Multiple weak bonds stabilize large molecule
interactions
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Examples of cellular macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Lineage tree of life
on earth
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment
The fundamental structure of all cell membranes is the lipid bilayer
Various membrane proteins present in the different cell membranes give
each membrane a specific function
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
Single cell organisms
Two main types: bacteria and archaea
Relatively simple structure
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
– Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles
found in eukaryotic cells
EUKARYOTIC CELL
PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
1 µm
Eukaryotic cells
Single cell or multicellular organisms
Plants and animals
Structurally more complex: organelles, cytoskeleton
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Eukaryotic cells
– Are subdivided by internal membranes into
various membrane-enclosed organelles
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The life cycle of cells
Cell division occurs when one cell, after a period of
growth, divides to become two daughter cells
Most eukaryotic cells follow the cell cycle, an internal
clock that determines the phases of cell growth and
division
Progress through the cell cycle is controlled at
checkpoints
Cells may “leave” the cell cycle and differentiate to
perform specialized functions
Cells may undergo programmed cell death as a way of
balancing cell growth or generating structures during
development (apoptosis)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The eukaryotic cell cycle
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Ecosystem Dynamics
The dynamics of any ecosystem include two
major processes
–
–
Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired
by plants eventually return to the soil
The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to
consumers
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy Conversion
Activities of life
– Require organisms to perform work, which
depends on an energy source
The exchange of energy between an organism and its
surroundings
– Often involves the transformation of one form of
energy to another
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy flows through an ecosystem
– Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Producers
(plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms)
Heat
Chemical
energy
Consumers
(including animals)
Heat
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the
substance of genes
– Which program the cells’ production of proteins
and transmit information from parents to
offspring
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embyro’s cells
with copies of
inherited DNA
Egg cell
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
The molecular structure of DNA
– Accounts for it information-rich nature
Nucleus
DNA
Cell
Nucleotide
(a) DNA double helix. This model shows
each atom in a segment of DNA.Made
up of two long chains of building
blocks called nucleotides, a DNA
molecule takes the three-dimensional
form of a double helix.
A
C
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and
letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a
small section of one chain of a DNA molecule.
Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences
of the four types of nucleotides (their names are
abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G).
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
feedback regulation
– The output, or product, of a process regulates
that very process
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
negative feedback
–
An accumulation of an end product slows the
process that produces that product
A
Negative
feedback
Enzyme 1
B
A
Enzyme 1
B
Enzyme 2
C
C
Enzyme 3
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
positive feedback
–
The end product speeds up production
W
W
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 4
Positive
feedback
X
X
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 5
Y
Y
Enzyme 6
Z
Enzyme 6
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
The Culture of Science
Science is a social activity
– Characterized
by
both
cooperation and competition
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Slide 13
Introduction Biochemistry
Aulanni’am
Biochemistry Laboratory
Chemistry Departement
Brawijaya University
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Exploring Life
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The molecules of life
The activities of cellular molecules are governed by
the basic principles of chemistry
Cellular water, inorganic ions, and small organic
molecules account for 75-80% of the living weight of
a cell
Macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, DNA)
account for the remainder
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The Chemicals of Life
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
The Chemicals of Life
Macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Different monosaccharides have different arrangements
around asymmetric carbons
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
and glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Cells are packed with molecules of various sizes
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Multiple weak bonds stabilize large molecule
interactions
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Examples of cellular macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Lineage tree of life
on earth
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment
The fundamental structure of all cell membranes is the lipid bilayer
Various membrane proteins present in the different cell membranes give
each membrane a specific function
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
Single cell organisms
Two main types: bacteria and archaea
Relatively simple structure
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
– Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles
found in eukaryotic cells
EUKARYOTIC CELL
PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
1 µm
Eukaryotic cells
Single cell or multicellular organisms
Plants and animals
Structurally more complex: organelles, cytoskeleton
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Eukaryotic cells
– Are subdivided by internal membranes into
various membrane-enclosed organelles
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The life cycle of cells
Cell division occurs when one cell, after a period of
growth, divides to become two daughter cells
Most eukaryotic cells follow the cell cycle, an internal
clock that determines the phases of cell growth and
division
Progress through the cell cycle is controlled at
checkpoints
Cells may “leave” the cell cycle and differentiate to
perform specialized functions
Cells may undergo programmed cell death as a way of
balancing cell growth or generating structures during
development (apoptosis)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The eukaryotic cell cycle
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Ecosystem Dynamics
The dynamics of any ecosystem include two
major processes
–
–
Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired
by plants eventually return to the soil
The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to
consumers
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy Conversion
Activities of life
– Require organisms to perform work, which
depends on an energy source
The exchange of energy between an organism and its
surroundings
– Often involves the transformation of one form of
energy to another
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy flows through an ecosystem
– Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Producers
(plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms)
Heat
Chemical
energy
Consumers
(including animals)
Heat
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the
substance of genes
– Which program the cells’ production of proteins
and transmit information from parents to
offspring
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embyro’s cells
with copies of
inherited DNA
Egg cell
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
The molecular structure of DNA
– Accounts for it information-rich nature
Nucleus
DNA
Cell
Nucleotide
(a) DNA double helix. This model shows
each atom in a segment of DNA.Made
up of two long chains of building
blocks called nucleotides, a DNA
molecule takes the three-dimensional
form of a double helix.
A
C
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and
letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a
small section of one chain of a DNA molecule.
Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences
of the four types of nucleotides (their names are
abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G).
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
feedback regulation
– The output, or product, of a process regulates
that very process
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
negative feedback
–
An accumulation of an end product slows the
process that produces that product
A
Negative
feedback
Enzyme 1
B
A
Enzyme 1
B
Enzyme 2
C
C
Enzyme 3
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
positive feedback
–
The end product speeds up production
W
W
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 4
Positive
feedback
X
X
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 5
Y
Y
Enzyme 6
Z
Enzyme 6
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
The Culture of Science
Science is a social activity
– Characterized
by
both
cooperation and competition
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Slide 14
Introduction Biochemistry
Aulanni’am
Biochemistry Laboratory
Chemistry Departement
Brawijaya University
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Exploring Life
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The molecules of life
The activities of cellular molecules are governed by
the basic principles of chemistry
Cellular water, inorganic ions, and small organic
molecules account for 75-80% of the living weight of
a cell
Macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, DNA)
account for the remainder
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The Chemicals of Life
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
The Chemicals of Life
Macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Different monosaccharides have different arrangements
around asymmetric carbons
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
and glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Cells are packed with molecules of various sizes
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Multiple weak bonds stabilize large molecule
interactions
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Examples of cellular macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Lineage tree of life
on earth
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment
The fundamental structure of all cell membranes is the lipid bilayer
Various membrane proteins present in the different cell membranes give
each membrane a specific function
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
Single cell organisms
Two main types: bacteria and archaea
Relatively simple structure
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
– Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles
found in eukaryotic cells
EUKARYOTIC CELL
PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
1 µm
Eukaryotic cells
Single cell or multicellular organisms
Plants and animals
Structurally more complex: organelles, cytoskeleton
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Eukaryotic cells
– Are subdivided by internal membranes into
various membrane-enclosed organelles
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The life cycle of cells
Cell division occurs when one cell, after a period of
growth, divides to become two daughter cells
Most eukaryotic cells follow the cell cycle, an internal
clock that determines the phases of cell growth and
division
Progress through the cell cycle is controlled at
checkpoints
Cells may “leave” the cell cycle and differentiate to
perform specialized functions
Cells may undergo programmed cell death as a way of
balancing cell growth or generating structures during
development (apoptosis)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The eukaryotic cell cycle
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Ecosystem Dynamics
The dynamics of any ecosystem include two
major processes
–
–
Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired
by plants eventually return to the soil
The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to
consumers
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy Conversion
Activities of life
– Require organisms to perform work, which
depends on an energy source
The exchange of energy between an organism and its
surroundings
– Often involves the transformation of one form of
energy to another
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy flows through an ecosystem
– Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Producers
(plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms)
Heat
Chemical
energy
Consumers
(including animals)
Heat
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the
substance of genes
– Which program the cells’ production of proteins
and transmit information from parents to
offspring
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embyro’s cells
with copies of
inherited DNA
Egg cell
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
The molecular structure of DNA
– Accounts for it information-rich nature
Nucleus
DNA
Cell
Nucleotide
(a) DNA double helix. This model shows
each atom in a segment of DNA.Made
up of two long chains of building
blocks called nucleotides, a DNA
molecule takes the three-dimensional
form of a double helix.
A
C
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and
letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a
small section of one chain of a DNA molecule.
Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences
of the four types of nucleotides (their names are
abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G).
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
feedback regulation
– The output, or product, of a process regulates
that very process
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
negative feedback
–
An accumulation of an end product slows the
process that produces that product
A
Negative
feedback
Enzyme 1
B
A
Enzyme 1
B
Enzyme 2
C
C
Enzyme 3
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
positive feedback
–
The end product speeds up production
W
W
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 4
Positive
feedback
X
X
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 5
Y
Y
Enzyme 6
Z
Enzyme 6
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
The Culture of Science
Science is a social activity
– Characterized
by
both
cooperation and competition
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Slide 15
Introduction Biochemistry
Aulanni’am
Biochemistry Laboratory
Chemistry Departement
Brawijaya University
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Exploring Life
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The molecules of life
The activities of cellular molecules are governed by
the basic principles of chemistry
Cellular water, inorganic ions, and small organic
molecules account for 75-80% of the living weight of
a cell
Macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, DNA)
account for the remainder
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The Chemicals of Life
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
The Chemicals of Life
Macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Different monosaccharides have different arrangements
around asymmetric carbons
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
and glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Cells are packed with molecules of various sizes
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Multiple weak bonds stabilize large molecule
interactions
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Examples of cellular macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Lineage tree of life
on earth
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment
The fundamental structure of all cell membranes is the lipid bilayer
Various membrane proteins present in the different cell membranes give
each membrane a specific function
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
Single cell organisms
Two main types: bacteria and archaea
Relatively simple structure
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
– Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles
found in eukaryotic cells
EUKARYOTIC CELL
PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
1 µm
Eukaryotic cells
Single cell or multicellular organisms
Plants and animals
Structurally more complex: organelles, cytoskeleton
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Eukaryotic cells
– Are subdivided by internal membranes into
various membrane-enclosed organelles
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The life cycle of cells
Cell division occurs when one cell, after a period of
growth, divides to become two daughter cells
Most eukaryotic cells follow the cell cycle, an internal
clock that determines the phases of cell growth and
division
Progress through the cell cycle is controlled at
checkpoints
Cells may “leave” the cell cycle and differentiate to
perform specialized functions
Cells may undergo programmed cell death as a way of
balancing cell growth or generating structures during
development (apoptosis)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The eukaryotic cell cycle
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Ecosystem Dynamics
The dynamics of any ecosystem include two
major processes
–
–
Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired
by plants eventually return to the soil
The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to
consumers
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy Conversion
Activities of life
– Require organisms to perform work, which
depends on an energy source
The exchange of energy between an organism and its
surroundings
– Often involves the transformation of one form of
energy to another
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy flows through an ecosystem
– Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Producers
(plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms)
Heat
Chemical
energy
Consumers
(including animals)
Heat
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the
substance of genes
– Which program the cells’ production of proteins
and transmit information from parents to
offspring
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embyro’s cells
with copies of
inherited DNA
Egg cell
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
The molecular structure of DNA
– Accounts for it information-rich nature
Nucleus
DNA
Cell
Nucleotide
(a) DNA double helix. This model shows
each atom in a segment of DNA.Made
up of two long chains of building
blocks called nucleotides, a DNA
molecule takes the three-dimensional
form of a double helix.
A
C
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and
letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a
small section of one chain of a DNA molecule.
Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences
of the four types of nucleotides (their names are
abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G).
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
feedback regulation
– The output, or product, of a process regulates
that very process
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
negative feedback
–
An accumulation of an end product slows the
process that produces that product
A
Negative
feedback
Enzyme 1
B
A
Enzyme 1
B
Enzyme 2
C
C
Enzyme 3
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
positive feedback
–
The end product speeds up production
W
W
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 4
Positive
feedback
X
X
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 5
Y
Y
Enzyme 6
Z
Enzyme 6
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
The Culture of Science
Science is a social activity
– Characterized
by
both
cooperation and competition
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Slide 16
Introduction Biochemistry
Aulanni’am
Biochemistry Laboratory
Chemistry Departement
Brawijaya University
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Exploring Life
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The molecules of life
The activities of cellular molecules are governed by
the basic principles of chemistry
Cellular water, inorganic ions, and small organic
molecules account for 75-80% of the living weight of
a cell
Macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, DNA)
account for the remainder
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The Chemicals of Life
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
The Chemicals of Life
Macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Different monosaccharides have different arrangements
around asymmetric carbons
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
and glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Cells are packed with molecules of various sizes
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Multiple weak bonds stabilize large molecule
interactions
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Examples of cellular macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Lineage tree of life
on earth
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment
The fundamental structure of all cell membranes is the lipid bilayer
Various membrane proteins present in the different cell membranes give
each membrane a specific function
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
Single cell organisms
Two main types: bacteria and archaea
Relatively simple structure
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
– Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles
found in eukaryotic cells
EUKARYOTIC CELL
PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
1 µm
Eukaryotic cells
Single cell or multicellular organisms
Plants and animals
Structurally more complex: organelles, cytoskeleton
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Eukaryotic cells
– Are subdivided by internal membranes into
various membrane-enclosed organelles
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The life cycle of cells
Cell division occurs when one cell, after a period of
growth, divides to become two daughter cells
Most eukaryotic cells follow the cell cycle, an internal
clock that determines the phases of cell growth and
division
Progress through the cell cycle is controlled at
checkpoints
Cells may “leave” the cell cycle and differentiate to
perform specialized functions
Cells may undergo programmed cell death as a way of
balancing cell growth or generating structures during
development (apoptosis)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The eukaryotic cell cycle
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Ecosystem Dynamics
The dynamics of any ecosystem include two
major processes
–
–
Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired
by plants eventually return to the soil
The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to
consumers
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy Conversion
Activities of life
– Require organisms to perform work, which
depends on an energy source
The exchange of energy between an organism and its
surroundings
– Often involves the transformation of one form of
energy to another
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy flows through an ecosystem
– Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Producers
(plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms)
Heat
Chemical
energy
Consumers
(including animals)
Heat
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the
substance of genes
– Which program the cells’ production of proteins
and transmit information from parents to
offspring
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embyro’s cells
with copies of
inherited DNA
Egg cell
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
The molecular structure of DNA
– Accounts for it information-rich nature
Nucleus
DNA
Cell
Nucleotide
(a) DNA double helix. This model shows
each atom in a segment of DNA.Made
up of two long chains of building
blocks called nucleotides, a DNA
molecule takes the three-dimensional
form of a double helix.
A
C
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and
letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a
small section of one chain of a DNA molecule.
Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences
of the four types of nucleotides (their names are
abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G).
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
feedback regulation
– The output, or product, of a process regulates
that very process
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
negative feedback
–
An accumulation of an end product slows the
process that produces that product
A
Negative
feedback
Enzyme 1
B
A
Enzyme 1
B
Enzyme 2
C
C
Enzyme 3
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
positive feedback
–
The end product speeds up production
W
W
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 4
Positive
feedback
X
X
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 5
Y
Y
Enzyme 6
Z
Enzyme 6
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
The Culture of Science
Science is a social activity
– Characterized
by
both
cooperation and competition
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Slide 17
Introduction Biochemistry
Aulanni’am
Biochemistry Laboratory
Chemistry Departement
Brawijaya University
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Exploring Life
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The molecules of life
The activities of cellular molecules are governed by
the basic principles of chemistry
Cellular water, inorganic ions, and small organic
molecules account for 75-80% of the living weight of
a cell
Macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, DNA)
account for the remainder
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The Chemicals of Life
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
The Chemicals of Life
Macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Different monosaccharides have different arrangements
around asymmetric carbons
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
and glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Cells are packed with molecules of various sizes
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Multiple weak bonds stabilize large molecule
interactions
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Examples of cellular macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Lineage tree of life
on earth
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment
The fundamental structure of all cell membranes is the lipid bilayer
Various membrane proteins present in the different cell membranes give
each membrane a specific function
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
Single cell organisms
Two main types: bacteria and archaea
Relatively simple structure
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
– Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles
found in eukaryotic cells
EUKARYOTIC CELL
PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
1 µm
Eukaryotic cells
Single cell or multicellular organisms
Plants and animals
Structurally more complex: organelles, cytoskeleton
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Eukaryotic cells
– Are subdivided by internal membranes into
various membrane-enclosed organelles
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The life cycle of cells
Cell division occurs when one cell, after a period of
growth, divides to become two daughter cells
Most eukaryotic cells follow the cell cycle, an internal
clock that determines the phases of cell growth and
division
Progress through the cell cycle is controlled at
checkpoints
Cells may “leave” the cell cycle and differentiate to
perform specialized functions
Cells may undergo programmed cell death as a way of
balancing cell growth or generating structures during
development (apoptosis)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The eukaryotic cell cycle
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Ecosystem Dynamics
The dynamics of any ecosystem include two
major processes
–
–
Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired
by plants eventually return to the soil
The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to
consumers
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy Conversion
Activities of life
– Require organisms to perform work, which
depends on an energy source
The exchange of energy between an organism and its
surroundings
– Often involves the transformation of one form of
energy to another
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy flows through an ecosystem
– Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Producers
(plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms)
Heat
Chemical
energy
Consumers
(including animals)
Heat
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the
substance of genes
– Which program the cells’ production of proteins
and transmit information from parents to
offspring
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embyro’s cells
with copies of
inherited DNA
Egg cell
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
The molecular structure of DNA
– Accounts for it information-rich nature
Nucleus
DNA
Cell
Nucleotide
(a) DNA double helix. This model shows
each atom in a segment of DNA.Made
up of two long chains of building
blocks called nucleotides, a DNA
molecule takes the three-dimensional
form of a double helix.
A
C
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and
letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a
small section of one chain of a DNA molecule.
Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences
of the four types of nucleotides (their names are
abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G).
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
feedback regulation
– The output, or product, of a process regulates
that very process
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
negative feedback
–
An accumulation of an end product slows the
process that produces that product
A
Negative
feedback
Enzyme 1
B
A
Enzyme 1
B
Enzyme 2
C
C
Enzyme 3
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
positive feedback
–
The end product speeds up production
W
W
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 4
Positive
feedback
X
X
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 5
Y
Y
Enzyme 6
Z
Enzyme 6
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
The Culture of Science
Science is a social activity
– Characterized
by
both
cooperation and competition
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Slide 18
Introduction Biochemistry
Aulanni’am
Biochemistry Laboratory
Chemistry Departement
Brawijaya University
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Exploring Life
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The molecules of life
The activities of cellular molecules are governed by
the basic principles of chemistry
Cellular water, inorganic ions, and small organic
molecules account for 75-80% of the living weight of
a cell
Macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, DNA)
account for the remainder
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The Chemicals of Life
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
The Chemicals of Life
Macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Different monosaccharides have different arrangements
around asymmetric carbons
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
and glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Cells are packed with molecules of various sizes
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Multiple weak bonds stabilize large molecule
interactions
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Examples of cellular macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Lineage tree of life
on earth
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment
The fundamental structure of all cell membranes is the lipid bilayer
Various membrane proteins present in the different cell membranes give
each membrane a specific function
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
Single cell organisms
Two main types: bacteria and archaea
Relatively simple structure
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
– Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles
found in eukaryotic cells
EUKARYOTIC CELL
PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
1 µm
Eukaryotic cells
Single cell or multicellular organisms
Plants and animals
Structurally more complex: organelles, cytoskeleton
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Eukaryotic cells
– Are subdivided by internal membranes into
various membrane-enclosed organelles
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The life cycle of cells
Cell division occurs when one cell, after a period of
growth, divides to become two daughter cells
Most eukaryotic cells follow the cell cycle, an internal
clock that determines the phases of cell growth and
division
Progress through the cell cycle is controlled at
checkpoints
Cells may “leave” the cell cycle and differentiate to
perform specialized functions
Cells may undergo programmed cell death as a way of
balancing cell growth or generating structures during
development (apoptosis)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The eukaryotic cell cycle
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Ecosystem Dynamics
The dynamics of any ecosystem include two
major processes
–
–
Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired
by plants eventually return to the soil
The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to
consumers
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy Conversion
Activities of life
– Require organisms to perform work, which
depends on an energy source
The exchange of energy between an organism and its
surroundings
– Often involves the transformation of one form of
energy to another
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy flows through an ecosystem
– Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Producers
(plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms)
Heat
Chemical
energy
Consumers
(including animals)
Heat
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the
substance of genes
– Which program the cells’ production of proteins
and transmit information from parents to
offspring
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embyro’s cells
with copies of
inherited DNA
Egg cell
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
The molecular structure of DNA
– Accounts for it information-rich nature
Nucleus
DNA
Cell
Nucleotide
(a) DNA double helix. This model shows
each atom in a segment of DNA.Made
up of two long chains of building
blocks called nucleotides, a DNA
molecule takes the three-dimensional
form of a double helix.
A
C
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and
letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a
small section of one chain of a DNA molecule.
Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences
of the four types of nucleotides (their names are
abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G).
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
feedback regulation
– The output, or product, of a process regulates
that very process
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
negative feedback
–
An accumulation of an end product slows the
process that produces that product
A
Negative
feedback
Enzyme 1
B
A
Enzyme 1
B
Enzyme 2
C
C
Enzyme 3
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
positive feedback
–
The end product speeds up production
W
W
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 4
Positive
feedback
X
X
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 5
Y
Y
Enzyme 6
Z
Enzyme 6
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
The Culture of Science
Science is a social activity
– Characterized
by
both
cooperation and competition
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Slide 19
Introduction Biochemistry
Aulanni’am
Biochemistry Laboratory
Chemistry Departement
Brawijaya University
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Exploring Life
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The molecules of life
The activities of cellular molecules are governed by
the basic principles of chemistry
Cellular water, inorganic ions, and small organic
molecules account for 75-80% of the living weight of
a cell
Macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, DNA)
account for the remainder
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The Chemicals of Life
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
The Chemicals of Life
Macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Different monosaccharides have different arrangements
around asymmetric carbons
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
and glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Cells are packed with molecules of various sizes
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Multiple weak bonds stabilize large molecule
interactions
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Examples of cellular macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Lineage tree of life
on earth
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment
The fundamental structure of all cell membranes is the lipid bilayer
Various membrane proteins present in the different cell membranes give
each membrane a specific function
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
Single cell organisms
Two main types: bacteria and archaea
Relatively simple structure
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
– Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles
found in eukaryotic cells
EUKARYOTIC CELL
PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
1 µm
Eukaryotic cells
Single cell or multicellular organisms
Plants and animals
Structurally more complex: organelles, cytoskeleton
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Eukaryotic cells
– Are subdivided by internal membranes into
various membrane-enclosed organelles
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The life cycle of cells
Cell division occurs when one cell, after a period of
growth, divides to become two daughter cells
Most eukaryotic cells follow the cell cycle, an internal
clock that determines the phases of cell growth and
division
Progress through the cell cycle is controlled at
checkpoints
Cells may “leave” the cell cycle and differentiate to
perform specialized functions
Cells may undergo programmed cell death as a way of
balancing cell growth or generating structures during
development (apoptosis)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The eukaryotic cell cycle
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Ecosystem Dynamics
The dynamics of any ecosystem include two
major processes
–
–
Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired
by plants eventually return to the soil
The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to
consumers
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy Conversion
Activities of life
– Require organisms to perform work, which
depends on an energy source
The exchange of energy between an organism and its
surroundings
– Often involves the transformation of one form of
energy to another
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy flows through an ecosystem
– Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Producers
(plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms)
Heat
Chemical
energy
Consumers
(including animals)
Heat
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the
substance of genes
– Which program the cells’ production of proteins
and transmit information from parents to
offspring
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embyro’s cells
with copies of
inherited DNA
Egg cell
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
The molecular structure of DNA
– Accounts for it information-rich nature
Nucleus
DNA
Cell
Nucleotide
(a) DNA double helix. This model shows
each atom in a segment of DNA.Made
up of two long chains of building
blocks called nucleotides, a DNA
molecule takes the three-dimensional
form of a double helix.
A
C
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and
letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a
small section of one chain of a DNA molecule.
Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences
of the four types of nucleotides (their names are
abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G).
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
feedback regulation
– The output, or product, of a process regulates
that very process
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
negative feedback
–
An accumulation of an end product slows the
process that produces that product
A
Negative
feedback
Enzyme 1
B
A
Enzyme 1
B
Enzyme 2
C
C
Enzyme 3
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
positive feedback
–
The end product speeds up production
W
W
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 4
Positive
feedback
X
X
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 5
Y
Y
Enzyme 6
Z
Enzyme 6
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
The Culture of Science
Science is a social activity
– Characterized
by
both
cooperation and competition
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Slide 20
Introduction Biochemistry
Aulanni’am
Biochemistry Laboratory
Chemistry Departement
Brawijaya University
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Exploring Life
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The molecules of life
The activities of cellular molecules are governed by
the basic principles of chemistry
Cellular water, inorganic ions, and small organic
molecules account for 75-80% of the living weight of
a cell
Macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, DNA)
account for the remainder
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The Chemicals of Life
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
The Chemicals of Life
Macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Different monosaccharides have different arrangements
around asymmetric carbons
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
and glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Cells are packed with molecules of various sizes
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Multiple weak bonds stabilize large molecule
interactions
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Examples of cellular macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Lineage tree of life
on earth
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment
The fundamental structure of all cell membranes is the lipid bilayer
Various membrane proteins present in the different cell membranes give
each membrane a specific function
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
Single cell organisms
Two main types: bacteria and archaea
Relatively simple structure
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
– Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles
found in eukaryotic cells
EUKARYOTIC CELL
PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
1 µm
Eukaryotic cells
Single cell or multicellular organisms
Plants and animals
Structurally more complex: organelles, cytoskeleton
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Eukaryotic cells
– Are subdivided by internal membranes into
various membrane-enclosed organelles
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The life cycle of cells
Cell division occurs when one cell, after a period of
growth, divides to become two daughter cells
Most eukaryotic cells follow the cell cycle, an internal
clock that determines the phases of cell growth and
division
Progress through the cell cycle is controlled at
checkpoints
Cells may “leave” the cell cycle and differentiate to
perform specialized functions
Cells may undergo programmed cell death as a way of
balancing cell growth or generating structures during
development (apoptosis)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The eukaryotic cell cycle
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Ecosystem Dynamics
The dynamics of any ecosystem include two
major processes
–
–
Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired
by plants eventually return to the soil
The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to
consumers
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy Conversion
Activities of life
– Require organisms to perform work, which
depends on an energy source
The exchange of energy between an organism and its
surroundings
– Often involves the transformation of one form of
energy to another
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy flows through an ecosystem
– Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Producers
(plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms)
Heat
Chemical
energy
Consumers
(including animals)
Heat
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the
substance of genes
– Which program the cells’ production of proteins
and transmit information from parents to
offspring
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embyro’s cells
with copies of
inherited DNA
Egg cell
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
The molecular structure of DNA
– Accounts for it information-rich nature
Nucleus
DNA
Cell
Nucleotide
(a) DNA double helix. This model shows
each atom in a segment of DNA.Made
up of two long chains of building
blocks called nucleotides, a DNA
molecule takes the three-dimensional
form of a double helix.
A
C
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and
letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a
small section of one chain of a DNA molecule.
Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences
of the four types of nucleotides (their names are
abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G).
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
feedback regulation
– The output, or product, of a process regulates
that very process
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
negative feedback
–
An accumulation of an end product slows the
process that produces that product
A
Negative
feedback
Enzyme 1
B
A
Enzyme 1
B
Enzyme 2
C
C
Enzyme 3
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
positive feedback
–
The end product speeds up production
W
W
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 4
Positive
feedback
X
X
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 5
Y
Y
Enzyme 6
Z
Enzyme 6
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
The Culture of Science
Science is a social activity
– Characterized
by
both
cooperation and competition
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Slide 21
Introduction Biochemistry
Aulanni’am
Biochemistry Laboratory
Chemistry Departement
Brawijaya University
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Exploring Life
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The molecules of life
The activities of cellular molecules are governed by
the basic principles of chemistry
Cellular water, inorganic ions, and small organic
molecules account for 75-80% of the living weight of
a cell
Macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, DNA)
account for the remainder
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The Chemicals of Life
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
The Chemicals of Life
Macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Different monosaccharides have different arrangements
around asymmetric carbons
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
and glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Cells are packed with molecules of various sizes
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Multiple weak bonds stabilize large molecule
interactions
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Examples of cellular macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Lineage tree of life
on earth
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment
The fundamental structure of all cell membranes is the lipid bilayer
Various membrane proteins present in the different cell membranes give
each membrane a specific function
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
Single cell organisms
Two main types: bacteria and archaea
Relatively simple structure
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
– Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles
found in eukaryotic cells
EUKARYOTIC CELL
PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
1 µm
Eukaryotic cells
Single cell or multicellular organisms
Plants and animals
Structurally more complex: organelles, cytoskeleton
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Eukaryotic cells
– Are subdivided by internal membranes into
various membrane-enclosed organelles
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The life cycle of cells
Cell division occurs when one cell, after a period of
growth, divides to become two daughter cells
Most eukaryotic cells follow the cell cycle, an internal
clock that determines the phases of cell growth and
division
Progress through the cell cycle is controlled at
checkpoints
Cells may “leave” the cell cycle and differentiate to
perform specialized functions
Cells may undergo programmed cell death as a way of
balancing cell growth or generating structures during
development (apoptosis)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The eukaryotic cell cycle
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Ecosystem Dynamics
The dynamics of any ecosystem include two
major processes
–
–
Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired
by plants eventually return to the soil
The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to
consumers
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy Conversion
Activities of life
– Require organisms to perform work, which
depends on an energy source
The exchange of energy between an organism and its
surroundings
– Often involves the transformation of one form of
energy to another
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy flows through an ecosystem
– Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Producers
(plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms)
Heat
Chemical
energy
Consumers
(including animals)
Heat
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the
substance of genes
– Which program the cells’ production of proteins
and transmit information from parents to
offspring
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embyro’s cells
with copies of
inherited DNA
Egg cell
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
The molecular structure of DNA
– Accounts for it information-rich nature
Nucleus
DNA
Cell
Nucleotide
(a) DNA double helix. This model shows
each atom in a segment of DNA.Made
up of two long chains of building
blocks called nucleotides, a DNA
molecule takes the three-dimensional
form of a double helix.
A
C
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and
letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a
small section of one chain of a DNA molecule.
Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences
of the four types of nucleotides (their names are
abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G).
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
feedback regulation
– The output, or product, of a process regulates
that very process
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
negative feedback
–
An accumulation of an end product slows the
process that produces that product
A
Negative
feedback
Enzyme 1
B
A
Enzyme 1
B
Enzyme 2
C
C
Enzyme 3
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
positive feedback
–
The end product speeds up production
W
W
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 4
Positive
feedback
X
X
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 5
Y
Y
Enzyme 6
Z
Enzyme 6
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
The Culture of Science
Science is a social activity
– Characterized
by
both
cooperation and competition
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Slide 22
Introduction Biochemistry
Aulanni’am
Biochemistry Laboratory
Chemistry Departement
Brawijaya University
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Exploring Life
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The molecules of life
The activities of cellular molecules are governed by
the basic principles of chemistry
Cellular water, inorganic ions, and small organic
molecules account for 75-80% of the living weight of
a cell
Macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, DNA)
account for the remainder
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The Chemicals of Life
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
The Chemicals of Life
Macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Different monosaccharides have different arrangements
around asymmetric carbons
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
and glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Cells are packed with molecules of various sizes
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Multiple weak bonds stabilize large molecule
interactions
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Examples of cellular macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Lineage tree of life
on earth
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment
The fundamental structure of all cell membranes is the lipid bilayer
Various membrane proteins present in the different cell membranes give
each membrane a specific function
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
Single cell organisms
Two main types: bacteria and archaea
Relatively simple structure
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
– Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles
found in eukaryotic cells
EUKARYOTIC CELL
PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
1 µm
Eukaryotic cells
Single cell or multicellular organisms
Plants and animals
Structurally more complex: organelles, cytoskeleton
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Eukaryotic cells
– Are subdivided by internal membranes into
various membrane-enclosed organelles
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The life cycle of cells
Cell division occurs when one cell, after a period of
growth, divides to become two daughter cells
Most eukaryotic cells follow the cell cycle, an internal
clock that determines the phases of cell growth and
division
Progress through the cell cycle is controlled at
checkpoints
Cells may “leave” the cell cycle and differentiate to
perform specialized functions
Cells may undergo programmed cell death as a way of
balancing cell growth or generating structures during
development (apoptosis)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The eukaryotic cell cycle
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Ecosystem Dynamics
The dynamics of any ecosystem include two
major processes
–
–
Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired
by plants eventually return to the soil
The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to
consumers
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy Conversion
Activities of life
– Require organisms to perform work, which
depends on an energy source
The exchange of energy between an organism and its
surroundings
– Often involves the transformation of one form of
energy to another
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy flows through an ecosystem
– Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Producers
(plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms)
Heat
Chemical
energy
Consumers
(including animals)
Heat
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the
substance of genes
– Which program the cells’ production of proteins
and transmit information from parents to
offspring
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embyro’s cells
with copies of
inherited DNA
Egg cell
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
The molecular structure of DNA
– Accounts for it information-rich nature
Nucleus
DNA
Cell
Nucleotide
(a) DNA double helix. This model shows
each atom in a segment of DNA.Made
up of two long chains of building
blocks called nucleotides, a DNA
molecule takes the three-dimensional
form of a double helix.
A
C
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and
letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a
small section of one chain of a DNA molecule.
Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences
of the four types of nucleotides (their names are
abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G).
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
feedback regulation
– The output, or product, of a process regulates
that very process
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
negative feedback
–
An accumulation of an end product slows the
process that produces that product
A
Negative
feedback
Enzyme 1
B
A
Enzyme 1
B
Enzyme 2
C
C
Enzyme 3
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
positive feedback
–
The end product speeds up production
W
W
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 4
Positive
feedback
X
X
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 5
Y
Y
Enzyme 6
Z
Enzyme 6
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
The Culture of Science
Science is a social activity
– Characterized
by
both
cooperation and competition
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Slide 23
Introduction Biochemistry
Aulanni’am
Biochemistry Laboratory
Chemistry Departement
Brawijaya University
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Exploring Life
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The molecules of life
The activities of cellular molecules are governed by
the basic principles of chemistry
Cellular water, inorganic ions, and small organic
molecules account for 75-80% of the living weight of
a cell
Macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, DNA)
account for the remainder
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The Chemicals of Life
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
The Chemicals of Life
Macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Different monosaccharides have different arrangements
around asymmetric carbons
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
and glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Cells are packed with molecules of various sizes
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Multiple weak bonds stabilize large molecule
interactions
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Examples of cellular macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Lineage tree of life
on earth
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment
The fundamental structure of all cell membranes is the lipid bilayer
Various membrane proteins present in the different cell membranes give
each membrane a specific function
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
Single cell organisms
Two main types: bacteria and archaea
Relatively simple structure
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
– Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles
found in eukaryotic cells
EUKARYOTIC CELL
PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
1 µm
Eukaryotic cells
Single cell or multicellular organisms
Plants and animals
Structurally more complex: organelles, cytoskeleton
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Eukaryotic cells
– Are subdivided by internal membranes into
various membrane-enclosed organelles
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The life cycle of cells
Cell division occurs when one cell, after a period of
growth, divides to become two daughter cells
Most eukaryotic cells follow the cell cycle, an internal
clock that determines the phases of cell growth and
division
Progress through the cell cycle is controlled at
checkpoints
Cells may “leave” the cell cycle and differentiate to
perform specialized functions
Cells may undergo programmed cell death as a way of
balancing cell growth or generating structures during
development (apoptosis)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The eukaryotic cell cycle
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Ecosystem Dynamics
The dynamics of any ecosystem include two
major processes
–
–
Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired
by plants eventually return to the soil
The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to
consumers
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy Conversion
Activities of life
– Require organisms to perform work, which
depends on an energy source
The exchange of energy between an organism and its
surroundings
– Often involves the transformation of one form of
energy to another
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy flows through an ecosystem
– Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Producers
(plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms)
Heat
Chemical
energy
Consumers
(including animals)
Heat
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the
substance of genes
– Which program the cells’ production of proteins
and transmit information from parents to
offspring
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embyro’s cells
with copies of
inherited DNA
Egg cell
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
The molecular structure of DNA
– Accounts for it information-rich nature
Nucleus
DNA
Cell
Nucleotide
(a) DNA double helix. This model shows
each atom in a segment of DNA.Made
up of two long chains of building
blocks called nucleotides, a DNA
molecule takes the three-dimensional
form of a double helix.
A
C
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and
letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a
small section of one chain of a DNA molecule.
Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences
of the four types of nucleotides (their names are
abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G).
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
feedback regulation
– The output, or product, of a process regulates
that very process
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
negative feedback
–
An accumulation of an end product slows the
process that produces that product
A
Negative
feedback
Enzyme 1
B
A
Enzyme 1
B
Enzyme 2
C
C
Enzyme 3
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
positive feedback
–
The end product speeds up production
W
W
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 4
Positive
feedback
X
X
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 5
Y
Y
Enzyme 6
Z
Enzyme 6
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
The Culture of Science
Science is a social activity
– Characterized
by
both
cooperation and competition
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Slide 24
Introduction Biochemistry
Aulanni’am
Biochemistry Laboratory
Chemistry Departement
Brawijaya University
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Exploring Life
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The molecules of life
The activities of cellular molecules are governed by
the basic principles of chemistry
Cellular water, inorganic ions, and small organic
molecules account for 75-80% of the living weight of
a cell
Macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, DNA)
account for the remainder
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The Chemicals of Life
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
The Chemicals of Life
Macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Different monosaccharides have different arrangements
around asymmetric carbons
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
and glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Cells are packed with molecules of various sizes
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Multiple weak bonds stabilize large molecule
interactions
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Examples of cellular macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Lineage tree of life
on earth
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment
The fundamental structure of all cell membranes is the lipid bilayer
Various membrane proteins present in the different cell membranes give
each membrane a specific function
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
Single cell organisms
Two main types: bacteria and archaea
Relatively simple structure
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
– Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles
found in eukaryotic cells
EUKARYOTIC CELL
PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
1 µm
Eukaryotic cells
Single cell or multicellular organisms
Plants and animals
Structurally more complex: organelles, cytoskeleton
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Eukaryotic cells
– Are subdivided by internal membranes into
various membrane-enclosed organelles
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The life cycle of cells
Cell division occurs when one cell, after a period of
growth, divides to become two daughter cells
Most eukaryotic cells follow the cell cycle, an internal
clock that determines the phases of cell growth and
division
Progress through the cell cycle is controlled at
checkpoints
Cells may “leave” the cell cycle and differentiate to
perform specialized functions
Cells may undergo programmed cell death as a way of
balancing cell growth or generating structures during
development (apoptosis)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The eukaryotic cell cycle
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Ecosystem Dynamics
The dynamics of any ecosystem include two
major processes
–
–
Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired
by plants eventually return to the soil
The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to
consumers
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy Conversion
Activities of life
– Require organisms to perform work, which
depends on an energy source
The exchange of energy between an organism and its
surroundings
– Often involves the transformation of one form of
energy to another
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy flows through an ecosystem
– Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Producers
(plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms)
Heat
Chemical
energy
Consumers
(including animals)
Heat
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the
substance of genes
– Which program the cells’ production of proteins
and transmit information from parents to
offspring
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embyro’s cells
with copies of
inherited DNA
Egg cell
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
The molecular structure of DNA
– Accounts for it information-rich nature
Nucleus
DNA
Cell
Nucleotide
(a) DNA double helix. This model shows
each atom in a segment of DNA.Made
up of two long chains of building
blocks called nucleotides, a DNA
molecule takes the three-dimensional
form of a double helix.
A
C
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and
letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a
small section of one chain of a DNA molecule.
Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences
of the four types of nucleotides (their names are
abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G).
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
feedback regulation
– The output, or product, of a process regulates
that very process
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
negative feedback
–
An accumulation of an end product slows the
process that produces that product
A
Negative
feedback
Enzyme 1
B
A
Enzyme 1
B
Enzyme 2
C
C
Enzyme 3
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
positive feedback
–
The end product speeds up production
W
W
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 4
Positive
feedback
X
X
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 5
Y
Y
Enzyme 6
Z
Enzyme 6
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
The Culture of Science
Science is a social activity
– Characterized
by
both
cooperation and competition
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Slide 25
Introduction Biochemistry
Aulanni’am
Biochemistry Laboratory
Chemistry Departement
Brawijaya University
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Exploring Life
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The molecules of life
The activities of cellular molecules are governed by
the basic principles of chemistry
Cellular water, inorganic ions, and small organic
molecules account for 75-80% of the living weight of
a cell
Macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, DNA)
account for the remainder
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The Chemicals of Life
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
The Chemicals of Life
Macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Different monosaccharides have different arrangements
around asymmetric carbons
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
and glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Cells are packed with molecules of various sizes
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Multiple weak bonds stabilize large molecule
interactions
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Examples of cellular macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Lineage tree of life
on earth
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment
The fundamental structure of all cell membranes is the lipid bilayer
Various membrane proteins present in the different cell membranes give
each membrane a specific function
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
Single cell organisms
Two main types: bacteria and archaea
Relatively simple structure
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
– Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles
found in eukaryotic cells
EUKARYOTIC CELL
PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
1 µm
Eukaryotic cells
Single cell or multicellular organisms
Plants and animals
Structurally more complex: organelles, cytoskeleton
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Eukaryotic cells
– Are subdivided by internal membranes into
various membrane-enclosed organelles
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The life cycle of cells
Cell division occurs when one cell, after a period of
growth, divides to become two daughter cells
Most eukaryotic cells follow the cell cycle, an internal
clock that determines the phases of cell growth and
division
Progress through the cell cycle is controlled at
checkpoints
Cells may “leave” the cell cycle and differentiate to
perform specialized functions
Cells may undergo programmed cell death as a way of
balancing cell growth or generating structures during
development (apoptosis)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The eukaryotic cell cycle
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Ecosystem Dynamics
The dynamics of any ecosystem include two
major processes
–
–
Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired
by plants eventually return to the soil
The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to
consumers
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy Conversion
Activities of life
– Require organisms to perform work, which
depends on an energy source
The exchange of energy between an organism and its
surroundings
– Often involves the transformation of one form of
energy to another
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy flows through an ecosystem
– Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Producers
(plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms)
Heat
Chemical
energy
Consumers
(including animals)
Heat
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the
substance of genes
– Which program the cells’ production of proteins
and transmit information from parents to
offspring
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embyro’s cells
with copies of
inherited DNA
Egg cell
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
The molecular structure of DNA
– Accounts for it information-rich nature
Nucleus
DNA
Cell
Nucleotide
(a) DNA double helix. This model shows
each atom in a segment of DNA.Made
up of two long chains of building
blocks called nucleotides, a DNA
molecule takes the three-dimensional
form of a double helix.
A
C
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and
letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a
small section of one chain of a DNA molecule.
Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences
of the four types of nucleotides (their names are
abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G).
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
feedback regulation
– The output, or product, of a process regulates
that very process
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
negative feedback
–
An accumulation of an end product slows the
process that produces that product
A
Negative
feedback
Enzyme 1
B
A
Enzyme 1
B
Enzyme 2
C
C
Enzyme 3
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
positive feedback
–
The end product speeds up production
W
W
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 4
Positive
feedback
X
X
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 5
Y
Y
Enzyme 6
Z
Enzyme 6
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
The Culture of Science
Science is a social activity
– Characterized
by
both
cooperation and competition
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Slide 26
Introduction Biochemistry
Aulanni’am
Biochemistry Laboratory
Chemistry Departement
Brawijaya University
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Exploring Life
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The molecules of life
The activities of cellular molecules are governed by
the basic principles of chemistry
Cellular water, inorganic ions, and small organic
molecules account for 75-80% of the living weight of
a cell
Macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, DNA)
account for the remainder
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The Chemicals of Life
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
The Chemicals of Life
Macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Different monosaccharides have different arrangements
around asymmetric carbons
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
and glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Cells are packed with molecules of various sizes
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Multiple weak bonds stabilize large molecule
interactions
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Examples of cellular macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Lineage tree of life
on earth
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment
The fundamental structure of all cell membranes is the lipid bilayer
Various membrane proteins present in the different cell membranes give
each membrane a specific function
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
Single cell organisms
Two main types: bacteria and archaea
Relatively simple structure
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
– Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles
found in eukaryotic cells
EUKARYOTIC CELL
PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
1 µm
Eukaryotic cells
Single cell or multicellular organisms
Plants and animals
Structurally more complex: organelles, cytoskeleton
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Eukaryotic cells
– Are subdivided by internal membranes into
various membrane-enclosed organelles
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The life cycle of cells
Cell division occurs when one cell, after a period of
growth, divides to become two daughter cells
Most eukaryotic cells follow the cell cycle, an internal
clock that determines the phases of cell growth and
division
Progress through the cell cycle is controlled at
checkpoints
Cells may “leave” the cell cycle and differentiate to
perform specialized functions
Cells may undergo programmed cell death as a way of
balancing cell growth or generating structures during
development (apoptosis)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The eukaryotic cell cycle
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Ecosystem Dynamics
The dynamics of any ecosystem include two
major processes
–
–
Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired
by plants eventually return to the soil
The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to
consumers
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy Conversion
Activities of life
– Require organisms to perform work, which
depends on an energy source
The exchange of energy between an organism and its
surroundings
– Often involves the transformation of one form of
energy to another
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy flows through an ecosystem
– Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Producers
(plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms)
Heat
Chemical
energy
Consumers
(including animals)
Heat
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the
substance of genes
– Which program the cells’ production of proteins
and transmit information from parents to
offspring
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embyro’s cells
with copies of
inherited DNA
Egg cell
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
The molecular structure of DNA
– Accounts for it information-rich nature
Nucleus
DNA
Cell
Nucleotide
(a) DNA double helix. This model shows
each atom in a segment of DNA.Made
up of two long chains of building
blocks called nucleotides, a DNA
molecule takes the three-dimensional
form of a double helix.
A
C
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and
letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a
small section of one chain of a DNA molecule.
Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences
of the four types of nucleotides (their names are
abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G).
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
feedback regulation
– The output, or product, of a process regulates
that very process
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
negative feedback
–
An accumulation of an end product slows the
process that produces that product
A
Negative
feedback
Enzyme 1
B
A
Enzyme 1
B
Enzyme 2
C
C
Enzyme 3
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
positive feedback
–
The end product speeds up production
W
W
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 4
Positive
feedback
X
X
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 5
Y
Y
Enzyme 6
Z
Enzyme 6
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
The Culture of Science
Science is a social activity
– Characterized
by
both
cooperation and competition
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Slide 27
Introduction Biochemistry
Aulanni’am
Biochemistry Laboratory
Chemistry Departement
Brawijaya University
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Exploring Life
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The molecules of life
The activities of cellular molecules are governed by
the basic principles of chemistry
Cellular water, inorganic ions, and small organic
molecules account for 75-80% of the living weight of
a cell
Macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, DNA)
account for the remainder
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The Chemicals of Life
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
The Chemicals of Life
Macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Different monosaccharides have different arrangements
around asymmetric carbons
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
and glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Cells are packed with molecules of various sizes
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Multiple weak bonds stabilize large molecule
interactions
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Examples of cellular macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Lineage tree of life
on earth
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment
The fundamental structure of all cell membranes is the lipid bilayer
Various membrane proteins present in the different cell membranes give
each membrane a specific function
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
Single cell organisms
Two main types: bacteria and archaea
Relatively simple structure
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
– Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles
found in eukaryotic cells
EUKARYOTIC CELL
PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
1 µm
Eukaryotic cells
Single cell or multicellular organisms
Plants and animals
Structurally more complex: organelles, cytoskeleton
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Eukaryotic cells
– Are subdivided by internal membranes into
various membrane-enclosed organelles
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The life cycle of cells
Cell division occurs when one cell, after a period of
growth, divides to become two daughter cells
Most eukaryotic cells follow the cell cycle, an internal
clock that determines the phases of cell growth and
division
Progress through the cell cycle is controlled at
checkpoints
Cells may “leave” the cell cycle and differentiate to
perform specialized functions
Cells may undergo programmed cell death as a way of
balancing cell growth or generating structures during
development (apoptosis)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The eukaryotic cell cycle
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Ecosystem Dynamics
The dynamics of any ecosystem include two
major processes
–
–
Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired
by plants eventually return to the soil
The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to
consumers
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy Conversion
Activities of life
– Require organisms to perform work, which
depends on an energy source
The exchange of energy between an organism and its
surroundings
– Often involves the transformation of one form of
energy to another
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy flows through an ecosystem
– Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Producers
(plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms)
Heat
Chemical
energy
Consumers
(including animals)
Heat
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the
substance of genes
– Which program the cells’ production of proteins
and transmit information from parents to
offspring
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embyro’s cells
with copies of
inherited DNA
Egg cell
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
The molecular structure of DNA
– Accounts for it information-rich nature
Nucleus
DNA
Cell
Nucleotide
(a) DNA double helix. This model shows
each atom in a segment of DNA.Made
up of two long chains of building
blocks called nucleotides, a DNA
molecule takes the three-dimensional
form of a double helix.
A
C
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and
letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a
small section of one chain of a DNA molecule.
Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences
of the four types of nucleotides (their names are
abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G).
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
feedback regulation
– The output, or product, of a process regulates
that very process
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
negative feedback
–
An accumulation of an end product slows the
process that produces that product
A
Negative
feedback
Enzyme 1
B
A
Enzyme 1
B
Enzyme 2
C
C
Enzyme 3
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
positive feedback
–
The end product speeds up production
W
W
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 4
Positive
feedback
X
X
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 5
Y
Y
Enzyme 6
Z
Enzyme 6
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
The Culture of Science
Science is a social activity
– Characterized
by
both
cooperation and competition
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Slide 28
Introduction Biochemistry
Aulanni’am
Biochemistry Laboratory
Chemistry Departement
Brawijaya University
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Exploring Life
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The molecules of life
The activities of cellular molecules are governed by
the basic principles of chemistry
Cellular water, inorganic ions, and small organic
molecules account for 75-80% of the living weight of
a cell
Macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, DNA)
account for the remainder
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The Chemicals of Life
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
The Chemicals of Life
Macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Different monosaccharides have different arrangements
around asymmetric carbons
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
and glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Cells are packed with molecules of various sizes
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Multiple weak bonds stabilize large molecule
interactions
Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1
Examples of cellular macromolecules
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Lineage tree of life
on earth
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment
The fundamental structure of all cell membranes is the lipid bilayer
Various membrane proteins present in the different cell membranes give
each membrane a specific function
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
Single cell organisms
Two main types: bacteria and archaea
Relatively simple structure
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Prokaryotic cells
– Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles
found in eukaryotic cells
EUKARYOTIC CELL
PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
1 µm
Eukaryotic cells
Single cell or multicellular organisms
Plants and animals
Structurally more complex: organelles, cytoskeleton
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Eukaryotic cells
– Are subdivided by internal membranes into
various membrane-enclosed organelles
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The life cycle of cells
Cell division occurs when one cell, after a period of
growth, divides to become two daughter cells
Most eukaryotic cells follow the cell cycle, an internal
clock that determines the phases of cell growth and
division
Progress through the cell cycle is controlled at
checkpoints
Cells may “leave” the cell cycle and differentiate to
perform specialized functions
Cells may undergo programmed cell death as a way of
balancing cell growth or generating structures during
development (apoptosis)
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
The eukaryotic cell cycle
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Ecosystem Dynamics
The dynamics of any ecosystem include two
major processes
–
–
Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired
by plants eventually return to the soil
The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to
consumers
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy Conversion
Activities of life
– Require organisms to perform work, which
depends on an energy source
The exchange of energy between an organism and its
surroundings
– Often involves the transformation of one form of
energy to another
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Energy flows through an ecosystem
– Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Producers
(plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms)
Heat
Chemical
energy
Consumers
(including animals)
Heat
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the
substance of genes
– Which program the cells’ production of proteins
and transmit information from parents to
offspring
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embyro’s cells
with copies of
inherited DNA
Egg cell
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
The molecular structure of DNA
– Accounts for it information-rich nature
Nucleus
DNA
Cell
Nucleotide
(a) DNA double helix. This model shows
each atom in a segment of DNA.Made
up of two long chains of building
blocks called nucleotides, a DNA
molecule takes the three-dimensional
form of a double helix.
A
C
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and
letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a
small section of one chain of a DNA molecule.
Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences
of the four types of nucleotides (their names are
abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G).
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
feedback regulation
– The output, or product, of a process regulates
that very process
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
negative feedback
–
An accumulation of an end product slows the
process that produces that product
A
Negative
feedback
Enzyme 1
B
A
Enzyme 1
B
Enzyme 2
C
C
Enzyme 3
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
positive feedback
–
The end product speeds up production
W
W
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 4
Positive
feedback
X
X
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 5
Y
Y
Enzyme 6
Z
Enzyme 6
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
The Culture of Science
Science is a social activity
– Characterized
by
both
cooperation and competition
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction
Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction