chapter 4 I. The Nervous System Nervous System [p116] Gathers and processes information Produces responses to stimuli Coordinates workings of different cells Consists of 2
Download ReportTranscript chapter 4 I. The Nervous System Nervous System [p116] Gathers and processes information Produces responses to stimuli Coordinates workings of different cells Consists of 2
Slide 1
chapter 4
I. The Nervous System
Slide 2
Nervous System [p116]
Gathers and processes information
Produces responses to stimuli
Coordinates workings of different cells
Consists of 2 parts:
– Central nervous system (CNS)
– Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Slide 3
Organization of the
nervous system
[pp116-119]
chapter 4
Slide 4
chapter 4
The Central Nervous
System [pp116-117]
Brain
•Housed in the skull
•Approx. 3 lbs
•Mostly comprised of neurons
Spinal cord
•Comprised of neurons and
supportive tissue
•Runs
from base of brain down
center of back
•Protected
by spinal column
Slide 5
chapter 4
The Peripheral Nervous
System [pp117-118]
Somatic Nervous System
*Controls skeletal muscles
*Allows for voluntary movement
Autonomic Nervous System
*Controls muscles of internal
organs
*Regulates blood vessels, glands,
internal organs
*Divided into 2 systems:
•Sympathetic Nervous System
•Parasympathetic Nervous Sys
Slide 6
chapter 4
The Autonomic Nervous
System [p118]
Sympathetic Nervous
System
*Arouses the body
*Uses energy
*”Fight or flight” response
Parasympathetic Nervous
System
*Calms the body
*Conserves energy
Slide 7
Slide 8
Sympathetic nervous
system:
Slide 9
chapter 4
Parasympathetic nervous
system:
Slide 10
Biofeedback [p118]
A method for gaining control over the
autonomic nervous system
One learns using feedback from
equipment that measures biological
functions (e.g., body temperature,
blood pressure, sweat response,
muscle tension, brain activity)
Slide 11
II. Neural Communication
Slide 12
Nervous system [p119]
The body’s electrochemical
communication circuitry
Made up of:
– nerve cells (neurons)—conduct impulses
– and glial cells (glia)—support cells
Slide 13
chapter 4
Structure of a neuron—
3 main parts [p120]
Cell body: Keeps neuron
alive and determines whether
it will fire
Dendrites: Receive
information from other
neurons and transmit toward
the cell body
Axon: Extending fiber that
conducts impulses away from
the cell body to other cells
Slide 14
chapter 4
How neurons
communicate
Axon terminals release
neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitter enters
synapse (gap between
neurons) [p122]
Neurotransmitter binds
to receptors that it fits
Slide 15
chapter 4
Neurotransmitter [p125]
Chemical
released by a
transmitting
neuron at the
synapse and
capable of
affecting the
activity of a
receiving neuron
Slide 16
III. A tour through the
brain
Slide 17
chapter 4
The brain stem
Medulla
Responsible for certain
automatic functions such as
breathing and heart rate
[p130]
Pons
Involved in sleeping,
waking, and dreaming
[p130]
Reticular activating
system
Arouses cortex and screens
incoming information [p131]
Slide 18
chapter 4
The cerebellum [p131]
Regulates movement
and balance
Involved in
remembering simple
skills and acquired
reflexes
Plays a part in:
•Analyzing sensory info
•Solving problems
•Understanding words
Slide 19
chapter 4
The thalamus
Relays sensory
messages to the
cerebral cortex
Includes all sensory
messages except
those from olfactory
bulb
[p131]
Slide 20
chapter 4
The limbic system [p132]
A group of brain areas
involved in emotional
reactions and
motivated behavior
Slide 21
chapter 4
The amygdala [p132]
Responsible for
•Arousal
•Regulation
•Initial
of emotion
emotional
response to sensory
information
Slide 22
chapter 4
Hypothalamus
[p131]
•Involved
in:
•Emotions
•Drives vital to survival
•
Fear
•
Hunger
•
Thirst
•
Reproduction
•Feeling rewarded
•Regulating autonomic nervous
system
Slide 23
Pituitary gland
[p132]
•
Small endocrine gland which releases
hormones and regulates other
endocrine glands
•
Works in conjunction with
hypothalamus
Slide 24
chapter 4
The endocrine system
[p126]
Endocrine
glands release
hormones into
the
bloodstream…
…Hormones regulate growth,
metabolism, sexual development
and behavior, and other functions.
Slide 25
chapter 4
The hippocampus
[pp132-133]
Responsible
for storage of
new information in memory
Compares
sensory
information with what the
brain expects about the
world
Enables
us to form spatial
memories for navigating the
environment
Slide 26
chapter 4
The cerebrum
[p133]
•Largest
brain structure
•In
charge of most sensory, motor, and
cognitive processes
•Divided
into two halves, called hemispheres
Slide 27
chapter 4
Lobes of the cerebral
cortex (cerebrum) [p134]
Occipital lobes
Vision (visual cortex)
Parietal lobes
Body sensation
(somatosensory cortex)
Temporal lobes
Memory, perception, emotion,
hearing (auditory cortex)
Frontal lobes
Emotion, planning, creative thinking,
personality, and movement (motor cortex)
Slide 28
chapter 4
Phineas Gage’s frontal
lobe damage [pp134-135]
Gage was a railroad
construction foreman
An 1848 explosion
forced a steel tamping
rod through his head
Others said he was
“no longer Gage”
Lost his job, worked
as a sideshow exhibit
Slide 29
chapter 4
The corpus callosum
Millions of myelinated axons
connecting the brain’s
hemispheres
Provides a pathway for
communication
If surgically severed to treat
epilepsy, resulting in a
“split-brain” condition, the
hemispheres cannot
communicate directly
[p137]
[p133]
Slide 30
chapter 4
Lateralization [p133]
Specialization
of the two
cerebral
hemispheres
for particular
operations
Slide 31
Motor control and the
hemispheres
Left hemisphere
controls right side
of body
Right hemisphere
controls left side of
body
Slide 32
Broca’s area
Left hemisphere
controls speech
production (in
Broca’s area)
[p134]
Slide 33
What is the object in your left
hand?
If someone with a
split brain is
blindfolded and
asked what they
are holding in their
left hand, can they
do it?
Slide 34
chapter 4
Plasticity
•The
[p123]
brain’s ability to change and adapt in
response to experience
•Reorganizing or growing new neural
connections
Slide 35
IV. Techniques for
looking into the brain
Slide 36
chapter 4
Neurosurgery
Slide 37
chapter 4
Electroencephalogram
(EEG) [p128]
A recording of neural activity detected by
electrodes
Slide 38
chapter 4
Positron Emission
Tomography (PET Scan)
[p129]
A method for analyzing biochemical activity in the
brain, using injections of a glucose-like substance
containing a radioactive element
Active areas have increased
blood flow.
Sensors detect radioactivity.
Different tasks show distinct
activity patterns.
Slide 39
chapter 4
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(MRI) [p129]
Method for studying body and brain tissue
Magnetic fields align certain
ions and compounds.
When field is removed, these
molecules release energy as
radio waves.
Computer calculates tissue
density from radio waves.
Provides clear 3D images
Slide 40
chapter 4
Your turn
Jenny bumps her head and is suddenly unable
to see, although the doctor says there is
nothing wrong with her eyes? Which part of her
brain did Jenny damage?
1. The amygdala
2. The hippocampus
3. The occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex
4. The parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex
Slide 41
chapter 4
Your turn
Jenny bumps her head and is suddenly unable
to see, although the doctor says there is
nothing wrong with her eyes? Which part of her
brain did Jenny damage?
1. The amygdala
2. The hippocampus
3. The occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex
4. The parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex
chapter 4
I. The Nervous System
Slide 2
Nervous System [p116]
Gathers and processes information
Produces responses to stimuli
Coordinates workings of different cells
Consists of 2 parts:
– Central nervous system (CNS)
– Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Slide 3
Organization of the
nervous system
[pp116-119]
chapter 4
Slide 4
chapter 4
The Central Nervous
System [pp116-117]
Brain
•Housed in the skull
•Approx. 3 lbs
•Mostly comprised of neurons
Spinal cord
•Comprised of neurons and
supportive tissue
•Runs
from base of brain down
center of back
•Protected
by spinal column
Slide 5
chapter 4
The Peripheral Nervous
System [pp117-118]
Somatic Nervous System
*Controls skeletal muscles
*Allows for voluntary movement
Autonomic Nervous System
*Controls muscles of internal
organs
*Regulates blood vessels, glands,
internal organs
*Divided into 2 systems:
•Sympathetic Nervous System
•Parasympathetic Nervous Sys
Slide 6
chapter 4
The Autonomic Nervous
System [p118]
Sympathetic Nervous
System
*Arouses the body
*Uses energy
*”Fight or flight” response
Parasympathetic Nervous
System
*Calms the body
*Conserves energy
Slide 7
Slide 8
Sympathetic nervous
system:
Slide 9
chapter 4
Parasympathetic nervous
system:
Slide 10
Biofeedback [p118]
A method for gaining control over the
autonomic nervous system
One learns using feedback from
equipment that measures biological
functions (e.g., body temperature,
blood pressure, sweat response,
muscle tension, brain activity)
Slide 11
II. Neural Communication
Slide 12
Nervous system [p119]
The body’s electrochemical
communication circuitry
Made up of:
– nerve cells (neurons)—conduct impulses
– and glial cells (glia)—support cells
Slide 13
chapter 4
Structure of a neuron—
3 main parts [p120]
Cell body: Keeps neuron
alive and determines whether
it will fire
Dendrites: Receive
information from other
neurons and transmit toward
the cell body
Axon: Extending fiber that
conducts impulses away from
the cell body to other cells
Slide 14
chapter 4
How neurons
communicate
Axon terminals release
neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitter enters
synapse (gap between
neurons) [p122]
Neurotransmitter binds
to receptors that it fits
Slide 15
chapter 4
Neurotransmitter [p125]
Chemical
released by a
transmitting
neuron at the
synapse and
capable of
affecting the
activity of a
receiving neuron
Slide 16
III. A tour through the
brain
Slide 17
chapter 4
The brain stem
Medulla
Responsible for certain
automatic functions such as
breathing and heart rate
[p130]
Pons
Involved in sleeping,
waking, and dreaming
[p130]
Reticular activating
system
Arouses cortex and screens
incoming information [p131]
Slide 18
chapter 4
The cerebellum [p131]
Regulates movement
and balance
Involved in
remembering simple
skills and acquired
reflexes
Plays a part in:
•Analyzing sensory info
•Solving problems
•Understanding words
Slide 19
chapter 4
The thalamus
Relays sensory
messages to the
cerebral cortex
Includes all sensory
messages except
those from olfactory
bulb
[p131]
Slide 20
chapter 4
The limbic system [p132]
A group of brain areas
involved in emotional
reactions and
motivated behavior
Slide 21
chapter 4
The amygdala [p132]
Responsible for
•Arousal
•Regulation
•Initial
of emotion
emotional
response to sensory
information
Slide 22
chapter 4
Hypothalamus
[p131]
•Involved
in:
•Emotions
•Drives vital to survival
•
Fear
•
Hunger
•
Thirst
•
Reproduction
•Feeling rewarded
•Regulating autonomic nervous
system
Slide 23
Pituitary gland
[p132]
•
Small endocrine gland which releases
hormones and regulates other
endocrine glands
•
Works in conjunction with
hypothalamus
Slide 24
chapter 4
The endocrine system
[p126]
Endocrine
glands release
hormones into
the
bloodstream…
…Hormones regulate growth,
metabolism, sexual development
and behavior, and other functions.
Slide 25
chapter 4
The hippocampus
[pp132-133]
Responsible
for storage of
new information in memory
Compares
sensory
information with what the
brain expects about the
world
Enables
us to form spatial
memories for navigating the
environment
Slide 26
chapter 4
The cerebrum
[p133]
•Largest
brain structure
•In
charge of most sensory, motor, and
cognitive processes
•Divided
into two halves, called hemispheres
Slide 27
chapter 4
Lobes of the cerebral
cortex (cerebrum) [p134]
Occipital lobes
Vision (visual cortex)
Parietal lobes
Body sensation
(somatosensory cortex)
Temporal lobes
Memory, perception, emotion,
hearing (auditory cortex)
Frontal lobes
Emotion, planning, creative thinking,
personality, and movement (motor cortex)
Slide 28
chapter 4
Phineas Gage’s frontal
lobe damage [pp134-135]
Gage was a railroad
construction foreman
An 1848 explosion
forced a steel tamping
rod through his head
Others said he was
“no longer Gage”
Lost his job, worked
as a sideshow exhibit
Slide 29
chapter 4
The corpus callosum
Millions of myelinated axons
connecting the brain’s
hemispheres
Provides a pathway for
communication
If surgically severed to treat
epilepsy, resulting in a
“split-brain” condition, the
hemispheres cannot
communicate directly
[p137]
[p133]
Slide 30
chapter 4
Lateralization [p133]
Specialization
of the two
cerebral
hemispheres
for particular
operations
Slide 31
Motor control and the
hemispheres
Left hemisphere
controls right side
of body
Right hemisphere
controls left side of
body
Slide 32
Broca’s area
Left hemisphere
controls speech
production (in
Broca’s area)
[p134]
Slide 33
What is the object in your left
hand?
If someone with a
split brain is
blindfolded and
asked what they
are holding in their
left hand, can they
do it?
Slide 34
chapter 4
Plasticity
•The
[p123]
brain’s ability to change and adapt in
response to experience
•Reorganizing or growing new neural
connections
Slide 35
IV. Techniques for
looking into the brain
Slide 36
chapter 4
Neurosurgery
Slide 37
chapter 4
Electroencephalogram
(EEG) [p128]
A recording of neural activity detected by
electrodes
Slide 38
chapter 4
Positron Emission
Tomography (PET Scan)
[p129]
A method for analyzing biochemical activity in the
brain, using injections of a glucose-like substance
containing a radioactive element
Active areas have increased
blood flow.
Sensors detect radioactivity.
Different tasks show distinct
activity patterns.
Slide 39
chapter 4
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(MRI) [p129]
Method for studying body and brain tissue
Magnetic fields align certain
ions and compounds.
When field is removed, these
molecules release energy as
radio waves.
Computer calculates tissue
density from radio waves.
Provides clear 3D images
Slide 40
chapter 4
Your turn
Jenny bumps her head and is suddenly unable
to see, although the doctor says there is
nothing wrong with her eyes? Which part of her
brain did Jenny damage?
1. The amygdala
2. The hippocampus
3. The occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex
4. The parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex
Slide 41
chapter 4
Your turn
Jenny bumps her head and is suddenly unable
to see, although the doctor says there is
nothing wrong with her eyes? Which part of her
brain did Jenny damage?
1. The amygdala
2. The hippocampus
3. The occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex
4. The parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex