Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB Office: BN-Block, Level-3, Room-088 Email: [email protected] Ext. No.: 7292 Lecturer: Dr.
Download ReportTranscript Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB Office: BN-Block, Level-3, Room-088 Email: [email protected] Ext. No.: 7292 Lecturer: Dr.
Slide 1
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 2
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 3
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 4
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 5
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 6
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 7
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 8
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 9
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 10
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 11
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 12
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 13
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 14
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 15
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 16
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 17
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 18
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 19
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 20
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 21
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 22
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 23
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 24
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 25
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 26
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 27
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 28
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 29
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 30
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 31
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 32
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 33
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 34
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 35
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 36
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 37
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 38
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 39
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 40
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 41
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 2
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 3
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 4
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 5
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 6
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 7
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 8
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 9
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 10
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 11
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 12
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 13
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 14
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 15
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 16
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 17
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 18
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 19
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 20
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 21
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 22
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 23
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 24
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 25
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 26
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 27
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 28
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 29
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 30
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 31
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 32
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 33
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 34
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 35
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 36
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 37
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 38
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 39
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 40
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Slide 41
Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB
Office: BN-Block, Level-3,
Room-088
Email: [email protected]
Ext. No.: 7292
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Manufacturing Processes
University TENAGA National
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Academic Year - 2009
Lecture Note
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties
of Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Nature and Properties of
Materials
- Classification of Materials Used in
Manufacturing
- Engineering Properties of Material
- Composites and New Materials
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Materials
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous
Organic
Non-Ferrous
Inorganic
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
METALLIC
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Gray Cast Iron
Aluminum
Malleable Iron
Titanium
Steel
Zinc
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC
Organic
Inorganic
Leather
Glass
Wood
Ceramic
Rubber
Fused silica
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys
Non-ferrous materials are very important
because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.
Example: Good cutting properties can be
added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Non-metallic materials are classified as
inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)
All materials have their importance in
manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), NonFerrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
MATERIALS
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Lead
-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel
Aluminum
Composite
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Rubber
According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.
Example: To reduce weight and improve
some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber
(fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
- ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Shear
Ductility
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Tensile strength
Strength - The amount of ultimate
and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling its
two ends. Then the tensile strength
is determined by finding:1. Stress = Force per unit area.
= N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
L -L
the original length. ε =
L
3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
1
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Stress,
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress,
Ft
Area, A
Ft
=
Ao
original area
before loading
Ft
– Engineering Stress Units →
N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Tensile specimen
Gripping Zone
Gripping Zone
L - Failure Zone
½ inch
8 ½ inches
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
¾
inch
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point a:
-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this
point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)
Point b:
-At this point the material Yield
Strength is determined.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Point c:
-At this point the material Ultimate
Strength is determined.
Point d:
-A fracture will occur after Maximum
Deformation.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Forces and Responses
• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F
F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft
M
Ac
M
Fs
Ao
Ski lift
Fs
=
Ao
2R
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:
Ao
Bridge
Balanced Rock
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
-There is no universal standard used
for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic
-Shear can be determined from handbooks.
- Usually Shear Strength
= 50% of tensile strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
- Torsional Strength
= 75% of tensile strength
Fs
- Shear Stress = G୪
Ao
୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle
or shear strain)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Shear strength
G – Shear modules or the modulus
of rigidity.
G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Page-23
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4) tensile strength. Because of
this properties of some ,material which
fracture easily we should use a factor of
safety FS,
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Compressive Strength
FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
This property enable the material to
be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ductility: Ability of a material to deform
under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Ductility
ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen crosssection area.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Creep: Is a permanent deformation
resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.
High Temperature creep lead to:
Failure of loaded units such as (Highpressure steam piping)
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Elongating caused by creep will
occure below the yeild strength of the
material.
Heat treatment, grain size, and
chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Creep And Notch sensitivity
Notch sensitivity On the other
hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
Next Lecture:
Foundry
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI
THANK YOU
Lecturer: Dr. HABEEB ALANI