Slide 1

Unit 2: fashion victims

a quick introduction to Word Formation

Types of Word Formation: different ways
of creating new words
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

Compounding
Prefixation
Suffixation
Conversion
Clipping
Blends
Backformation
Acronyms
Onomatopoeia
Eponyms
Toponyms

1. Compounding
 Definition: Two or more words joined together

to form a new word.
 Examples:
 Home + work  homework
 Pick + pocket  pickpocket
 The meaning of a compound is not always the
sum of the meanings of its parts.
 Types of compounds:
 Compound nouns
 Compound verbs
 Compound adjectives

Compound Nouns
1. Boyfriend, hatchback

1. Noun + Noun

2. Cut-throat, breakfast

2. Verb + Noun

3. Sunshine, birth control

3. Noun + Verb

4. Software, fast food

4. Adjective + Noun

5. In-crowd, overkill

5. Particle + Noun

6. Drop-out, put-on

6. Verb + Particle

Compound Verbs
1. Carbon-copy, sky-dive

1. Noun + Verb

2. Fine-tune

2. Adjective + Verb

3. Overwork

3. Particle + Verb

4. Bad-mouth

4. Adjective + Noun

Compound Adjectives
1. Capital-intensive

1. Noun + Adjective

2. Deaf-mute

2. Adjective + Adjective

3. Coffee-table

3. Noun + Noun

4. Roll-neck

4. Verb + Noun

5. White-collar

5. Adjective + Noun

6. Before-tax

6. Particle + Noun

7. Go-go

7. Verb-verb

2. Prefixation
 Class-changing prefixes:




abeen-





asleep
bewitch
enslave

 Verb to Adjective
 Noun to Verb
 Noun to Verb

 Class-maintaining prefixes:




inforeEtc.




indefinite
foreground

 Adj to Adj
 Noun to N

3. Suffixation
 Suffixes forming Nouns

N from N: -dom  kingdom
 N from V: -ee  employee
 N from Adj: -ce  dependence
 Suffixes forming Verbs
 V from N: -ify  beautify
 V from Adj: -en  shorten
 Suffixes forming adjectives
 Adj from N: -al  educational
 Adj from V: -able  understandable
 Adj from Adj: -ish  greenish
 Suffixes forming Adverbs: -ly, -ward, and –wise.


4. Conversion
 Definition: Assigning an already existing word to a

new syntactic category.
 Types of Conversion





Verb to Noun: to hit  a hit
Adj to N: a final game  a final
N to V: a sign  to sign
Adj to V: an empty box  to empty

5. Clipping
Definition: Shortening a polysyllabic word by
deleting one or more syllables
 Examples:
 Gasoline  Gas
 Hamburger  Burger
 delicatessen 
deli
 microphone  mike

6. Blends
Definition: Similar to compounds, but parts of
the words are deleted.


Examples:





Motor + hotel  Motel
Breakfast + lunch  Brunch
Wireless + Fidelity 
Wi-fi
Sheep + goat 
Shoat

7. Back-formations
Definition: Creative reduction due to incorrect
morphological analysis.


Examples:

editor (1649)
 edit (1791)

television (1907)
 televise (1927)

Paramedical (1921)
 paramedic (1967)

8. Acronyms
Definition: Words derived from the initial letters of several
words and use them as a new word


Examples:

Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Treats
 SWOT

Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus
 SCUBA

9. Onomatopoeia
Definition: Words created to sound like the thing
that they name.
English

Japanese

Tagalog

Catalan

Cock-a-doo

Kokekokko

Kuk-kakauk

QuiQuiriiQui !

Meow

Nya

Niyaw

Miaauu !

10. Eponyms
Definition: a person after whom a discovery,
invention, place, etc., is named.
 Examples:

Celcius (Anders Celcius)
 Cook Islands (James Cook)


degrees

11. Toponyms
Definition: a place name, especially one derived from a
topographical feature.
 Examples:



Montana (‘mountains’ in Spanish)
Mississippi (‘big river’ in Chippewa)

Do you want to practise?
Exercises: click here


Slide 2

Unit 2: fashion victims

a quick introduction to Word Formation

Types of Word Formation: different ways
of creating new words
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

Compounding
Prefixation
Suffixation
Conversion
Clipping
Blends
Backformation
Acronyms
Onomatopoeia
Eponyms
Toponyms

1. Compounding
 Definition: Two or more words joined together

to form a new word.
 Examples:
 Home + work  homework
 Pick + pocket  pickpocket
 The meaning of a compound is not always the
sum of the meanings of its parts.
 Types of compounds:
 Compound nouns
 Compound verbs
 Compound adjectives

Compound Nouns
1. Boyfriend, hatchback

1. Noun + Noun

2. Cut-throat, breakfast

2. Verb + Noun

3. Sunshine, birth control

3. Noun + Verb

4. Software, fast food

4. Adjective + Noun

5. In-crowd, overkill

5. Particle + Noun

6. Drop-out, put-on

6. Verb + Particle

Compound Verbs
1. Carbon-copy, sky-dive

1. Noun + Verb

2. Fine-tune

2. Adjective + Verb

3. Overwork

3. Particle + Verb

4. Bad-mouth

4. Adjective + Noun

Compound Adjectives
1. Capital-intensive

1. Noun + Adjective

2. Deaf-mute

2. Adjective + Adjective

3. Coffee-table

3. Noun + Noun

4. Roll-neck

4. Verb + Noun

5. White-collar

5. Adjective + Noun

6. Before-tax

6. Particle + Noun

7. Go-go

7. Verb-verb

2. Prefixation
 Class-changing prefixes:




abeen-





asleep
bewitch
enslave

 Verb to Adjective
 Noun to Verb
 Noun to Verb

 Class-maintaining prefixes:




inforeEtc.




indefinite
foreground

 Adj to Adj
 Noun to N

3. Suffixation
 Suffixes forming Nouns

N from N: -dom  kingdom
 N from V: -ee  employee
 N from Adj: -ce  dependence
 Suffixes forming Verbs
 V from N: -ify  beautify
 V from Adj: -en  shorten
 Suffixes forming adjectives
 Adj from N: -al  educational
 Adj from V: -able  understandable
 Adj from Adj: -ish  greenish
 Suffixes forming Adverbs: -ly, -ward, and –wise.


4. Conversion
 Definition: Assigning an already existing word to a

new syntactic category.
 Types of Conversion





Verb to Noun: to hit  a hit
Adj to N: a final game  a final
N to V: a sign  to sign
Adj to V: an empty box  to empty

5. Clipping
Definition: Shortening a polysyllabic word by
deleting one or more syllables
 Examples:
 Gasoline  Gas
 Hamburger  Burger
 delicatessen 
deli
 microphone  mike

6. Blends
Definition: Similar to compounds, but parts of
the words are deleted.


Examples:





Motor + hotel  Motel
Breakfast + lunch  Brunch
Wireless + Fidelity 
Wi-fi
Sheep + goat 
Shoat

7. Back-formations
Definition: Creative reduction due to incorrect
morphological analysis.


Examples:

editor (1649)
 edit (1791)

television (1907)
 televise (1927)

Paramedical (1921)
 paramedic (1967)

8. Acronyms
Definition: Words derived from the initial letters of several
words and use them as a new word


Examples:

Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Treats
 SWOT

Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus
 SCUBA

9. Onomatopoeia
Definition: Words created to sound like the thing
that they name.
English

Japanese

Tagalog

Catalan

Cock-a-doo

Kokekokko

Kuk-kakauk

QuiQuiriiQui !

Meow

Nya

Niyaw

Miaauu !

10. Eponyms
Definition: a person after whom a discovery,
invention, place, etc., is named.
 Examples:

Celcius (Anders Celcius)
 Cook Islands (James Cook)


degrees

11. Toponyms
Definition: a place name, especially one derived from a
topographical feature.
 Examples:



Montana (‘mountains’ in Spanish)
Mississippi (‘big river’ in Chippewa)

Do you want to practise?
Exercises: click here


Slide 3

Unit 2: fashion victims

a quick introduction to Word Formation

Types of Word Formation: different ways
of creating new words
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

Compounding
Prefixation
Suffixation
Conversion
Clipping
Blends
Backformation
Acronyms
Onomatopoeia
Eponyms
Toponyms

1. Compounding
 Definition: Two or more words joined together

to form a new word.
 Examples:
 Home + work  homework
 Pick + pocket  pickpocket
 The meaning of a compound is not always the
sum of the meanings of its parts.
 Types of compounds:
 Compound nouns
 Compound verbs
 Compound adjectives

Compound Nouns
1. Boyfriend, hatchback

1. Noun + Noun

2. Cut-throat, breakfast

2. Verb + Noun

3. Sunshine, birth control

3. Noun + Verb

4. Software, fast food

4. Adjective + Noun

5. In-crowd, overkill

5. Particle + Noun

6. Drop-out, put-on

6. Verb + Particle

Compound Verbs
1. Carbon-copy, sky-dive

1. Noun + Verb

2. Fine-tune

2. Adjective + Verb

3. Overwork

3. Particle + Verb

4. Bad-mouth

4. Adjective + Noun

Compound Adjectives
1. Capital-intensive

1. Noun + Adjective

2. Deaf-mute

2. Adjective + Adjective

3. Coffee-table

3. Noun + Noun

4. Roll-neck

4. Verb + Noun

5. White-collar

5. Adjective + Noun

6. Before-tax

6. Particle + Noun

7. Go-go

7. Verb-verb

2. Prefixation
 Class-changing prefixes:




abeen-





asleep
bewitch
enslave

 Verb to Adjective
 Noun to Verb
 Noun to Verb

 Class-maintaining prefixes:




inforeEtc.




indefinite
foreground

 Adj to Adj
 Noun to N

3. Suffixation
 Suffixes forming Nouns

N from N: -dom  kingdom
 N from V: -ee  employee
 N from Adj: -ce  dependence
 Suffixes forming Verbs
 V from N: -ify  beautify
 V from Adj: -en  shorten
 Suffixes forming adjectives
 Adj from N: -al  educational
 Adj from V: -able  understandable
 Adj from Adj: -ish  greenish
 Suffixes forming Adverbs: -ly, -ward, and –wise.


4. Conversion
 Definition: Assigning an already existing word to a

new syntactic category.
 Types of Conversion





Verb to Noun: to hit  a hit
Adj to N: a final game  a final
N to V: a sign  to sign
Adj to V: an empty box  to empty

5. Clipping
Definition: Shortening a polysyllabic word by
deleting one or more syllables
 Examples:
 Gasoline  Gas
 Hamburger  Burger
 delicatessen 
deli
 microphone  mike

6. Blends
Definition: Similar to compounds, but parts of
the words are deleted.


Examples:





Motor + hotel  Motel
Breakfast + lunch  Brunch
Wireless + Fidelity 
Wi-fi
Sheep + goat 
Shoat

7. Back-formations
Definition: Creative reduction due to incorrect
morphological analysis.


Examples:

editor (1649)
 edit (1791)

television (1907)
 televise (1927)

Paramedical (1921)
 paramedic (1967)

8. Acronyms
Definition: Words derived from the initial letters of several
words and use them as a new word


Examples:

Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Treats
 SWOT

Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus
 SCUBA

9. Onomatopoeia
Definition: Words created to sound like the thing
that they name.
English

Japanese

Tagalog

Catalan

Cock-a-doo

Kokekokko

Kuk-kakauk

QuiQuiriiQui !

Meow

Nya

Niyaw

Miaauu !

10. Eponyms
Definition: a person after whom a discovery,
invention, place, etc., is named.
 Examples:

Celcius (Anders Celcius)
 Cook Islands (James Cook)


degrees

11. Toponyms
Definition: a place name, especially one derived from a
topographical feature.
 Examples:



Montana (‘mountains’ in Spanish)
Mississippi (‘big river’ in Chippewa)

Do you want to practise?
Exercises: click here


Slide 4

Unit 2: fashion victims

a quick introduction to Word Formation

Types of Word Formation: different ways
of creating new words
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

Compounding
Prefixation
Suffixation
Conversion
Clipping
Blends
Backformation
Acronyms
Onomatopoeia
Eponyms
Toponyms

1. Compounding
 Definition: Two or more words joined together

to form a new word.
 Examples:
 Home + work  homework
 Pick + pocket  pickpocket
 The meaning of a compound is not always the
sum of the meanings of its parts.
 Types of compounds:
 Compound nouns
 Compound verbs
 Compound adjectives

Compound Nouns
1. Boyfriend, hatchback

1. Noun + Noun

2. Cut-throat, breakfast

2. Verb + Noun

3. Sunshine, birth control

3. Noun + Verb

4. Software, fast food

4. Adjective + Noun

5. In-crowd, overkill

5. Particle + Noun

6. Drop-out, put-on

6. Verb + Particle

Compound Verbs
1. Carbon-copy, sky-dive

1. Noun + Verb

2. Fine-tune

2. Adjective + Verb

3. Overwork

3. Particle + Verb

4. Bad-mouth

4. Adjective + Noun

Compound Adjectives
1. Capital-intensive

1. Noun + Adjective

2. Deaf-mute

2. Adjective + Adjective

3. Coffee-table

3. Noun + Noun

4. Roll-neck

4. Verb + Noun

5. White-collar

5. Adjective + Noun

6. Before-tax

6. Particle + Noun

7. Go-go

7. Verb-verb

2. Prefixation
 Class-changing prefixes:




abeen-





asleep
bewitch
enslave

 Verb to Adjective
 Noun to Verb
 Noun to Verb

 Class-maintaining prefixes:




inforeEtc.




indefinite
foreground

 Adj to Adj
 Noun to N

3. Suffixation
 Suffixes forming Nouns

N from N: -dom  kingdom
 N from V: -ee  employee
 N from Adj: -ce  dependence
 Suffixes forming Verbs
 V from N: -ify  beautify
 V from Adj: -en  shorten
 Suffixes forming adjectives
 Adj from N: -al  educational
 Adj from V: -able  understandable
 Adj from Adj: -ish  greenish
 Suffixes forming Adverbs: -ly, -ward, and –wise.


4. Conversion
 Definition: Assigning an already existing word to a

new syntactic category.
 Types of Conversion





Verb to Noun: to hit  a hit
Adj to N: a final game  a final
N to V: a sign  to sign
Adj to V: an empty box  to empty

5. Clipping
Definition: Shortening a polysyllabic word by
deleting one or more syllables
 Examples:
 Gasoline  Gas
 Hamburger  Burger
 delicatessen 
deli
 microphone  mike

6. Blends
Definition: Similar to compounds, but parts of
the words are deleted.


Examples:





Motor + hotel  Motel
Breakfast + lunch  Brunch
Wireless + Fidelity 
Wi-fi
Sheep + goat 
Shoat

7. Back-formations
Definition: Creative reduction due to incorrect
morphological analysis.


Examples:

editor (1649)
 edit (1791)

television (1907)
 televise (1927)

Paramedical (1921)
 paramedic (1967)

8. Acronyms
Definition: Words derived from the initial letters of several
words and use them as a new word


Examples:

Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Treats
 SWOT

Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus
 SCUBA

9. Onomatopoeia
Definition: Words created to sound like the thing
that they name.
English

Japanese

Tagalog

Catalan

Cock-a-doo

Kokekokko

Kuk-kakauk

QuiQuiriiQui !

Meow

Nya

Niyaw

Miaauu !

10. Eponyms
Definition: a person after whom a discovery,
invention, place, etc., is named.
 Examples:

Celcius (Anders Celcius)
 Cook Islands (James Cook)


degrees

11. Toponyms
Definition: a place name, especially one derived from a
topographical feature.
 Examples:



Montana (‘mountains’ in Spanish)
Mississippi (‘big river’ in Chippewa)

Do you want to practise?
Exercises: click here


Slide 5

Unit 2: fashion victims

a quick introduction to Word Formation

Types of Word Formation: different ways
of creating new words
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

Compounding
Prefixation
Suffixation
Conversion
Clipping
Blends
Backformation
Acronyms
Onomatopoeia
Eponyms
Toponyms

1. Compounding
 Definition: Two or more words joined together

to form a new word.
 Examples:
 Home + work  homework
 Pick + pocket  pickpocket
 The meaning of a compound is not always the
sum of the meanings of its parts.
 Types of compounds:
 Compound nouns
 Compound verbs
 Compound adjectives

Compound Nouns
1. Boyfriend, hatchback

1. Noun + Noun

2. Cut-throat, breakfast

2. Verb + Noun

3. Sunshine, birth control

3. Noun + Verb

4. Software, fast food

4. Adjective + Noun

5. In-crowd, overkill

5. Particle + Noun

6. Drop-out, put-on

6. Verb + Particle

Compound Verbs
1. Carbon-copy, sky-dive

1. Noun + Verb

2. Fine-tune

2. Adjective + Verb

3. Overwork

3. Particle + Verb

4. Bad-mouth

4. Adjective + Noun

Compound Adjectives
1. Capital-intensive

1. Noun + Adjective

2. Deaf-mute

2. Adjective + Adjective

3. Coffee-table

3. Noun + Noun

4. Roll-neck

4. Verb + Noun

5. White-collar

5. Adjective + Noun

6. Before-tax

6. Particle + Noun

7. Go-go

7. Verb-verb

2. Prefixation
 Class-changing prefixes:




abeen-





asleep
bewitch
enslave

 Verb to Adjective
 Noun to Verb
 Noun to Verb

 Class-maintaining prefixes:




inforeEtc.




indefinite
foreground

 Adj to Adj
 Noun to N

3. Suffixation
 Suffixes forming Nouns

N from N: -dom  kingdom
 N from V: -ee  employee
 N from Adj: -ce  dependence
 Suffixes forming Verbs
 V from N: -ify  beautify
 V from Adj: -en  shorten
 Suffixes forming adjectives
 Adj from N: -al  educational
 Adj from V: -able  understandable
 Adj from Adj: -ish  greenish
 Suffixes forming Adverbs: -ly, -ward, and –wise.


4. Conversion
 Definition: Assigning an already existing word to a

new syntactic category.
 Types of Conversion





Verb to Noun: to hit  a hit
Adj to N: a final game  a final
N to V: a sign  to sign
Adj to V: an empty box  to empty

5. Clipping
Definition: Shortening a polysyllabic word by
deleting one or more syllables
 Examples:
 Gasoline  Gas
 Hamburger  Burger
 delicatessen 
deli
 microphone  mike

6. Blends
Definition: Similar to compounds, but parts of
the words are deleted.


Examples:





Motor + hotel  Motel
Breakfast + lunch  Brunch
Wireless + Fidelity 
Wi-fi
Sheep + goat 
Shoat

7. Back-formations
Definition: Creative reduction due to incorrect
morphological analysis.


Examples:

editor (1649)
 edit (1791)

television (1907)
 televise (1927)

Paramedical (1921)
 paramedic (1967)

8. Acronyms
Definition: Words derived from the initial letters of several
words and use them as a new word


Examples:

Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Treats
 SWOT

Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus
 SCUBA

9. Onomatopoeia
Definition: Words created to sound like the thing
that they name.
English

Japanese

Tagalog

Catalan

Cock-a-doo

Kokekokko

Kuk-kakauk

QuiQuiriiQui !

Meow

Nya

Niyaw

Miaauu !

10. Eponyms
Definition: a person after whom a discovery,
invention, place, etc., is named.
 Examples:

Celcius (Anders Celcius)
 Cook Islands (James Cook)


degrees

11. Toponyms
Definition: a place name, especially one derived from a
topographical feature.
 Examples:



Montana (‘mountains’ in Spanish)
Mississippi (‘big river’ in Chippewa)

Do you want to practise?
Exercises: click here


Slide 6

Unit 2: fashion victims

a quick introduction to Word Formation

Types of Word Formation: different ways
of creating new words
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

Compounding
Prefixation
Suffixation
Conversion
Clipping
Blends
Backformation
Acronyms
Onomatopoeia
Eponyms
Toponyms

1. Compounding
 Definition: Two or more words joined together

to form a new word.
 Examples:
 Home + work  homework
 Pick + pocket  pickpocket
 The meaning of a compound is not always the
sum of the meanings of its parts.
 Types of compounds:
 Compound nouns
 Compound verbs
 Compound adjectives

Compound Nouns
1. Boyfriend, hatchback

1. Noun + Noun

2. Cut-throat, breakfast

2. Verb + Noun

3. Sunshine, birth control

3. Noun + Verb

4. Software, fast food

4. Adjective + Noun

5. In-crowd, overkill

5. Particle + Noun

6. Drop-out, put-on

6. Verb + Particle

Compound Verbs
1. Carbon-copy, sky-dive

1. Noun + Verb

2. Fine-tune

2. Adjective + Verb

3. Overwork

3. Particle + Verb

4. Bad-mouth

4. Adjective + Noun

Compound Adjectives
1. Capital-intensive

1. Noun + Adjective

2. Deaf-mute

2. Adjective + Adjective

3. Coffee-table

3. Noun + Noun

4. Roll-neck

4. Verb + Noun

5. White-collar

5. Adjective + Noun

6. Before-tax

6. Particle + Noun

7. Go-go

7. Verb-verb

2. Prefixation
 Class-changing prefixes:




abeen-





asleep
bewitch
enslave

 Verb to Adjective
 Noun to Verb
 Noun to Verb

 Class-maintaining prefixes:




inforeEtc.




indefinite
foreground

 Adj to Adj
 Noun to N

3. Suffixation
 Suffixes forming Nouns

N from N: -dom  kingdom
 N from V: -ee  employee
 N from Adj: -ce  dependence
 Suffixes forming Verbs
 V from N: -ify  beautify
 V from Adj: -en  shorten
 Suffixes forming adjectives
 Adj from N: -al  educational
 Adj from V: -able  understandable
 Adj from Adj: -ish  greenish
 Suffixes forming Adverbs: -ly, -ward, and –wise.


4. Conversion
 Definition: Assigning an already existing word to a

new syntactic category.
 Types of Conversion





Verb to Noun: to hit  a hit
Adj to N: a final game  a final
N to V: a sign  to sign
Adj to V: an empty box  to empty

5. Clipping
Definition: Shortening a polysyllabic word by
deleting one or more syllables
 Examples:
 Gasoline  Gas
 Hamburger  Burger
 delicatessen 
deli
 microphone  mike

6. Blends
Definition: Similar to compounds, but parts of
the words are deleted.


Examples:





Motor + hotel  Motel
Breakfast + lunch  Brunch
Wireless + Fidelity 
Wi-fi
Sheep + goat 
Shoat

7. Back-formations
Definition: Creative reduction due to incorrect
morphological analysis.


Examples:

editor (1649)
 edit (1791)

television (1907)
 televise (1927)

Paramedical (1921)
 paramedic (1967)

8. Acronyms
Definition: Words derived from the initial letters of several
words and use them as a new word


Examples:

Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Treats
 SWOT

Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus
 SCUBA

9. Onomatopoeia
Definition: Words created to sound like the thing
that they name.
English

Japanese

Tagalog

Catalan

Cock-a-doo

Kokekokko

Kuk-kakauk

QuiQuiriiQui !

Meow

Nya

Niyaw

Miaauu !

10. Eponyms
Definition: a person after whom a discovery,
invention, place, etc., is named.
 Examples:

Celcius (Anders Celcius)
 Cook Islands (James Cook)


degrees

11. Toponyms
Definition: a place name, especially one derived from a
topographical feature.
 Examples:



Montana (‘mountains’ in Spanish)
Mississippi (‘big river’ in Chippewa)

Do you want to practise?
Exercises: click here


Slide 7

Unit 2: fashion victims

a quick introduction to Word Formation

Types of Word Formation: different ways
of creating new words
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

Compounding
Prefixation
Suffixation
Conversion
Clipping
Blends
Backformation
Acronyms
Onomatopoeia
Eponyms
Toponyms

1. Compounding
 Definition: Two or more words joined together

to form a new word.
 Examples:
 Home + work  homework
 Pick + pocket  pickpocket
 The meaning of a compound is not always the
sum of the meanings of its parts.
 Types of compounds:
 Compound nouns
 Compound verbs
 Compound adjectives

Compound Nouns
1. Boyfriend, hatchback

1. Noun + Noun

2. Cut-throat, breakfast

2. Verb + Noun

3. Sunshine, birth control

3. Noun + Verb

4. Software, fast food

4. Adjective + Noun

5. In-crowd, overkill

5. Particle + Noun

6. Drop-out, put-on

6. Verb + Particle

Compound Verbs
1. Carbon-copy, sky-dive

1. Noun + Verb

2. Fine-tune

2. Adjective + Verb

3. Overwork

3. Particle + Verb

4. Bad-mouth

4. Adjective + Noun

Compound Adjectives
1. Capital-intensive

1. Noun + Adjective

2. Deaf-mute

2. Adjective + Adjective

3. Coffee-table

3. Noun + Noun

4. Roll-neck

4. Verb + Noun

5. White-collar

5. Adjective + Noun

6. Before-tax

6. Particle + Noun

7. Go-go

7. Verb-verb

2. Prefixation
 Class-changing prefixes:




abeen-





asleep
bewitch
enslave

 Verb to Adjective
 Noun to Verb
 Noun to Verb

 Class-maintaining prefixes:




inforeEtc.




indefinite
foreground

 Adj to Adj
 Noun to N

3. Suffixation
 Suffixes forming Nouns

N from N: -dom  kingdom
 N from V: -ee  employee
 N from Adj: -ce  dependence
 Suffixes forming Verbs
 V from N: -ify  beautify
 V from Adj: -en  shorten
 Suffixes forming adjectives
 Adj from N: -al  educational
 Adj from V: -able  understandable
 Adj from Adj: -ish  greenish
 Suffixes forming Adverbs: -ly, -ward, and –wise.


4. Conversion
 Definition: Assigning an already existing word to a

new syntactic category.
 Types of Conversion





Verb to Noun: to hit  a hit
Adj to N: a final game  a final
N to V: a sign  to sign
Adj to V: an empty box  to empty

5. Clipping
Definition: Shortening a polysyllabic word by
deleting one or more syllables
 Examples:
 Gasoline  Gas
 Hamburger  Burger
 delicatessen 
deli
 microphone  mike

6. Blends
Definition: Similar to compounds, but parts of
the words are deleted.


Examples:





Motor + hotel  Motel
Breakfast + lunch  Brunch
Wireless + Fidelity 
Wi-fi
Sheep + goat 
Shoat

7. Back-formations
Definition: Creative reduction due to incorrect
morphological analysis.


Examples:

editor (1649)
 edit (1791)

television (1907)
 televise (1927)

Paramedical (1921)
 paramedic (1967)

8. Acronyms
Definition: Words derived from the initial letters of several
words and use them as a new word


Examples:

Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Treats
 SWOT

Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus
 SCUBA

9. Onomatopoeia
Definition: Words created to sound like the thing
that they name.
English

Japanese

Tagalog

Catalan

Cock-a-doo

Kokekokko

Kuk-kakauk

QuiQuiriiQui !

Meow

Nya

Niyaw

Miaauu !

10. Eponyms
Definition: a person after whom a discovery,
invention, place, etc., is named.
 Examples:

Celcius (Anders Celcius)
 Cook Islands (James Cook)


degrees

11. Toponyms
Definition: a place name, especially one derived from a
topographical feature.
 Examples:



Montana (‘mountains’ in Spanish)
Mississippi (‘big river’ in Chippewa)

Do you want to practise?
Exercises: click here


Slide 8

Unit 2: fashion victims

a quick introduction to Word Formation

Types of Word Formation: different ways
of creating new words
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

Compounding
Prefixation
Suffixation
Conversion
Clipping
Blends
Backformation
Acronyms
Onomatopoeia
Eponyms
Toponyms

1. Compounding
 Definition: Two or more words joined together

to form a new word.
 Examples:
 Home + work  homework
 Pick + pocket  pickpocket
 The meaning of a compound is not always the
sum of the meanings of its parts.
 Types of compounds:
 Compound nouns
 Compound verbs
 Compound adjectives

Compound Nouns
1. Boyfriend, hatchback

1. Noun + Noun

2. Cut-throat, breakfast

2. Verb + Noun

3. Sunshine, birth control

3. Noun + Verb

4. Software, fast food

4. Adjective + Noun

5. In-crowd, overkill

5. Particle + Noun

6. Drop-out, put-on

6. Verb + Particle

Compound Verbs
1. Carbon-copy, sky-dive

1. Noun + Verb

2. Fine-tune

2. Adjective + Verb

3. Overwork

3. Particle + Verb

4. Bad-mouth

4. Adjective + Noun

Compound Adjectives
1. Capital-intensive

1. Noun + Adjective

2. Deaf-mute

2. Adjective + Adjective

3. Coffee-table

3. Noun + Noun

4. Roll-neck

4. Verb + Noun

5. White-collar

5. Adjective + Noun

6. Before-tax

6. Particle + Noun

7. Go-go

7. Verb-verb

2. Prefixation
 Class-changing prefixes:




abeen-





asleep
bewitch
enslave

 Verb to Adjective
 Noun to Verb
 Noun to Verb

 Class-maintaining prefixes:




inforeEtc.




indefinite
foreground

 Adj to Adj
 Noun to N

3. Suffixation
 Suffixes forming Nouns

N from N: -dom  kingdom
 N from V: -ee  employee
 N from Adj: -ce  dependence
 Suffixes forming Verbs
 V from N: -ify  beautify
 V from Adj: -en  shorten
 Suffixes forming adjectives
 Adj from N: -al  educational
 Adj from V: -able  understandable
 Adj from Adj: -ish  greenish
 Suffixes forming Adverbs: -ly, -ward, and –wise.


4. Conversion
 Definition: Assigning an already existing word to a

new syntactic category.
 Types of Conversion





Verb to Noun: to hit  a hit
Adj to N: a final game  a final
N to V: a sign  to sign
Adj to V: an empty box  to empty

5. Clipping
Definition: Shortening a polysyllabic word by
deleting one or more syllables
 Examples:
 Gasoline  Gas
 Hamburger  Burger
 delicatessen 
deli
 microphone  mike

6. Blends
Definition: Similar to compounds, but parts of
the words are deleted.


Examples:





Motor + hotel  Motel
Breakfast + lunch  Brunch
Wireless + Fidelity 
Wi-fi
Sheep + goat 
Shoat

7. Back-formations
Definition: Creative reduction due to incorrect
morphological analysis.


Examples:

editor (1649)
 edit (1791)

television (1907)
 televise (1927)

Paramedical (1921)
 paramedic (1967)

8. Acronyms
Definition: Words derived from the initial letters of several
words and use them as a new word


Examples:

Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Treats
 SWOT

Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus
 SCUBA

9. Onomatopoeia
Definition: Words created to sound like the thing
that they name.
English

Japanese

Tagalog

Catalan

Cock-a-doo

Kokekokko

Kuk-kakauk

QuiQuiriiQui !

Meow

Nya

Niyaw

Miaauu !

10. Eponyms
Definition: a person after whom a discovery,
invention, place, etc., is named.
 Examples:

Celcius (Anders Celcius)
 Cook Islands (James Cook)


degrees

11. Toponyms
Definition: a place name, especially one derived from a
topographical feature.
 Examples:



Montana (‘mountains’ in Spanish)
Mississippi (‘big river’ in Chippewa)

Do you want to practise?
Exercises: click here


Slide 9

Unit 2: fashion victims

a quick introduction to Word Formation

Types of Word Formation: different ways
of creating new words
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

Compounding
Prefixation
Suffixation
Conversion
Clipping
Blends
Backformation
Acronyms
Onomatopoeia
Eponyms
Toponyms

1. Compounding
 Definition: Two or more words joined together

to form a new word.
 Examples:
 Home + work  homework
 Pick + pocket  pickpocket
 The meaning of a compound is not always the
sum of the meanings of its parts.
 Types of compounds:
 Compound nouns
 Compound verbs
 Compound adjectives

Compound Nouns
1. Boyfriend, hatchback

1. Noun + Noun

2. Cut-throat, breakfast

2. Verb + Noun

3. Sunshine, birth control

3. Noun + Verb

4. Software, fast food

4. Adjective + Noun

5. In-crowd, overkill

5. Particle + Noun

6. Drop-out, put-on

6. Verb + Particle

Compound Verbs
1. Carbon-copy, sky-dive

1. Noun + Verb

2. Fine-tune

2. Adjective + Verb

3. Overwork

3. Particle + Verb

4. Bad-mouth

4. Adjective + Noun

Compound Adjectives
1. Capital-intensive

1. Noun + Adjective

2. Deaf-mute

2. Adjective + Adjective

3. Coffee-table

3. Noun + Noun

4. Roll-neck

4. Verb + Noun

5. White-collar

5. Adjective + Noun

6. Before-tax

6. Particle + Noun

7. Go-go

7. Verb-verb

2. Prefixation
 Class-changing prefixes:




abeen-





asleep
bewitch
enslave

 Verb to Adjective
 Noun to Verb
 Noun to Verb

 Class-maintaining prefixes:




inforeEtc.




indefinite
foreground

 Adj to Adj
 Noun to N

3. Suffixation
 Suffixes forming Nouns

N from N: -dom  kingdom
 N from V: -ee  employee
 N from Adj: -ce  dependence
 Suffixes forming Verbs
 V from N: -ify  beautify
 V from Adj: -en  shorten
 Suffixes forming adjectives
 Adj from N: -al  educational
 Adj from V: -able  understandable
 Adj from Adj: -ish  greenish
 Suffixes forming Adverbs: -ly, -ward, and –wise.


4. Conversion
 Definition: Assigning an already existing word to a

new syntactic category.
 Types of Conversion





Verb to Noun: to hit  a hit
Adj to N: a final game  a final
N to V: a sign  to sign
Adj to V: an empty box  to empty

5. Clipping
Definition: Shortening a polysyllabic word by
deleting one or more syllables
 Examples:
 Gasoline  Gas
 Hamburger  Burger
 delicatessen 
deli
 microphone  mike

6. Blends
Definition: Similar to compounds, but parts of
the words are deleted.


Examples:





Motor + hotel  Motel
Breakfast + lunch  Brunch
Wireless + Fidelity 
Wi-fi
Sheep + goat 
Shoat

7. Back-formations
Definition: Creative reduction due to incorrect
morphological analysis.


Examples:

editor (1649)
 edit (1791)

television (1907)
 televise (1927)

Paramedical (1921)
 paramedic (1967)

8. Acronyms
Definition: Words derived from the initial letters of several
words and use them as a new word


Examples:

Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Treats
 SWOT

Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus
 SCUBA

9. Onomatopoeia
Definition: Words created to sound like the thing
that they name.
English

Japanese

Tagalog

Catalan

Cock-a-doo

Kokekokko

Kuk-kakauk

QuiQuiriiQui !

Meow

Nya

Niyaw

Miaauu !

10. Eponyms
Definition: a person after whom a discovery,
invention, place, etc., is named.
 Examples:

Celcius (Anders Celcius)
 Cook Islands (James Cook)


degrees

11. Toponyms
Definition: a place name, especially one derived from a
topographical feature.
 Examples:



Montana (‘mountains’ in Spanish)
Mississippi (‘big river’ in Chippewa)

Do you want to practise?
Exercises: click here


Slide 10

Unit 2: fashion victims

a quick introduction to Word Formation

Types of Word Formation: different ways
of creating new words
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

Compounding
Prefixation
Suffixation
Conversion
Clipping
Blends
Backformation
Acronyms
Onomatopoeia
Eponyms
Toponyms

1. Compounding
 Definition: Two or more words joined together

to form a new word.
 Examples:
 Home + work  homework
 Pick + pocket  pickpocket
 The meaning of a compound is not always the
sum of the meanings of its parts.
 Types of compounds:
 Compound nouns
 Compound verbs
 Compound adjectives

Compound Nouns
1. Boyfriend, hatchback

1. Noun + Noun

2. Cut-throat, breakfast

2. Verb + Noun

3. Sunshine, birth control

3. Noun + Verb

4. Software, fast food

4. Adjective + Noun

5. In-crowd, overkill

5. Particle + Noun

6. Drop-out, put-on

6. Verb + Particle

Compound Verbs
1. Carbon-copy, sky-dive

1. Noun + Verb

2. Fine-tune

2. Adjective + Verb

3. Overwork

3. Particle + Verb

4. Bad-mouth

4. Adjective + Noun

Compound Adjectives
1. Capital-intensive

1. Noun + Adjective

2. Deaf-mute

2. Adjective + Adjective

3. Coffee-table

3. Noun + Noun

4. Roll-neck

4. Verb + Noun

5. White-collar

5. Adjective + Noun

6. Before-tax

6. Particle + Noun

7. Go-go

7. Verb-verb

2. Prefixation
 Class-changing prefixes:




abeen-





asleep
bewitch
enslave

 Verb to Adjective
 Noun to Verb
 Noun to Verb

 Class-maintaining prefixes:




inforeEtc.




indefinite
foreground

 Adj to Adj
 Noun to N

3. Suffixation
 Suffixes forming Nouns

N from N: -dom  kingdom
 N from V: -ee  employee
 N from Adj: -ce  dependence
 Suffixes forming Verbs
 V from N: -ify  beautify
 V from Adj: -en  shorten
 Suffixes forming adjectives
 Adj from N: -al  educational
 Adj from V: -able  understandable
 Adj from Adj: -ish  greenish
 Suffixes forming Adverbs: -ly, -ward, and –wise.


4. Conversion
 Definition: Assigning an already existing word to a

new syntactic category.
 Types of Conversion





Verb to Noun: to hit  a hit
Adj to N: a final game  a final
N to V: a sign  to sign
Adj to V: an empty box  to empty

5. Clipping
Definition: Shortening a polysyllabic word by
deleting one or more syllables
 Examples:
 Gasoline  Gas
 Hamburger  Burger
 delicatessen 
deli
 microphone  mike

6. Blends
Definition: Similar to compounds, but parts of
the words are deleted.


Examples:





Motor + hotel  Motel
Breakfast + lunch  Brunch
Wireless + Fidelity 
Wi-fi
Sheep + goat 
Shoat

7. Back-formations
Definition: Creative reduction due to incorrect
morphological analysis.


Examples:

editor (1649)
 edit (1791)

television (1907)
 televise (1927)

Paramedical (1921)
 paramedic (1967)

8. Acronyms
Definition: Words derived from the initial letters of several
words and use them as a new word


Examples:

Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Treats
 SWOT

Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus
 SCUBA

9. Onomatopoeia
Definition: Words created to sound like the thing
that they name.
English

Japanese

Tagalog

Catalan

Cock-a-doo

Kokekokko

Kuk-kakauk

QuiQuiriiQui !

Meow

Nya

Niyaw

Miaauu !

10. Eponyms
Definition: a person after whom a discovery,
invention, place, etc., is named.
 Examples:

Celcius (Anders Celcius)
 Cook Islands (James Cook)


degrees

11. Toponyms
Definition: a place name, especially one derived from a
topographical feature.
 Examples:



Montana (‘mountains’ in Spanish)
Mississippi (‘big river’ in Chippewa)

Do you want to practise?
Exercises: click here


Slide 11

Unit 2: fashion victims

a quick introduction to Word Formation

Types of Word Formation: different ways
of creating new words
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

Compounding
Prefixation
Suffixation
Conversion
Clipping
Blends
Backformation
Acronyms
Onomatopoeia
Eponyms
Toponyms

1. Compounding
 Definition: Two or more words joined together

to form a new word.
 Examples:
 Home + work  homework
 Pick + pocket  pickpocket
 The meaning of a compound is not always the
sum of the meanings of its parts.
 Types of compounds:
 Compound nouns
 Compound verbs
 Compound adjectives

Compound Nouns
1. Boyfriend, hatchback

1. Noun + Noun

2. Cut-throat, breakfast

2. Verb + Noun

3. Sunshine, birth control

3. Noun + Verb

4. Software, fast food

4. Adjective + Noun

5. In-crowd, overkill

5. Particle + Noun

6. Drop-out, put-on

6. Verb + Particle

Compound Verbs
1. Carbon-copy, sky-dive

1. Noun + Verb

2. Fine-tune

2. Adjective + Verb

3. Overwork

3. Particle + Verb

4. Bad-mouth

4. Adjective + Noun

Compound Adjectives
1. Capital-intensive

1. Noun + Adjective

2. Deaf-mute

2. Adjective + Adjective

3. Coffee-table

3. Noun + Noun

4. Roll-neck

4. Verb + Noun

5. White-collar

5. Adjective + Noun

6. Before-tax

6. Particle + Noun

7. Go-go

7. Verb-verb

2. Prefixation
 Class-changing prefixes:




abeen-





asleep
bewitch
enslave

 Verb to Adjective
 Noun to Verb
 Noun to Verb

 Class-maintaining prefixes:




inforeEtc.




indefinite
foreground

 Adj to Adj
 Noun to N

3. Suffixation
 Suffixes forming Nouns

N from N: -dom  kingdom
 N from V: -ee  employee
 N from Adj: -ce  dependence
 Suffixes forming Verbs
 V from N: -ify  beautify
 V from Adj: -en  shorten
 Suffixes forming adjectives
 Adj from N: -al  educational
 Adj from V: -able  understandable
 Adj from Adj: -ish  greenish
 Suffixes forming Adverbs: -ly, -ward, and –wise.


4. Conversion
 Definition: Assigning an already existing word to a

new syntactic category.
 Types of Conversion





Verb to Noun: to hit  a hit
Adj to N: a final game  a final
N to V: a sign  to sign
Adj to V: an empty box  to empty

5. Clipping
Definition: Shortening a polysyllabic word by
deleting one or more syllables
 Examples:
 Gasoline  Gas
 Hamburger  Burger
 delicatessen 
deli
 microphone  mike

6. Blends
Definition: Similar to compounds, but parts of
the words are deleted.


Examples:





Motor + hotel  Motel
Breakfast + lunch  Brunch
Wireless + Fidelity 
Wi-fi
Sheep + goat 
Shoat

7. Back-formations
Definition: Creative reduction due to incorrect
morphological analysis.


Examples:

editor (1649)
 edit (1791)

television (1907)
 televise (1927)

Paramedical (1921)
 paramedic (1967)

8. Acronyms
Definition: Words derived from the initial letters of several
words and use them as a new word


Examples:

Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Treats
 SWOT

Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus
 SCUBA

9. Onomatopoeia
Definition: Words created to sound like the thing
that they name.
English

Japanese

Tagalog

Catalan

Cock-a-doo

Kokekokko

Kuk-kakauk

QuiQuiriiQui !

Meow

Nya

Niyaw

Miaauu !

10. Eponyms
Definition: a person after whom a discovery,
invention, place, etc., is named.
 Examples:

Celcius (Anders Celcius)
 Cook Islands (James Cook)


degrees

11. Toponyms
Definition: a place name, especially one derived from a
topographical feature.
 Examples:



Montana (‘mountains’ in Spanish)
Mississippi (‘big river’ in Chippewa)

Do you want to practise?
Exercises: click here


Slide 12

Unit 2: fashion victims

a quick introduction to Word Formation

Types of Word Formation: different ways
of creating new words
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

Compounding
Prefixation
Suffixation
Conversion
Clipping
Blends
Backformation
Acronyms
Onomatopoeia
Eponyms
Toponyms

1. Compounding
 Definition: Two or more words joined together

to form a new word.
 Examples:
 Home + work  homework
 Pick + pocket  pickpocket
 The meaning of a compound is not always the
sum of the meanings of its parts.
 Types of compounds:
 Compound nouns
 Compound verbs
 Compound adjectives

Compound Nouns
1. Boyfriend, hatchback

1. Noun + Noun

2. Cut-throat, breakfast

2. Verb + Noun

3. Sunshine, birth control

3. Noun + Verb

4. Software, fast food

4. Adjective + Noun

5. In-crowd, overkill

5. Particle + Noun

6. Drop-out, put-on

6. Verb + Particle

Compound Verbs
1. Carbon-copy, sky-dive

1. Noun + Verb

2. Fine-tune

2. Adjective + Verb

3. Overwork

3. Particle + Verb

4. Bad-mouth

4. Adjective + Noun

Compound Adjectives
1. Capital-intensive

1. Noun + Adjective

2. Deaf-mute

2. Adjective + Adjective

3. Coffee-table

3. Noun + Noun

4. Roll-neck

4. Verb + Noun

5. White-collar

5. Adjective + Noun

6. Before-tax

6. Particle + Noun

7. Go-go

7. Verb-verb

2. Prefixation
 Class-changing prefixes:




abeen-





asleep
bewitch
enslave

 Verb to Adjective
 Noun to Verb
 Noun to Verb

 Class-maintaining prefixes:




inforeEtc.




indefinite
foreground

 Adj to Adj
 Noun to N

3. Suffixation
 Suffixes forming Nouns

N from N: -dom  kingdom
 N from V: -ee  employee
 N from Adj: -ce  dependence
 Suffixes forming Verbs
 V from N: -ify  beautify
 V from Adj: -en  shorten
 Suffixes forming adjectives
 Adj from N: -al  educational
 Adj from V: -able  understandable
 Adj from Adj: -ish  greenish
 Suffixes forming Adverbs: -ly, -ward, and –wise.


4. Conversion
 Definition: Assigning an already existing word to a

new syntactic category.
 Types of Conversion





Verb to Noun: to hit  a hit
Adj to N: a final game  a final
N to V: a sign  to sign
Adj to V: an empty box  to empty

5. Clipping
Definition: Shortening a polysyllabic word by
deleting one or more syllables
 Examples:
 Gasoline  Gas
 Hamburger  Burger
 delicatessen 
deli
 microphone  mike

6. Blends
Definition: Similar to compounds, but parts of
the words are deleted.


Examples:





Motor + hotel  Motel
Breakfast + lunch  Brunch
Wireless + Fidelity 
Wi-fi
Sheep + goat 
Shoat

7. Back-formations
Definition: Creative reduction due to incorrect
morphological analysis.


Examples:

editor (1649)
 edit (1791)

television (1907)
 televise (1927)

Paramedical (1921)
 paramedic (1967)

8. Acronyms
Definition: Words derived from the initial letters of several
words and use them as a new word


Examples:

Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Treats
 SWOT

Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus
 SCUBA

9. Onomatopoeia
Definition: Words created to sound like the thing
that they name.
English

Japanese

Tagalog

Catalan

Cock-a-doo

Kokekokko

Kuk-kakauk

QuiQuiriiQui !

Meow

Nya

Niyaw

Miaauu !

10. Eponyms
Definition: a person after whom a discovery,
invention, place, etc., is named.
 Examples:

Celcius (Anders Celcius)
 Cook Islands (James Cook)


degrees

11. Toponyms
Definition: a place name, especially one derived from a
topographical feature.
 Examples:



Montana (‘mountains’ in Spanish)
Mississippi (‘big river’ in Chippewa)

Do you want to practise?
Exercises: click here


Slide 13

Unit 2: fashion victims

a quick introduction to Word Formation

Types of Word Formation: different ways
of creating new words
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

Compounding
Prefixation
Suffixation
Conversion
Clipping
Blends
Backformation
Acronyms
Onomatopoeia
Eponyms
Toponyms

1. Compounding
 Definition: Two or more words joined together

to form a new word.
 Examples:
 Home + work  homework
 Pick + pocket  pickpocket
 The meaning of a compound is not always the
sum of the meanings of its parts.
 Types of compounds:
 Compound nouns
 Compound verbs
 Compound adjectives

Compound Nouns
1. Boyfriend, hatchback

1. Noun + Noun

2. Cut-throat, breakfast

2. Verb + Noun

3. Sunshine, birth control

3. Noun + Verb

4. Software, fast food

4. Adjective + Noun

5. In-crowd, overkill

5. Particle + Noun

6. Drop-out, put-on

6. Verb + Particle

Compound Verbs
1. Carbon-copy, sky-dive

1. Noun + Verb

2. Fine-tune

2. Adjective + Verb

3. Overwork

3. Particle + Verb

4. Bad-mouth

4. Adjective + Noun

Compound Adjectives
1. Capital-intensive

1. Noun + Adjective

2. Deaf-mute

2. Adjective + Adjective

3. Coffee-table

3. Noun + Noun

4. Roll-neck

4. Verb + Noun

5. White-collar

5. Adjective + Noun

6. Before-tax

6. Particle + Noun

7. Go-go

7. Verb-verb

2. Prefixation
 Class-changing prefixes:




abeen-





asleep
bewitch
enslave

 Verb to Adjective
 Noun to Verb
 Noun to Verb

 Class-maintaining prefixes:




inforeEtc.




indefinite
foreground

 Adj to Adj
 Noun to N

3. Suffixation
 Suffixes forming Nouns

N from N: -dom  kingdom
 N from V: -ee  employee
 N from Adj: -ce  dependence
 Suffixes forming Verbs
 V from N: -ify  beautify
 V from Adj: -en  shorten
 Suffixes forming adjectives
 Adj from N: -al  educational
 Adj from V: -able  understandable
 Adj from Adj: -ish  greenish
 Suffixes forming Adverbs: -ly, -ward, and –wise.


4. Conversion
 Definition: Assigning an already existing word to a

new syntactic category.
 Types of Conversion





Verb to Noun: to hit  a hit
Adj to N: a final game  a final
N to V: a sign  to sign
Adj to V: an empty box  to empty

5. Clipping
Definition: Shortening a polysyllabic word by
deleting one or more syllables
 Examples:
 Gasoline  Gas
 Hamburger  Burger
 delicatessen 
deli
 microphone  mike

6. Blends
Definition: Similar to compounds, but parts of
the words are deleted.


Examples:





Motor + hotel  Motel
Breakfast + lunch  Brunch
Wireless + Fidelity 
Wi-fi
Sheep + goat 
Shoat

7. Back-formations
Definition: Creative reduction due to incorrect
morphological analysis.


Examples:

editor (1649)
 edit (1791)

television (1907)
 televise (1927)

Paramedical (1921)
 paramedic (1967)

8. Acronyms
Definition: Words derived from the initial letters of several
words and use them as a new word


Examples:

Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Treats
 SWOT

Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus
 SCUBA

9. Onomatopoeia
Definition: Words created to sound like the thing
that they name.
English

Japanese

Tagalog

Catalan

Cock-a-doo

Kokekokko

Kuk-kakauk

QuiQuiriiQui !

Meow

Nya

Niyaw

Miaauu !

10. Eponyms
Definition: a person after whom a discovery,
invention, place, etc., is named.
 Examples:

Celcius (Anders Celcius)
 Cook Islands (James Cook)


degrees

11. Toponyms
Definition: a place name, especially one derived from a
topographical feature.
 Examples:



Montana (‘mountains’ in Spanish)
Mississippi (‘big river’ in Chippewa)

Do you want to practise?
Exercises: click here


Slide 14

Unit 2: fashion victims

a quick introduction to Word Formation

Types of Word Formation: different ways
of creating new words
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

Compounding
Prefixation
Suffixation
Conversion
Clipping
Blends
Backformation
Acronyms
Onomatopoeia
Eponyms
Toponyms

1. Compounding
 Definition: Two or more words joined together

to form a new word.
 Examples:
 Home + work  homework
 Pick + pocket  pickpocket
 The meaning of a compound is not always the
sum of the meanings of its parts.
 Types of compounds:
 Compound nouns
 Compound verbs
 Compound adjectives

Compound Nouns
1. Boyfriend, hatchback

1. Noun + Noun

2. Cut-throat, breakfast

2. Verb + Noun

3. Sunshine, birth control

3. Noun + Verb

4. Software, fast food

4. Adjective + Noun

5. In-crowd, overkill

5. Particle + Noun

6. Drop-out, put-on

6. Verb + Particle

Compound Verbs
1. Carbon-copy, sky-dive

1. Noun + Verb

2. Fine-tune

2. Adjective + Verb

3. Overwork

3. Particle + Verb

4. Bad-mouth

4. Adjective + Noun

Compound Adjectives
1. Capital-intensive

1. Noun + Adjective

2. Deaf-mute

2. Adjective + Adjective

3. Coffee-table

3. Noun + Noun

4. Roll-neck

4. Verb + Noun

5. White-collar

5. Adjective + Noun

6. Before-tax

6. Particle + Noun

7. Go-go

7. Verb-verb

2. Prefixation
 Class-changing prefixes:




abeen-





asleep
bewitch
enslave

 Verb to Adjective
 Noun to Verb
 Noun to Verb

 Class-maintaining prefixes:




inforeEtc.




indefinite
foreground

 Adj to Adj
 Noun to N

3. Suffixation
 Suffixes forming Nouns

N from N: -dom  kingdom
 N from V: -ee  employee
 N from Adj: -ce  dependence
 Suffixes forming Verbs
 V from N: -ify  beautify
 V from Adj: -en  shorten
 Suffixes forming adjectives
 Adj from N: -al  educational
 Adj from V: -able  understandable
 Adj from Adj: -ish  greenish
 Suffixes forming Adverbs: -ly, -ward, and –wise.


4. Conversion
 Definition: Assigning an already existing word to a

new syntactic category.
 Types of Conversion





Verb to Noun: to hit  a hit
Adj to N: a final game  a final
N to V: a sign  to sign
Adj to V: an empty box  to empty

5. Clipping
Definition: Shortening a polysyllabic word by
deleting one or more syllables
 Examples:
 Gasoline  Gas
 Hamburger  Burger
 delicatessen 
deli
 microphone  mike

6. Blends
Definition: Similar to compounds, but parts of
the words are deleted.


Examples:





Motor + hotel  Motel
Breakfast + lunch  Brunch
Wireless + Fidelity 
Wi-fi
Sheep + goat 
Shoat

7. Back-formations
Definition: Creative reduction due to incorrect
morphological analysis.


Examples:

editor (1649)
 edit (1791)

television (1907)
 televise (1927)

Paramedical (1921)
 paramedic (1967)

8. Acronyms
Definition: Words derived from the initial letters of several
words and use them as a new word


Examples:

Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Treats
 SWOT

Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus
 SCUBA

9. Onomatopoeia
Definition: Words created to sound like the thing
that they name.
English

Japanese

Tagalog

Catalan

Cock-a-doo

Kokekokko

Kuk-kakauk

QuiQuiriiQui !

Meow

Nya

Niyaw

Miaauu !

10. Eponyms
Definition: a person after whom a discovery,
invention, place, etc., is named.
 Examples:

Celcius (Anders Celcius)
 Cook Islands (James Cook)


degrees

11. Toponyms
Definition: a place name, especially one derived from a
topographical feature.
 Examples:



Montana (‘mountains’ in Spanish)
Mississippi (‘big river’ in Chippewa)

Do you want to practise?
Exercises: click here


Slide 15

Unit 2: fashion victims

a quick introduction to Word Formation

Types of Word Formation: different ways
of creating new words
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

Compounding
Prefixation
Suffixation
Conversion
Clipping
Blends
Backformation
Acronyms
Onomatopoeia
Eponyms
Toponyms

1. Compounding
 Definition: Two or more words joined together

to form a new word.
 Examples:
 Home + work  homework
 Pick + pocket  pickpocket
 The meaning of a compound is not always the
sum of the meanings of its parts.
 Types of compounds:
 Compound nouns
 Compound verbs
 Compound adjectives

Compound Nouns
1. Boyfriend, hatchback

1. Noun + Noun

2. Cut-throat, breakfast

2. Verb + Noun

3. Sunshine, birth control

3. Noun + Verb

4. Software, fast food

4. Adjective + Noun

5. In-crowd, overkill

5. Particle + Noun

6. Drop-out, put-on

6. Verb + Particle

Compound Verbs
1. Carbon-copy, sky-dive

1. Noun + Verb

2. Fine-tune

2. Adjective + Verb

3. Overwork

3. Particle + Verb

4. Bad-mouth

4. Adjective + Noun

Compound Adjectives
1. Capital-intensive

1. Noun + Adjective

2. Deaf-mute

2. Adjective + Adjective

3. Coffee-table

3. Noun + Noun

4. Roll-neck

4. Verb + Noun

5. White-collar

5. Adjective + Noun

6. Before-tax

6. Particle + Noun

7. Go-go

7. Verb-verb

2. Prefixation
 Class-changing prefixes:




abeen-





asleep
bewitch
enslave

 Verb to Adjective
 Noun to Verb
 Noun to Verb

 Class-maintaining prefixes:




inforeEtc.




indefinite
foreground

 Adj to Adj
 Noun to N

3. Suffixation
 Suffixes forming Nouns

N from N: -dom  kingdom
 N from V: -ee  employee
 N from Adj: -ce  dependence
 Suffixes forming Verbs
 V from N: -ify  beautify
 V from Adj: -en  shorten
 Suffixes forming adjectives
 Adj from N: -al  educational
 Adj from V: -able  understandable
 Adj from Adj: -ish  greenish
 Suffixes forming Adverbs: -ly, -ward, and –wise.


4. Conversion
 Definition: Assigning an already existing word to a

new syntactic category.
 Types of Conversion





Verb to Noun: to hit  a hit
Adj to N: a final game  a final
N to V: a sign  to sign
Adj to V: an empty box  to empty

5. Clipping
Definition: Shortening a polysyllabic word by
deleting one or more syllables
 Examples:
 Gasoline  Gas
 Hamburger  Burger
 delicatessen 
deli
 microphone  mike

6. Blends
Definition: Similar to compounds, but parts of
the words are deleted.


Examples:





Motor + hotel  Motel
Breakfast + lunch  Brunch
Wireless + Fidelity 
Wi-fi
Sheep + goat 
Shoat

7. Back-formations
Definition: Creative reduction due to incorrect
morphological analysis.


Examples:

editor (1649)
 edit (1791)

television (1907)
 televise (1927)

Paramedical (1921)
 paramedic (1967)

8. Acronyms
Definition: Words derived from the initial letters of several
words and use them as a new word


Examples:

Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Treats
 SWOT

Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus
 SCUBA

9. Onomatopoeia
Definition: Words created to sound like the thing
that they name.
English

Japanese

Tagalog

Catalan

Cock-a-doo

Kokekokko

Kuk-kakauk

QuiQuiriiQui !

Meow

Nya

Niyaw

Miaauu !

10. Eponyms
Definition: a person after whom a discovery,
invention, place, etc., is named.
 Examples:

Celcius (Anders Celcius)
 Cook Islands (James Cook)


degrees

11. Toponyms
Definition: a place name, especially one derived from a
topographical feature.
 Examples:



Montana (‘mountains’ in Spanish)
Mississippi (‘big river’ in Chippewa)

Do you want to practise?
Exercises: click here


Slide 16

Unit 2: fashion victims

a quick introduction to Word Formation

Types of Word Formation: different ways
of creating new words
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

Compounding
Prefixation
Suffixation
Conversion
Clipping
Blends
Backformation
Acronyms
Onomatopoeia
Eponyms
Toponyms

1. Compounding
 Definition: Two or more words joined together

to form a new word.
 Examples:
 Home + work  homework
 Pick + pocket  pickpocket
 The meaning of a compound is not always the
sum of the meanings of its parts.
 Types of compounds:
 Compound nouns
 Compound verbs
 Compound adjectives

Compound Nouns
1. Boyfriend, hatchback

1. Noun + Noun

2. Cut-throat, breakfast

2. Verb + Noun

3. Sunshine, birth control

3. Noun + Verb

4. Software, fast food

4. Adjective + Noun

5. In-crowd, overkill

5. Particle + Noun

6. Drop-out, put-on

6. Verb + Particle

Compound Verbs
1. Carbon-copy, sky-dive

1. Noun + Verb

2. Fine-tune

2. Adjective + Verb

3. Overwork

3. Particle + Verb

4. Bad-mouth

4. Adjective + Noun

Compound Adjectives
1. Capital-intensive

1. Noun + Adjective

2. Deaf-mute

2. Adjective + Adjective

3. Coffee-table

3. Noun + Noun

4. Roll-neck

4. Verb + Noun

5. White-collar

5. Adjective + Noun

6. Before-tax

6. Particle + Noun

7. Go-go

7. Verb-verb

2. Prefixation
 Class-changing prefixes:




abeen-





asleep
bewitch
enslave

 Verb to Adjective
 Noun to Verb
 Noun to Verb

 Class-maintaining prefixes:




inforeEtc.




indefinite
foreground

 Adj to Adj
 Noun to N

3. Suffixation
 Suffixes forming Nouns

N from N: -dom  kingdom
 N from V: -ee  employee
 N from Adj: -ce  dependence
 Suffixes forming Verbs
 V from N: -ify  beautify
 V from Adj: -en  shorten
 Suffixes forming adjectives
 Adj from N: -al  educational
 Adj from V: -able  understandable
 Adj from Adj: -ish  greenish
 Suffixes forming Adverbs: -ly, -ward, and –wise.


4. Conversion
 Definition: Assigning an already existing word to a

new syntactic category.
 Types of Conversion





Verb to Noun: to hit  a hit
Adj to N: a final game  a final
N to V: a sign  to sign
Adj to V: an empty box  to empty

5. Clipping
Definition: Shortening a polysyllabic word by
deleting one or more syllables
 Examples:
 Gasoline  Gas
 Hamburger  Burger
 delicatessen 
deli
 microphone  mike

6. Blends
Definition: Similar to compounds, but parts of
the words are deleted.


Examples:





Motor + hotel  Motel
Breakfast + lunch  Brunch
Wireless + Fidelity 
Wi-fi
Sheep + goat 
Shoat

7. Back-formations
Definition: Creative reduction due to incorrect
morphological analysis.


Examples:

editor (1649)
 edit (1791)

television (1907)
 televise (1927)

Paramedical (1921)
 paramedic (1967)

8. Acronyms
Definition: Words derived from the initial letters of several
words and use them as a new word


Examples:

Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Treats
 SWOT

Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus
 SCUBA

9. Onomatopoeia
Definition: Words created to sound like the thing
that they name.
English

Japanese

Tagalog

Catalan

Cock-a-doo

Kokekokko

Kuk-kakauk

QuiQuiriiQui !

Meow

Nya

Niyaw

Miaauu !

10. Eponyms
Definition: a person after whom a discovery,
invention, place, etc., is named.
 Examples:

Celcius (Anders Celcius)
 Cook Islands (James Cook)


degrees

11. Toponyms
Definition: a place name, especially one derived from a
topographical feature.
 Examples:



Montana (‘mountains’ in Spanish)
Mississippi (‘big river’ in Chippewa)

Do you want to practise?
Exercises: click here


Slide 17

Unit 2: fashion victims

a quick introduction to Word Formation

Types of Word Formation: different ways
of creating new words
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

Compounding
Prefixation
Suffixation
Conversion
Clipping
Blends
Backformation
Acronyms
Onomatopoeia
Eponyms
Toponyms

1. Compounding
 Definition: Two or more words joined together

to form a new word.
 Examples:
 Home + work  homework
 Pick + pocket  pickpocket
 The meaning of a compound is not always the
sum of the meanings of its parts.
 Types of compounds:
 Compound nouns
 Compound verbs
 Compound adjectives

Compound Nouns
1. Boyfriend, hatchback

1. Noun + Noun

2. Cut-throat, breakfast

2. Verb + Noun

3. Sunshine, birth control

3. Noun + Verb

4. Software, fast food

4. Adjective + Noun

5. In-crowd, overkill

5. Particle + Noun

6. Drop-out, put-on

6. Verb + Particle

Compound Verbs
1. Carbon-copy, sky-dive

1. Noun + Verb

2. Fine-tune

2. Adjective + Verb

3. Overwork

3. Particle + Verb

4. Bad-mouth

4. Adjective + Noun

Compound Adjectives
1. Capital-intensive

1. Noun + Adjective

2. Deaf-mute

2. Adjective + Adjective

3. Coffee-table

3. Noun + Noun

4. Roll-neck

4. Verb + Noun

5. White-collar

5. Adjective + Noun

6. Before-tax

6. Particle + Noun

7. Go-go

7. Verb-verb

2. Prefixation
 Class-changing prefixes:




abeen-





asleep
bewitch
enslave

 Verb to Adjective
 Noun to Verb
 Noun to Verb

 Class-maintaining prefixes:




inforeEtc.




indefinite
foreground

 Adj to Adj
 Noun to N

3. Suffixation
 Suffixes forming Nouns

N from N: -dom  kingdom
 N from V: -ee  employee
 N from Adj: -ce  dependence
 Suffixes forming Verbs
 V from N: -ify  beautify
 V from Adj: -en  shorten
 Suffixes forming adjectives
 Adj from N: -al  educational
 Adj from V: -able  understandable
 Adj from Adj: -ish  greenish
 Suffixes forming Adverbs: -ly, -ward, and –wise.


4. Conversion
 Definition: Assigning an already existing word to a

new syntactic category.
 Types of Conversion





Verb to Noun: to hit  a hit
Adj to N: a final game  a final
N to V: a sign  to sign
Adj to V: an empty box  to empty

5. Clipping
Definition: Shortening a polysyllabic word by
deleting one or more syllables
 Examples:
 Gasoline  Gas
 Hamburger  Burger
 delicatessen 
deli
 microphone  mike

6. Blends
Definition: Similar to compounds, but parts of
the words are deleted.


Examples:





Motor + hotel  Motel
Breakfast + lunch  Brunch
Wireless + Fidelity 
Wi-fi
Sheep + goat 
Shoat

7. Back-formations
Definition: Creative reduction due to incorrect
morphological analysis.


Examples:

editor (1649)
 edit (1791)

television (1907)
 televise (1927)

Paramedical (1921)
 paramedic (1967)

8. Acronyms
Definition: Words derived from the initial letters of several
words and use them as a new word


Examples:

Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Treats
 SWOT

Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus
 SCUBA

9. Onomatopoeia
Definition: Words created to sound like the thing
that they name.
English

Japanese

Tagalog

Catalan

Cock-a-doo

Kokekokko

Kuk-kakauk

QuiQuiriiQui !

Meow

Nya

Niyaw

Miaauu !

10. Eponyms
Definition: a person after whom a discovery,
invention, place, etc., is named.
 Examples:

Celcius (Anders Celcius)
 Cook Islands (James Cook)


degrees

11. Toponyms
Definition: a place name, especially one derived from a
topographical feature.
 Examples:



Montana (‘mountains’ in Spanish)
Mississippi (‘big river’ in Chippewa)

Do you want to practise?
Exercises: click here