Cuba Water/Wastewater Infrastructure Assessment Committee Water and Wastewater Priorities and CostBenefit Considerations: A “Work-In-Progress” To: Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy (A.S.C.E.) Miami, Florida August 1,
Download ReportTranscript Cuba Water/Wastewater Infrastructure Assessment Committee Water and Wastewater Priorities and CostBenefit Considerations: A “Work-In-Progress” To: Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy (A.S.C.E.) Miami, Florida August 1,
Slide 1
Cuba Water/Wastewater
Infrastructure
Assessment Committee
Water and Wastewater Priorities and CostBenefit Considerations:
A “Work-In-Progress”
To:
Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy (A.S.C.E.)
Miami, Florida
August 1, 2009
By:
Armando I. Perez, Roberto Cardona, Luis Locay and
Helena Solo-Gabriele
Slide 2
Disclaimer
The opinions expressed in this
presentation are those of the authors
and do not necessarily represent the
views of their employers or of their
sponsoring engineering societies.
Authors’ knowledge of Cuba is
based on limited information
available mostly on the Internet and
personal communication with
Cubans now living in Florida.
Slide 3
Outline of Presentation
“Big Picture” water resources issues
Eight (8) Priority watersheds
Almendares/vento watershed issues
– Protection of water sources from
wastewater
– Treatment and distribution of potable water
Cotorro case study: cost-benefit
considerations
Conclusions
Slide 4
Source Water
Total water use (potential $1 to 4 billion/yr industry)
– 5.2 billion m3 (Cereijo ed. 1992)
– 1.6 billion m3/yr (11.5 M people at 100 gpd)
64% groundwater (Cereijo ed. 1992)
Groundwater predominates in western provinces, surface
water in eastern provinces
Susceptible to saltwater intrusion
Use approaching
“safe yield” (sustainable
supply)
Slide 5
Eight (8) Watersheds of National Interest
• 15 % of Cuba’ Surface
• 40 % of Cuba’s Population
• 60% of Cuba’s Fundamental Economic Activity
• 11 Provinces (Some Straddling)
• 6 Have Watershed Councils (Handle Straddles)
Source: Jorge Mario Garcia Fernández (Director Watershed INRH), “Cuban Experiences in the Institutionalization
of Integrated Management of Watersheds, “Voluntad Hidráulica (INRH Journal), No. 98, pp 15-28
Slide 6
Ariguanabo (90K):
Contamination of
Rivers (connection to
groundwater supply).
Deforestation. Poor
drainage.
Almendares-Vento (570K):
Contamination of Almendares River
(connection to groundwater supply).
Erosion
1420 /km2
480 /km2
Toa (12K): Ecological diversity.
Contamination (29 sources).
Deforestation. Erosion
Cuyaguateje (40K):
Poor drainage, salt
water intrusion.
Erosion
Hanabanilla (7K):
Erosion
Zaza (264K): Contamination (94
sources). Deforestation. Erosion
Cauto (1,170K): Contamination
(652 sources). Poor drainage.
Erosion
122 /km2
Guantanamo-Guaso (410K):
Drought. Salt accumulation
175 /km2
Slide 7
Hierarchical Approach to Water
Management Cycle
Treat Water
to Prevent
• acute
illness
• long-term
illness and
• improve
aesthetics
Treatment and
Distribution
Potable
Water
Distribution
Identify/
Protect
Water
Source
Protect Water
Source
Wastewater
Collection
Effluent
Disposal
Wastewater
Treatment
Slide 8
Source Water: Almendares-Vento
Vento Aquifer serves 47% of
Havana Population
Located directly
beneath the Almendares River
ALMENDARES RIVER
RESERVOIR
VENTO AQUIFER
Slide 9
Major Contaminant Sources
Papelera Nacional Cubana
Near Puentes Grandes
Almendares River
Reservoir
Vento
Aquifer
Slide 10
Sanitary Sewer Networks
Alamar (96K)
No Treatment
Central (945K)
Primary
Puentes Grandes ?(200K)
No Treatment
1946, Sewer Construction
U.Miami Photo Archive
Lower
Almendares
(103K)
No Treatment
Maria del Carmen (23K)
Primary and Secondary
Planta Quibu,
Cubagua 2007
San Pedro
Pump
Station
Cotorro (20K -75K)
No Treatment
Slide 11
Wastewater Priorities
Rehabilitate & Expand
Sewer Lines
Central (945K)
Primary
San Pedro Pump, 2008
Investigate Puentes Grandes
and Lower Almendares
Networks
Investigate Industry
Pre-Treatment
San Pedro Pump Station, 2008
Repair and
Expand
Calle 100
Landfill
Cotorro WW(75K)
Domestic + Industrial
Repair and Expand
Maria del Carmen
(23K 73K)
Primary and Secondary
Antillana de Acero
BMP Agriculture
Slide 12
Water Distribution
West
(447K)
3.3 m3/d
Central
(817K)
5,2 m3/d
Water Rations
(Perez Martinez 2003)
East (546K)
5,0 m3/d
South (370K)
2.0 m3/d
Water Distribution Map
for Havana, 1899
Slide 13
Water Priorities
• Repair leaks in
transmission and
distribution system.
Adding valves and
metering Improve
interconnectedness
of the networks.
• Back up electricity
and pumps (with
surge suppressors).
• Repair chlorination
equipment.
Repair Chlorine
Production Facility
at Sagua la Grande
Trucks/fuel to
transport chlorine
Slide 14
Background: Cotorro, Cuba
Approximate land area is
65.7 km2
The town's population comprises
approximately 74,500 inhabitants
~ 50% of land used for
agriculture
Slide 15
Location Of Proposed Wastewater
Plant For Cotorro
San Pedro Pump Station
Slide 16
4 Phase Design for Cotorro WWTP
Phase 1
• Repair Pump
Station
$2.3 Million
Phase 2
•
•
•
•
Screening
Grit Removal
Sedimentation
Disinfection
$24 Million
Phase 3
Phase 4
• Biological
Treatment
• Sedimentation
$18 Million
• Tertiary
Treatment
$3 Million
Slide 17
Top View Schematic of Cotorro Plant
Phase
2
Phase
3
Phase
4
Slide 18
Cotorro Wastewater Costs and Benefits
Alternative
Description
Cost
(U.S. $)
Benefit to San
Francisco River
Benefit to Cojimar River
Comments
A
No action
(discharge without
treatment to San
Francisco River)
$0
(but cost of
alternative
supply high)
Status quo: threat
to drinking water
and ecology
N/A
Not acceptable
B
Diversion to
Cojimar River
without treatment
$ 2.3 M
($330K for
electric
controls)
Removal of
public health
threat
Impairment: threaten even
Class “C” uses (transit and
irrigation), against
“environmental justice”
(dumping)
Not acceptable
C
Diverison with
Primary
Treatment
$ 26 M
Removal of
public health
threat
Impairment: may not meet
Class “C” uses, against
environmental justice
Acceptability
questionable
D
Diversion with
Secondary
Treatment
$ 44 M
Removal of
public health
threat
Allow Class “B” uses:
transit, irrigation,
consumption of raw
products, recreation
Acceptable
E
Diversion with
Tertiary Treatment
$ 47 M
Removal of
public health
threat
Allow Class “A” uses:
Class “B” uses plus public
water supply, industrial
use for food processing
Acceptable
Slide 19
Methodologies for Incremental Benefits to
San Francisco River/Vento Aquifer Watershed
Benefit
Methodology
Data Needed
Removal of public health
threat (value of work
productivity loss avoided
in “nuisance” case).
Productivity loss avoided = average
income*average work days*percent
work days missed*area
population*percent of population in
work force (a)
• Income
• Work days per year
• Percent work days missed (from survey of
experts)
• Area population served by Vento Aquifer
• Percent of population in work force (from
demographic studies)
Removal of public health
threat (cost avoided of
alternative supply in
“extreme” case).
Cost avoided of alternative water
supply/treatment (potentially
desalination)*probability of
occurrence
• Flow supplied by Vento Aquifer to service
population
• Cost of desalination facilities for that flow
• Probability of ruining aquifer (survey of experts)
(a)
Reference: “Cost-Benefit Analysis for Implementing the West Coast Sewerage Project Under a Public-Private
Partnership Arrangement,” Final Report to Barbados Water Authority, CDM, May 2008.
Slide 20
Methodologies for Incremental Benefits to
Cojimar River Watershed
Benefit
Methodology
Data Needed
Allow Transit
Assign economic value
to incremental transit
activities (if any) enabled
by diversion of flow
• List of current transit activities
• Estimate of additional transit activities from new flow
• Economic value of additional activities
Irrigation
Cost avoided of use of
potable water
• Irrigation demand in Cojimar watershed and quality required
• Comparison of demand vs. diversion supply and quality
• Cost of treating offset amount of potable water
Consumption of Raw
Products
Assign economic value
to products
• Number of days per year consumption would be prohibited
(survey of experts)
• Economic value of raw water products (fisheries studies)
Recreation
Economic value of beach
closings avoided
• Number of days per year beach would be closed otherwise
(survey of experts)
• Tourist visits and “willingness to pay”
• Resident visits and “willingness to pay”
Public Water Supply
Cost avoided of use of
current potable water
less cost of polishing this
diversion flow
• Population and water demand in Cojimar watershed
• Comparison of demand with diversion flow
• Treatment costs for current supply and diversion flow
Industrial Use for
Food Processing
Cost avoided of use of
current potable water
less cost of polishing this
diversion flow
• Industrial demand and quality requirements in Cojimar watershed
• Comparison of demand with diversion flow
• Treatment costs for current supply and diversion flow
Slide 21
Conclusions and Recommendations
8 priority watersheds (15% of country’s area)
Almendares-Vento watershed (Havana) is best
documented
Highest wastewater priorities:
– Upper Almendares cleanup: Protect water source
– Mid-Almendares: Repair Maria del Carmen Wastewater Plant
– Northern Coast: Rehab outfall pipe
Highest water priorities:
–
–
–
–
–
Repair chlorine (disinfectant) facility at Sagua
Upgrade electrical service (backups): Avoid pressure losses
Repair chlorination equipment
Upgrade pumps and surge suppressors
Repair leaks (costly)
Improve benefit-cost analysis with local data: Guide to
refine priorities
Slide 22
Questions?
Acknowledgments
Juan Belt of USAID
• Pete Robinson of Hazen and Sawyer
• U.Miami Student Groups, Cristina Ortega,
Karen Kajder, Reshma Ramoutar,
Omar De Leon, Jose Cueto, Tommy Kiger,
Bader Alessa
• CA-ACE Board Members: Rod Rodriguez,
Victor Pujals, Rafael Robayna, and Maria
Porrata
Slide 23
Helena to Add Google
Map Full Scale
Slide 24
Role of Committee Before and During
a Political Transition
DATA INTEGRATION PHASE
…
ANALYSIS PHASE
ADVISORY PHASE
COMMITTEE’S WORK
BEFORE TRANSITION
TRANSITION
ADVICE
U.S. AND CUBAN
AGENCIES
ADVICE
U.S. AGENCIES ONLY
Slide 25
Purpose of Presentation
Summary of island-wide priorities
Focus on Havana area issues
Sample of cost-benefit methodology as
guide for setting priorities
Conclusions on Havana area priorities
Cuba Water/Wastewater
Infrastructure
Assessment Committee
Water and Wastewater Priorities and CostBenefit Considerations:
A “Work-In-Progress”
To:
Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy (A.S.C.E.)
Miami, Florida
August 1, 2009
By:
Armando I. Perez, Roberto Cardona, Luis Locay and
Helena Solo-Gabriele
Slide 2
Disclaimer
The opinions expressed in this
presentation are those of the authors
and do not necessarily represent the
views of their employers or of their
sponsoring engineering societies.
Authors’ knowledge of Cuba is
based on limited information
available mostly on the Internet and
personal communication with
Cubans now living in Florida.
Slide 3
Outline of Presentation
“Big Picture” water resources issues
Eight (8) Priority watersheds
Almendares/vento watershed issues
– Protection of water sources from
wastewater
– Treatment and distribution of potable water
Cotorro case study: cost-benefit
considerations
Conclusions
Slide 4
Source Water
Total water use (potential $1 to 4 billion/yr industry)
– 5.2 billion m3 (Cereijo ed. 1992)
– 1.6 billion m3/yr (11.5 M people at 100 gpd)
64% groundwater (Cereijo ed. 1992)
Groundwater predominates in western provinces, surface
water in eastern provinces
Susceptible to saltwater intrusion
Use approaching
“safe yield” (sustainable
supply)
Slide 5
Eight (8) Watersheds of National Interest
• 15 % of Cuba’ Surface
• 40 % of Cuba’s Population
• 60% of Cuba’s Fundamental Economic Activity
• 11 Provinces (Some Straddling)
• 6 Have Watershed Councils (Handle Straddles)
Source: Jorge Mario Garcia Fernández (Director Watershed INRH), “Cuban Experiences in the Institutionalization
of Integrated Management of Watersheds, “Voluntad Hidráulica (INRH Journal), No. 98, pp 15-28
Slide 6
Ariguanabo (90K):
Contamination of
Rivers (connection to
groundwater supply).
Deforestation. Poor
drainage.
Almendares-Vento (570K):
Contamination of Almendares River
(connection to groundwater supply).
Erosion
1420 /km2
480 /km2
Toa (12K): Ecological diversity.
Contamination (29 sources).
Deforestation. Erosion
Cuyaguateje (40K):
Poor drainage, salt
water intrusion.
Erosion
Hanabanilla (7K):
Erosion
Zaza (264K): Contamination (94
sources). Deforestation. Erosion
Cauto (1,170K): Contamination
(652 sources). Poor drainage.
Erosion
122 /km2
Guantanamo-Guaso (410K):
Drought. Salt accumulation
175 /km2
Slide 7
Hierarchical Approach to Water
Management Cycle
Treat Water
to Prevent
• acute
illness
• long-term
illness and
• improve
aesthetics
Treatment and
Distribution
Potable
Water
Distribution
Identify/
Protect
Water
Source
Protect Water
Source
Wastewater
Collection
Effluent
Disposal
Wastewater
Treatment
Slide 8
Source Water: Almendares-Vento
Vento Aquifer serves 47% of
Havana Population
Located directly
beneath the Almendares River
ALMENDARES RIVER
RESERVOIR
VENTO AQUIFER
Slide 9
Major Contaminant Sources
Papelera Nacional Cubana
Near Puentes Grandes
Almendares River
Reservoir
Vento
Aquifer
Slide 10
Sanitary Sewer Networks
Alamar (96K)
No Treatment
Central (945K)
Primary
Puentes Grandes ?(200K)
No Treatment
1946, Sewer Construction
U.Miami Photo Archive
Lower
Almendares
(103K)
No Treatment
Maria del Carmen (23K)
Primary and Secondary
Planta Quibu,
Cubagua 2007
San Pedro
Pump
Station
Cotorro (20K -75K)
No Treatment
Slide 11
Wastewater Priorities
Rehabilitate & Expand
Sewer Lines
Central (945K)
Primary
San Pedro Pump, 2008
Investigate Puentes Grandes
and Lower Almendares
Networks
Investigate Industry
Pre-Treatment
San Pedro Pump Station, 2008
Repair and
Expand
Calle 100
Landfill
Cotorro WW(75K)
Domestic + Industrial
Repair and Expand
Maria del Carmen
(23K 73K)
Primary and Secondary
Antillana de Acero
BMP Agriculture
Slide 12
Water Distribution
West
(447K)
3.3 m3/d
Central
(817K)
5,2 m3/d
Water Rations
(Perez Martinez 2003)
East (546K)
5,0 m3/d
South (370K)
2.0 m3/d
Water Distribution Map
for Havana, 1899
Slide 13
Water Priorities
• Repair leaks in
transmission and
distribution system.
Adding valves and
metering Improve
interconnectedness
of the networks.
• Back up electricity
and pumps (with
surge suppressors).
• Repair chlorination
equipment.
Repair Chlorine
Production Facility
at Sagua la Grande
Trucks/fuel to
transport chlorine
Slide 14
Background: Cotorro, Cuba
Approximate land area is
65.7 km2
The town's population comprises
approximately 74,500 inhabitants
~ 50% of land used for
agriculture
Slide 15
Location Of Proposed Wastewater
Plant For Cotorro
San Pedro Pump Station
Slide 16
4 Phase Design for Cotorro WWTP
Phase 1
• Repair Pump
Station
$2.3 Million
Phase 2
•
•
•
•
Screening
Grit Removal
Sedimentation
Disinfection
$24 Million
Phase 3
Phase 4
• Biological
Treatment
• Sedimentation
$18 Million
• Tertiary
Treatment
$3 Million
Slide 17
Top View Schematic of Cotorro Plant
Phase
2
Phase
3
Phase
4
Slide 18
Cotorro Wastewater Costs and Benefits
Alternative
Description
Cost
(U.S. $)
Benefit to San
Francisco River
Benefit to Cojimar River
Comments
A
No action
(discharge without
treatment to San
Francisco River)
$0
(but cost of
alternative
supply high)
Status quo: threat
to drinking water
and ecology
N/A
Not acceptable
B
Diversion to
Cojimar River
without treatment
$ 2.3 M
($330K for
electric
controls)
Removal of
public health
threat
Impairment: threaten even
Class “C” uses (transit and
irrigation), against
“environmental justice”
(dumping)
Not acceptable
C
Diverison with
Primary
Treatment
$ 26 M
Removal of
public health
threat
Impairment: may not meet
Class “C” uses, against
environmental justice
Acceptability
questionable
D
Diversion with
Secondary
Treatment
$ 44 M
Removal of
public health
threat
Allow Class “B” uses:
transit, irrigation,
consumption of raw
products, recreation
Acceptable
E
Diversion with
Tertiary Treatment
$ 47 M
Removal of
public health
threat
Allow Class “A” uses:
Class “B” uses plus public
water supply, industrial
use for food processing
Acceptable
Slide 19
Methodologies for Incremental Benefits to
San Francisco River/Vento Aquifer Watershed
Benefit
Methodology
Data Needed
Removal of public health
threat (value of work
productivity loss avoided
in “nuisance” case).
Productivity loss avoided = average
income*average work days*percent
work days missed*area
population*percent of population in
work force (a)
• Income
• Work days per year
• Percent work days missed (from survey of
experts)
• Area population served by Vento Aquifer
• Percent of population in work force (from
demographic studies)
Removal of public health
threat (cost avoided of
alternative supply in
“extreme” case).
Cost avoided of alternative water
supply/treatment (potentially
desalination)*probability of
occurrence
• Flow supplied by Vento Aquifer to service
population
• Cost of desalination facilities for that flow
• Probability of ruining aquifer (survey of experts)
(a)
Reference: “Cost-Benefit Analysis for Implementing the West Coast Sewerage Project Under a Public-Private
Partnership Arrangement,” Final Report to Barbados Water Authority, CDM, May 2008.
Slide 20
Methodologies for Incremental Benefits to
Cojimar River Watershed
Benefit
Methodology
Data Needed
Allow Transit
Assign economic value
to incremental transit
activities (if any) enabled
by diversion of flow
• List of current transit activities
• Estimate of additional transit activities from new flow
• Economic value of additional activities
Irrigation
Cost avoided of use of
potable water
• Irrigation demand in Cojimar watershed and quality required
• Comparison of demand vs. diversion supply and quality
• Cost of treating offset amount of potable water
Consumption of Raw
Products
Assign economic value
to products
• Number of days per year consumption would be prohibited
(survey of experts)
• Economic value of raw water products (fisheries studies)
Recreation
Economic value of beach
closings avoided
• Number of days per year beach would be closed otherwise
(survey of experts)
• Tourist visits and “willingness to pay”
• Resident visits and “willingness to pay”
Public Water Supply
Cost avoided of use of
current potable water
less cost of polishing this
diversion flow
• Population and water demand in Cojimar watershed
• Comparison of demand with diversion flow
• Treatment costs for current supply and diversion flow
Industrial Use for
Food Processing
Cost avoided of use of
current potable water
less cost of polishing this
diversion flow
• Industrial demand and quality requirements in Cojimar watershed
• Comparison of demand with diversion flow
• Treatment costs for current supply and diversion flow
Slide 21
Conclusions and Recommendations
8 priority watersheds (15% of country’s area)
Almendares-Vento watershed (Havana) is best
documented
Highest wastewater priorities:
– Upper Almendares cleanup: Protect water source
– Mid-Almendares: Repair Maria del Carmen Wastewater Plant
– Northern Coast: Rehab outfall pipe
Highest water priorities:
–
–
–
–
–
Repair chlorine (disinfectant) facility at Sagua
Upgrade electrical service (backups): Avoid pressure losses
Repair chlorination equipment
Upgrade pumps and surge suppressors
Repair leaks (costly)
Improve benefit-cost analysis with local data: Guide to
refine priorities
Slide 22
Questions?
Acknowledgments
Juan Belt of USAID
• Pete Robinson of Hazen and Sawyer
• U.Miami Student Groups, Cristina Ortega,
Karen Kajder, Reshma Ramoutar,
Omar De Leon, Jose Cueto, Tommy Kiger,
Bader Alessa
• CA-ACE Board Members: Rod Rodriguez,
Victor Pujals, Rafael Robayna, and Maria
Porrata
Slide 23
Helena to Add Google
Map Full Scale
Slide 24
Role of Committee Before and During
a Political Transition
DATA INTEGRATION PHASE
…
ANALYSIS PHASE
ADVISORY PHASE
COMMITTEE’S WORK
BEFORE TRANSITION
TRANSITION
ADVICE
U.S. AND CUBAN
AGENCIES
ADVICE
U.S. AGENCIES ONLY
Slide 25
Purpose of Presentation
Summary of island-wide priorities
Focus on Havana area issues
Sample of cost-benefit methodology as
guide for setting priorities
Conclusions on Havana area priorities