Food, diet and digestive system. • We need food for energy. Our body uses energy to function.
Download ReportTranscript Food, diet and digestive system. • We need food for energy. Our body uses energy to function.
Slide 1
Food, diet and
digestive system.
Slide 2
• We need food for
energy.
Our body uses energy to function.
Slide 3
• When we exercise additional energy is needed.
– This energy initially comes from
carbohydrates.
– When our carbohydrates run out the body
uses fats.
Slide 4
• We also need food for
growht and repair.
And to
be healthy.
Slide 5
Slide 6
Why do we need vitamins and
minerals?
• Why do we need
minerals?
• We need Calcium for bones
• We need Iron in order that red
blood cells will be able to
transport oxygen and CO2
• We need Fluorine for healthy
teeth
• We need common salt
(sodium chloride) for
physiological processes in
cells
• We need Potassium for
kidney functions
• Why do we need
vitamins?
• If you don’t have enough
vitamins, you can suffer from :
• Vit. A : unhealthy skin, poor
night vision
• Vit. B: Retardeed growth,
and a deficience disease
called beri-beri
• Vit. C: scurvy (escorbuto)
• Vit. D: rickets (raquitismo)
Slide 7
Water functions
http://www.ener-gie.com/h2o-water_molecule.html
http://www.advancedhealthplan.com/Mayo_Clinic_Water.html
Slide 8
Why do we need water?
• In our cells, chemical reactions take place
in water
• Waste chemicals are diluted in water in
our body in order to be passed out of our
bodies
• Blood transport substances are dissolved
in water
Slide 9
a)
No.
To digest fibre, the enzyme cellulase must be present to break down cellulose,
which compose the cell wall. In our digestive system, we can't synthesis this
enzyme. Thus, we can't digest fibre.
http://www.helpwithcooking.com/nutrition-information/dietary-fibre.htm
http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20070827021030AA78Smu
l
Guess the questions
b)
The main function of fibre is to keep the digestive system healthy
and functioning properly. Fibre aids and speeds up the excretion
of waste and toxins from the body, preventing constipation.
Slide 10
a) Can we digest fibre?
No.
To digest fibre, the enzyme cellulase must be present to break down cellulose,
which compose the cell wall. In our digestive system, we can't synthesis this
enzyme. Thus, we can't digest fibre.
http://www.helpwithcooking.com/nutrition-information/dietary-fibre.htm
http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20070827021030AA78Smu
l
Guess the questions
b)
The main function of fibre is to keep the digestive system healthy
and functioning properly. Fibre aids and speeds up the excretion
of waste and toxins from the body, preventing constipation.
Slide 11
a) Can we digest fibre?
No.
To digest fibre, the enzyme cellulase must be present to break down cellulose,
which compose the cell wall. In our digestive system, we can't synthesis this
enzyme. Thus, we can't digest fibre.
http://www.helpwithcooking.com/nutrition-information/dietary-fibre.htm
http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20070827021030AA78Smu
l
Guess the questions
b) What is the function of fibre?
The main function of fibre is to keep the digestive system healthy
and functioning properly. Fibre aids and speeds up the excretion
of waste and toxins from the body, preventing constipation.
Slide 12
Slide 13
Balanced diet
Slide 14
Slide 15
DISEASES
•
•
•
•
Cardiovascular diseases
Anorexia
Bulimia
Obesity
Slide 16
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Obesity
Excess of fat in adipose
tissues
Levels have been rising since
the 1980s
1 in 4 Americans is now obese
Possible reasons for the rise
-Increased portion sizes
-Increased intake of refined
carbohydrates (may also
be implicated in rising rates
of diabetes)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Digestion
• Digestion is the breakdown of large food
molecules into small food mollecules in
the digestive system, so that they can be
absorbed into the bloodstream and
carried to every cell of the body.
Slide 23
Digestive system
• Digestive truct
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestines
Large intestines
Rectum and anus
• Glands
Salivary glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Slide 24
Mouth--chewing
Path of Food
Pharynx--conscious swallowing
Esophagus--transport to stomach
Stomach--mechanical
and chemical breakdown
Small Intestines-chemical digestion and absorption
Large Intestines-resorb water, form feces
Rectum---collect and expel feces
Slide 25
Slide 26
Slide 27
Mechanical and
chemical digestion
start in the mouth.
Saliva contains the enzyme amylase ( it breaks down starch into sugar).
Saliva also contains mucus which lubricates the food and helps it pass down the oesophagus.
http://www.passmyexams.co.uk/GCSE/biology/digestive_system.html
MOUTH
Slide 28
The oesophagus has circular muscles in the wall.
These muscles contract behind the bolus to push it
along and the muscles in front of the food relax.
This way food passes along the oesophagus to
thestomach. This movement is known as
peristalsis.
http://www.passmyexams.co.uk/GCSE/biology/digestive_system.html
Peristalsis
Slide 29
Enzymes
are chemicals that break down
large food molecules
into small food molecules.
http://www.passmyexams.co.uk/GCSE/biology/digestive_system.html
Enzymes in digestion.
Slide 30
STOMACH FUNCTION
–Mechanical and chemical
breakdown of food
– Protein breakdown-pepsin secreted by
epithelial lining
– Acidic conditions--for
pepsin to work and to
kill bacteria
The gastric juices contain protease enzymes and hydrochloric acid
Slide 31
STOMACH
– From esophagus
(cardiac orifice)
– To small intestine
(pyloric sphincter)
Slide 32
Slide 33
INTESTINES
• Small Intestine
Duodenum / Jejunum / Ileum
• Large Intestines
Absorption of
nutrients
Resorption of water
Cecum, colon, rectum and anal canal.
the ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon, and the sigmoid colon.
Slide 34
Small Intestine:
Modifications for absorption
Microvilli:
Increase surface a
Modifications
decrease distally
Length
Increase surface area
Transverse ridges of mucosa
Increase surface area
Villi
Move chyme, increase contact
Slide 35
Glands
Digestion function
Role in glucose metabolism
•
•
•
•
Salivary glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Slide 36
Interesting Facts about the
Digestive System…
•We eat about 500kg of food per year.
•We produce 1.7 litres of saliva each day.
•In the mouth, food is either cooled or warmed to a more suitable temperature.
•The oesophagus is approximately 25cm long.
•Muscles contract in waves to move the food down the esophageus. This means that food would get to a
person's stomach, even if they were standing on their head.
•An adults stomach can hold approximately 1.5 litres of material and produces about 2.5 litres of gastric
juice everyday.
•In an average person, it takes 8 seconds for food to travel down the food pipe, 3-5 hours in small intestine and
3-4 days in the large intestine.
•The human body takes 6 hours to digest a high fat meal and takes 2 hours for a carbohydrate meal.
•Every day 11.5 litres of digested food, liquids and digestive juices flow through the digestive system, but only
100mls is lost in faeces.
•Most of us pass somewhere between 200 and 2,000 ml of gas per day. These emissions are composed of five
gasses: nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen (H2), and methane (CH4).
Slide 37
Overview of the Digestive System 1
- the first part of the digestive system, where food enters the body. Chewing and salivary enzymes in
the mouth are the beginning of the digestive process (breaking down the food).
- glands located in the mouth that produce saliva. Saliva contains enzymes that break down
carbohydrates (starch) into smaller molecules.
- the long tube between the mouth and the stomach. It uses rhythmic muscle movements (called
peristalsis) to force food from the throat into the stomach.
- rhythmic muscle movements that force food in the esophagus from the throat into the stomach.
Peristalsis is involuntary - you cannot control it. It is also what allows you to eat and drink while
upside-down.
- a large organ located above and in front of the stomach. It filters toxins from the blood, and makes
bile (which breaks down fats) and some blood proteins.
- a sack-like, muscular organ that is attached to the esophagus. Both chemical and mechanical
digestion takes place in the stomach. When food enters the stomach, it is churned in a bath of acids
and enzymes.
2
1
3
4
5
6
Salivary glands / Stomach / Mouth / Esophageus / Peristalsis / Liver
Slide 38
Overview of the Digestive System 1
1
- the first part of the digestive system, where food enters the body. Chewing and salivary enzymes in
the mouth are the beginning of the digestive process (breaking down the food).
2
3
- glands located in the mouth that produce saliva. Saliva contains enzymes that break down
carbohydrates (starch) into smaller molecules.
- the long tube between the mouth and the stomach. It uses rhythmic muscle movements (called
peristalsis) to force food from the throat into the stomach.
4
- rhythmic muscle movements that force food in the esophagus from the throat into the stomach.
Peristalsis is involuntary - you cannot control it. It is also what allows you to eat and drink while
upside-down.
5
6
- a large organ located above and in front of the stomach. It filters toxins from the blood, and makes
bile (which breaks down fats) and some blood proteins.
- a sack-like, muscular organ that is attached to the esophagus. Both chemical and mechanical
digestion takes place in the stomach. When food enters the stomach, it is churned in a bath of acids
and enzymes.
2
1
3
4
5
6
Salivary glands / Stomach / Mouth / Esophageus / Peristalsis / Liver
Slide 39
Overview of the Digestive System 2
- food in the stomach that is partly digested and mixed with stomach acids. It goes on to the small
intestine for further digestion.
- a small, sac-like organ located by the duodenum. It stores and releases bile (a digestive chemical
which is produced in the liver) into the small intestine.
- a digestive chemical that is produced in the liver, stored in the gall bladder, and secreted into the
small intestine.
- an enzyme-producing gland located below the stomach and above the intestines. Enzymes from
the pancreas help in the digestion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in the small intestine.
- the first part of the small intestine; it is C-shaped and runs from the stomach to the jejunum.
4
5
1
2
3
Pancreas / Duodenum / Chyme / Gall bladder / Bile
Slide 40
Overview of the Digestive System 2
1
- food in the stomach that is partly digested and mixed with stomach acids. It goes on to the small
intestine for further digestion.
2
3
- a small, sac-like organ located by the duodenum. It stores and releases bile (a digestive chemical
which is produced in the liver) into the small intestine.
- a digestive chemical that is produced in the liver, stored in the gall bladder, and secreted into the
small intestine.
4
5
- an enzyme-producing gland located below the stomach and above the intestines. Enzymes from
the pancreas help in the digestion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in the small intestine.
- the first part of the small intestine; it is C-shaped and runs from the stomach to the jejunum.
4
5
1
2
3
Pancreas / Duodenum / Chyme / Gall bladder / Bile
Slide 41
The Digestive System
Slide 42
Answers
Slide 43
Overview of the Digestive
System
Ileum - the last part of the small intestine before the large intestine begins.
Cecum - the first part of the large intestine; the appendix is connected to the cecum.
Appendix - a small sac located on the cecum.
Ascending colon - the part of the large intestine that run upwards; it is located after the cecum.
Transverse colon - the part of the large intestine that runs horizontally across the abdomen.
Descending colon - the part of the large intestine that run downwards after the transverse colon and
before the sigmoid colon.
Sigmoid colon - the part of the large intestine between the descending colon and the rectum.
Rectum - the lower part of the large intestine, where faeces are stored before they are excreted.
Anus - the opening at the end of the digestive system from which faeces (waste) exits the body
Slide 44
Slide 45
Slide 46
•
We eat about 500kg of food per year.
•
We produce 1.7 litres of saliva each day.
•
In the mouth, food is either cooled or warmed to a more suitable temperature.
•
The oesophagus is approximately 25cm long.
–
Muscles contract in waves to move the food down the esophageus. This means that food would get to a person's stomach, even if
they were standing on their head.
•
An adults stomach can hold approximately 1.5 litres of material and produces about 2.5 litres of gastric
juice everyday.
•
In an average person, it takes 8 seconds for food to travel down the food pipe, 3-5 hours in small intestine and 3-4
days in the large intestine.
•
The human body takes 6 hours to digest a high fat meal and takes 2 hours for a carbohydrate meal.
•
Every day 11.5 litres of digested food, liquids and digestive juices flow through the digestive system, but only
100mls is lost in faeces.
•
Most of us pass somewhere between 200 and 2,000 ml of gas per day. These emissions are composed of five
gasses: nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen (H2), and methane (CH4).
Slide 47
Slide 48
http://biodeluna.wordpress.com/
Food, diet and
digestive system.
Slide 2
• We need food for
energy.
Our body uses energy to function.
Slide 3
• When we exercise additional energy is needed.
– This energy initially comes from
carbohydrates.
– When our carbohydrates run out the body
uses fats.
Slide 4
• We also need food for
growht and repair.
And to
be healthy.
Slide 5
Slide 6
Why do we need vitamins and
minerals?
• Why do we need
minerals?
• We need Calcium for bones
• We need Iron in order that red
blood cells will be able to
transport oxygen and CO2
• We need Fluorine for healthy
teeth
• We need common salt
(sodium chloride) for
physiological processes in
cells
• We need Potassium for
kidney functions
• Why do we need
vitamins?
• If you don’t have enough
vitamins, you can suffer from :
• Vit. A : unhealthy skin, poor
night vision
• Vit. B: Retardeed growth,
and a deficience disease
called beri-beri
• Vit. C: scurvy (escorbuto)
• Vit. D: rickets (raquitismo)
Slide 7
Water functions
http://www.ener-gie.com/h2o-water_molecule.html
http://www.advancedhealthplan.com/Mayo_Clinic_Water.html
Slide 8
Why do we need water?
• In our cells, chemical reactions take place
in water
• Waste chemicals are diluted in water in
our body in order to be passed out of our
bodies
• Blood transport substances are dissolved
in water
Slide 9
a)
No.
To digest fibre, the enzyme cellulase must be present to break down cellulose,
which compose the cell wall. In our digestive system, we can't synthesis this
enzyme. Thus, we can't digest fibre.
http://www.helpwithcooking.com/nutrition-information/dietary-fibre.htm
http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20070827021030AA78Smu
l
Guess the questions
b)
The main function of fibre is to keep the digestive system healthy
and functioning properly. Fibre aids and speeds up the excretion
of waste and toxins from the body, preventing constipation.
Slide 10
a) Can we digest fibre?
No.
To digest fibre, the enzyme cellulase must be present to break down cellulose,
which compose the cell wall. In our digestive system, we can't synthesis this
enzyme. Thus, we can't digest fibre.
http://www.helpwithcooking.com/nutrition-information/dietary-fibre.htm
http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20070827021030AA78Smu
l
Guess the questions
b)
The main function of fibre is to keep the digestive system healthy
and functioning properly. Fibre aids and speeds up the excretion
of waste and toxins from the body, preventing constipation.
Slide 11
a) Can we digest fibre?
No.
To digest fibre, the enzyme cellulase must be present to break down cellulose,
which compose the cell wall. In our digestive system, we can't synthesis this
enzyme. Thus, we can't digest fibre.
http://www.helpwithcooking.com/nutrition-information/dietary-fibre.htm
http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20070827021030AA78Smu
l
Guess the questions
b) What is the function of fibre?
The main function of fibre is to keep the digestive system healthy
and functioning properly. Fibre aids and speeds up the excretion
of waste and toxins from the body, preventing constipation.
Slide 12
Slide 13
Balanced diet
Slide 14
Slide 15
DISEASES
•
•
•
•
Cardiovascular diseases
Anorexia
Bulimia
Obesity
Slide 16
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Obesity
Excess of fat in adipose
tissues
Levels have been rising since
the 1980s
1 in 4 Americans is now obese
Possible reasons for the rise
-Increased portion sizes
-Increased intake of refined
carbohydrates (may also
be implicated in rising rates
of diabetes)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Digestion
• Digestion is the breakdown of large food
molecules into small food mollecules in
the digestive system, so that they can be
absorbed into the bloodstream and
carried to every cell of the body.
Slide 23
Digestive system
• Digestive truct
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestines
Large intestines
Rectum and anus
• Glands
Salivary glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Slide 24
Mouth--chewing
Path of Food
Pharynx--conscious swallowing
Esophagus--transport to stomach
Stomach--mechanical
and chemical breakdown
Small Intestines-chemical digestion and absorption
Large Intestines-resorb water, form feces
Rectum---collect and expel feces
Slide 25
Slide 26
Slide 27
Mechanical and
chemical digestion
start in the mouth.
Saliva contains the enzyme amylase ( it breaks down starch into sugar).
Saliva also contains mucus which lubricates the food and helps it pass down the oesophagus.
http://www.passmyexams.co.uk/GCSE/biology/digestive_system.html
MOUTH
Slide 28
The oesophagus has circular muscles in the wall.
These muscles contract behind the bolus to push it
along and the muscles in front of the food relax.
This way food passes along the oesophagus to
thestomach. This movement is known as
peristalsis.
http://www.passmyexams.co.uk/GCSE/biology/digestive_system.html
Peristalsis
Slide 29
Enzymes
are chemicals that break down
large food molecules
into small food molecules.
http://www.passmyexams.co.uk/GCSE/biology/digestive_system.html
Enzymes in digestion.
Slide 30
STOMACH FUNCTION
–Mechanical and chemical
breakdown of food
– Protein breakdown-pepsin secreted by
epithelial lining
– Acidic conditions--for
pepsin to work and to
kill bacteria
The gastric juices contain protease enzymes and hydrochloric acid
Slide 31
STOMACH
– From esophagus
(cardiac orifice)
– To small intestine
(pyloric sphincter)
Slide 32
Slide 33
INTESTINES
• Small Intestine
Duodenum / Jejunum / Ileum
• Large Intestines
Absorption of
nutrients
Resorption of water
Cecum, colon, rectum and anal canal.
the ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon, and the sigmoid colon.
Slide 34
Small Intestine:
Modifications for absorption
Microvilli:
Increase surface a
Modifications
decrease distally
Length
Increase surface area
Transverse ridges of mucosa
Increase surface area
Villi
Move chyme, increase contact
Slide 35
Glands
Digestion function
Role in glucose metabolism
•
•
•
•
Salivary glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Slide 36
Interesting Facts about the
Digestive System…
•We eat about 500kg of food per year.
•We produce 1.7 litres of saliva each day.
•In the mouth, food is either cooled or warmed to a more suitable temperature.
•The oesophagus is approximately 25cm long.
•Muscles contract in waves to move the food down the esophageus. This means that food would get to a
person's stomach, even if they were standing on their head.
•An adults stomach can hold approximately 1.5 litres of material and produces about 2.5 litres of gastric
juice everyday.
•In an average person, it takes 8 seconds for food to travel down the food pipe, 3-5 hours in small intestine and
3-4 days in the large intestine.
•The human body takes 6 hours to digest a high fat meal and takes 2 hours for a carbohydrate meal.
•Every day 11.5 litres of digested food, liquids and digestive juices flow through the digestive system, but only
100mls is lost in faeces.
•Most of us pass somewhere between 200 and 2,000 ml of gas per day. These emissions are composed of five
gasses: nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen (H2), and methane (CH4).
Slide 37
Overview of the Digestive System 1
- the first part of the digestive system, where food enters the body. Chewing and salivary enzymes in
the mouth are the beginning of the digestive process (breaking down the food).
- glands located in the mouth that produce saliva. Saliva contains enzymes that break down
carbohydrates (starch) into smaller molecules.
- the long tube between the mouth and the stomach. It uses rhythmic muscle movements (called
peristalsis) to force food from the throat into the stomach.
- rhythmic muscle movements that force food in the esophagus from the throat into the stomach.
Peristalsis is involuntary - you cannot control it. It is also what allows you to eat and drink while
upside-down.
- a large organ located above and in front of the stomach. It filters toxins from the blood, and makes
bile (which breaks down fats) and some blood proteins.
- a sack-like, muscular organ that is attached to the esophagus. Both chemical and mechanical
digestion takes place in the stomach. When food enters the stomach, it is churned in a bath of acids
and enzymes.
2
1
3
4
5
6
Salivary glands / Stomach / Mouth / Esophageus / Peristalsis / Liver
Slide 38
Overview of the Digestive System 1
1
- the first part of the digestive system, where food enters the body. Chewing and salivary enzymes in
the mouth are the beginning of the digestive process (breaking down the food).
2
3
- glands located in the mouth that produce saliva. Saliva contains enzymes that break down
carbohydrates (starch) into smaller molecules.
- the long tube between the mouth and the stomach. It uses rhythmic muscle movements (called
peristalsis) to force food from the throat into the stomach.
4
- rhythmic muscle movements that force food in the esophagus from the throat into the stomach.
Peristalsis is involuntary - you cannot control it. It is also what allows you to eat and drink while
upside-down.
5
6
- a large organ located above and in front of the stomach. It filters toxins from the blood, and makes
bile (which breaks down fats) and some blood proteins.
- a sack-like, muscular organ that is attached to the esophagus. Both chemical and mechanical
digestion takes place in the stomach. When food enters the stomach, it is churned in a bath of acids
and enzymes.
2
1
3
4
5
6
Salivary glands / Stomach / Mouth / Esophageus / Peristalsis / Liver
Slide 39
Overview of the Digestive System 2
- food in the stomach that is partly digested and mixed with stomach acids. It goes on to the small
intestine for further digestion.
- a small, sac-like organ located by the duodenum. It stores and releases bile (a digestive chemical
which is produced in the liver) into the small intestine.
- a digestive chemical that is produced in the liver, stored in the gall bladder, and secreted into the
small intestine.
- an enzyme-producing gland located below the stomach and above the intestines. Enzymes from
the pancreas help in the digestion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in the small intestine.
- the first part of the small intestine; it is C-shaped and runs from the stomach to the jejunum.
4
5
1
2
3
Pancreas / Duodenum / Chyme / Gall bladder / Bile
Slide 40
Overview of the Digestive System 2
1
- food in the stomach that is partly digested and mixed with stomach acids. It goes on to the small
intestine for further digestion.
2
3
- a small, sac-like organ located by the duodenum. It stores and releases bile (a digestive chemical
which is produced in the liver) into the small intestine.
- a digestive chemical that is produced in the liver, stored in the gall bladder, and secreted into the
small intestine.
4
5
- an enzyme-producing gland located below the stomach and above the intestines. Enzymes from
the pancreas help in the digestion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in the small intestine.
- the first part of the small intestine; it is C-shaped and runs from the stomach to the jejunum.
4
5
1
2
3
Pancreas / Duodenum / Chyme / Gall bladder / Bile
Slide 41
The Digestive System
Slide 42
Answers
Slide 43
Overview of the Digestive
System
Ileum - the last part of the small intestine before the large intestine begins.
Cecum - the first part of the large intestine; the appendix is connected to the cecum.
Appendix - a small sac located on the cecum.
Ascending colon - the part of the large intestine that run upwards; it is located after the cecum.
Transverse colon - the part of the large intestine that runs horizontally across the abdomen.
Descending colon - the part of the large intestine that run downwards after the transverse colon and
before the sigmoid colon.
Sigmoid colon - the part of the large intestine between the descending colon and the rectum.
Rectum - the lower part of the large intestine, where faeces are stored before they are excreted.
Anus - the opening at the end of the digestive system from which faeces (waste) exits the body
Slide 44
Slide 45
Slide 46
•
We eat about 500kg of food per year.
•
We produce 1.7 litres of saliva each day.
•
In the mouth, food is either cooled or warmed to a more suitable temperature.
•
The oesophagus is approximately 25cm long.
–
Muscles contract in waves to move the food down the esophageus. This means that food would get to a person's stomach, even if
they were standing on their head.
•
An adults stomach can hold approximately 1.5 litres of material and produces about 2.5 litres of gastric
juice everyday.
•
In an average person, it takes 8 seconds for food to travel down the food pipe, 3-5 hours in small intestine and 3-4
days in the large intestine.
•
The human body takes 6 hours to digest a high fat meal and takes 2 hours for a carbohydrate meal.
•
Every day 11.5 litres of digested food, liquids and digestive juices flow through the digestive system, but only
100mls is lost in faeces.
•
Most of us pass somewhere between 200 and 2,000 ml of gas per day. These emissions are composed of five
gasses: nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen (H2), and methane (CH4).
Slide 47
Slide 48
http://biodeluna.wordpress.com/