Large Boilover experiments in Japan Hiroshi Koseki National Research Institute of Fire and Disaster, Japan Tomakomai, Japan.
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Slide 1
Large Boilover experiments
in Japan
Hiroshi Koseki
National Research Institute
of Fire and Disaster, Japan
Tomakomai, Japan
Slide 2
Abstracts
• In order to know boilover phenomenon in large tanks,
large scale boilover experiments in a 5 m diameter
pan using crude oil were conducted. Initial fuel
thickness was 0.7m.
• To know repeatability we tested twice in the same
conditions.
• About 80 minutes after ignition, large boilover was
occurred. Radiation from fire increased about twenty
times as much as that of steady burnings.
• Times to boilover were within our expecting which we
obtained with smaller pans and other reports.
Slide 3
Background
Past boilover accidents in Japan
We had twice boilover accidents in Japan
(1) Ｈｅａｖｙ ｏｉｌ C, Ｙｏｋｋａｉｃｈｉ，Ｏｃｔｏｂｅｒ １５,
1954
(2) Crude oil, Ｎｉｇａｔａ，
June 1６, 1964
Ｎｉｇａｔａ, June 1964
Slide 4
Earthquake damages in Oil facilities
• In Japan we have many earthquakes in Japan
• Sometimes, oil tanks were damaged, and
some were caught fires
• Two Tomakomai fires in 2003 were reported
by Mr. Hirai
• Nigata earthquake damaged tanks and
continued more than two weeks in 1964, and
made boilover in crude oil tanks
Slide 5
Recent Fire Tests in Japan
• Joint work among NRIFD, U. Tokyo and Oil
company 20m pan fire test
• Large crude oil fire tests in 20 m pan(1997)
• Boilover tests(1999)
Tests were conducted in
Tomakomai, Hokkaido, Japan
20m pan fire test
Slide 6
Kinds of boilover
• Boilover: Fuel layer thickness is 0.55 m
Clear hot zone (isothermal zone) is made
Our target: 1) normal boilover
2) Effects of water existence
Water emulsion crude oil was burnt
• Slopover
• Frothover
• Thin-layer boilover: Fuel layer is very thin
Slide 7
Mechanism of boilover
High temperature zone was made after long
burn, and then increase its width,
Details were shown in many text books
Slide 8
Boilover test #1
Slide 9
Boilover test #2
Slide 10
1m pan boilover tests were done
in NRIFD large test facilities using several oils
Crude oil, Heavy oil made boilover
Slide 11
１ｍ pan test using Arabian crude oil
Hot zone was made in NRIFD
Slide 12
Temperature inside the liquid, using kerosene
No hot zone was made
Slide 13
Fuel property
Slide 14
Test pan
Slide 15
Temperature measurement
Thermocouples were bedded along with pan pole
Slide 16
Crude oil
• Crude oil we used, is equivalent to Arabian
light crude oil supplied by Idemitsu Oil Co.,
which is most popular crude oil.
• That is, we bought from Idemitsu Hokkaido
Refinary, in which large oil tank fires occurred
in 2003.
Slide 17
Distillation curve
equivalent to Arabian light crude oil
Slide 18
Summary of test results
Slide 19
Results-Radiation
Slide 20
Results-temperature along with pan
pole (axis)
Slide 21
Results-Fuel and water temperature
Hot zone was made and its temperature increase
Slide 22
Hot zone regression rate, thickness,
temperature vs time
Slide 23
Conclusion
Time to boilover
Time to boilover can be estimated with fuel thickness
because hot zone regression rate is known from many our
data and real accidents.
According to API data,
Time (hour)
we obtain these lines,
and our data were within
these lines.
50
時 間 (h r)
10
5
1
1
5
10
燃 焼 層 厚 さ (m )
Fuel thickness (m)
Slide 24
Conclusion
• About 70 minutes after ignition, we had boilover, and
external radiation increased about 22 times as much
as steady burning.
• We measured temperature inside the fuel, and found
that there might be three steps
1) no isothermal zone was observed
2) Isothermal zone was made, but not high
temperature
3) Then, temperature of isothermal zone increased,
and reached water layer
Slide 25
Conclusion
• Our data support results of our small test and
other group did
• Data is open, anybody can use our data,
because large boilover test is difficult to do so
often
• Publication: Fire safety Journal vol.41, 2006
• Other information is available
Contact me, [email protected]
Large Boilover experiments
in Japan
Hiroshi Koseki
National Research Institute
of Fire and Disaster, Japan
Tomakomai, Japan
Slide 2
Abstracts
• In order to know boilover phenomenon in large tanks,
large scale boilover experiments in a 5 m diameter
pan using crude oil were conducted. Initial fuel
thickness was 0.7m.
• To know repeatability we tested twice in the same
conditions.
• About 80 minutes after ignition, large boilover was
occurred. Radiation from fire increased about twenty
times as much as that of steady burnings.
• Times to boilover were within our expecting which we
obtained with smaller pans and other reports.
Slide 3
Background
Past boilover accidents in Japan
We had twice boilover accidents in Japan
(1) Ｈｅａｖｙ ｏｉｌ C, Ｙｏｋｋａｉｃｈｉ，Ｏｃｔｏｂｅｒ １５,
1954
(2) Crude oil, Ｎｉｇａｔａ，
June 1６, 1964
Ｎｉｇａｔａ, June 1964
Slide 4
Earthquake damages in Oil facilities
• In Japan we have many earthquakes in Japan
• Sometimes, oil tanks were damaged, and
some were caught fires
• Two Tomakomai fires in 2003 were reported
by Mr. Hirai
• Nigata earthquake damaged tanks and
continued more than two weeks in 1964, and
made boilover in crude oil tanks
Slide 5
Recent Fire Tests in Japan
• Joint work among NRIFD, U. Tokyo and Oil
company 20m pan fire test
• Large crude oil fire tests in 20 m pan(1997)
• Boilover tests(1999)
Tests were conducted in
Tomakomai, Hokkaido, Japan
20m pan fire test
Slide 6
Kinds of boilover
• Boilover: Fuel layer thickness is 0.55 m
Clear hot zone (isothermal zone) is made
Our target: 1) normal boilover
2) Effects of water existence
Water emulsion crude oil was burnt
• Slopover
• Frothover
• Thin-layer boilover: Fuel layer is very thin
Slide 7
Mechanism of boilover
High temperature zone was made after long
burn, and then increase its width,
Details were shown in many text books
Slide 8
Boilover test #1
Slide 9
Boilover test #2
Slide 10
1m pan boilover tests were done
in NRIFD large test facilities using several oils
Crude oil, Heavy oil made boilover
Slide 11
１ｍ pan test using Arabian crude oil
Hot zone was made in NRIFD
Slide 12
Temperature inside the liquid, using kerosene
No hot zone was made
Slide 13
Fuel property
Slide 14
Test pan
Slide 15
Temperature measurement
Thermocouples were bedded along with pan pole
Slide 16
Crude oil
• Crude oil we used, is equivalent to Arabian
light crude oil supplied by Idemitsu Oil Co.,
which is most popular crude oil.
• That is, we bought from Idemitsu Hokkaido
Refinary, in which large oil tank fires occurred
in 2003.
Slide 17
Distillation curve
equivalent to Arabian light crude oil
Slide 18
Summary of test results
Slide 19
Results-Radiation
Slide 20
Results-temperature along with pan
pole (axis)
Slide 21
Results-Fuel and water temperature
Hot zone was made and its temperature increase
Slide 22
Hot zone regression rate, thickness,
temperature vs time
Slide 23
Conclusion
Time to boilover
Time to boilover can be estimated with fuel thickness
because hot zone regression rate is known from many our
data and real accidents.
According to API data,
Time (hour)
we obtain these lines,
and our data were within
these lines.
50
時 間 (h r)
10
5
1
1
5
10
燃 焼 層 厚 さ (m )
Fuel thickness (m)
Slide 24
Conclusion
• About 70 minutes after ignition, we had boilover, and
external radiation increased about 22 times as much
as steady burning.
• We measured temperature inside the fuel, and found
that there might be three steps
1) no isothermal zone was observed
2) Isothermal zone was made, but not high
temperature
3) Then, temperature of isothermal zone increased,
and reached water layer
Slide 25
Conclusion
• Our data support results of our small test and
other group did
• Data is open, anybody can use our data,
because large boilover test is difficult to do so
often
• Publication: Fire safety Journal vol.41, 2006
• Other information is available
Contact me, [email protected]