1939-1945 A Story that Matters • Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision” – Why would Hitler regard democracy as a “cancer”? – What does Hitler mean.
Download ReportTranscript 1939-1945 A Story that Matters • Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision” – Why would Hitler regard democracy as a “cancer”? – What does Hitler mean.
Slide 1
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 2
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 3
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 4
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 5
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 6
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 7
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 8
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 9
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 10
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 11
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 12
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 13
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 14
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 15
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 16
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 17
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 18
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 19
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 20
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 21
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 22
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 23
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 24
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 25
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 26
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 27
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 28
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 29
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 30
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 31
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 32
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 33
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 34
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 35
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 36
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 37
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 2
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 3
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 4
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 5
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 6
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 7
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 8
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 9
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 10
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 11
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 12
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 13
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 14
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 15
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 16
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 17
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 18
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 19
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 20
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 21
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 22
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 23
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 24
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 25
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 26
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 27
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 28
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 29
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 30
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 31
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 32
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 33
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 34
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 35
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 36
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey
Slide 37
1939-1945
A Story that Matters
• Read p. 808 “Hitler’s Vision”
– Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
– What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization”?
– Look at the map on page 816. What countries
took part in World War II?
Voices from the Past
p. 809
The German Path to War
• The Ideas of Hitler
– Germans belonged to the
superior Aryan race
– Germany should be a great
civilization
• Needed more land to support
a larger population
– East: Prepare for war with the
Soviet Union
» Could use Slavic peoples as
slave labor to build The
Third Reich
The First Steps
• Hitler “only wanted to revise the unfair
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles”
– March 1935: Hitler announces creation of a
new Air Force and an expansion of
Germany’s army to 550,000
• Both direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles
– However, due to distractions from the Great
Depression, Britain/France/Italy did nothing
» ***Convinced Hitler that the Western states had
no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty
With No Fear of Military Force…
• Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland
– Part of Germany that was supposed to be
demilitarized (buffer zone between France)
• France had the right to use force, but wouldn’t
act without support of Britain
– Britain didn’t support (said it was a reasonable action
to militarize their own land!)
» APPEASEMENT POLICY: if European states
satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content,
and stability/peace would be achieved
Germany’s New Alliances
• Italy:
– Benito Mussolini wanted to create a new Roman
Empire and invaded Ethiopia
• Opposed by France and Britain
– Angered by this opposition, Mussolini welcomed Hitler’s
support
– New Alliance formed between Italy and Germany
• Japan:
– Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Promising a common front against Communism
• Austria:
– Threatened Austria with invasion
• Gives in and Austria puts Austrian Nazi’s in charge of
government
– Invited German troops in to “maintain law and order”
» March 13, 1938: Hitler annexed Austria to Germany
More Appeasement: The
Sudetenland
• Demanded Sudetenland (NW Czechoslovakia)
because it was inhabited largely by Germans
– Hitler declares he’ll risk “world war” to get it
• Munich Conference: Britain/France/Germany/Italy meet and
decide to meet Hitler’s demands
– Czechs abandoned and forced to stand by helplessly
– Hitler promised to make no more demands
But Hitler Wasn’t Done…
• Convinced that Western
democracies were weak &
wouldn’t fight
– Hitler invades western
Czechoslovakia and demands
Danzig (a port in Poland)
• Britain vows to defend Poland
if attacked
• Clear now that Hitler’s
promises were worthless
– However, Britain and France
realized that by now only the
Soviet Union was powerful
enough to help contain Nazi
aggression
• Start negotiating with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet dictator)
Hitler “Out-Negotiates” the West
• Feared a two-front war if the
Soviets allied themselves with
Britain/France
– Made the “Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression pact”
• Hitler offered Stalin control of
eastern Poland & the Baltic states
– Didn’t matter though, Hitler was
used to breaking promises
• Without fear of the Soviets,
Hitler invades Poland
(September 1, 1939)
– 2 days later, Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Japanese Path to War
• September 1931: Japanese had seized
Manchuria
– Used the excuse that the Chinese attacked a
Japanese Railway (in fact, the attack was
carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as
Chinese)
• Needed natural resources
– League of Nations and the U.S. very much
against Japanese occupation of Manchuria, but
neither were willing to use force
China and Japan Conflict
• Japan continues to push southward from Manchuria
– Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese Nationalist leader) decides to
fight
• Chiang lose capital city of Nanjing, but Chiang doesn’t
surrender…just moves capital south
• Raising strong criticism from the U.S.
– Japan, nontheless, demands the right to exploit the
reosurces in French Indochina
• U.S. places economic sanctions on Japan (Japan badly needed oil
and scrap iron from the U.S.)
• Japanese dilemma: To guarantee access to raw
materials it wanted in SE Asia, Japan had to risk
losing raw materials from the U.S.
– Decision: Launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
colonies in SE Asia
Important Review Questions
• In what sense was World War II a product of
World War I?
• Name 2 of Hitler’s early ideas.
• Hitler’s 3 earliest allies were…
• What was “appeasement” and how did it
encourage Hitler’s expansion?
Hitler’s Commitment
» “Voices from the Past” p. 814
• Blitzkrieg: Lightning War that used armored
columns supported by airplanes
– Europe was stunned with the speed and efficiency of
the German attack on Poland
• Sept 28, 1939: Germany divides Poland with the Soviet Union
(as promised)
• Other Early Victories for Hitler: Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and FRANCE!
– Germany occupied 3/5th’s of France (armistice signed
on June 22, 1940)
– U.S. denounced Germany’s aggression, but still followed
a policy of Isolationism under FDR
The Battle of Britain
• Germany realized they could only
defeat Britain if they controlled the air
– Luftwaffe: German Air Force
• Launched a major offensive and bombed British
air/naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and
war industries
– British fights back with determination, but still
suffered major losses
• Hitler then shifts bombings away from military targets
and towards British cities (hoping to break British
Look at the picture morale)
on
p. 815. How did
Hitler’s strategy of
attacking civilian
targets hurt, rather
than helped,
Germany’s efforts?
– However, it just allowed Britain to rebuild their air strength
quickly because military targets were not being hit
» Soon, the British Air Force was inflicting major losses
on Luftwaffe bombers (Forcing Hitler to postpone the
invasion of Britain indefinitely)
So Much for the Non-Aggression Pact:
Hitler Attacks the Soviet Union
• Hitler convinced that the only reason
Britain was remaining in the war was
because it expected Soviet support
– Invades June 22, 1941
• Thought that the Soviets could be defeated before
the brutal winter weather set in
• Successful, but not quick
– An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halts the
German advance
Japan at War
• December 7, 1941: Japanese aircraft attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
– Kills 2,402; Wounds 1,178; Destroys 19 ships/100 planes
– Other assaults on the Philippines as well
• By the spring of 1942, almost all of SE Asia & much
of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands
– Japan had hoped that their lightning strike at American
bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• However, Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about
becoming involved in the war
– Joined with European nations and nationalist China to defeat Japan
• Hitler believed that U.S. involvement in the Pacific
would make the U.S. ineffective in the European
War, so he declares war on the U.S. 4 days after
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Alliances: Who’s with who?
• Grand Alliance: Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and the U.S.
– Agreed to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered
unconditionally
• Axis Powers:
Germany
Italy
Japan
The War in Europe
• Up until 1942, it appeared that the Germans
might win on the battlefield
– However, the war would soon turn
• November 1942: British/American forces invaded French
North Africa (forcing German and Italian troops to
surrender)
• Battle of Stalingrad: Soviets defending a German attack
– German troops were stopped, encircled, and supply lines were
cut off (all in frigid winter conditions)
» Forced to surrender
– ***Importance: Puts Germany on the defensive on the Easter
Front which they will never change
Eyewitness to History
• Read p. 823 and answer
#’s 1-3
– Discuss as a class
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery
guns
13,541 artillery
guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Holocaust: Origins
• Read “Why Remember”-pg 2 of Newspaper
• Voices from the Past
– P. 824
• After the conquest of Poland, Nazis began to put
their racial program into effect
– Heinrich Himmler was in charge of removing
“inferior” Slavic people and replacing them with
Germans (“Germanization”)
• Slavs would be slave labor
The Holocaust: Racial Struggles
• Aryans vs. Jews
– The Nazi’s “Final Solution”
• Genocide: physical extermination
• Reinhard Heydrich was given the task of
administering the Final Solution
– Created special strike forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans
• Round up the Jews; Killed over 1 million total
• Followed the regular army’s advances and caught
Jews from the villages that had been passed,
execute them, and bury them in mass graves
– Read quote p. 826
• Do “Geography Skills” p. 826 #1-2
The Holocaust: Death Camps
• 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany
were rounded up, packed like cattle into freight
trains, and shipped to Poland (where there were
6 extermination centers)
– Largest: Auschwitz
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to a labor camp
where they were starved or worked to death
• Other 70% went straight to the gas chambers (some were
subjected to “medical” experiments)
• Watch “Auschwitz: If You Cried, You Died.”
– 24 minutes
First They Came…
When the Nazi’s came for the communists,
I remained silent;
I was not a communist.
Then they locked up the social democrats,
I remained silent;
I was not a social democrat.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
I did not speak out;
I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
I did not speak out;
I was not a Jew.
When they came for me,
There was no one left to speak out for me.
The Holocaust: Death Toll
• Killed between 5-6 million Jews
– 3 million of them in death camps
– Virtually, 90% of the Jewish populations of
Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany
were killed
• Also, responsible for the deliberate death
by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
least another 10 million non-Jewish people
– Mostly Gypsies and Slavic Peoples
• Read “Escaping the Nightmare” p. 14
(Newspaper)
The Holocaust: Children
• Along with women, children were usually the 1st
sent to the gas chambers (because they couldn’t
work)
– 1.2 Jewish children died
• Many were helped and hid
– Often separated from parents
• 13 million orphaned children in Europe in 1945
• The Hitler Youth Program
– Often only 14-15 years old
• Could be found on the front lines during the last year of the
war
• Read “A Story to Tell” p. 10-11 (Newspaper)
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
The War in Japan
• 1942 was the year the war
changed in the Pacific War
too
– June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway
Island
• U.S. planes attacked 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers (headed for
Hawaii!)
– Established naval superiority in
the Pacific
– U.S. policy of “Island Hopping” Kamikaze Pilots (Suicide
• Don’t sweat the small Japanese
Bombers)
bases!
Read “Connections Around the World” -Women as Spies (p.
819)
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• Allies invade Italy
– Remove Mussolini from office
• The new government offered
to surrender to the Allies
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Allied forces under General Eisenhower
landed on Normandy (France) beaches in
history’s greatest naval invasion
• Fought there way through underwater mines,
barbed wire, and massive machine gun fire
• Germans thought it was a distraction and that
the real invasion would occur elsewhere
(which slowed their response)
– Allies landed 2 million men and a ½ million
vehicles & pushed inland!
– Liberated Paris by August 1944 and advanced
into Germany by March 1945
General
Patton
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Last Years of the War (Europe)
• January 1945: Hitler is trapped!
– Moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin to
direct the final stages of the war
• Committed suicide on April 30 (2 days after Mussolini had been
shot by Italian resistance fighters)
The Führer’s Bunker
• Watch “The Last Days of Hitler” from DVD 2 of
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II
Yalta Conference:
February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
Stalin only original.
The United States
has the A-bomb.
Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Last Years of the War (Pacific)
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
– Harry Truman takes over the presidency
• Truman inherits a major decision
– Invade Japan or use the newly available Atomic Bomb?
• Must take a stand against perceived Japanese threat to
democracy and Soviet expansion
• Aug 6, 1945: First bomb dropped on Hiroshima; 3 days later
another dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed instantly
– Survivors suffered from burns, radiation poisoning, cancer,
leukemia, etc. for the rest of their lives
• Aug 14, 1945: Japan Surrenders
– The War is Over!
» Overall, 17 million had died in battle.
» As many as 20 million more civilian deaths…
Truman’s Decision Video (3
Perspectives)
• Japanese Perspective
– Bomb was used as a test of its effectiveness and its destructive
capabilities on a live target
• Revisionist Historian Perspective
– Truman more concerned with Soviets (and their expansion)
– Believe Truman used bomb as a form of “Atomic Diplomacy”
(political tool for diplomatic leverage)
– Truman’s justification (to save U.S. lives by avoiding an invasion of
Japan) was an excuse to cover up his diplomatic reasons stated
above
• Traditionalist Historian Perspective
– Truman simply wanted to save U.S. lives and quickly end the war
– Atomic Diplomacy played little to no role in his decision
– Truman wanted payback for Pearl Harbor
Truman’s Decision
Writing Assignment
• Which perspective/argument do you feel
holds the most merit? WHY?
• Also, regardless of which perspective you
chose, do you feel it was morally justified
for Truman to use the atomic bomb?
– In other words, did Truman have a moral
obligation to not use such a devastating
weapon and attempt to find an end to the war
in another manner?
• WWII Photostory: “In Color”-Jamey