Transcript Consolidation Year 7, unit 6, consolidation lesson. Revision grammar. Adjectives + infinitives • Some adjectives are followed by infinitives, particularly when we are talking about.

Consolidation
Year 7, unit 6, consolidation lesson.
Revision grammar.
Adjectives + infinitives
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Some adjectives are followed by infinitives, particularly when we are talking about feelings or how
we react to things or people. For example, Jack said 'I was desperate to keep my job'.
Some other adjectives are followed by different prepositions. For example, Tim wanted Jack to
be responsible for his own actions.
Here are some examples of adjectives + infinitives.
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Adjective + infinitive
afraid to
I was afraid to tell you what I'd done. I thought you would fire me.
bound to / certain to
You love action films so you're bound to think the new James Bond film is fantastic.
happy to
I'd be happy to baby-sit for you. Let me just check I'm free on Friday.
shocked to
He was shocked to hear he'd failed his exam. He was sure he was going to pass.
Translate it into Russian
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I would be glad to help out.
She was happy to see them at the party.
Mary was hesitant to say anything.
The mountain climber is liable to hurt himself if he doesn't use well-made
equipment.
They are likely to show up at any time.
You were lucky to have such an opportunity.
I am pleased to meet you.
He was proud to have been chosen to lead the project.
I'm ready to go now.
The witness was reluctant to reveal what he had seen.
She was really sad to leave.
He was shocked to discover the truth.
I am sorry to have to tell you that the tickets are sold out.
She was surprised to discover that he had never learned how to swim.
Rewrite it according to the example:
He was amazed to discover the truth. – It was amazing for him to discover
the truth.
1. She was anxious to start her new job.
2. He was ashamed to admit he had lied.
3. She is bound to be elected class president.
4. They were careful not to reveal the winner of the prize until the end.
5. She is certain to get the job.
6. The student was content to receive second place in the competition.
7. We were delighted to be invited to the wedding.
8. He was determined to finish the marathon.
9. He was eager to begin.
10. They were not eligible to participate in the programme.
11. She was fortunate to receive the research grant.
12. She was surprised to discover that he had never learned how to swim.
Play and learn:
• http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learninge
nglish/flatmates/episode156/languagepoint.s
html
A.B., pp.82-84, ex.1, keys:
• 1) Are modern mobile telephones impossible to live
without?
• 2) MP3 players are comfortable to keep all my favourite
music on.
• 3) Telescopes or chemistry sets are interesting to learn
with.
• 4) Are electric scooters easy to ride? Are electric
scooters fun because they are easy to ride?
• 5) Is Barney dinosaur interesting for little kids to talk to
and to play with?
• 6) Why is Barney dinosaur pleasant to listen to?
• 7) Are the Fur Real pets good to understand how to
look after animals?
Revision grammar. Articles.
• Indefinite articles - a and an
A and an are the indefinite articles. They refer to something not specifically known to the
person you are communicating with.
A and an are used before nouns that introduce something or someone you have not mentioned
before:• For example:"I saw an elephant this morning." "I ate a banana for lunch.“
A and an are also used when talking about your profession:• For example:"I am an English teacher." "I am a builder.“
• Note!
You use a when the noun you are referring to begins with a consonant (b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m,
n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y or z), for example, "a city", "a factory", and "a hotel".
You use an when the noun you are referring to begins with a vowel (a, e, i, o, u)
Pronunciation changes this rule. It's the sound that matters, not the spelling. If the next word
begins with a consonant sound when we say it, for example, "university" then we usea. If
the next word begins with a vowel sound when we say it, for example "hour" then we
use an.
We say "university" with a "y" sound at the beginning as though it were spelt "youniversity".
So, "a university" IS correct.
We say "hour" with a silent h as though it were spelt "our".
So, "an hour" IS correct.
(Lots of people get this wrong - including native speakers.)
• Definite Article – the
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You use the when you know that the listener knows or can work out what particular
person/thing you are talking about.
For example:"The apple you ate was rotten.""Did you lock the car?“
You should also use the when you have already mentioned the thing you are talking about.
For example:"She's got two children; a girl and a boy. The girl's eight and the boy's fourteen.“
We use the to talk about geographical points on the globe.
• For example: the North Pole, the equator
We use the to talk about rivers, oceans and seas
• For example: the Nile, the Pacific, the English channel
We also use the before certain nouns when we know there is only one of a particular thing.
• For example:the rain, the sun, the wind, the world, the earth, the White House etc..
However if you want to describe a particular instance of these you should use a/an.
• For example:"I could hear the wind." / "There's a cold wind blowing."
• "What are your plans for the future?" / "She has a promising future ahead of her."
The is also used to say that a particular person or thing being mentioned is the best, most
famous, etc. In this use, 'the' is usually given strong pronunciation:
• For example:"Harry's Bar is the place to go.""You don't mean you met the Tony Blair, do
you?"
!Note - The doesn't mean all:• For example:"The books are expensive." = (Not all books are expensive, just the ones I'm
talking about.)"Books are expensive." = (All books are expensive.)
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• No article
We usually use no article to talk about things in general:• Inflation is rising.
• People are worried about rising crime. (Note! People generally, so no
article)
You do not use an article when talking about sports.
• For example:My son plays football. Tennis is expensive.
You do not use an article before uncountable nouns when talking about
them generally.
• For example: Information is important to any organisation. Coffee is bad
for you.
You do not use an article before the names of countries except where they
indicate multiple areas or contain the words (state(s), kindom, republic,
union). Kingdom, state, republic and union are nouns, so they need an
article.
• For example: No article - Italy, Mexico, Bolivia, England
• Use the - the UK (United Kingdom), the USA (United States of
America), the Irish Republic
• Multiple areas! the Netherlands, the Philippines, the British Isles
Revision grammar. Numerals.
• Numerals in English is a part of speech that defines the number or
the order of items.
• There are simple numerals (1-12), derivative numerals (13-19) and
composite numerals (for example: 21, 67, 147).
• There are cardinal and ordinal numerals in the English language.
• 1) Cardinal numerals show the number of certain items. They
correspond to the interrogative word “How many?”
• 2) Ordinal numerals are used to show the order of items. They
correspond to the question starting with the word “Which?”
• Example:
• Such words as “a hundred”, “a thousand” and “a million” are nouns,
not numerals. If these words are used in a singular form, they
always go with the indefinite article “a” or the numeral “one”.
• Let’s give some examples:
• These words are not used with the plural ending:
• Still, the following words could have the plural
ending:
• Thus, words “a hundred”, “a thousand” and “a
million” could have the plural ending, if they are
followed with the “of” preposition and a noun.
• 3) In a sentence numbers are usually used as
attributes.
• 4) Numerals could have any function in a
sentence if they don’t have any defined words.
Do you remember?
Ordinal Numerals in English
Cardinal Numbers in English
Fractional Numerals in English
Common Nouns in English
• http://lovelylanguage.com/grammar/grammarrules/ordinal-numerals-in-english/
• http://lovelylanguage.com/grammar/grammarrules/cardinal-numbers-in-english/
• http://lovelylanguage.com/grammar/grammarrules/fractional-numerals-in-english/
• http://lovelylanguage.com/grammar/grammarrules/common-nouns-in-english/
Revision grammar. Degrees of
comparison of adjective.
• Degrees of Comparison are used when we compare
one person or one thing with another.
There are three Degrees of Comparison in English.
They are:
1. Positive degree.
2. Comparative degree.
3. Superlative degree.
Let us see all of them one by one.
• 1.Positive degree.
When we speak about only one person or thing, We use
the Positive degree.
Examples:
• This house is big.
In this sentence only one noun “The house” is talked about.
• He is a tall student.
• This flower is beautiful.
• He is an intelligent boy.
Each sentence mentioned above talks about only one noun.
• The second one in the Degrees of Comparison is...
• 2.Comparative degree.
When we compare two persons or two things with each other,
We use both the Positive degree and Comparative degree.
Examples:
a. This house is bigger than that one. (Comparative degree) This house is
not as big as that one. (Positive degree)
The term “bigger” is comparative version of the term “big”. Both these
sentences convey the same meaning.
b. This flower is more beautiful than that. (Comparative) This flower is
not as beautiful as that. (Positive)
The term “more beautiful” is comparative version of
the term “beautiful”. Both these sentences convey the same meaning.
c. He is more intelligent than this boy. (Comparative)
He is not as intelligent as this boy. (Positive)
The term “more intelligent” is comparative version of
the term “intelligent”. Both these sentences convey the same meaning.
d. He is taller than Mr. Hulas. (Comparative) He is not as tall as Mr. Hulas.
(Positive)
The term “taller” is comparative version of the term “tall”.
Both these sentences convey the same meaning.
The third one in the Degrees of Comparison is...
• 3.Superlative degree:
When we compare more than two persons or things with one another, We use all
the three Positive, Comparative and Superlative degrees.
Examples:
a. This is the biggest house in this street. (Superlative) This house is bigger than
any other house in this street. (Comparative)
No other house in this street is as big as this one. (Positive)
The term “biggest” is the superlative version of the term “big”. All the three
sentences mean the same meaning.
b. b. This flower is the most beautiful one in this garden. (Superlative) This flower
is more beautiful than any other flower in this garden. (Comparative)
No other flower in this garden is as beautiful as this one. (Comparative)
The term “most beautiful” is the superlative version of the term “beautiful”. All
the three sentences mean the same meaning.
c.
c. He is the most intelligent in this class. (Superlative) He is more intelligent
than other boys in the class. (Comparative)
No other boy is as intelligent as this boy. (Positive)
The term “most intelligent” is superlative version of the term “intelligent”.
Both these sentences convey the same meaning.
d. d. He is the tallest student in this class. (Superlative) He is taller than other
students in this class. (Comparative)
No other student is as tall as this student. (Positive)
The term “tallest” is superlative version of the term “tall”.
Both these sentences convey the same meaning.
• Degrees of Comparison are applicable only to Adjectives and Adverbs
• Nouns and verbs do not have degrees of comparisons
• He is the tallest student in the class. The term “tallest” is an adjective.
Among the members of the group, Mr. Clinton speaks most effectively.
The term “effectively” is an adverb.
All the terms used in the above-examples are either adjectives or
adverbs. We have seen all the three Degrees of Comparison.
Let us see their models.
Model -1: “The best”:
Examples:
i. This is the best hotel in this area. No other hotel is as better as this on in
this area. No other hotel is as good as this one in this area.
ii. Unemployment is the most serious problem facing our
country. Unemployment is more serious than any other problem facing
our country.
No other problem facing our country is as serious as unemployment.
• Model-2: “One of the best”:
Examples:
i. Calcutta is one of the largest cities in India. Calcutta is large than most
other cities in India. Very few cities in India are as large as Calcutta.
ii. Satin Tendulkar is one of the best batsmen in the world. Satin Tendulkar
is better than most other batsmen in the world. No other batman in the
world is as good as Satin Tendulkar.
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Model-3: “Not the best”:
Examples:
i. This is not the best solution to the problem.
ii. This is not better than few other solutions to this problem.
iii. Other solutions to this problem are not as good as this one.
ii. New York is not the largest city in America. New York is not bigger than many other cities in
America. Few other cities in America are at least as large as New York.
Few adjectives and adverbs get their Comparative forms by simply getting “more” before
them. And their superlative terms, by getting “most” before them.
Examples:
Beautiful..........more beautiful..........most beautiful
Effective……….more effective………most effective
Effectively………more effectively……….most effectively
Enjoyable………….more enjoyable……….most enjoyable
Useful……………….more useful………..most useful
Different………..more different…………most different
Honest………..more honest…………..most honest
Qualified…………more qualified…………most qualified
Few adjectives and adverbs get their Comparative forms by simply getting “er” after them
and their superlative terms, by getting “est” after them.
Examples:
Hard……………..harder……………..hardest
Big……………….bigger…………….biggest
Tall……………..taller……………tallest
Long………………longer………………longest
Short……………..shorter……………….shortest
Costly…………………costlier……………costliest
Simple………………….simpler………….simplest
Degrees of Comparison add beauty and varieties to the sentences.
A.B., pp.84-85, ex.2, keys:
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(1) for;
(2) longest;
(3) —;
(4) the;
(5) —;
(6) —;
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(7) one;
(8) the most;
(9) to;
(10) —;
(11) ones;
(12) since;
(13) of.
A.B., pp.85, ex.3, keys:
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(1) (a);
(2) (b);
(3) (b);
(4) (a);
(5) (c);
(6) (a);
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(7) (a);
(8) (a);
(9) (a);
(10) (c);
(11) (b);
(12) (a)
Revision grammar. Grammar tenses.
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http://www.study.ru/support/handbook/verb11.html
http://www.study.ru/support/handbook/verb4.html
http://www.study.ru/support/handbook/verb5.html
http://www.study.ru/support/handbook/verb6.html
http://www.study.ru/support/handbook/verb14.html
A.B., pp.86, ex.4, keys:
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(1) has been around;
(2) has;
(3) opened;
(4) has been;
(5) has become;
(6) is;
(7) have danced;
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(8) are organised;
(9) is;
(10) appeared;
(11) started;
(12) take;
(13) have bought and
transformed;
• (14) has been;
• (15) opened.
Do you know?
• Limerick (poetry)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick_(poetry)
(From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia)
• A limerick is a kind of a witty, humorous, or nonsense poem, especially
one in five-line anapestic or amphibrachic meter with a strict rhyme
scheme (AABBA), which is sometimes obscene with humorous intent. The
form can be found in England as of the early years of the 18th century. It
was popularized by Edward Lear in the 19th century, although he did not
use the term.
• The limerick packs laughs anatomicalIn space that is quite economical. But
the good ones I've seenSo seldom are cleanAnd the clean ones so seldom
are comical. Gershon Legman, who compiled the largest and most
scholarly anthology, held that the true limerick as a folk form is always
obscene, and cites similar opinions by Arnold Bennettand George Bernard
Shaw, describing the clean limerick as a periodic fad and object of
magazine contests, rarely rising above mediocrity. From a folkloric point of
view, the form is essentially transgressive; violation of taboo is part of its
function.
https://www.youtube.com/user/ilovelimerick
Limerick song