Transcript DESAIN KOMPON Oleh : Dr. Suharto Honggokusumo ELEMEN YANG PENTING DALAM MERANCANG KOMPON .

DESAIN KOMPON
Oleh :
Dr. Suharto Honggokusumo
ELEMEN YANG PENTING DALAM MERANCANG
KOMPON
. SPESIFIKASI TEKNIS
. BIAYA PENGOLAHAN
. PROCESSABILITY (KEMUDAHAN OLAH)
TATACARA PENGEMBANGAN KOMPON
Hampir semua kompon baru dimodifikasi dari formula
yang telah ada. Saat ini pengembangan kompon yang baru sama
sekali jarang dilakukan. Agar efisien dalam pembuatan kompon
karet, seorang pakar seharusnya memanfaatkan informasi teknis
yang tersedia. Ia harus cermat menganalisis, memiliki sumber
informasi dan referensi dan inovatif.
Di bawah ini disajikan
pengembangan kompon.
tata
cara
untuk
membimbing
1.
2.
3.
4.
Susun tujuan yang spesifik (sifat, harga dll).
Pilih elastomer dasar.
Studi data uji kompon yang ada.
Survey formula kompon dan data sifat yang tersedia di
distributor bahan kimia karet.
5. Pilih formula yang digunakan sebagai titik awal
6. Kembangkan kompon di laboratorium untuk mencapai
tujuan.
7. Hitung biaya dari kompon yang dipilih untuk evaluasi
selanjutnya
8. Evaluasi kemudahan proses di pabrik.
9. Buat contoh barang jadi dari kompon yang dipilih.
10. Uji contoh barang jadi dan cocokkan dengan spesifikasi
TAHAP PENGOLAHAN BARANG JADI KARET
BAHAN BAKU
KARET
BHN PENGISI
AKTIVATOR
BHN PEMVULKANIS
AKSELERATOR
BHN TAMBAHAN
MASALAH
1. PENANGANAN
BAHAN YANG
BERDEBU/BAHAYA
2. OTOMATISASI/PE
NIMBANGAN
PLASTISASI
PEMBENTUKAN
VULKANISASI
PENCETAKAN
PENCAMPURAN
PENGGILINGAN
MASALAH
1. KALOR TIMBUL
/GESERAN
3. DISPERSI
PENGISI/LUBRIKASI
3. VISKOSITAS
KARET/NERVY
4. HOMOGENISASI
5. PELEPASAN DARI
GILINGAN
6. KEPADATAN
CAMPURAN
7. BIAYA
PENCAMPURAN
EKSTRUSI
KALENDER
PEMBENTUKAN
MASALAH
1. ALIRAN
2. PENGERUTAN/
DIE SWELL
3. KELEKATAN
4. GREEN
STRENGTH
5. KENAMPAKAN
PERMUKAAN
6. SCORCH
7. BLOOM
{
TRANSFER
KOMPRESI
INJEKSI
PRODUK
AKHIR
PEMASAKAN KONTINU
MASALAH
1. SCORCH
2. ALIRAN
3. DISPERSI BAHAN
PEMVULKANIS
4. PELEPAS CETAKAN
5. PENGOTORAN CETAKAN
6. PEMBERSIHAN CETAKAN
7. KENAMPAKAN
PERMUKAAN
KLASIFIKASI BAHAN PENYUSUN KOMPON
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
KARET/ELASTOMER
BAHAN PEMVULKANIS/VULCANIZING AGENT (PEMATANG/CURATIVE)
AKSELERATOR/ACCELERATOR
AKTIVATOR DAN PENGHAMBAT/RETARDER
ANTIDEGRADAN (ANTIOKSIDAN, ANTIOZONAN,MALAM/LILIN
PELINDUNG)
6. BAHAN BANTU PENGOLAHAN (PEPTIZER,PELUMAS/ LUBRICANT,
BAHAN PELEPAS/RELEASE AGENT)
7. BAHAN PENGISI/FILLER (CARBON BLACK, BAHAN BUKAN -HITAM)
8. PLASTICIZER, PELUNAK /SOFTENER, DAN PELEKAT/TACKIFIER
9. PIKMEN PEWARNA
10.BAGIAN KHUSUS ( PENUTUP/BLOWING AGENT,PENGHILANG
BAU/REODORANT. DLL)
FORMULA KOMPONEN KHAS
BAHAN
JENIS BAHAN
KWANTITAS
(phr*)
KARET ALAM/RSS 1
ELASTOMER
100.00
SOFT CLAY
FILLER
100.00
CALCIUM CARBONITE
FILLER
50.00
NAPHTENIC OIL
PLASTICIZER
5.00
ACTIVATED DITHIO – BISBENZANILIDE(PEPTON 44)
PROCESSING AID
(PEPTIZER)
0.25
STEARIC ACID
ACTIVATOR
2.00
ZINC OXIDE
ACTIVATOR
2.00
RED IRON OXIDE
COLOUR PIGMENT
PARAFFIN WAX
PROCESSING AID
2.00
ALKYLATED BIS-PHENOLS
ANTIDEGRADANT
2.00
DPG
ACCELERATOR
(SECONDARY)
0.50
MBTS
ACCELERATOR (PRIMARY)
1.00
SULFUR
VULCANIZING AGENT
2.75
15.00
285.50
PROSES PEMBUATAN KOMPON
PRODUK YANG BERGUNA HANYA DAPAT
DIHASILKAN MELALUI KOMBINASI YANG COCOK DARI
BAHAN KOMPON, PENGOLAHAN,VULKANISASI DAN
INSPEKSI. FAKTOR – FAKTOR TERSEBUT DIRINGKAS
SEBAGAI BERIKUT :
ELASTOMER
FILLER
BAHAN BANTU
PROSES
BAHAN
PELINDUNG
SISTEM
VULKANISASI
ADITIF
KHUSUS
PROSES
VULKANISASI
PRODUK
KOREKSI WAKTU MASAK VS TEBAL
(DIPERTANYAKAN KEBENARANNYA)
1. SUMBER PANAS 1 ARAH
PENAMBAHAN TEBAL SETIAP 1/4 INCI
DITAMBAH 5 MENIT
SUMBER PANAS 2 ARAH
PENAMBAHAN TEBAL SETIAP ¼ INCI
DITAMBAH 2,5 MENIT
2. SUMBER PANAS 1 ARAH
PENAMBAHAN TEBAL SETIAP 1 MM
DITAMBAH 5 MENIT
SUMBER PANAS 2 ARAH
PENAMBAHAN TEBAL SETIAP 1 MM
DITAMBAH 1 MENIT
PENGARUH VULKANIS
TERHADAP SIFAT FISIS
PENGARUH VULKANISASI TERHADAP
SIFAT SIFAT VULKANISAT
PEMILIHAN
ELASTOMETER
Klasifikasi karet berdasarkan sifat penggunaan
KELOMPOK
JENIS KARET
%
KARET UNTUK BAN
Karet alam/natural rubber (NR)
Styrene-Butadiene Rubbers (SBR)
Polybutadiene Rubbers (BR)
43
27
11
Karet Kegunaan Khusus
(Special Purpose Rubber)
Ethylene-propylene Rubbers (EPM & EPDM)
Butyl Rubber (IIR)
Chloroprene Rubber (CR)
Nitrile Rubber (NBR)
Synthetic Isoprene Rubber (IR)
5,5
4
3,5
2,5
1,5
Karet Sangat Khusus
(Speciality rubber)
Acrylic Rubbers (ACM)
Ethylene-acrylate Rubbers (AEM)
Ethylene acetate Rubbers (EAM)
Fluororubber (FKM CFM)
Silicone Rubber (MQ, VMQ, PMQ, PVMQ)
Fluorosilicone Rubber (FVMQ)
Epichlorohydrin Rubber (CO,ECO, AECO)
Propylene Oxide Rubber (GPO)
Chlorinated Polyethylene (CM)
Chlorosulphonated Polyethylenes (CSM)
Polynorbornene Rubber (PNR)
Polyoctenamer
KELOMPOK
JENIS KARET
Karet Luar Biasa (Exotic
Rubber)
Perfluorinated Rubbers (FFKM)
Phosphonitrile Rubbers.
Carboxynitroso Rubbers (AFMU)
Karet Termoplastik
(Thermoplastic Rubber)
Styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS)
Styrene-isoprene-styrene (SIS)
Thermoplastic polyclefin Rubbers (TPO)
Thermoplastic polyester Rubbers (YTPO)
Thermoplastic Polyamide Rubbers
Thermoplastic Polyurethane Rubbers
Karet olah cair (Liquid
Processing Rubbers)
Polyurethane cair
Liquid Slicone Rubbers (LSR)
%
Comparative Properties of Rubbers
Key To Polymers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Isoprene Rubbers
Styrene-Butadiene
Ethylene-Propylene
Neoprene
Butyl
Halobutyl
Nitrile
Chlorosulfonated
Polyethylene
(HYPALON)
9. Epichlorohydrin
10. Chlorinated
polyethylene
11. Polyacrylate
12. Urethane
13. Polysulfide (Thiokol)
14. Silicone
15. Flourocarbon
16. Flourosilicone
Key To Ratings
O = Outstanding
E = Excellent
VG = Very Good
G = Good
F = Fair
P = Poor
L = Low
VL = Very Low
Footnotes
A. Hexane,
isooctane,
etc
B. Acetone,
methyl-ethyl
ketone, etc
C. Chloroform,
perchloroeth
ylene, etc
D. Toluena,
xylena, etc
E. Kerosene,
gasoline, etc
F. Animal and
vegatable
products
Table 3.14 : Some Major Uses of Different Rubbers (+ = major;(+)=occasional use)
Truck Tires
Tread
Carcass
+
+
Belting
Conveyor belts
V-belts
Suspension Elements
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
(+)
(+)
+
+
+
+
+
CSM
+
ECO
(+)
CR
+
+
ACM
+
+
NBR
BT
+
SBR
Passenger car tires
Tread
Carcass
IR
Rubber
NR
Uses
(+)
(+)
Table 3.14 (continued): Some Major Uses of Different Rubbers ( +: major; (+)=occasional use)
Hose
Fuel hose
Milking machine hose
Heating and cooling hose
Oil and grease resistant hose
Chemical resistant hose
Others
Seals
Profiles
Shaft seals
Heat resistant seals
Oil resistant seals
Other seals
Food and pharmaceutical product
Fatty foods
Nipples
Others
Sanitary rubber products and balloons
Rubberized fabrics
Gloves
Cables
Shoes and soling
Latex Products
+
+
+
+
+
+
(+)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
(+)
+
+
+
+
CSM
ECO
+
+
+
+
+
+
(+)
+
+
+
CR
ACM
NBR
BT
SBR
IR
Rubber
NR
Uses
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
(+)
+
+
(+)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
(+)
(+)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Table 3.14 (continued): Some Major Uses of Different Rubbers ( +: major; (+)=occasional use)
(+)
CM
+
(+)
SBS
(+)
+
TM
EAM
(+)
AU
Belting
Conveyor belts
V-belts
Suspension Elements
+
Q
Truck Tires
Tread
Carcass
EPDM
Passenger car tires
Tread
Carcass
(X)IIR
Rubber
FKM
Uses
Table 3.14 (continued): Some Major Uses of Different Rubbers ( + : major; (+)=occasional use)
Hose
Fuel hose
Milking machine hose
Heating and cooling hose
Oil and grease resistant hose
Chemical resistant hose
Others
Seals
Profiles
Shaft seals
Heat resistant seals
Oil resistant seals
Other seals
Food and pharmaceutical product
Fatty foods
Nipples
Others
Sanitary rubber products and ballons
Rubberized fabrics
Gloves
Cables
Shoes and soling
Latex Products
CM
SBS
TM
AU
Q
EAM
EPD
M
(X)IIR
Rubber
FKM
Uses
+
(+)
(+)
+
+
+
+
+
+
(+)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
(+)
+
(+)
+
+
+
(+)
+
+
+
(+)
+
+
(+)
+
+
(+)
+
+
+
+
+
(+)
+
+
(+)
+
+
+
(+)
+
+
+
(+)
+
+
+
+
THE PROPERTY OF OIL RESISTANT RUBBER
OIL
POLYMER
GASOLINE
LIGHT OIL
BENZENE
TOLUENE
NBR
CR
AU
ECO
FKM
(co polymer)
FKM
(ter polymer)
ACM
VMQ
CSM
HSN
0
o
o
o
0
*
X
*
*
0
X
X
#
#
o
X
*
*
X
*
#
o
X
#
*
o
o
*
o
o
0
0
o
*
0
0
o
*
#=o
0
X
*
*
*
X
#
X
#=o
X
*
*
*
X
o
0
#
X
o
0
o
0 exellent
DI –ESTERIC PHOSPHORIC MeOH
LUBRICANT
DIFF.OIL
0 fairly good # good * slightly bad X bad
EtOH
PEMILIHAN BAHAN
PENGISI DAN PLATICIZER
PENGARUH UKURAN DAN STRUKTUR TERHADAP SIFAT
KOMPON
SIFAT KOMPON
KEKERASAN
KUAT TARIK
MODULUS
PERPANJANGAN PUTUS
RESILIENCE
DISPERSIBILITY
KEMANTAPAN DIMENSI
(GREEN STRENGTH)
EXTRUSION SHRINKAGE
DAN DIE SWELL
PENURUNAN UKURAN
PARTIKEL
(STRUKTUR TETAP)
PENINGKATAN STRUKTUR
(UKURAN TETAP)
NAIK
NAIK
TAK BERPENGARUH
TAK BERPENGARUH
TURUN
TURUN
TAK BERPENGARUH
NAIK
VARIABLE
NAIK
TURUN
TAK BERPENGARUH
NAIK
NAIK
TAK BERPENGARUH
TURUN
PEMILIHAN CARBON BLACK
PRODUK
JENIS CARBON BLACK
1. TELAPAK BAN
(Ketahanan kikis dan sobek
tinggi)
2. CONVEYOR BELT, HAK DAN
SOL SEPATU HITAM
3. CARCASS BAN
(Kalor timbul rendah)
4. BARANG-BARANG EKSTRUSI,
WEATHER STRIP
5. KARET ANTI STATIK
6. GENERAL PURPOSE MOULDING
7. OIL, SEAL, O-RING
(Tahan oli dan pampatan rendah)
HAF, ISAF, SAF
HAF
SRF, GPF
FFF, GPF-HS
ISAF, HAF
GFF, SRF
SRF, MT, FT
UKURAN DAN STRUKTUR CARBON BLACK
KLASIFIKASI
N 220 (ISAF)
N 300 (HAF)
N 550 (FEF)
N 762 (SRF-LM)
N 990 (MT)
INDEKS UKURAN
PARTIKEL
INDEKS STRUKTUR
22
27
41
75
250
114
102
121
62
42
Table 9.7 EFFECT OF BLACK PARTICLE SIZE ON PHYSCAL PROPERTIES
Carbon
Black
type
Code
ASTM
Particle size(nm)
HAF
N – 330
32
FEF
N-550
47
GPF
N-660
70
NR*
Tensile strength (MPa)
Stress at 300% strain (MPa)
Elongation at break (%)
26-0
14-/7
475
24.5
13.7
500
22.5
11.3
530
SBR+
Tensile strength (MPa)
Stress at 300% strain (MPa)
Elongation at break (%)
22.8
13.7
500
20.5
12.3
525
19.3
8.9
560
• NR formulation :
NR . RSS
Zinc oxide
Stearic acid
Carbon black (as shown)
Process oil
Antioxidant
CBS
Sulphur
Vulcanisation. 30 min at 148° C
100
4
3
50
5
1
0.5
2.5
• SBR formulation :
SBR 1500
Zinc oxide
Stearic acid
Carbon black (as shown)
Process oil
PBN
CBS
Sulphur
Vulcanisation. 30 min at 148° C
100
4
2
50
10
1
1
2
EFFECT OF BLACK STRUCTURE (NR FORMULATION AS FOR TABLE 9.7)
Carbon Black type
Structure level (DBP Absorption)
(cm3/100g)
Tensile strength (MPa)
Stress at 300% strain (MPa)
Elongation at break (%)
HAF - LS
(N – 326)
HAF
(N-330)
HAF-HS
(N-347)
70
27·8
11·3
575
105
25·4
15·1
480
125
25·0
16·8
450
Viscosity control
Polymer nerve control
Compression set
Low shaft wear
Resilience
Low permeability
Oil + chemical resistance
Speclfication
Flex resistance
Dielectric properties
Dynamic properties
low heat build-up
Thermal Black Usage-Where and Why
Seals........................ X
Hose........................ X
Electrical................. X
Tires ....................... X
Rolls........................ X
Mechanical.............
Molded Goods........ X
Calendered Goods.. X
Extrusion................. X
Sponge.................... X
Belting..................... X
X X X X
X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X X
X X
X X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X X X
X X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X X X
X
Estimation of Shore A Durometer
1. Write recipe on basis of 100 parts ol polymer.
2. Only polymer, fillers and softeners are considered.
3. To base durometer, add durometer change for each filler and softener
FOR 100 PARTS POLYMER
Neoprene and Nitrile rubber
Natural rubber and cold rubber
Hot rubber
Butyl
25 parts oil extended cold rubber
37 ½ parts oil-extended cold rubber
FILLERS AND SOFTENERS
FEF, HAF, channel blacks
ISAF black
SAF black
SRF black
Thermal blacks and hard clay
Whiting (in natural rubber)
Factice and mineral rubber
Most liquid softeners
BASE DUROMETER
44
40
37
35
31
26
BASE DUROMETER
+1/2 of part loading
+1/2 of part loading +2
+1/2 of part loading +4
+1/3 of part loading
+1/4 of part loading
+1/7 of part loading
-1/5 of part loading
-1/2 of part loading
SOURCE: PHILLIPS PETROLEUM CO “RUBBER COMPOUNDING FORMULARY”
KOMPATIBILITAS BEBERAPA MINYAK
PENGOLAHAN DENGAN KARET
KARET
VISTAMEX
BUTYL
EPDM
KARET ALAM
SBR
BR
CHLOROPRENE
NITRILE
MINYAK
PARAFIN
PARAFIN
PARAFIN
ARIMATIK
AROMATIK
AROMATIK
AROMATIK ATAU ESTER
AROMATIK ATAU ESTER
(DOP)
Table II
Polymer/Plasticizer Polarity Chart
PLASTICIZER CLASS
AROMATIC SULFONAMIDES
HIGH
AROMATIC PHOSPHATE ESTERS
ALKYL PHOSPHATE ESTERS
DIALKYLETHER AROMATIC ESTERS
DIALKYLETHER DIESTERS
TRICARBOXYLIC ESTERS
POLYMERIC PLASTICIZERS
POLYGLYCOL DIESTERS
ALKYL ALKYLETHER DIESTERS
AROMATIC DIESTERS
AROMATIC TRIESTERS (trimellitates)
ALIPHATIC DIESTERS
LOW
POLYMER
NYLON 6/6
NYLON 6
CELLULOSE ACETATE
NBR (50%ACN)
POLYURETHANE
NBR(40%ACN)
NITROCELLULOSE
EPOXY
POLYCARBONATE
ACRYLIC(PMMA)
POLYVINYL ACETATE
NBR (30% ACN)
ACRYLATE ELASTOMERS
EPICHLOROPHYDRIN
CHLORINATED POLYETHYLENE
POLYVINUL CHRLORIDE
CELLULOSE ACETATE BUTYRATE
POLYSTYRENE
POLYCHLOROPRENE
NBR (20% ACN)
CHLORINATED POLYETHYLENE
HIGHLY SATURATED NITRILE
SBR
POLYBUTADIENE
NATURAL RUBBER
ILALOGENATED BUTYL
EPDM
EPR
BUTYL
FLOURINATED POLYMERS
SIICONE
EPOXIDIZED ESTEERS
ALKHYLETHER MONOESTERS
ALKYL MONOESTERS
THE EFFECT OF SILANE COUPLINC AGENTS ON
VULCANISATE PROPERTIES
PROPERTY SILANE ACTIVE GROUP
NO
SILANE
VINYL
AMINO
MERCAPTO
Sulphur vulcanised
Hardness IRHD
Tensile strength (MPa)
Elongation at break (%)
Stress at 300% strain (MPa)
58
10.5
600
3
56
12.5
700
3
58
10.0
550
5.5
59
10.0
550
5.5
Peroxide vulcanised
Hardness IRHD
Tensile Strength (MPa)
Elongation at break (%)
Stress at 300% strain (MPa)
67
6
720
3
68
9.5
480
7.5
68
11
350
10
63
10
400
8
Formulation
Sulphur vulcanised
EPDM
Talc
Naphthenic oil
Zinc oxide
Stearic acid
Sulphur
TMTD
MBT
Silane
Peroxide vulcanised
100
100
40
5
1
1.5
1.5
0.5
1
EPDM
Clay
Zinc oxide
Dicumyl peroxide
Silane
100
100
5
5
1
PEMILIHAN
ANTIDEGRADAN
FAKTOR PENYEBAB DEGRADASI
- OKSIGEN
- CAHAYA DAN CUACA
- ION LOGAM (PRO-OKSIDAN)
- "DYNAMIC FATIQUE”
- OZON
SIFAT ANTIDEGRADAN
- DISCOLORATION
- VOLATILITY
- SOLUBILITY
- CHEMICAL STABILITY
- PHISICAL FORM
- CONCENTRATION
KARAKTERISTIK PENGUSANGAN DAN /
ATAU KETAHANAN PANAS BERGANTUNG
PADA :
1. FORMULASI - TERUTAMA JENIS KARET
2. PENGGUNAAN
- LINGKUNGAN : - OKSIDASI, SUHU TINGGT,
OZON DLL
- PENGGUNAAN : - DINAMIS, STATIS,
ATAU BERGANTIAN KEDUANYA
HITAM ATAU BUKAN HITAM
3. BAHAN PROTEKSI YANG DIGUNAKAN
- BIAYA / KESEDIAAN
4. SISTEM VULKANISASI
TEORI OKSIDASI DAN PENCEGAHANNYA
Oxidation is a cyclic free radical chain process:
Initiation:
Propagation:
R-R  2 R .
R ∙ + O2  ROO .
R-H+ROO. -> +R. +ROOH
ROOH  RO. + HO .
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Abbreviations for aging protectors (antioxidants) classified
acoording to their chemical composition
P-Phenylinediamine-Derivatives(strongly discoloring)
N-Isopropyl-N’- Phenyl-p-phenylenediamine
N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N’-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine
N-N’-Bis-(1,4-dimethylpentyl)-p-phenylenediamine
N,N’-BIS-(1-ethyl-3methylpentyl)-p-phenylenediamine
N,N'-Diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine
N,N'-Ditolyl-p-phenylenediamine
N,N'- Di-β-naphthyi-p-phenylenediamine
Dihydroquinoline-Derivatives (strongly discoloring)
6- Ethoxy-2,2,4-trimethyl- 1,2-dihydroquinoline
2,2,4 -TrimethyI- 1,2-dihydroquinoline, poIymerized
Naphthylamine-Derivatives(strongly discoloring)
Phenyl-α-naphthylamine
Phenyl-β-naphthylamine
WTR-Number
IPPD
1
6PPD 2
77PD 3
DOPD
DPPD
DTPD
DNPD
4
4a
ETMO
TMO
6
7
PAN
PBN
10
11
Diphenylamine-Derivatives(strongly discoloring)
Octylated diphenyylamine
Styrinated diphenylamine
Acetone/disphenylamine condensation product
ODPA
SDPA
ADPA
Benzemidazole-Deravatives (non-dicoloring)
2-Mercaptobenzimidazole
Zinc-2-mercaptobenzimidazole
Methyl-2-mercaptobenzimidazole
Zinc-2-methylmercaptobenzimidazole
MBI
12
ZMBI
MMBI 12a
ZMMBI
Bisphenol-Derivatives (non-discoloring)
2.2’-Methylene-bis-(4-methyl-6-tert.butylphenol)
2.2’-Methylene-bis-(4-methtl-6-cyclohexylphenol)
2.2’-isobutylidene-bis-(4-methyl-6-tert.butyphenol)
BPH
CPH
IBPH
8
16a
9
14
Monophenol Derivatives (non-discoloring)
2,6-Di-tert.butyl-p-cresol
Alkylated phenol
Styrenated and alkylated phenol
Styrenated phenol
Other Materials (non-discoloring)
Tris-nonylphenylphosphite
Polycarbodiimide
Benzofuran derivative
Enolether
BHT
APH
APH
SPH
15
16b
16a
16
TNPP
PCD
BD
EE
17
Numbers are WTR proposals, compare page 234. Alphabetic list
of abbreviations see section 8.2, page 564
WTR= Working Group Toxicology of Rubber Auxiliaries
ANTI OZONANT
-
PETROLEUM WAX
NICKEL DIBUTYLDITHIOCARBAMATE
6-ETHOXY -2,2,4-TRIMETHYL -1,2-DIHYDROQUINOLINE
SUBSTITUTED PARA PHENYLENEDIAMINES (PPD)
DIAKYL PPD
ALKYL-ARYL PPD
DIARYL PPD
TEORI PELINDUNGAN ANTIOZONAN
1. SCAVENGER
ANTIOZONAN DIFUS KE PERMUKAAN KARET
MEMBENTUK FILM DAN BEREAKSI DENGAN OZON
2. PROTECTIVE FILM
SAMA DENGAN DI ATAS KECUALI HASIL REAKSI ANTIOZONANOZON MEMBENTUK FILM MELINDUNGI KARET.
3. RELINKING
ANTIOZONAN MELINDUNGI MOLEKUL KARET
YANG TERSERANG OZON SEHINGGA TIDAK PUTUS
DAN MENYAMBUNG MOLEKUL KARET YANG PUTUS
DISEBABKAN OZON ISASI
4. SELF-HEALING FILM
ANTIOZONAN BEREAKSI DENGAN MOLEKUL
KARET YANG TEROZONISASI (ZWITTERION)
MEMBENTUK FILM PADA PERMUKAAN KARET
MEKANISME ANTIOZONAN
BAHAN LAIN
-BAHAN BANTU OLAH
- PEPTISER
- DISPERSING AGENT
- HOMOGENIZING AGENT
- FLOW IMPROVEMENT
- MOULD RELEASE
- DIMENSION STABILITY
- TACKIFIER / PELEKAT
- BLOWING AGENT / PENIUP
- SUHU DEKOMPOSISI
- PROMOTOR
Reasons for use of processing aids
Type of processing aid
1. Dispersing agent
2. Lubrication agent
3. Chemical peptizer
4. Physical peptizer
5. Homogenizing agent
6. Tackifier
7. Plasticizer
8. Curative dispersions
9. Mould release agent
Main area of application
Improve filler dispersion, reduce mixing time
Improve compound flow / release
Reduce polymer viscosity by chain scission
Reduce polymer viscosity by internal lubrication/improve down line
processing
Improve polymer blends and compund uniformity
Improve green tack plus homogenizing benefit
Improve product performance under extreme service conditions, i.e.
heat, cold or low extractability in solvent
Ease of handling, more uniform dispersion of curatives
Long lasting semi permanent film to improve product Without
contamination
10. Mould cleaning compund In situ mould cleaning, saving mould down time. Extending mould life
PEMILIHAN SISTEM
VULKANISASI
HUBUNGAN WAKTU
DAN SUHU
VULKANISASI
HUBUNGAN WAKTU DAN SUHU
VULKANISASI




SKALA FAHRENHEIT
TEBAL HINGGA ¼ INCHI
KOEFISIEN SUHU VULKANISASI
PADA PERUBAHAN 10° F = 1,5
CONTOH:
: WAKTU MATANG 30 MENIT
310 ° F : WAKTU MATANG 20 MENIT
290 ° F : WAKTU MATANG 45 MENIT
300 ° F
PERSAMAAN
(T2-T1)/10
T2 = T1/(1,5)
t2 = WAKTU MATANG PADA SUHU T2
t1 = WAKTU MATANG PADA SUHU T1
CONTOH
t1 = 30 MENIT
T1 = 290°F
T2 = 310°F, BERAPA t2 ?
(310-290)/10
t2 = 30/(1.5)
(2)
= 30/(1,5)
13,3 MENIT
VULKANISASI PADA KARET YANG TEBAL
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PENGARUH KANDUNGAN ACN
PADA SIFAT KARET NITRIL
BOBOT JENIS
PROCESSABILITY
LAJU VULAKNISASI
KEKERASAN
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DENGAN KARET POLAR
KEPEGASAN
FLEKSIBILITAS SUHU RENDAH
KELARUTAN DI DALAM AROMATIK
PERMEABILITAS
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TURUN
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