Transcript INFERENCE Inferring is arriving at a ______ or an _____ by reasoning facts from known facts or ________… -Fountas and Pinnell shstuart 11/10/2004 INFERENCE Making an inference in.

INFERENCE
Inferring is arriving at a
______ or an _____ by
reasoning facts from known
facts or ________…
-Fountas and Pinnell
shstuart 11/10/2004
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INFERENCE
Making an inference in reading
is the process of combining the
_______ _____ information
with one’s own _____ in order
to create meaning that is not
directly stated in the text…
-Dole, Duffy, Roehler, & Pearson, 1991
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INFERENCE
It means creating _________
and making educated ______
that go beyond the author’s
______ words or images…
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INFERENCE
An inference about future
information is a __________.
– We use _____ _____ and our
_________ knowledge to predict
what will happen next in a story or
what we will ______ later in a text…
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INFERENCE
We then go through the text to
–co______
–discard
–change, or
–make _____ _______
depending on new evidence…
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Ten Major Inference Types
Location
Agent
T______
Action
Instrument
Cause-______
Object
Category
Problem-_______
Feeling-Attitude
– Johnson and Johnson, 1986
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Pages 8-19
Read through Slides 7-19.
Read carefully.
Answer the questions at the bottom of each
slide.
Some slides will ask more than one question.
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Location
“While we roared down the
tracks, we could feel the
bounce and sway.”
Where are we?
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Agent
(occupation or pastime)
“With clippers in one hand and
scissors in the other, Chris was
ready to begin the task.”
Who are we? What do we do?
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Time
“When the porch light burned
out, the darkness was total.”
When does this take place?
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Action
“Carol dribbled the ball down
the court and passed the ball to
Ann.”
What’s going on?
How might this change if I say field
instead of court?
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Instrument
(tool or device)
“With a steady hand, she put
the buzzing device on the
tooth.”
What is she using?
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Cause-Effect-1
“In the morning, we noticed
that the trees were uprooted
and homes were missing their
rooftops.”
What caused this?
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Cause-Effect-2
“The rain continued to fall, as it
had for the past seven hours.
Townspeople looked anxiously
at the dam that held the river
from their town.”
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What might be possible effects
of continued rain?
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Object
“The broad wings were
swept back in a ‘V’, and each
held two powerful engines.”
What is it? How many engines?
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Category
“The Saab and Volvo were in
the garage, and the Audi
was out front.”
What is the category? Which is
easiest to take to work? Why?
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Problem-Solution-1
“The side of his face was
swollen and his tooth ached.”
What is the problem? What
might be a possible solution?
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Problem-Solution-2
“The chef looked down at
the bandage covering his
new stitches as he left the
doctor’s office.”
What problem might have
caused the chef’s solution?
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Feeling-Attitude
“While I marched past in the
high school band, my dad
cheered and his eyes filled with
tears.”
How might Dad be feeling? Why
might he be feeling this way?
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Teachers help readers learn to:
Construct ______ that explain how
characters behave or how the ______
unfolds;
Have empathy for fictional or
_________ characters;
Use _________ knowledge and
information from the text to form
________ theories as to the
significance of events.
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Teachers help readers learn to:
Create _______ images related to
character, ______, setting,
_______, or topic; and
Understand what is not ______,
but implied in the text.
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Some more thoughts to
consider…
Why did the character do that?
How sad….or wonderful…
I think s/he’ll turn out to be…
S/he must feel…
I’d feel….I’ve felt…. just like that…
I can just picture (hear, feel, smell)
that…
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-Fountas and Pinnell
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