Key concepts Class notes Summary What do we know? How do you think the geography of Greece affected the early development of Greek life?
Download ReportTranscript Key concepts Class notes Summary What do we know? How do you think the geography of Greece affected the early development of Greek life?
Key concepts Class notes Summary What do we know? How do you think the geography of Greece affected the early development of Greek life? What sort of government do you think would have formed in Greece given the terrain? What occupations would you expect the Greeks to excel in? The Greek mainland is a mountainous peninsula with excellent harbors. The climate is mild. -Region of isolated valleys, hills, small plains, peninsulas, and islands Sea was very important Tiny, unimportant, and poor in natural resources Definition: Form of government that consisted of a town or city and the surrounding land it controlled. Defined city, enclosed by walls or surrounded by water with an acropolis, hilltop fortress, at the center Tried to have economic independence Shared language, culture, and history Independent, self-governed state Athens Sparta Non-examples Argos Persian Empire (Greek Corinth Megara rivals) Egypt Ancient China London New York Democratic government Education valued Trade Economy Oligarchy government Military strength most important Harsh treatment of their slaves Farming Economy Coastal City-state that became cultural and trade center Well-educated Famous bronze statues, pottery, and vase paintings Coastal City-State Famous for textiles Own coinage Founded city of Byzantium (Constantinople, Istanbul) in 630 B.C.E. Geography Polis 4 major city states acropolis Influenced Greece culture and development A city or town and the land surrounding it. Has specific characteristics Athens, Sparta, Corinth, Megara A hill top fortress for a city state Greece also benefited from its position on the edge of the civilized world Far enough away to escape domination by the various Middle Eastern Empires but close enough to absorb the rich culture of its eastern neighbors Either were Neolithic farmers who migrated from Asia Minor around 3000 BC Or were an Indo-European tribe from southern Russia who migrated into the region around 2300 BC In either case, when people did arrive in the peninsula, they soon came into contact with an already civilized people who lived on the nearby island of Crete called the: The Minoans is the largest Greek island In Mediterranean Sea, about 60 miles south of the mainland of Greece. Was the birthplace of one of the first European civilizations, the Minoan culture. It began about 5,000 years ago. Knossos Phaestos Mallia 1600 highest level of civilization reached in Crete with King Minos the capital of the Minoan The first palace of Knossos was built around 1900 B.C. Two hundred years later it was destroyed by an earthquake and rebuilt, becoming grander The final catastrophe occurred about 1500-1400 B.C., according to one theory, with the eruption of the volcano in Santorini. Complicated structures consisting of a honeycomb of various rooms surrounding a large courtyard Huge Ex: “Knossos” covered three acres Well-built Strong foundations meant to withstand earthquakes Many rooms decorated with brightly colored frescoes that depicted various aspects of Minoan life showed men were clean shaven and generally wore short kilts Women had elaborate hair-dos and wore dresses with wide sleeves and pinched-in waists Women played important role in society Most of their gods were female Headed by the socalled “Snake Goddess” Women also portrayed at the head of processions and as participants in athletic events Even bull-leaping Developed alphabet around 1700 BC Linear A- Not yet deciphered Linear B came around 1450 BC Mostly used perishable writing materials None of which has survived But also sometimes wrote on clay tablets using this alphabet Some are deciphered Frescoes- Egyptian connection Creatures of the sea on seen in some frescoes Keftiu people mentioned by Egyptians were Minoans many Art- focused on nature Light, not real solemn or serious like Egypt’s Imaginary animals What did Evans think the double ax meant? Labrys- Greek word for double ax Commerce was very important Acted as trade intermediary between civilized and barbarian worlds Exported wool, olive oil and timber in exchange for other raw materials and luxury items Built large and technologically advanced merchant and military navy Mined copper Trade with Egypt area was big Traded wine, olive oil, timber, wool, copper tools with Egyptians for stone vases, Gold, precious stones, “faience”(type of glazed clay), ostich feathers, linen Aegean Islands- Syria Trade Traded with them for - “Lapis lazuli” “obsidian”- spear points, blades, small statues Syrians taught them how to make “bronze” Led to Bronze Age in Crete Wheat, barley The sea- Later- grapevines, olive Lots of fish trees. Exported wine,olive oil Sheep, goats, honey Greece (Attica) Sardina Syria Aegean islands Imports: Exports: Gold Wine Copper Olive Oil Precious Stones What are geographical characteristics of ancient and modern Greece? What and where is Crete? Where do archeologists and scholars get most of their information on the Minoans? What two types of Minoan writing are there? Which type of writing is understood now? Legend- Theseus- King Minos loses a son in Ariadne- a battle with Athens that Minoans win. Punishes Athens 14 maidens and men every 9 years Promise to marry her Ball of twine Death of Minotaur Flees with Ariadne End of tribute was a king of Crete in Greek mythology. Minos conquered much of Greece, including Athens. The Minotaur Not certain how it started? Historical truth leads to stories with exaggeration Truth= - Athens did have to pay tribute at one time to Crete Great palace complexes peaceful hierarchy:absolute ruler, nobles, artisans, merchants, farmers, herders, scribes Fortified citadels Warlike Hierarchy: warrior kings, warrior nobles, artisans, merchants, peasants, slaves Seafaring Prospered through trade Limited natural resources Linear B-script Invaders earthquakes war among cities (internal conflicts) War against Troy The Dorians took over and conquered the Hellenes Greece entered into the Dark Age They used iron weapons vs the weaker bronze weapons of the Greeks Dorians not a highly developed civilization so the area declined for several hundred years until the Greek City states rose in power. All Mycenean palaces destroyed around 1250 BC Except one at Athens Survivors moved to Attica or moved overseas Greece only contained 10% of its former population by 1200 BC Trade network collapsed Art and culture lost Greece entered a period of severe economic, social, and technological backwardness Dark Age (1200-800 BC) Greece broke out of its narrow isolation due to influence of Phoenician merchants around 800 BC Evidence is extensive Greeks adopted Phoenician/Canaanite alphabet Established trade contacts with Phoenician city-states in Syria Dark Age military chieftain and his cronies based their power on their military prowess and ownership of land With rise of wealth based on commerce new men from outside the landowning clique began to demand military participation Began to arm themselves and found that when they worked together as a team, nothing could stand in their way New form of warfare Units of armed infantry working together as a block Replaced old dependence on the military chieftain Security of community no longer depended on power and skill of chieftain but on the massed strength of the hoplites What counted now was the willingness of citizens to cooperate together in battle for the greater good of their city Numbers and community spirit became more important than individual bravado All epic poems have common theme Retelling the deeds of superhuman heroes of earlier times Served function of providing a legendary history which explained how people got where they were and why Greek epic poems had developed the plots of the siege of Troy and various Heracles legends in centuries before Homer Wandering poets used these basic plots but embellished them in order to appeal to their particular audience Heracles The role of story tellers Epos- “tale” Homer-750 B.C. The Iliad The Odyssey Troy existed in stories but now know to also be a place-located in modern-day Turkey at entrance to Black Sea. Heinrich Schliemann -German Archeologist -recovered ruins of Troy in late 1800’s -proved Troy as a city existed Between 1300 B.C. and 1250 Much of our information B.C. Hellenes vs Trojans Control of entrance to Black Sea comes from writings of blind poet- Homer The Iliad- written long after wars. product of oral tradition describes heroic actions of heroes in the wars. “For the most beautiful woman” Paris, son of the King of Troy, judged the dispute Choose Aphrodite because she promised him Helen Greece organized an expedition against Troy to win her back. Trojans received help from other groups including Ethiopians and the Amazons- Greeks set sail and lay siege to Troy for 10 years but could not conquer the city. It is too powerful. The Trojans are in a fortified city and come out to battle each day on the plains. Leader of the Trojans = HECTOR Leader of the Greeks = AGAMEMNON Achilles = Super hero warrior of the Greeks- No one can defeat him face to face. - Achilles’ mother Thetis was a sea-nymph. - She learns that he will die young. - To try to avoid this fate she dips him as a baby into the River Styx. - The River Styx = a poisonous river of the Underworld - Result = He cannot die of a wound made by a living person. - Problem = She held him by an ankle as she bathes him in the river and unknowingly left the ankle unbathed- thus unprotected. Achilles Achilles kills Hector and drags his body around the outside of the city to taunt the city. This is considered very bad manners in warfare. The Gods are angry at Achilles. Poseidon and Apollo guide the arrow of Paris into Achilles’ heel during a battle, causing his death. Homer suggests in the Iliad that Achilles will die by the hand of Paris. In his early versions it is Achilles pride (hubris) that causes him to be felled by the gods. In later versions it was an arrow shot by Paris that pierces his unprotected heel that fells him. The Greeks are demoralized at Achilles’ death and how long they have been away from home. Odysseus with the help of Athena comes up with a last-ditch plan to win. Build a huge wooden horse as a gift, fill it with chosen soldiers, and trick the Trojans. The Greeks build the hollow horse filled with men and leave it outside of Troy. They then make a big show of leaving the battlefield to go home. The Trojans drag it into the city and decide too leave it as a monument to their gods. The Greeks boarded their ships, Having set all their tents on fire; yet other kings, In great Odysseus’s command, hid in the horse In Troy’s vast marketplace, whence the Trojans Drew it up to Ilium; there sat about it, And debated on how to dispose the gift…” -Homer, Odyssey, Book 8, lines 500-506 1. Causes- Historical and Mythological 2. Main characters 3. Turning point 4. Character who is like a superman? character who is the brains behind the Trojan Horse character who is the main cause of the Trojan War starting This trade created another wave of migration and Greek migrants from the peninsula and other settlements founded hundreds of new sites along Black Sea, the Adriatic, and western Mediterranean Population of Greek world began to grow rapidly around 800 BC Phoenicians and migration into new areas stimulated Greeks intellectually and culturally Formation of colonies caused them to think seriously about the character of their cities and the way they operated Required the conscious formulation of laws and institutions Renewal of trade broke down isolation and self-sufficiency of Dark Age Greeks now governed by demands of the marketplace, not by tradition and custom Forced them to reflect on that form of government and social organization was best Laid foundation for philosophy and political theory Influence of trade-generated wealth, stimulation provided by renewal of contacts with outside world, and the challenge of hoplites to aristocratic dominance acted together to dissolve Dark Age society Ultimately resulted in a new kind of society in Greece Athens and Sparta illustrate process Both their solutions to changes and challenges associated with end of the Dark Age were radical but also very different A City-State Definition: Form of government that consisted of a town or city and the surrounding land it controlled. Center of Greek identity and loyalty no individual identity all citizens were part of an extended community Defined city, enclosed by walls or surrounded by water with an acropolis, hilltop fortress, at the center Tried to have economic independence Shared language, culture, and history Independent, self-governed state Commoners began to play a greater part in commerce and defending Athens These people started to demand a greater voice in government Peace and prosperity -- population increase--food shortage -- ESTABLISHMENT OF COLONIES Polis Solon Acropolis Assembly Archon direct democracy -monarchy –oligarchy Cratos- aristocracy, democracy (see page 62) Council of 500 6,000 jurymen of Athens Ten Generals Accomplishments of Mycenean Age remembered during Dorian invasion Plains of Attica -farm producing region -increase of population countered by increase in trade adult males women/children non-citizens: foreigners, slaves Not wealthy a member of the Assembly could vote (majority wins) Colonized by refugees Kingdom of Lydia- from Dorian invasion Becomes international center for European, Asian, African culturesWhy? City of Miletus -1st to mint money Several centuries no Greeks adapt and add alphabet or writing Ionians contact with Phoenicians Phoenician alphabet – vowel sounds 24 letter used first in Ionia *very important development in culture due to writing Idea that Homer’s works helped Symbols represent consonant sounds, written together to form words- no vowels Each year 500 names drawn to serve Carry out day to day business Decide what will be discussed at the next assembly Write laws for the assembly to vote on Juries to try the case (201 men) Paid juries duty of citizens to serve no full time judges or lawyers majority vote Ten chosen every year One of them is chosen commander in chief(Pericles) Assembly elects them Generals obey the Assembly Could be tried and executed if lose a battle Athenians women- no political or legal rights. Slaves- no rights Residents not born in Athens- no rights *Athens ruled by a minority as a result Legislature Legislature- -House of Rep. -Senate Judicial System -Courts, Judges, Lawyers Supreme Ct. Executive Branch -President, -Cabinet -Assembly- free males -Council of 500Judicial SystemTen Generals Very powerful city-state 6th century BC Military life style and -creation of “Peloponnesian League” philosophy Helots Transformation of citystate caused by Messenian revolt Herodotus 5th Century BC Persia-modern Iran King Darius I -Cyrus Divided empire into “satrapies” -520 BC India to Libya to Egypt to Thrae(page 89) Satraps Road network Forced taxes on conquered Many city states did not Darius sends army to like paying taxes mainland Greece to punish them. Ionian Revolt Forced to retreat after -Athens, Eretria losses Attacked Sardis (part of Persia) -Defeated, rebels destroyed Darius invades Greece Burned Eretria Then attacked at “Marathon” Pheidippides- sent to Sparta for help running 150 miles to Sparta in 2 days, then ran back Spartans –religious ceremonies –won’t come Greek Hoplite -6 foot thrusting spear -bronze armor, helmet, greaves, -Hoplon( wooden round sheild) = Hoplite -Persians not as well armored Right hand vulnerable Battle of Marathon Tactic- attack right side 600 vs 20,000 Sometimes had calvary Greek leader- Miltiades on that side to help out Required great coordination among lines, strict discipline Psychological adv.-patriotism Reduced phalanx from 8 ranks of men to 4 Greeks attacked underneath the flight of Persian archers Folded the middle and surrounded them Soundly defeated the Persians 192 men lost to 6400 for Persians 1st Marathon race -Phidippides carried news to Athens of victory Exhausted, he died. Modern Olympics were re-started in 1896 Spyridon Louis of Greece, winner of the first marathon, Athens 1896 26 miles Formed of city-states to help defend against Persia Included members of Peloponnesian League 10 years after Marathon Xerxes- son of Darius I Invaded with army of over 180,000 soldiers Largest army in history at that point Soldiers from all over Persian Empire What problems can occur if your army is made up of people from all over an empire? 1 mile long bridge across the Hellespont 600 boats lashed together (pg. 97) 1st known pontoon bridge in history A storm destroyed the Then the sea was first bridge before its completion Xerxes orders the sea punished The Black Sea was lashed 300 times Then a pair of shackles thrown into the water branded with hot ironsthe “hissing” of the water was the “pain” of the sea The weather held good and the bridge completed It took his army a week to cross North of Athens (pg. 98) Greek land defense Greek defense – Chose the Pass at Spartans in charge of land, Athens in charge of the sea Thermopyla -A strategic narrow, 50 feet wide pass -Spartan LeaderLeonidas - 300 Spartans Athens navy kept the Ephialtes Persian navy busy so it could not supply its army with food and weapons Xerxes army attacked at the pass on the 5th day. Repulsed time and time again. - Greek traitor shows Persians secret path through mountains - Come behind the Spartans and rout the Greek force there for protection - Spartans surrounded “The force with Leonidas was sent forward by the Spartans in advance of their main body, that the sight of them might encourage the allies to fight, and hinder them from going over to the Medes, as was likely they might have done had they seen that Sparta was backward. They intended presently, when they had celebrated the Carneian Festival, which was what now kept them at home, to leave a garrison in Sparta, and hasten in full force to join the army. The rest of the allies intended to act similarly; for it happened that the Olympic Festival fell exactly at this same period. None of them looked to see the contest at Thermopylae decided so speedily; wherefore they were content to send forward a mere advance guard. Such accordingly were the intentions of the allies.[17]” O ye men who dwell in the streets of broad Lacedaemon! Either your glorious town shall be sacked by the children of Perseus, Or, in exchange, must all through the whole Laconian country Mourn for the loss of a king, descendant of great Heracles. He cannot be withstood by the courage of bulls nor of lions, Strive as they may; he is mighty as Jove; there is naught that shall stay him, Till he have got for his prey your king, or your glorious city. Spartans held off the Persians long enough for rest of Greek soldiers to withdraw Historical importance of the Spartans stand Persians took an empty Athens and ransacked it. Story of the burning of the olive tree We know that at birth, Spartan boys were dipped in wine, and inspected. If there were any deformities, or if they were picky about eating, or if they seemed to suffer from things like Epilepsy...they were cast off Mt. Taygetos. There was no room in the rules of Lykurgos for weak or sickly children. So, only the perfectly healthy were allowed to survive. At 7, the boys were taken away from their moms (the fathers were n0t around much as we will see) and placed in the care of the state in the Agoge...or training facility/school/wacky communist training camp. Thats right...from the age of 7, Spartan boys were completely controlled by the state. They were taught to fight...they were rationed harshly so they would learn to to steal and not get caught. They were taught to read and write as well as sing military songs. And of course, they were taught fighting...and more fighting...and pain. Lots of Pain. As these kids got older...around 12, they were given one cloak a year, and their training increased. they ate terrible meals...in fact, they ate the same thing every day for the entirety of their lives (if the Athenians are to be believed)! These kids from 12-18 were encouraged to compete in sports, learn the Sword, Spear and especially the Shield. Fight, scrape, and survive. At 20, after a couple special holidays where they had to steal food from the temple of Artemis while the soldiers guarding it whipped them as hard a possible (resulting in some deaths...Hazing at its finest!!) and another ritual where the boys had to hide or get beaten severely (what else is new)...the 20 yr olds were finally Spartan men...entitled to 40 yrs of Service to the state as a military man! That’s right...Spartans were expected to serve until 60...no less, no more....60. Each year they were given one scarlet cloak to wear, and they were supposed to maintain their own armor Anyway, at 20 men were allowed to marry and usually did, but they still lived with the men in the barracks. In order to see their wives, they had to sneak out (to their houses and wives and kids) and if they got caught on their way back they (surprise) got beaten and whipped. At 30, they were finally allowed to live in their homes with their wives. They still had to go on campaign whenever their unit left, and that could be for months or years at a time. When at home they got to kick it at their state given home (finally), with their little share of land (and tell their little seen Helots (slaves)what to do! From 30-60, they got to fight...march...fight...wear a new Scarlet cloak every year...keep the Helots from revolting...rinse, wash, repeat. At 60 they finally retired from military service...could join the government in the form of the Gerusia...and maybe...just maybe, die in peace. 1. Marathon- Who was the leader of the Persians? 2. Describe what a "phalanx" looks like. 3. Who was Pheidippides and what did he do? 4. How many men did the Greeks lose at Marathon? 5. What are 3 things Xerxes did to punish the Black Sea for wrecking his first bridge? 6. What was the name of the new alliance or group of Greek city states formed to defend against the Persians? 7. Why were there only 300 Spartans at Thermoplae? 8. At what age did Spartans boys leave their parents? At what age did they get a home and piece of land to farm? At what age did they retire? 9. How did the Persians finally win at Thermopylae? 10. If you were a Spartan would you rather be a boy, girl, or 60 years old? Explain Salamis Greek ships vs Persians Role of trickery Why did Xerxes fall for it? Role of the triremes Battle at plain of Plataea Spartans Pausanias Death of Mardonius Destruction of Persian on same day Define: Aphros- Archon- “ichor”, ambrosia- Polis- Hubris- Acropolis- Hestia- Cratos- “Lethargy”- comes from? Helots- Elysian Fields- Council of 500 Darius I- “Draconian”- Xerxes- Rhea- Royal highway- Cronus- Pheidippides Ephialtes- Hoplites- Thermopylae- Hoplon- Battle of Salamis- Phalanx- Triremes- Militiades- The Immortals- Panhellenic League- Oracle at Delphi Themistocles- prediction Battle of Plataea Pausanias 1st Pontoon bridge Leonidas- Locate on a map: Sparta Athens Aegean Sea Ionia Hellespont Persia Eretria Marathon Salamis Even though each city-state was independent, they still thought of themselves as Greek, speaking the same language, believing in the same gods, and sharing a common heritage. The Olympics were an important event to all Greeks and every city-state would send a team to represent them. The Modern Olympic flag of five linked rings, each with a primary color used in the flags of the nations competing in the games, was introduced in 1908. The idea of the Olympic torch or Olympic Flame was first inaugurated in the 1928 Olympic Games in Amsterdam. There was no torch relay in the ancient Olympic Games. Gold, Silver, and Bronze medals are awarded to winners of each event. The selection of a city to host each Olympics, winter or summer, is made by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). Gymnastics (Xinhua) Shawn Johnson on the beam Johnson, 16-year-old gymnast, did not miss her last chance of Olympic gold. She scored 16.225 after a flawless routine. Gymnastics (Photo credit: Xinhua) Shawn Johnson (C), Nastia Liukin (L), and Cheng Fei Medal Ceremony afteer balancebeam trials. Swimming Robert Gauthier / Los Angeles Times Michael Phelps dives into the water to begin the men's 4 x 200-meter freestyle relay for the U.S., which won the event and gave Phelps his fifth gold medal of the Beijing Games. Swimming (Photo credit: Al Bello/Getty Images) American Michael Phelps achieved what many thought impossible on the ninth and final day of Swimming on Sunday at the National Aquatics Center landing his eighth gold medal in the Men's 4 x 100m Medley Relay. (L-R)Aaron Peirsol, Brendan Hansen, Michael Phelps and Jason Lezak Women’s Water Polo Robert Gauthier / Los Angeles Times Soccer Wally Skalij / Los Angeles Times Benny Feilhaber, center, and Brian McBride of the U.S. battle for the ball with Nigeria's Chibuzor Okonkwo during asoccer match. Diving Robert Gauthier / Los Angeles Times Kai Qin, foreground, and Feng Wang hold their form as they dive during the Men's 3 meter Synchronized Springboard final at Beijing's National Aquatic Center Basketball MN Chan / Getty Images Chris Paul, 6-0, Guard The runner-up in the NBA MVP race, the New Orleans Hornet floor leader is a do-everything guard who averaged 24.1 points and 11.3 assists last season Mariel Zagunis, left, gets her foot stepped on by fellow American Sada Jacobson but manages to get a point in the women's individual sabre competition. Zagunis won the gold medal and Fencing Wally Skalij / Los Angeles Times Jacobson the silver Saturday. Volley Ball Wally Skalij / Los Angeles Times Todd Rogers, left, and Phil Dalhausser collide while returning a serve against Switzerland Badminton Robert Gauthier / Los Angeles Times Satoko Suetsuna of Japan lines up a shot in a badminton match against China. Suetsuna and Miyuki Maeda won the match, defeating the defending Olympic doubles champions, Wei Yang and Jiewen Zhang. Weightlifting (Wally Skalij / Los Angeles Times) Weightlifter Alexandra Escobar of Ecuador falls while attempting a lift in the finals of the women's 58kg group. Escobar finished fifth in the finals. Wrestling (Wally Skalij / Los Angeles Times) Eusebiu Iancu Diaconu of Romania, in blue, flips China's Jiang Sheng during a match in the 60kg men's Greco-Roman wrestling competition Baseball Kathy Willens / Associated Press U.S. catcher Lou Marson prepares to tag out Taiwan's Chen Chin-Feng at home plate after a strong throw from right fielder Nate Schierholtz to end the sixht inning Tuesday. Table Tennis (Ping Pong) Scott Strazzante / Chicago Tribune USA's Chen Wang, top, returns a serve by Netherland's Li Jiao. Wang wins this game Track and Field (Wally Skalij / Los Angeles Times) Kerron Clement of the U.S. easily wins the men's 44-meter hurdles in Round 1 at the 2008 Beijing Olympics. Kayaking ( Robert Gauthier / Los Angeles Times) Slovakia kayaker Elena Kaliska speeds down Beijing's slalom course on her way to an Olympic • The ancient Olympic Games was a part of a major religious festival honoring Zeus, the chief Greek god, was the biggest event in their world. • Women were not allowed to compete • A winner received a crown made from olive leaves, Olympia home to all the Ancient and was entitled to have Olympics. a statue of himself set up at Olympia. Prizes awarded were wreaths of olives. Ancient boxing had fewer rules than the modern sport. Boxers fought without rounds until one man was knocked out, or admitted he had been beaten. Unlike the modern sport, there was no rule against hitting an opponent when he was down. Photograph by Maria Daniels, courtesy of the University Museums, University of Mississippi There were both 2-horse chariot and 4-horse chariot races, with separate races for chariots drawn by foals. Another race was between carts drawn by a team of 2 mules. The course was 12 laps around the stadium track (9 miles). Photograph by Maria Daniels, courtesy of the Tampa Museum of Art Pankration This event was a grueling combination of boxing and wrestling. Punches were allowed, although the fighters did not wrap their hands with the boxing himantes. Rules outlawed only biting and gouging an opponent's eyes, nose, or mouth with fingernails. Attacks such as kicking an opponent in the belly, which are against the rules in modern sports, were perfectly legal. Photograph by Maria Daniels, courtesy of the Toledo Museum of Art This was a 5-event combination of discus, javelin, jumping, running and wrestling. Javelin Discus Jump The javelin was a man-high length of wood, with either a sharpened end or an attached metal point. It had a thong for a hurler's fingers attached to its center of gravity, which increased the precision and distance of a javelin's flight. The ancient Greeks considered the rhythm and precision of an athlete throwing the discus as important as his strength. The discus was made of stone, iron, bronze, or lead, and was shaped like a flying saucer. Sizes varied, since the boys' division was not expected to throw the same weight as the mens'. Athletes used lead or stone jump weights (halteres) shaped like telephone receivers to increase the length of their jump. The halteres were held in front of the athlete during his ascent, and forcibly thrust behind his back and dropped during his descent to help propel his body further. Wrestling Part of the Pentathlon. Trainer watching wrestlers Photograph by Maria Daniels, courtesy of The University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology Running There were 4 types of races at Olympia. The stadion was the oldest event of the Games. Runners sprinted for 1 stade (192 m.), or the length of the stadium. The other races were a 2-stade race (384 m.), and a long-distance run which ranged from 7 to 24 stades (1,344 m. to 4,608 m.). And if these races weren't enough, the Greeks had one particularly grueling event which we lack. There was also a 2 to 4-stade (384 m. to 768 m.) race by athletes in armor. This race was especially useful in building the speed and stamina that Greek men needed during their military service. If we remember that the standard hoplite armor (helmet, shield, and greaves)weighed about 50-60 lbs, it is easy to imagine what such an event must have been like. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/Olympics/ http://www.museum.upenn.edu/new/olympics/olym picorigins.shtml http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/index_uk.asp Part 2 The Olympics began in 776 BC The games were originally held in Olympia, Greece until 393 AD During the ancient games, only young men were able to participate The competitors were usually naked because the games were, in part, a celebration of the human body. Olympia Originally a religious ceremony in honor of the Greek gods. 100 oxen were sacrificed at the beginning of the Games “Olympic Truce:” All wars and battles were halted so that everyone could come and watch the Games. Based on 4-year periods called “Olympiads”---Held in Olympia There are different ideas of how the Olympics began. One myth is that the Greek God Zeus started the games to celebrate his victory over his father Cronus for control of the world. Another tradition states that the games began after Greek hero Pelops won a chariot race against King Oenomaus to marry the King’s daughter. The Olympic Flame Olympia Stadium Athletic games were an important part of religious festivals from early on in Greek Culture. The first 13 Olympiads sole event was the footrace----called the “Dromos” Over time, the Greeks added longer footraces and different events. Spartans got involved and added more events. The pentathlon and wrestling were the first new sports added in the 18th Olympiad. Today, there are 52 different events between the summer and winter Olympic games. The ancient Olympics were very different from the modern games. There were fewer games and only free men who could speak Greek, were allowed to compete. The games were always held at Olympia Stadium instead of moving around to different cities. One common link between ancient Olympics and the modern games is that the athletes were heroes to their home towns, as our athletes are celebrities today. Greek women started their own Games— “Herea”- in honor of Hera Held every 5 years “Stade”- “one length of the track Similar to our 100 meter straightaway Track had built-in toe grooves Clay covered with sand 600’ c- Hercules Original track at Olympia Modern Tracks have a faster surface Berlin, Germany Discus- 9 to 12 pounds Javelin Wrestling Boxing (no gloves) 4 running races Chariot races There were 4 types of races at Olympia. The “stadion” was the oldest event of the Games. Runners sprinted for 1 “stade” (192 m.), or the length of the stadium. The other races were a 2-stade race (384 m.), and a long-distance run which ranged from 7 to 24 stades (1,344 m. to 4,608 m.). And if these races weren't enough, the Greeks had one particularly grueling event which we lack. There was also a 2 to 4-stade (384 m. to 768 m.) race by athletes in armor. This race was especially useful in building the speed and stamina that Greek men needed during their military service. If we remember that the standard hoplite armor (helmet, shield, and greaves)weighed about 50-60 lbs, it is easy to imagine what such an event must have been like. 5 events “well rounded athlete” Footrace, discus, long jump, javelin, wrestlin Highest honor in Games is to win the pentathalon Modern Olympics have the “Decathalon” 10 events over 2 days The emphasis of the first day is on speed, explosive power, and jumping ability; the second emphasizes technique and endurance. Day 1 – 1oo meters, long jump, shot put, high jump, 400 meters Day 2 – 110 meter hurdles, discus, pole vault, javelin, 1500 meters Bryan Clay- at Beijing Olympics Athletics were a key part of education in ancient Greece. Greeks believed that developing the body was equally important as improving the mind for overall health. Young Greek men trained to flute music to make the bodies harmonious. The Palaestra was the place that the men trained and socialized in ancient Greece. The Palaestra NYC’s Proposed Olympic Stadium Ancient athletes competed as individuals, not for national teams, as they do now. Athletes that won public competitions won permanent glory and fame. Winning athletes made their town look wealthy and powerful. In ancient Olympic games women were not allowed to compete. They competed in modern Olympics in 1900. In today’s Olympics the top three finishers will receive Gold, Silver and Bronze medals for each event. In ancient Olympics, the winner would receive a crown made of olive leaves and was entitled to a statue of himself at Olympia. There were no awards for 2nd place 1948 Gold Medal Olive leaf Crown In ancient Olympic games the athletes that were found cheating would be fined and the money was used to make statues of the Greek God, Zeus. The first known cheater was Eupolus of Thessaly, who bribed boxers in the 98th Olympiad. Today, some athletes use illegal performance enhancing drugs. Modern day Olympic cheater Ben Johnson Olympic sprinter accused of using steroids Read about some of the more interesting athletes from the ancient Olympics. Theagenes of Thasos – winner in 75th and 76th Olympiads Milo of Kroton – 6 time Olympic winner Diagoras of Rhodes – won in Olympics and every other major Greek festival Panhellenic Games-open to all Greeks “Pythian Games”- 4 years, in honor of Apollo during middle of Olympiads included some musical competitions along with athletic “Nemea” and “Corinth” Games-Winners got wreaths of celery or parsley, pine needles “Panthenaic games”Athens, -winners- “amphora” jars of olive oil Ended in 394 AD by the Roman Emperor Theodosius, who was a Christian Considered them “pagan” games Revived in 1896 and first hosted in Athens, Greece Baron Pierre de Coubertin No women allowed to take part until 1900 Medals replaced the laurel wreaths Hosted by the Nazis and Adolf Hitler Germans believe they were the best athletes in the world Jessie Owens, a Black American runner, won four medals and shattered that myth Terrorists took several Israeli athletes hostage The hostages were killed as they were being rescued Centennial of the Games Many thought it would go to Athens, Greece 10,000+ athletes took part Bomb exploded in Centennial Park Over 10,000 athletes took part Pumped over $1billion into the economy of Greece A matter of pride for China to show the world Concerns over air pollution, how Tibet is treated by China Winter 2010- Vancouver, Canada Summer 2012- London, England, UK The Delian League, based on the island of Delos, was formed to unite the Greek city-states to defend against the Persians. Athens lead the league and gained more and more power over the other city states. Sparta refused to join. The other city-states became resentful of Athens’ power over them. A group of city-states led by Sparta waged the Peloponnesian War against Athens for 30 years until Athens surrendered to Sparta. Later, under Spartan control, the Athenians revolted and once more set up a democracy; but they never regained the power they once had. Reforms of Ephialtes – 462 – 461 BC Curbed power of Areopagus – ancient aristocratic council (ex-Archons) transferred powers to Court, Council of 500 & Assembly Archonship – Highest office Extended to more citizens 9 appointed each year Council of 500 – chosen by lot from all citizens over 30 years old Sets agenda for Assembly 50 from each tribal unit Assembly – Ecclesia – all adult male citizens Votes on legislature presented by Council People’s Court of Appeal Selected by lot Ostracism Once a year - vote to expel one person who was seen as threat Themisticles - regarded as having gained too much power after war with Persia Citizenship Males only Required land ownership Large number of small farmers – each had a limited voice in public affairs Not extended to foreigners, women or slaves Hoplites – citizen soldiers Required to serve in military Communities established system of impartial judges to keep vendettas from developing Armed men ready to defend their honor Trivial quarrels turn violent & lead to more blood Third parties need to resolve disputes to stop cycle By early 6th cen. BC – citizens chosen by lot & sworn to render impartial verdicts Jurors sat in panels of 500, 1000, 1500, even 6,000 once Called dikastai or judges Collective opinion was final Jurors sworn en masse once a year Jurors voted after listening to both prosecution & defense Simple majority determined verdict – tie to the defendant Athenian Government & Law 8th century Monarchy 7th century Oligarchy 621 BC Draco 594 BC Solon the Reformer 6th century Tyranny 560 BC Pisistratus 507 BC Cleisthenes the Tyrant the Democrat Citizen Assembly Archons Aereopagus 5th century Democracy Male landowners All Freemen Council Council of of 500 400 - citizens (30+) - 1 year term - 2 term limit - paid - chosen by . . . Court of Appeals Lottery Athenian U.S. Legislature- Boule, Legislature- House of Ecclesia-chosen by lottery Judicial-Public juries chosen by lot Executive- Commander in chief, Strategoi Representatives, Senate -chosen by vote of people Judicial- judges, courts chosen by President Supreme Ct- chosen by President Executive- President,(vote of people, Cabinet The ancient Greek city-states never united because the land was very mountainous and hilly making travel difficult. This is one case where geography influenced history. The Greeks began to lose their sense of community and fought with one another. In 338 B.C. Philip II of Macedonia north of Greece (Alexander the Great’s father) conquered Greece. Doric order Western Greece Simplest, with plain, round capitals Ionic order Eastern Greece Slender, fluted pillars Two opposed volutes on capital (scrolls) Corinthian order Most ornate of the Greek orders Slender fluted column Capital carved with two rows of leaves and four scrolls Designed by Callimachus 5th cen BC Parthenon Greek for "Virgin Temple" Athens’ Acropolis Extraordinarily expensive Represent grandeur Paid for by tribute from Delian League 20,000 tons of marble Architects and sculptors from all over Greece Phidias – designer 15 years to complete 40 foot high statue of Athena 500 foot long frieze – celebration of Athenian values Elgin Marbles in British Museum Marble & Bronze Human form the most important subject for artistic endeavour Gods in human form No distinction between the sacred & secular in art Immensely influential on Western art Renaissance Period Classical revival Period Little has survived, mostly in Roman copies Sculpture not merely for artistic display Public memorials, temples, grave markers, decorative friezes Archaic Period Most important sculptural form was the “kouros” Standing male nude Very stiff in posture Classical Period Revolution in statuary Poses more naturalistic Technical skill greatly increases 500 BC - statues began to depict real people Funeral statuary - highly personal family groups Know names of individual sculptors Phidias (Parthenon), Praxiteles The Vase - great artistic legacy Pottery made for everyday use, not for display - drinking & storage Freshness & naturalness to art Potters not a respected profession factories in Athens prostitute district tried to outdo each other other Corinth & Athens dominate trade Pottery exported all over the Greek world Many mass-produced & low Pottery Types: amphorae kraters (bowls for mixing wine & water) hydria (water jars) Kylix – wine cup libation bowls, jugs Vases colors often mark when they were a MadeEx.- black figures on red background indicate a vase made in 6th century BC. reverse of that color pattern were vases made in 5th century BC Theater in every major Greek city Home of popular entertainment Drama starts during Athens age of tyrants Encourage Athenian patriotism Contest for reciting famous stories at PanAthenaic festival Very noisy audiences First theatrical productions - Athens Dionysus festival Athens Theater of Dionysus built about 500 BC Initially a single actor accompanied by a chorus of singers All wore masks – allowed actors to play multiple roles All male cast – played female roles 472 BC – oldest play “The Persians” by Aeschylus Aeschylus – added second actor Sophocles – added third actor Plays sponsored by wealthy patrons See other powerpoint Alexander The Great The Empire of Alexander Mediterranean Judah Egypt © EBibleTeacher.com India www.Studylight.org Assumed the throne-at age 20- after his father Philip of Macedon was murdered Marched for 11 years – over 20,000 miles- and never lost a battle United an area of over 22 million square miles. Setup a common system of currency for entire realm. Made Greek the prevailing language of the Near East for government, learning and commerce Established many new colonies and cities, 70 of them named Alexandria in his honor. He planned to merge the Macedonian and the Persians into one ruling group in order to run his empire more efficiently. 1. Used Greeks, Macedonian, and Persians in his administration in an attempt to unite East and West. 2. Trained and used Persians in his army. 3. Adopted some Persian dress and customs, married Bactrian and Persian princesses, and required thousands of his Macedonian and Greeks soldiers to wed Persian women. Proclaimed himself god-king in Egypt and in Greece to unify his empire. Brought scientists on expeditions who gathered data about biology and geography.. Spread Greek culture from the polis to the whole known world. Had Near Eastern families sending children to Athens to be educated. Set the stage for the eventual rise of Rome by unifying areas to the east. Allowed Greek culture to continue for 1000 years. Alexander as the heir of Achilles The Battle of Granicus Bucephalus The Gordian Knot The Battle of Gaugamela His last battle He was tutored by Aristotle Alexander’s mother told him he was part-God He loved Homer’s poems about Iliad and Odyssey Retraced Agamemnon’s path to city of Troy Visited the grave of Achilles Took Achilles shield from tomb wall Achilles At the Granicus River vs the Persians Surprise use of calvary Saved by his friend Cleitus during battle Early battle showed his cunning as general - He tamed the horse no one could tame - Led him into the sunBurcephalus was afraid of his shadow - Bucephalus= “bull headed” - Event shows Alexander’s “power of observation” Gordium- capital of ancient Phrygia Gordian knot- “Who unties it will conquer all of Asia” Alexander’s “thinking outside the box” Cut the knot with his sword “to untie the Gordian knot” means to solve a complex problem Mesopotamia- vs King Darius 50 war chariots with blades Alexander’s strategy of coordinated movements to let chariots pass through throw javelins at drivers killing them defeat of Darius who flees and is later assassinated by his own men Alexander King Darius Defeat King Porus at Thelum River "Maddened by the disaster" the king's elephants "kept colliding with friends and foes alike", according to Arrian. His men tired and weary want to go home. Alexander’s Death Whoever is the strongest gets my Empire! --Died at age 33 -Went swimming after a heavy drinking bout and caught a fever -No successor- no plan Greek culture and Asian culture mixed Many Greeks had already gone over into the Persian empire to serve as soldiers, traders and doctors. 1. In what battle didAlexander establish himself as a cunning general? 2. Why did he visit Achilles tomb? 3. How did he solve the riddle of the Gordian Knot? 4. How did he tame Bucephalus? 5. How did he deal with the deadly chariots at Gaugamela? 6. Why do you think he had no planned successors?