Transcript The COSMOS Airborne Campaigns. Status October’06 N. Skou, S. S. Søbjærg, J.
Ørsted • DTU The COSMOS Airborne Campaigns.
Status October’06 N. Skou, S. S. Søbjærg, J. Balling, S. S. Kristensen, and S. Misra Ørsted•DTU Technical University of Denmark [email protected]
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L-band Radiometer System
• • •
EMIRAD-2 is a fully polarimetric radiometer operating in the 1400 - 1427 MHz protected band EMIRAD-2 consists of:
–
2 antennas, one pointing 40 deg aft, one pointing nadir. The antennas are Potter horns with no sidelobes
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radiometer unit with dual inputs EGI (INU + GPS) for attitude and navigation
– –
industrial PC for fast data recording laptop for instrument control and normal data recording Installed on 2 small aircraft Ørsted • DTU
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Ørsted • DTU 40 deg Potter Horn
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Ørsted • DTU 40 deg Horn Pattern
HPBW=30.6
° i.e.: FPL = 932 m FPX = 714 m from 1000 m altitude 4
Radiometer Description
• • • • •
Digital radiometer with subharmonic sampling. A to D converters directly sample the L-band signals with a clock frequency of 139.4 MHz.
The data from the converters are fed into an FPGA where correlation, calculation of second and fourth order moments of the PDF, and integration is performed digitally Data integrated to 8 msec. is stored on the laptop computer also controlling the system. These data will be available in near real time.
A second data stream - fast data - is implemented for RFI mitigation, done off-line for optimum performance. In the normal mode of operation, data only pre-integrated to 1.8
m
sec is recorded on a fast HD in an industrial PC.
The fast data channel can also be operated in a special mode where raw data from the converters are stored. 2 x 32 K samples are stored with a 25% duty cycle. The normal fast data is pre-integrated to 14.7
m
sec in this mode.
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Data Output
• • •
8 msec. integration:
–
–
– – –
–
m
sec integration): as above.
Fast data alternatively raw samples plus above integrated to 14.7
m
sec.
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EMIRAD-2 Specifications
• • • • • • • • • • •
Correlation radiometer with direct sampling Fully polarimetric (i.e. 4 Stokes) Frequency: 1400 - 1427 MHz (-60 dB BW; about 22 MHz -3 dB BW) Digital radiometer with 139.4 MHz sampling Advanced analog filter for RFI suppression.
Data integrated to 8 msec recorded on PC Off-line digital RFI filtering in frequency and time domains. Fast data pre-integrated to 1.8
m
sec or raw data is recorded on HD Sensitivity: 0.1 K for 1 sec. integration time Calibration: internal load and noise diode 2 antennas - one nadir pointing, one pointing 40 deg. aft Antennas are Potter horns (no sidelobes) with 37.6
° and 30.6° HPBW Ørsted • DTU
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Block Diagram
V H V H Cal.
Cal.
~ ~ Noise diode ~ ~ A/D A/D Inte gration and com- plex correla- tor filter (FPGA) T V U V T H
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Temperature Stabilized Enclosure
• • •
2 digital PI-regulators stability of microwave section better than 0.02 °C for 15 °C change in ambient temperature DFE stability better than 0.1 °C for same change Ørsted • DTU
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Problems under Warm Conditions
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Internal temperature (normally around 40 °C) cannot be kept stable Calibration severely affected Eventually the radiometer overheats This situation prevailed in Australia due to failing aircraft air-condition Solution:
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base calibration on internal load and noise diode
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make model for noise diode output as function of temperature by operating radiometer in lab under elevated temperatures
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re-process all data Result:
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calibrated data but with less accuracy (under normal conditions calibration depends directly on primary LN2 cal. - here only indirectly)
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OK for soil moisture where requirements are modest Ørsted • DTU
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Ørsted • DTU Radiometer Control - screen dump
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Ørsted • DTU Large Antenna on C-130
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Ørsted • DTU EMIRAD-2 on Aero Commander
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Ørsted • DTU EMIRAD-2 on Aero Commander
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Ørsted • DTU EMIRAD-2 on Aero Commander
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CoSMOS “Down Under” Campaign
Campaign operations and Flights Assimilation of root zone soil moisture
ASSI
Scaling issues, 2000 metres alt.
Sun Glint and Topography Effect of Water and dew on L-band measurements
SCAL GLINT WATER
October 2005 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 November 2005 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 December 2005 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 flights delayed due to delays in certification campaign extension
<== end of Campaign
1 flight over Roscommon 1 flight at start and 1 at end with NAFE on first day second flight during last NAFE vegetation sampling
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Ørsted • DTU EMIRAD on HUT Skyvan
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Two Flight Patterns off Norway
QuickTime™ and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture.
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Ørsted • DTU CoSMOS-OS Campaign
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Re-processing Status
• • • • • • •
Radiometer has been characterized in the lab with internal temperatures in the range 37 - 48 °C OMTs have been measured (NWA):
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loss in side port: 0.08 dB, in end port: 0.05 dB
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S 11 around -15 dB X-pol below 30 dB Cable losses are 0.3 dB Processing algorithms established this week Bulk processing starts next week Quality checks Data delivery before Christmas Ørsted • DTU
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Ørsted • DTU RFI - 8 msec Data and 15
m
sec Data
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RFI - 15
m
sec Data: TB and Moment Ratio Ørsted • DTU
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Example from Australia (zoom in on 15
m
sec data) Ørsted • DTU
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Ørsted • DTU Example from Australia (raw data)
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What are the Dangers of RFI?
• •
Strong RFI of long duration may elevate brightness temperature by unreasonable amount or even blank radiometer Result: loss of data, but you know !
• •
More likely, but far more dangerous situation: RFI (low level or short pulses) may contribute to your signal with a power corresponding to a Kelvin for example.
Very difficult to know !
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What are our Priorities?
1. To detect the situation 2. Mitigate if possible Ørsted • DTU
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Can RFI be Detected?
• • • • • •
Huge RFI no problem - TB is clearly too large More normal RFI very difficult in normal radiometer systems having integration from milliseconds to seconds Need to have very fast sampling rate - preferably digital radiometer (EMIRAD-2 has 140 MHz sampling) Radar signals may be detected as unusually large signals with suitable but short pre-integration But most signals can be detected by investigating statistical properties:
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TB is Gaussian which has a fixed ratio of 3 between 4’th and 2’nd order central moments (kurtosis)
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Other signals (especially pulsed and continuous) typically have different value (beware, however: sine with 50% duty cycle also have ratio of 3!!) All this has to be done using “raw” data (before integration) Ørsted • DTU
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Can RFI be Mitigated?
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Time domain:
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Continuous signals not
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Pulse type signals with low duty cycle can: following the detection in the raw data, inflicted samples are discarded before integration. For typical radar signals the loss of radiometer signal will thus be very moderate.
Frequency domain:
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Even our narrow band (27MHz) may be split into sub-bands.
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Each sub-band is analyzed Inflicted sub-bands are discarded
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Work on both continuous and pulsed signals In both cases: consequence is increased
T - depending on how much has to be discarded.
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What is Being Done at DTU?
• • •
EMIRAD-2 has collected data in Australia and in the North Sea:
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Data pre-integrated to 1.8 microsec. recorded continuously.
Bursts of raw data (140 MHz sampling) recorded on special occasions.
For sure, examples of RFI have been captured Analysis and theoretical considerations are ongoing.
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Ørsted • DTU CoSMOS-OS Flight Line
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Power, Aft Horn, H-pol, 8 msec. Sampling Ørsted • DTU
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Kurtosis, Aft Horn, H-pol, 8 msec. Sampling Ørsted • DTU
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Ørsted • DTU Power, Region of Interest
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Ørsted • DTU Kurtosis, Region of Interest
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Ørsted • DTU Power, Zoom in on Region of Interest
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Ørsted • DTU Kurtosis, Zoom in on Region of Interest
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Power, one 8 msec Window with 1.8
m
s Sampling Ørsted • DTU
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Kurtosis, one 8 msec Window with 1.8
m
s Sampling Ørsted • DTU
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Ørsted • DTU Power, Nadir Horn, 8 msec. Sampling
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Ørsted • DTU Kurtosis, Nadir Horn, 8 msec. Sampling
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Ørsted • DTU Power, Zoom in on Region of Interest
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Ørsted • DTU Kurtosis, Zoom in on Region of Interest
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Power, one 8 msec Window with 1.8
m
s Sampling Ørsted • DTU
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Kurtosis, one 8 msec Window with 1.8
m
s Sampling Ørsted • DTU
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Ørsted • DTU Kurtosis on Flight Line
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Power Ørsted • DTU
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Power - Land Zoom Ørsted • DTU
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Power - Sea Zoom Ørsted • DTU
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Kurtosis Ørsted • DTU
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Ørsted • DTU Kurtosis - Land Zoom
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Ørsted • DTU Kurtosis - Sea Zoom
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Conclusions and Plans
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Many potentially harmful RFI pulses present Some can be seen in 8 msec TB data - some cannot!!
Can be seen in kurtosis data Some not seen in 8 msec TB data can be seen in 1.8
m
s TB data.
Example 1: seen both in kurtosis and 8 msec TB data. RFI adds 3.5 K!!
Example 2: only seen in kurtosis. RFI adds 0.9 K to 8 msec TB data!!!!!!
Kurtosis powerful tool.
Also fast sampling - 1.8
m
s (TBC) - is powerful Analysis being carried out this fall and winter Algorithms for mitigation to be developed Potential for FPGA implementation - avoids fast data rate (link to ground / recording capacity) Ørsted • DTU
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What About Future Campaigns?
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Do not trust any L-band radiometer unless it has at least fast sampling (microsecond range) - and preferably kurtosis check This goes especially for airborne campaigns Available radiometers:
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EMIRAD-2
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CAROLS (EMIRAD-2 copy, ready next year) EMIRAD-1 after minor modification.
????
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