Psychology is commonly defined as: a. b. c. d. The study The study The study processes The study of behavior of the mind of behavior and mental of early childhood c.
Download ReportTranscript Psychology is commonly defined as: a. b. c. d. The study The study The study processes The study of behavior of the mind of behavior and mental of early childhood c.
Psychology is commonly defined as: a. b. c. d. The study The study The study processes The study of behavior of the mind of behavior and mental of early childhood c. The study of behavior and mental processes Which of the following are the goals of psychology? Describe, manipulate, control and examine behavior b. Describe, explain, predict and change behavior c. Predict, control, examine and change behavior d. Manipulate, control, explain and change behavior b. Describe, explain, predict and change behavior a. Psychology often questions to what extent we are controlled by biological and genetic factors or by the environment and learning. This ongoing debate is known as the _____. a. b. c. d. Nature vs. Nurture controversy Mind vs. Body Dualism Interactionist position Biopsychosocial Model A. Nature-Nurture Controversy Applied research is conducted to study __________. A) B) C) D) How people apply knowledge in an educational setting Theoretical questions that may or may not have real-world applications The goals of psychology A specific real-world problem D. A specific real-world problem The experimental group, in an experiment, is the group in which the participants _____. A. B. C. D. Do not receive the independent variable Receive the dependent variable Do not receive the DV Receive the IV D. Receive the IV The total of all possible cases from which a sample is selected is called the __________. a. b. c. d. subject pool population selection group control group B) population The first step in the scientific method is _____. A. B. C. D. Forming a testable hypothesis Developing a theory Reviewing the literature of existing theories Designing a study C. Reviewing the literature of existing theories The ______ variable is the variable that is measured. a. b. c. d. Independent Intervening Controlled Dependent D) Dependent The tendency of experimenters to influence the results of their experiment in an expected direction is called ____. A) B) C) D) Experimenter bias Control bias Observational bias Experimental bias A) Experimenter bias A hypothesis is derived from a ______. a. b. c. d. idea research paper brainstorming theory D) theory A procedure to ensure that each individual has the same probability as any other of being in a given group is called _____. A. B. C. D. Random selection Random assignment Representative selection Representative assignment B. Random assignment Cells within your body specialized for conducting information are called ____? a. b. c. d. Dendrites Neurons Axons Nucleotides b. Neurons The three major parts of a neuron are ____. a. b. c. d. Glia, dendrites, and myelin Myelin, dendrites, and axon Dendrites, axon and cell body Axon, glia, and myelin c. Dendrites, axon and cell body The ____ consists of all the nerves that connect to sensory receptors and control skeletal muscles a. b. c. d. Parasympathetic nervous system Spinal cord Somatic nervous system Action potential c. Somatic nervous system ___ provide structural, nutritional, and other support for the neuron, as well as some communication functions a. b. c. d. Dendrites Axons Nurturing bodies Glial cells d. Glial cells Chemical messengers that are secreted into the synapse are called ____. a. b. c. d. Ions Neurotransmitters Neurocommunicators Neuromodulators b. Neurotransmitters The synapse is the point where ____. a. b. c. d. The soma attaches to the dendrite Neurotransmitters are manufactured Information transfers from neuron to neuron The action potential begins c. Information transfers from neuron to neuron If you are accidentally hit on the head and you see flashes of light, most likely the blow activated cells in the ____. a. b. c. d. Frontal lobes Temporal lobes Occipital lobes Parietal lobes c. Occipital lobes The frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes make up the ____ a. b. c. d. Brain Cerebral cortex Subcortex Brain stem b. Cerebral cortex The major divisions of the central nervous system are ___. a. b. c. d. Sympathetic and parasympathetic Somatic and autonomic Gray matter and white matter Brain and spinal cord d. Brain and spinal cord The parasympathetic nervous system is dominant when a person is ___. a. b. c. d. Stressed Relaxed Frightened Angry b. Relaxed The parasympathetic and sympathetic are the major divisions of the ____ nervous system a. b. c. d. Automatic Somatic Central Autonomic d. Autonomic The principle whereby an axon either fires or does not fire an action potential is called the _____ Sodium-potassium b. Axon terminal c. Shotgun d. All-or-none law d. All-or-none law a. Damage to the medulla can lead to loss of ____. a. b. c. d. Vision Respiration Hearing Smell b. Respiration The cerebellum, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus are all ____. a. b. c. d. Lower-level brain structures Cortical areas Brain stem areas Spinal cord areas a. Lower-level brain structures Split-brain research has indicated that, in most people, the left hemisphere is largely responsible for _____ abilities a. b. c. d. Musical Spatial Artistic Language d. Language Neurons are the basic units in the _____. a. b. c. d. Nervous system Synapses Dendrites Body a. Nervous system _____ is an organism’s awareness of its own self and surroundings. a. b. c. d. Awareness Consciousness Alertness Central processing a. consciousness _____ processes are mental activities that require minimal attention, without affecting other activities. a. b. c. d. Controlled Peripheral Conscious Automatic d. Automatic Biological rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle are called _____. a. b. c. d. Circadian rhythms Synchronisms Diurnal circuits Noctural transmissions a. Circadian rhythms The _____ theory says that sleep allows us to replenish what was depleted during daytime activities. a. b. c. d. Repair/restoration Evolutionary/circadian Supply/demand Conservation of energy a. repair/restoration Insomnia occurs when you persistently _____. a. b. c. d. Have difficulty staying awake Go to sleep too early Awake too early All of the above c. Awake too early _____ is a disease marked by sudden and irresistible onsets of sleep during normal waking hours. a. b. c. d. Dyssomnia Parasomnia Narcolepsy Sleep apnea c. Narcolepsy A chemical that blocks the action of a neurotransmitter is called a/an _____. a. b. c. d. Synaptic inhibitor Antagonist Alternator Receptor-blocker b. Antagonist A mental desire or craving to achieve the effects produced by a drug is known as _____. a. b. c. d. Withdrawal effects Dependency Psychological dependence Physical dependence c. Psychological dependence Requiring larger and more frequent doses of a drug to produce a desired effect is characteristic of _____. a. b. c. d. Withdrawal Tolerance Psychoactive dependence All of the above b. Tolerance Which of the following drugs is a central nervous system stimulant? a. b. c. d. Amphetamine Alcohol Heroin Barbiturates a. amphetamine Which of the following is NOT classified as a hallucinogen? a. b. c. d. Mescaline Psilocybin Amphetamines LSD d. LSD _____ drugs produce sensory distortions or perceptual illusions. a. b. c. d. Stimulants Opiates Depressants Hallucinogens d. Hallucinogens EEG is the abbreviation for _____, which is used to record brain waves. a. b. c. d. Electrical emissions graph Electroencephalograph Electro-energy grams Even elephants get grumpy b. Electroencephalograph Your breathing is regular, your heart rate and blood pressure are slowing, and you can be awakened easily. It is most likely that you are in _____. a. b. c. d. A hypnogogic transition between wakefulness and sleep A daydreaming state Stage 1 sleep Stage 2 sleep c. Stage 1 sleep A relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of practice or experience is the definition of ___. a. b. c. d. Learning Conditioning Behavior modification Modeling a. Learning When your mouth waters at the sight of a chocolate cake, it is an example of ____. a. b. c. d. Operant conditioning Social learning Vicarious conditioning Classical conditioning d. Classical conditioning Suppose a boy learns to fear bees by being stung when he touches a bee. In this situation the unconditioned STIMULUS is the ____. a. b. c. d. Bee Sting Fear Crying b. Sting Suppose a boy learns to fear bees by being stung when he touches a bee. In this situation the unconditioned RESPONSE is the ____. a. b. c. d. Bee Sting Fear Crying c. Fear Which of the following is the proper sequence of events in classical conditioning? a. b. c. d. UCS-CS-UCR CS-UCS-UCR UCR-UCS-CS UCR-CS-UCS b. CS-UCS-UCR Higher order conditioning occurs when an____. a. b. c. d. Previously neutral stimulus elicits a conditioned response Neutral stimulus is paired with a previously conditioned stimulus Neutral stimulus is paired with unconditioned stimulus Unconditioned response is paired with a conditioned stimulus b. Neutral stimulus is paired with a conditioned stimulus In classical conditioning, extinction occurs when the ____. a. b. c. d. Conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned response Conditioned response is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus Conditioned response is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus Unconditioned stimulus is ambiguous b. Conditioned response is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus Anything that causes an increase in a response is a ___. a. b. c. d. Conditioned stimulus Reinforcement Punishment Unconditioned stimulus b. Reinforcement Anything that causes a decrease in a response is a/an ____. a. b. c. d. Conditioned stimulus Reinforcement Punishment Unconditioned stimulus c. Punishment Negative reinforcement and punishment are ____. a. b. c. d. The same The best ways to learn a new behavior Not the same because negative reinforcement increases behavior and punishment decreases behavior Not the same, even though they both decrease behavior c. Not the same because negative reinforcement increases behavior and punishment decreases behavior Making yourself study before you go to the movies is a good application of ____. a. b. c. d. Negative reinforcement Positive punishment Fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement The Premack principle d. The Premack principle Gamblers become addicted to their “sport” as a result of ____. a. b. c. d. Previously generalized response discrimination Previously extinguished response recovery Partial (intermittent) reinforcement Behavior being learned and not conditioned c. Partial (intermittent) reinforcement Superstitious behavior occurs because ___. a. b. c. d. It has been reinforced on a fixed ratio schedule The person or animal thinks the behavor causes a reinforcer when in reality the behavior and the reinforcement are not connected It is reinforced on a random ration schedule The behavior and the reinforcement come close in proximity to one another, causing the superstitious behavior to increase in magnitude b. The person or animal thinks the behavior causes a reinforcer when in reality the behavior and the reinforcement are not connected In Pavlov’s classical conditioning experiments with dogs, salivation was the ____. a. b. c. d. Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) Conditioned response (CR) Unconditioned repose (UCR) Both b and c c. Unconditioned repose (UCR) In Watson and Rayner’s Little Albert experiment, what was the neutral stimulus (NS)? a. b. c. d. The sight if the experimental room A loud noise A rabbit A rat d. A rat Albert Bandura’s social learning theory emphasized ____. a. b. c. d. Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Extinction Modeling d. Modeling In Watson and Rayners experiment, what was the conditioned emotional response (CER)? a. b. c. d. Avoidance behavior Superstitious behavior Fear None of the above c. Fear In Watson and Rayner’s experiment, what was the conditioned stimulus? a. b. c. d. The sight if the experimental room A loud noise A rabbit A rat d. A rat In higher order conditioning, a neutral stimulus is paired with ____. a. b. c. d. Another neutral stimulus A previously conditioned stimulus Two or more unconditioned stimuli Two or more unconditioned responses b. A previously conditioned stimulus Spontaneous recovery occurs when ___ suddenly appears a. b. c. d. Your lost wallet A previously extinguished response An extinct instinct A forgotten stimulus- response sequence b. A previously extinguished response Children may learn to salivate to McDonalds golden arches as a result of a. b. c. d. Advertising Classical conditioning Higher-order conditioning All of the above d. All of the above Operant conditioning is an example of ___ in action a. b. c. d. Thorndikes law of effect Skinners law of reinforcement Watsons rule of punishment Pavlovs theory of stimulus-response a. Thorndikes law of effect ____ are unlearned, usually satisfy a biological need, and increase the probability of a response a. b. c. d. Primary instincts Secondary instincts Primary reinforcers Secondary reinforcers c. Primary reinforcers Observational learning theory suggests that we learn many behaviors by ____. a. b. c. d. Imitating others Observing our inner processes Teaching others Shaping our own and others behaviors a. Imitating others In Albert Bandura’s classic bobo doll study, children acted aggressively because ____. a. b. c. d. They were rewarded for their behavior Of observational learning They were positively punished All of these options b. Of observational learning Maintenance rehearsal _______ a. b. c. d. Prevents motivated forgetting Prevents chunking Reenters information in sensory memory Reenters information in STM c. Reenters information in sensory memory Which of the following is a recognition test of memory? a. b. c. d. Remembering a name that goes with a face A multiple choice test An essay test Reciting the names of the state capitals b. A multiple choice test You notice that you tend to do better on exam questions from the first and last of each chapter. The most likely explanation is the ____. a. b. c. d. Anterograde amnesia effect Problem of distribute practice Serial position effect Sleeper effect c. Serial position effect Short-term memory receives information from sensory memory and from ____. a. b. c. d. Long term memory Working memory The perceptual processing network Maintenance rehearsal a. Long term memory The process that allows us to store more information in short-term memory by grouping information into units is called ____. a. b. c. d. Maintenance Collective organization Chunking Proximal closure c. Chunking To increase the duration and capacity of you STM you should try ____. a. b. c. d. Maintenance rehearsal Chunking Constructive process All of the above b. Chunking The ____ effect suggests that people will recall information presented at the beginning and the end of a list better than information from the middle of the list. a. b. c. d. Recency Serial position Latency Primacy b. Serial position Developmental psychologists are not interested in ___. a. b. c. d. Fetal well-being Age-related differences Age-related similarities Life after death d. Life after death Age at crawling, walking, and toilet training is primarily dependant on the ____ a. b. c. d. Educational level of the parents Specific training techniques of the child’s caretakers Maturational readiness of the child Genetic influences inherited from both mother and father c. Maturational readiness of the child A ____ is the most appropriate research method for studying agechanges across the life span. a. b. c. d. Case study Natural observation Longitudinal study Cross sectional study c. Longitudinal study Conception occurs when a ____ a. b. c. d. Fertilized egg implants in the uterine lining Ovum undergoes its first cell division Ejaculation occurs Sperm cell unites with an ovum b. Ovum undergoes its first cell division Rapid cell division from conception to two weeks is known as the ____ period a. b. c. d. Fetal Germinal Embryonic Conceptual b. Germinal At birth an infant cannot ____. a. b. c. d. See as well as an adult Recognize the taste or odor of its own mothers milk Feel pain Turn its head without help a. See as well as an adult The period of life when an individual first becomes capable of reproduction is knows as ____. a. b. c. d. The growth spurt Adolescence Puberty The latency period c. Puberty Which of the following is correctly matched? a. b. c. d. Lorenz=ageism Piaget=permissive parenting Harlow=contact comfort Baumrind=accommodation c. Harlow=contact comfort According to Freud, infants become attached to the caregiver that provides ____, but according to Harlow, attachment results from____. a. b. c. d. Oral pleasure; contact comfort Unconscious needs; imprinting Nourishment; touching None of the above a. Oral pleasure; contact comfort Harlow’s research with infant monkeys and artificial surrogate mothers indicates that ____. a. b. c. d. The most important factor in infant development is a loving environment Attachment is not essential to normal development There is no significant difference in the choice of wire or terrycloth mother The most important variable in attachment may be contact comfort d. The most important variable in attachment may be contact comfort According to Piaget, an infant acquires ___ when he or she understands that people and things continue to exist even when they cannot directly be seen, heard or touched. a. b. c. d. Conservation Reversibility Egocentrism Object permanence d. Object permanence Piaget used the term egocentrism to describe the fact that ___. a. b. c. d. All children are naturally selfish during the first few years of life Children view the world from one perspective (their own) The child’s limited logic impedes his or her understanding of the need to share Children are unable to conserve b. Children view the world from one perspective (their own) During Piaget’s fourth stage of cognitive development, adolescents first become capable of ____. a. b. c. d. Egocentrism Dealing effectively with transformations Using language and other symbols Hypothetical thinking d. Hypothetical thinking Today the interactionist approach to development is supported by ____. a. b. c. d. More More More More nativists than empiricists empiricists that nativists psychologists psychiatrists than psychologists c. More psychologists The ____method of research may confuse genuine age differences with cohort effects, differences that result from specific histories of the age group studied. a. b. c. d. Cross-cultural Longitudinal Cross-sectional All of the above c. cross-sectional Schemas are cognitive structures that contain organized ideas about the world and____. a. b. c. d. Expand or differentiate with expierence May assimilate new information May accommodate new information All of the above d. All of the above According to Piaget, accommodation means that a schema has ____ a. b. c. d. Been changed to fit new information Been used to understand new information Reversed itself Conversed itself a. Been changed to fit new information Piagets four stages of cognative development start with the sensorimoter and preoperational stages, and end with the ____ stages a. b. c. d. Assimilation and accommodation Operation and abstraction Concrete and formal operational Concept testing and deductive reasoning c. Concrete and formal operational a. b. c. d. Egocentrism is present in which of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development ‘ Preoperational and operational Preoperational only Sensorimoter and preoperational Sensorimoter only a. Preoperational and operational The child who believes the sun follows him or her around and that trees have feelings are probably in the ___ stage of development. a. b. c. d. Preoperational “terrible teens” Concrete operational Formal operational a. Preoperational During Kohlberg’s ____ level of moral development right and wrong are judged on the basis of consequences a. b. c. d. Conventional Amoral Postconventional Preconventional d. Preconventional When people have developed their own standards of right and wrong they are judged by Kohlberg’s theory to be at the ____ level of morality a. b. c. d. Adolescent Postconventional Nonconventional Conventional b. Postconventional Kohlberg’s theory of moral development has been criticized for its ____. a. b. c. d. Cultural bias toward western ideas of morality Political bias in favor of conservatives Sexual bias in favor of women Ethnic bias against anglosaxons a. Cultural bias toward western ideas of morality The positive or negative resolution of 8 developmental challenges is characteristic of ___ theory a. b. c. d. Freud’s psychosexual Freud’s psychoanalytic Maslow’s hierarchecical Erikson’s psychosocial d. Erikson’s psychosocial According to Erikson, the challenge faced by infants in their first year is ____ a. weaning b. object premanence c. trust versus mistrust d. toilet training c. Trust versus mistrust According to Erikson, the need to develop a sense of identity is the principle task of ____. a. b. c. d. The phallic stage of psychosexual development adolescence middle adulthood The generativity versus stagnation stage of development b. adolescence According to Erikson, the inner conflict during which an individual examines his or her life and values and makes decisions about life roles is called a(n) ____ crisis. a. b. c. d. Midlife Climactieric Integrity Identity d. Identity In Erikson’s final stage of psychosocial development, adults may ____ . a. b. c. d. Regret lost opportunities Become despondent Review their accomplishments Any of the above d. Any of the above Moral judgment is self centered and based on obtaining rewards and avoiding punishment in this stage of moral development a. b. c. d. Preoperational Preconventional Conventional Postoperational b. Preconventional Once an individual excepts, internalizes, and applies the rules of society in making moral decisions, he or she is in the ______ stage. a. b. c. d. Formal conventional Conventional Informal operational Social operational b. Conventional According to Erikson, industry is the result of successful completion of this stage of development a. b. c. d. Infancy and toddlerhood ages 6 – puberty Young adulthood Middle adulthood b. ages 6 – puberty During early childhood, your child will have a growing self awareness and need for independence. Erikson called this psychosocial crisis the need for ____. a. b. c. d. Authoritarian discipline acceptance versus mistrust Autonomy versus shame and doubt Attachment versus autonomy c. Autonomy versus shame and doubt According to Erikson, resolution of critical conflict of young adulthood leads to the sense of ____. a. b. c. d. Parental rejection Strong parental control Intimacy None of these options c. Intimacy The ____ theory of aging suggests that it is natural and necessary for people to withdraw from their roles in life as they age in order to prepare themselves for death a. b. c. d. Kubler-Ross Secondary process Developmental Disengagement d. Disengagement Which of the following is NOT one of the four stages in the “normal” grieving process? a. b. c. d. Numbness Yearning Begging Resolution c. Begging As adults we understand death in terms of three general concepts: permanence, universality, and ____. a. b. c. d. Spirituality Painfulness Nonfunctionality All of these options c. Nonfunctionality According to Elizabeth Kubler-Ross which of the following is not one of the stages that people go through while coping with death? a. b. c. d. Retrenchment Denial Anger Bargaining a. Retrenchment The acronym “DABDA” is used to remember Kubler-Ross’s stages of dying. First comes denial and anger, followed by ____ and depression, then ending with acceptance. a. b. c. d. Bargaining Begging Believing Borrowing (hope) a. Bargaining This type of anxiety is associated with a generalized anxiety disorder a. b. c. d. Phobia Free-floating Panic attack Nervous breakdown b. Free-floating Repetitive, ritualistic behaviors such as handwashing, counting, or putting things in order that are associated with an anxiety state are called ____. a. b. c. d. Obsessions Compulsions Ruminations Phobias b. Compulsions A major difference between major depressive and bipolar disorder is that only in bipolar disorders do people have ____. a. b. c. d. Hallucinations or delusions Depression A biochemical imbalance Manic episodes d. Manic episodes This is NOT a possible explanation for depression a. b. c. d. Imbalances of serotonin and norepinephrine Genetic predisposition Lithium deficiency Learned helplessness c. Lithium deficiency Hallucinations and delusions are symptoms of ____. a. b. c. d. Mood disorders Personality disorders Anxiety disorders Schizophrenia d. Schizophrenia Family studies have shown that when it comes to schizophrenia, children are more similar to their ____. a. b. c. d. Biological parents than their adopted parents Adopted parents than their biological parents Friends than their families Aunts/uncles than their brothers/sisters a. Biological parents than their adaptive parents Antipsychotic drugs can decrease the symptoms of schizophrenia by decreasing the activity of ____. a. b. c. d. Dopamine synapses Serotonin synapses The frontal lobes The autonomic nervous system a. Dopamine synapses Amnesia, fugue, and dissociative identity disorder share this characteristic. a. b. c. d. A separation of experience and memory Psychosis A split personality Wandering away from home or work a. A separation of experience and memory Multiple personality disorder is now called ____. a. b. c. d. Schizophrenia Dissociative identity disorder Amnesiatic personality disorder None of these options; this diagnosis is no longer considered real b. Dissociative identity disorder Impulsive behavior, egocentrism, lack of conscience, and ____ are all characteristic of an antisocial personality disorder. a. b. c. d. Manipulation of others Lack of social skills Sympathy for victims Lack of intelligence a. Manipulation of others Impulsivity and instability in mood, relationships, and self-image are part of the ____ personality disorder. a. b. c. d. Manic depressive Bipolar Borderline None of the above c. Borderline People with ____ frequently have a childhood history of neglect and abuse, and as adults tend to see themselves and everyone else in absolutes. a. b. c. d. Dissociative identity disorder Schizophrenia Generalized anxiety disorder Borderline personality disorder d. Borderline Personality disorder In ____ disorder, the individual suffers brief attacks of intense apprehension. a. b. c. d. Phobic Posttraumatic stress Panic Dissociative fugue c. Panic According to ____ theory, modeling and imitation may be the causes of some phobia. a. b. c. d. Social learning Psychobiological Sociocultural Cognitive-behavioral a. Social Learning Distorted thinking that magnifies ordinary threats or failures is the ____ explanation for anxiety disorders. a. b. c. d. Social learning Cognitive Humanistic Psychoanalytic b. Cognitive Mood disorders are sometimes treated by ____ drug, which affect the amount or functioning of norepinephrine and serotonin. a. b. c. d. Antidepressants Antipsychotics Mood congruence None of the above a. Antidepressants Internal, stable, and global attributions for failure or unpleasant circumstances are associated with ____. a. b. c. d. Anxiety disorders Delusional disorders Depression All of these options c. Depression Auditory hallucinations are most common in ____. a. b. c. d. Schizophrenia Posttraumatic stress disorder Bipolar disorder Dissociative identity disorder a. Schizophrenia Believing you are the queen of England or Jesus Christ would be a symptom called ____. a. b. c. d. Hallucinations Mania Delusions All of these options c. Delusions Delusions, hallucinations and disorganized speech are ____ symptoms of schizophrenia. a. b. c. d. Negative Positive Deficit Undifferentiated b. Positive The frontal and temporal lobes appear to be less active in some people with ____. a. b. c. d. Dissociative identity disorder Personality disorder Schizophrenia All of these options c. Schizophrenia The prognosis for some people with schizophrenia is better in ____. a. b. c. d. Nonindustrialized societies Families with expressed emotionality Stressful situations None of these options a. Nonindustrialized societies