PPT - American Academy of Pediatrics

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New National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Expert Panel Guidelines for Cardiovascular Health and Risk Reduction in Childhood

Rae-Ellen W. Kavey, MD, MPH, FAAP Professor of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology Former NHLBI Coordinator for Cardiovascular Risk Reduction in Childhood Golisano Children’s Hospital University of Rochester Medical Center

Disclaimers

• Statements and opinions expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the American Academy of Pediatrics.

• Mead Johnson sponsors programs such as this to give healthcare professionals access to scientific and educational information provided by experts. The presenter has complete and independent control over the planning and content of the presentation, and is not receiving any compensation from Mead Johnson for this presentation. The presenter’s comments and opinions are not necessarily those of Mead Johnson. In the event that the presentation contains statements about uses of drugs that are not within the drugs' approved indications, Mead Johnson does not promote the use of any drug for indications outside the FDA-approved product label.

Learning Objectives

• • • • Understand the complex and diverse evidence base and the review process that led to the 2011 recommendations.

Be aware of the new evidence-based dietary recommendations for cardiovascular health.

Recognize the guideline recommendations for lipid screening and management in childhood.

Be familiar with the format of the guidelines and how to access risk factor (RF)-specific information to use in managing children and adolescents.

Webinar Format

• • •

Introduction to the guidelines and evidence review process/grading system Overview of the report format: − State of the science − Individual RF sections—Overview of the evidence and graded recommendations for each major risk factor − Age- and RF-specific integrated cardiovascular (CV) health schedule Examples: 1) CV health diet 2) Lipid screening and management

NHLBI Guidelines: New Approach

I.

II.

III.

IV.

Formal evidence review  Graded recommendations by an expert panel.

Integrated—multiple RFs addressed in a single guideline Formal United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) review and approval process Routinely updated

Pediatric Guideline Considerations

• • • • • •

Endpoint of clinical cardiovascular disease (CVD) remote Wide age range of subjects: Birth to 21 years of age Multiple RFs to be addressed Epidemiologic studies—not just randomized controlled trials (RCTs) = Important evidence Goal: Prevention of risk factors + Prevention of future disease:

Primordial and primary prevention

Acknowledged gaps in the evidence base but recommendations needed to guide patient care

Risk Factors/Behaviors for CVD

• • • • • • (+) family history for CVD Increasing age Male sex Blood pressure (BP)/ hypertension Lipids/dyslipidemia Diabetes mellitus • • • • • • Metabolic syndrome Inflammation Physical inactivity/ sedentary lifestyle Diet/food preferences Obesity Cigarette smoking

Modified Evidence Review: Defined Process/Scope

     Include rationale for evaluation/intervention in childhood.

Include selected observational/epidemiologic studies: − National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) − Bogalusa Heart Study − Muscatine Study − Beaver County Lipid Study − Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) Study − Princeton Study − Minnesota Children’s Blood Pressure Study − Fels Longitudinal Study − National Growth and Health Study (NGHS) − Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study Time frame: 1981–2008; English language PubMed/MEDLINE/Cochrane Databases Expert panel intrinsic throughout guideline development process, including development of consensus-based recommendations when evidence is insufficient.

Guideline Development Process

II.

III.

IV.

Define critical questions + evidence grading system. Electronic search: >1,000,000 titles   serial review 400 RCTs/systematic reviews/meta-analyses + 248 epidemiologic studies abstracted into evidence tables Define decision making process for recommendations.

Review and grade evidence.

Develop age-specific recommendations integrated across RFs and within regular pediatric care.

Evidence Grading System

Grade A B Evidence

Well-designed RCTs in a population similar to the guideline’s target population RCTs with minor limitations; genetic natural history studies; overwhelmingly consistent evidence from observational studies

Observational studies (case-control and cohort design)

Expert opinion, case reports, or reasoning from first principles (bench research or animal studies) American Academy of Pediatrics Steering Committee on Quality Improvement. Classifying recommendations for clinical practice guidelines. Pediatrics. 2004;114(3):874–877

Strength of Recommendation

Statement

Strong recommendation Recommendation Optional No recommendation

Definition Implication

Evidence grade A or B Benefit clearly exceeds harm Should follow Evidence grade B or C Benefit exceeds harm but evidence is not as clear Should generally follow Well-performed studies (Grade A, B, C) show no clear advantage, or evidence is suspect (Grade D) Flexible response including patient preference Evidence lacking, or balance between benefit and harm is unclear Independent decision; need new evidence

Expert Panel Decision-making Process

Voting to be "in support of" or "opposed to" a recommendation: • Agreement by ≥80%  in the guidelines Strong consensus, presented as such • • Agreement by ≤60%  Recommendation not included in the guidelines; however, review of the subject could be included in the discussion for that RF area Agreement by 60%–80%  Moderate consensus in support of the recommendation; this level of agreement to be presented with that language in the guidelines and accompanied by discussion of the conflicting issues

STATE OF THE SCIENCE

Atherosclerosis

A Progressive Process

Plaque Rupture/ Atherosclerotic Plaque Development of Risk Factors (RF) Endothelial Dysfunction, Plaque initiation ONGOING RF EXPOSURE Clinically silent Birth 10 20 30 Clinical events 40 50+ 50 Angina, MI, Coronary death, Stroke, Peripheral ischemia 60 +

State of the Science Evidence Review

Review of the evidence linking RFs in childhood to development and progression of atherosclerosis to manifest clinical CVD:  From autopsy and vascular imaging studies:  Atherosclerosis begins in childhood.  Atherosclerotic extent and progression correlate directly with the number/severity of known RFs.  From epidemiologic studies:  RFs are present from infancy and track into adult life.

 Risk behaviors are acquired in childhood and persist into adult life.

 Low risk entering young adult life is associated with sustained low risk for CVD events.

Individual Risk Factor Sections

• • • • • Background: Summary of the epidemiologic evidence linking the RF in childhood to development of CVD Evidence Review Process: All RCTs addressing RF change relative to measured outcomes included and graded with pre-identified criteria. Evidence tables are available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/cvd_ped/index.htm

Overview: Due to the large volume/diverse nature of included studies, critical overview is provided in each RF section, highlighting the panel’s view of the most important evidence. Conclusions: Evidence is summarized and graded  age-specific recommendations. Where evidence is inadequate, recommendations are a consensus of the expert panel.

INDIVIDUAL RISK FACTOR SECTIONS: NUTRITION AND DIET

Evidence for Controlling Fat Intake in Childhood: Safety and Efficacy STRIP Study: Prospective randomized trial of a low saturated fat, low cholesterol diet beginning in infancy.

Abbreviation: STRIP, Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project Simell O, Niinikoski H, Rönnemaa T, et al. STRIP Study Group. Cohort Profile: The STRIP Study (Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project), an Infancy-onset Dietary and Life-style Intervention Trial. Int J Epidemiol. 2009;38(3):650–655

TM • • • •

STRIP Study

• • • • Intervention (INT) group counseled by dietitians to limit saturated fat intake to <10%, total fat to 30%−35% of total calories beginning at 7 months of age Breastfeeding encouraged as long as possible Transitioned from breastfeeding to skim milk Control (CON) group received no special dietary guidance Lipids checked at 8 and 13 months of age, then annually/biannually to 19 years of age Food records/BP/growth at every evaluation Glucose/insulin, bone density at 7 to 8, and 12 and 15 years of age Neuro-cognitive testing at 5, 10, and 15 years of age

STRIP Study: Initial Diet Results

% of energy 7 m*(B/L) INT Total fat Sat fat 29 + 5 13 + 2 Chol (mg/d) Protein Carb 70 + 26 11 + 2 60 + 5 * Formula fed infants only CON 28 + 3 12 + 2 p ns ns 13 m* INT 26 + 6 9 + 3 CON 28 + 5 13 + 3 p ns <.001

73 + 20 ns 84 + 37 113 + 44 <.001

13 + 2 59 + 4 ns ns 18 + 2 56 + 5 17 + 3 55 + 5 ns ns

STRIP Study Results: Intervention vs Control

        DIET: Significantly lower saturated fat/cholesterol intake from 13 months to 19 years of age. LIPIDS: Significantly lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels from 13 months to 19 years of age.

BP: Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) are significantly lower at 15 years of age. OBESITY: Prevalence of obesity is significantly lower in INT girls at 10 years of age (10% vs 18%); no difference in boys.

Insulin Resistance:

years of age, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index is significantly lower.

In a random subgroup of 78 INT and 89 CON children at 9

Metabolic Syndrome (MetS):

(MetS = high body mass index [BMI] + ≥2 other RFs); significantly lower prevalence of MetS cluster at 15 years of age, 13% of INT girls/10.8% of INT boys vs 17.5% of CON girls/18.8% of CON boys

Vascular Function:

of age.

Vascular endothelial function is better in boys at 11 years

SAFETY:

No difference in growth, pubertal change, bone density, or neuro cognitive function at any time.

STRIP Study Conclusions

• • •

Dietary counseling begun in infancy is effective with results sustained into young adult life.

Lower saturated fat and cholesterol intake from infancy is associated with multiple measures of CV health: sustained lower LDL-C, lower SBP and DBP, less obesity, and less insulin resistance. No adverse effects identified.

Evidence Review Summary for Dietary Fat Intake

• • • STRIP Study findings and multiple other RCTs in healthy, normo- and hyper cholesterolemic children (7 months to 18 years of age) achieved an average total fat intake of 28%−30%, and saturated fat intake of 8%−10% of calories.

Lower total cholesterol (TC) and LDL-C levels, lower BP, and less insulin resistance on follow-up No harmful, adverse effects demonstrated on follow-up from 4 months to 19 years of age.

 Grade A evidence

Evidence-based recommendations for routine pediatric care:

1) 2) After 2 years of age, fat free milk is the primary recommended beverage for all children. (Grade A) Low fat milk (fat free  2% [based on judgment of the pediatrician]) can be safely introduced in infants 1 to 2 years of age with weight for height disproportion or with a family history of lipid abnormalities, high BP, morbid obesity, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, or early coronary artery disease (CAD). (Grade B)

Sugar-Sweetened Beverages: Background

• • •

Among children 2 to 18 years of age in the US, the average daily intake of energy from added sugars is 365 kcal.

Sugar-sweetened beverages (soda, energy/sports drinks, fruit drinks) are the top 2 sources of calories from added sugars in all age and demographic groups. Across beverage categories, children 2 to 18 years of age consumed 171 kcal/day from sugar-sweetened beverages (soda and fruit drinks combined).

Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption

Evidence for Role of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages in Obesity: Epidemiologic Data

• • • • From NHANES 2003–2004, nearly 40% of total calories consumed by 2- to 18-year-olds in the US were empty calories.

Half of all empty calories come from 6 specific foods: soda, fruit drinks , dairy, grain desserts, and pizza. In the NGHS, sugar-sweetened beverage consumption was significantly associated with higher daily calorie intake. The average daily calorie intake increased by approximately 82 calories for every 100 grams of soda.

A 2006 systematic review of sugar-sweetened beverage intake and weight gain with 21 studies in children and adolescents concluded that greater consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages is significantly associated with both weight gain and obesity . Striegel-Moore RH, Thompson D, Affenito SG, et al . Correlates of beverage intake in adolescent girls: the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study. J Pediatr. 2006;148(2):152–154; Malik VS, Schulze MB, Hu FB. Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84(2):274–288

RCT Evidence Regarding Sugar Sweetened Beverage Intake: 2 Trials

• • • • • 103 adolescents (BMI >25th percentile) randomized INT: Free home delivery of non-caloric beverages for 25 weeks CON: Usual beverage consumption Results: 1) Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages decreased by 82% in INT vs no change in CON. 2) Change in BMI: INT: +0.07+0.14; CON: +0.21+0.15

3) Among BMI top tertile, change was significantly greater for INT (-0.63+0.23 vs +0.12+0.26) Conclusion: Limitation of sugar-sweetened beverage consumption may significantly decrease BMI in obese adolescents.

Ebbeling CB, Feldman HA, Osganian SK, et al. Effects of decreasing sugar-sweetened beverage consumption on body weight in adolescents: a randomized, controlled pilot study. Pediatrics. 2006;117(3):673–680

Preventing Childhood Obesity by Reducing Consumption of Carbonated Drinks: Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial

• • 6 primary schools in southwest England: 644 children, 7 to 11 years of age Educational program on nutrition focused on carbonated drink consumption for 1 school year.

Results:

1) 3-day consumption of carbonated drinks decreased by 0.6 glasses in INT vs an increase of 0.2 glasses in CON.

2) At 12 months of age, the percentage of overweight and obese children decreased by a mean of 0.2% in INT vs an increase of 7.5% in CON.

James J, Thomas P, Cavan D, et al. Preventing childhood obesity by reducing consumption of carbonated drinks: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2004;328(7450):1237

Conclusions of the Evidence Review on Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption

• •  Epidemiologic Data: Strong evidence that a higher consumption of sugar sweetened beverages is associated with higher caloric intake and development of obesity.

RCTs: In small, select populations, RCTs that limit sugar-sweetened beverage consumption reduce development and/or progression of obesity. Evidence review led to recommendation: Limit naturally sweetened juice consumption to <4 oz/day from a cup in infancy and <6 oz/day in childhood. Recommend no other sugar-sweetened beverage consumption. (Grade B)

Evidence-based implications for routine pediatric care:

1) Proactive counseling limiting naturally sweetened juice consumption beginning in early infancy.

(Grade B)

2) Clear recommendation advising no consumption of other sugar-sweetened beverages.

(Grade B)

Cardiovascular Health Integrated Lifestyle Diet (CHILD 1)

Age

Birth–6 months

Recommendation

Infants should be exclusively breastfed (no supplemental formula or other foods) until 6 months of age.*

Grade

B 6–12 months Continue breastfeeding** until at least 12 months of age while gradually adding solids; transition to iron-fortified formula until 12 months if reducing breastfeeding. B Fat intake in infants <12 months of age should not be restricted without medical indication. Limit other drinks to 100% fruit juice ≤4 oz/day; no sweetened beverages. Encourage water. D B * Infants who cannot be breastfed should be fed expressed milk. Infants for whom expressed milk is not available should be fed iron-fortified infant formula. ** Recommended first step diet, etc.

Cardiovascular Health Integrated Lifestyle Diet (CHILD 1) cont.

Age

12–24 months

Recommendation

Transition to reduced-fat (2% to fat free) unflavored cow’s milk. Limit/avoid sugar-sweetened beverage intake; encourage water. Transition to table food with: - Total fat <30% of daily kcal/ estimated energy requirements (EER) - Saturated fat 8%–10% of daily kcal/EER - Avoid trans fat as much as possible - Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fat up to 20% of daily kcal/EER - Cholesterol <300 mg/d

Grade

B B B B D D B

Supportive Actions:

    Milk fat content is to be determined by parents and providers based on growth, appetite, nutrient quality, and risk of obesity/CVD.

100% fruit juice (from a cup); <4 oz/day Limit sodium intake.

Consider Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH)-type diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat/fat-free milk and milk products; lower in sugar.

Cardiovascular Health Integrated Lifestyle Diet (CHILD 1) cont.

Age Recommendation Grade

2–10 years Primary beverage: fat-free, unflavored milk Limit/avoid sugar-sweetened beverage intake; encourage water. Encourage high dietary fiber intake from food.

Fat content: - Total fat 25%–30% of daily kcal/EER - Saturated fat 8%–10% of daily kcal/EER - Avoid trans fat as much as possible - Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fat up to 20% of daily kcal/EER - Cholesterol <300 mg/d A B B A A D D A       

Supportive Actions:

Teach portions based on EER.

Encourage moderately increased energy intake during periods of rapid growth and/or regular moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA).

Encourage dietary fiber from foods: Goal = Age + 5 g/day Limit naturally sweetened juice to 4 oz/day.

Limit sodium intake.

Encourage healthy eating habits: − Breakfast every day − Eating meals as a family − Limiting fast food meals Support DASH-style eating plan.

Cardiovascular Health Integrated Lifestyle Diet (CHILD 1) cont.

Age

11−21 years

Recommendation

Primary beverage: fat-free, unflavored milk Limit/avoid sugar-sweetened beverage intake; encourage water. Encourage high dietary fiber intake from food.

Fat content: - Total fat <30% of daily kcal/EER - Saturated fat 8%−10% of daily kcal/EER - Avoid trans fat as much as possible - Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fat up to 20% of daily kcal/EER - Cholesterol <300 mg/d

Grade

A B B A A D D A       

Supportive Actions:

Teach portions based on EER.

Encourage moderately increased energy intake during periods of rapid growth and/or regular MVPA.

Advocate dietary fiber: Goal of 14 g/1,000 kcal.

Limit naturally sweetened juice to 4–6 oz/day.

Limit sodium intake.

Encourage healthy eating habits: − Breakfast every day − Eating meals as a family − Limiting fast food meals Support DASH-style eating plan.

Estimated Energy Requirements by Age, Gender, and Activity Level

Gender Child Female Male Age (Years)

2–3 4–8 9–13 14–18 19–30 4–8 9–13 14–18 19–30

Sedentary

1,000–1,200 1,200–1,400 1,400–1,600 1,800 1,800–2,000 1,200–1,400 1,600–2,000 2,000–2,400 2,400–2,600

Moderately Active

1,000–1,400 1,400–1,600 1,600–2,000 2,000 2,000–2,200 1,400–1,600 1,800–2,200 2,400–2,800 2,600–2,800

Active

1,000–1,400 1,400–1,800 1,800–2,200 2,400 2,400 1,600–2,000 2,000–2,600 2,800–3,200 3,000

DASH Eating Plan: Servings per Day by Food Group and EER

DASH Eating Plan: Servings per Day by Food Group and EER cont.

RISK FACTOR: LIPIDS AND LIPOPROTEINS SCREENING AND MANAGEMENT

Criteria for Screening Recommendation

• • • • • • • • Condition is an important health problem.

Natural history of the condition is well understood.

Detectable RF or disease marker with established norms.

Latent period or early asymptomatic stage of disease Acceptable test Benefits of testing exceed risks/harm.

Effective treatment exists. Early stage treatment is more effective than later stage.

Evidence Rationale for Lipid Screening

• • • • Epidemiologic studies provide normative distributions for lipid levels in children and adolescents. (Grade B) Analysis of fasting lipid profile (FLP) identifies 2 major dyslipidemic patterns in childhood (familial hypercholesterolemia, combined dyslipidemia).

Dyslipidemia in childhood is directly linked to atherosclerosis at autopsy. (Grade B)  In PDAY, 30 mg/dL increment of non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) = 2 years of vascular aging.

Dyslipidemia in childhood strongly correlates with evidence of atherosclerosis: (Grade B)  In the Hopkins medical student study, TC >207 mg/dL at age 21  5x greater risk of CAD 40 years later (vs TC <172 mg/dL)  In Muscatine study, elevated TC in youth correlated directly with increased vascular change (carotid intima-media thickness [CIMT]) at 33–42 years of age.

Evidence Rationale for Lipid Screening cont.

• • • • Selective screening protocols identify less than half of children with extreme hypercholesterolemia.

(Grade B)

In hypercholesterolemic adults, normalization of LDL-C significantly reduces clinical CV events.

(Grade A)

Medication for severely hypercholesterolemic children is proven safe and effective in lowering LDL-C in 10 separate RCTs in children for up to 4.5 years.

(Grade A)

Vascular imaging in children shows decreased atherosclerosis progression with reduction in LDL.

(Grade B)

Evidence Limited/Lacking

•

No RCT of screening in childhood



treatment vs no treatment with follow-up to clinical disease proving that early stage treatment is more effective than treatment at a later stage.

•

Treatment trials in children are relatively short in duration.

Results of Targeted Cholesterol Screening Using Family History and BMI

• • • • Prior guidelines recommend targeted screening based on (+) family history of premature CVD (M <55 years of age; F <65 years of age in expanded 1st degree pedigree) or dyslipidemia, +/ obesity. In multiple studies, 35%–45% of children have been found to have (+) family history and up to 35% will have a BMI >85th percentile.

In trials of universal screening,

30%–60% of children/ adolescents with high cholesterol were not identified with targeted screen based on family hx +/- obesity.

In addition, family history is not reliable and is often unavailable.

Non-HDL-C = New Screening Measure

• • • • • Non-HDL-C = TC – HDL-C; age-specific norms available Combined measure of all the atherogenic LDL-containing lipoproteins in plasma Accurate in non-fasting state In adults, non-HDL-C = better predictor of CV events than LDL-C In children, non-HDL-C and LDL-C are equally good predictors of adult lipid levels.

• In epidemiologic studies, non-HDL-C correlated highly with raised lesions in coronary arteries and aorta at autopsy, and with subclinical atherosclerosis on vascular imaging in childhood.

 Non-HDL-C is an accurate screen for dyslipidemia in childhood.

Plasma Lipid Distribution (mg/dL) for Children and Adolescents

ACCEPTABLE BORDERLINE ABNORMAL TC

<170 170−199 >200

LDL-C

<110

Non-HDL-C TG HDL

<120 0−9y: <75 10−19y: <90 >45 110−129 120−144 75−99 90−129 40−45 >130 >145 >100 >130 <40

Guideline Lipid Management Recommendations

• • • •

Age-specific screening recommendations Graded treatment algorithms for diet and drug treatment Evidence-based diet recommendations for children with elevated LDL-C and elevated triglycerides (TG) Drug tables, including age-appropriate dose regimens, side effect profiles, and monitoring schedules

TM 

Overview of Lipid Screening Recommendations

• • • • • No screening below 2 years of age (Grade C/Recommend) 2−10 years: Selective screening if: 1) Family history (+) for early CVD 2) Parent with known dyslipidemia

(Grade B/Strongly recommend)

3) Child with established RF 4) Child with special risk condition 10 years: Universal screening (Grade B/Strongly recommend) with non-fasting non-HDL-C 11−18 years: Selective screening (as above) 18 years: Universal screening

Evidence-Based Lipid Assessment Recommendations by Age

Evidence-Based Lipid Assessment Recommendations by Age cont.

Special Risk Conditions

High Risk:

• Diabetes mellitus, Type 1 and Type 2 • • • Chronic renal disease/end-stage renal disease/postrenal transplant Post-orthotopic heart transplant Kawasaki disease with current aneurysms

Moderate Risk:

• Kawasaki disease with regressed coronary aneurysms • • • Chronic inflammatory disease (systemic lupus erythematosus, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis) Human immunodeficiency virus infection Nephrotic syndrome

TG >500 mg/dL, → Consult lipid specialist TM

Dyslipidemia Algorithm: TARGET LDL-C

FLP x 2, average results LDL-C >250 mg/dL → Consult lipid specialist LDL-C >130, <250 mg/dL

→ Target LDL-C TG > 100, <500 mg/dL, <10y → Target TG > 130, <500 mg/dL, 10−19y (TG algorithm)

Exclude secondary causes.

Evaluate for other RFs.

Start CHILD 2-LDL diet + lifestyle modification for 6 months.

FLP

LDL-C

<130 mg/dL (=

GOAL

) → Continue CHILD 2-LDL diet.

→ Repeat fasting lipid profile q 12m.

LDL-C

>130 –189 mg/dL FHx (-) No other RFs → Continue CHILD 2-LDL diet.

Follow q 6m with lipid profile, FHx/RF update.

LDL-C

>190 mg/dL → Initiate statin therapy

LDL-C

>160 –189 mg/dL FHx (+) or 1 high-level RF or >2 moderate-level RFs → Initiate statin therapy Follow with FLPs, related chemistries.

LDL-C

>130 –159 mg/dL

2 high-level RFs or 1 high-level

>2 moderate-level RFs or clinical CVD → Initiate statin therapy

Dyslipidemia Algorithm: TARGET LDL-C cont.

→ LDL-C still >130 mg/dL, TG <200 mg/dL, may consider bile acid sequestrant or ezetimibe.*** → In high LDL-C patients, if non-HDL-C >145 mg/dL with LDL-C <130 mg/dL, → Target TG.

Abbreviation: FHx, family history

NOTE: *

Use of drug therapy limited to children >10 years of age with defined risk profiles.

In a child with LDL-C >190 mg/dL and other RFs, trial of CHILD 2-LDL-C diet may be abbreviated.

***

In consultation with a lipid specialist.

 Guidelines contain complete drug tables with RCT results, dosages, side effects, and schedules.

CHILD 2-LDL and CHILD 2-TG

–

Saturated fat <7% of calories

–

Dietary cholesterol <200 mg/d + With high TGs: Eliminate sugar sweetened beverages, reduce simple carbohydrates, increase dietary omega 3 content + weight management as needed.

Grade A Highly recommend Grade A Highly recommend Grade B Recommend

How Many Adolescents Would Be Candidates for Medication?

•

2700 adolescents 12 to 17 years of age who had LDL screened in NHANES

•

Total cholesterol elevated in 10%; LDL >130 mg/dL in 5%−7%

• Based on NHLBI recommendations, <1% would be

candidates for medication.

•

With 25 million children in these age groups, an estimated total of approximately 200,000 would be considered for statin treatment.

Ford ES, Li C, Zhao G, et al. Concentrations of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol among children and adolescents in the United States. Circulation. 2009;119(8):1108–1115

INTEGRATED CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH SCHEDULE

Integrated Cardiovascular Health Schedule

FHx of EARLY CVD TOBACCO EXPOSURE Birth–12m 1–4y ADVISE SMOKE FREE HOME.

Offer smoking cessation assistance to parents.

AT 3Y, EVALUATE FHx FOR EARLY

CVD: Parents, grandparents, aunts/uncles, M <55y, F <65y. Review with parents. Refer prn.

Continue active anti-smoking counseling with parents.

Offer smoking cessation assistance as needed.

5–9y

Update at each non urgent health encounter.

Begin active anti-smoking counseling with child.

9–11y

Reevaluate FHx for early CVD in grandparents, parents, aunts, uncles, M <55y, F <65y. Review with parents. Assess smoking status of child.

Offer active anti smoking counseling or referral as needed.

NUTRITION/ DIET

Support breastfeeding as optimal to 12m if possible. Add formula if breastfeeding decreases before 12m.

At 12−24m, may change to cow’s milk with % fat (per family and pediatric care provider).

After 2y, fat free

milk for all; juice <4 oz/day; transition to CHILD 1 diet by 2y.

Reinforce CHILD 1 diet messages.

Reinforce CHILD 1 diet messages as needed.

12–17y

Update at each non-urgent health encounter.

18–21y

Repeat FHx evaluation with patient.

Continue active anti-smoking counseling with patient.

Offer smoking cessation assistance as needed.

Obtain diet information from child and use to reinforce healthy diet and limitations.

Offer counseling as needed.

Reinforce strong anti-smoking message.

Offer smoking cessation assistance or referral as needed.

Review healthy diet with patient.

Integrated Cardiovascular Health Schedule cont.

GROWTH Birth–12m

Review FHx for obesity  discuss weight (wt) for height (ht) tracking, growth chart, and healthy diet.

1–4y CHART HT/WT/BMI



CLASSIFY WEIGHT BY BMI, FROM AGE

2 and review with parent.

5–9y

Chart HT/WT/BMI and review with parent.

BMI >85th percentile crossing percentiles, intensify diet/ activity focus for 6 months. If no change  registered dietician (RD) referral.

Manage per obesity algorithms.

BMI >95th percentile, manage per obesity algorithms.

9–11y

Chart HT/WT/BMI  Review with parent and child. BMI >85th percentile crossing percentiles, intensify diet/ activity focus for 6 months. If no change  RD referral.

Manage per obesity algorithms.

BMI >95th percentile, manage per obesity algorithms.

12–17y

Chart HT/WT/BMI  Review with child and parent.

BMI >85th percentile crossing percentiles, intensify diet/ activity focus for 6 months. If no change  RD referral Manage per obesity algorithms.

BMI >95th percentile, manage per obesity algorithms.

18–21y

Review HT/WT/BMI and norms for health with patient.

BMI >85th percentile crossing percentiles, intensify diet/ activity focus for 6 months. If no change  RD referral.

Manage per obesity algorithms.

BMI >95th percentile, manage per obesity algorithms.

For more information

• “Expert Panel on Integrated Guidelines for Cardiovascular Health and Risk Reduction in Children and Adolescents: Summary Report” published as a Supplement in the December issue of Pediatrics (2011;128:S213–S256), available at: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/128/Supplement_5.toc

• Full Report, Summary Report, and Evidence Tables available on the NHLBI website at: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/cvd_ped/index.htm

Implementation Process

• • • • • The guidelines were extensively reviewed by HHS, professional groups, and the public before release.

Endorsed by the American Academy of Pediatrics.

Support materials developed by NHLBI to facilitate implementation of the recommendations are now in field testing.

Include toolkit and virtual applications plus a mobile app. Potential direct link between CV health schedule and risk factor-specific information in the guidelines.

• Release date: January, 2013

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