Transcript Welcome Marcella Leonard PPANI Coordinator Gareth Mc Gibbon PBNI PPANI - Internet Offending 2013

Welcome
Marcella Leonard PPANI Coordinator
Gareth Mc Gibbon PBNI
PPANI - Internet Offending 2013
Legislative Structure of PPANI
Criminal Justice (NI) Order 2008
Secretary of State’s Guidance
Manual of Practice
PPANI - Internet Offending 2013
Strategic and Practice Structures of PPANI
• Strategic Management Board
• PPANI Coordination Unit
• PPANI Links Team
•LAPPP (Local Area Public Protection Panel)
• LAPPP Chair
• Designated Risk Manager (DRM)
PPANI - Internet Offending 2013
PPANI Processes
Offender convicted of relevant PPANI offence
PPANI Links allocate offender to nearest LAPPP meeting
LAPPP Meeting held and category of risk management agreed
And DRM appointed
Offender reviewed every 16 weeks at LAPPP meeting until
Category one status
DRM visits offender and completes assessments for each LAPPP
PPANI - Internet Offending 2013
PPANI Category of Risk Management
Category 1
“Someone whose previous offending and / or current
behaviour and / or current circumstances present little
evidence that they could cause serious harm through carrying out
a contact sexual or violent offence”
Category 2
“Someone whose previous offending,
And / or current behaviour
and / or current circumstances present
clear and identifiable evidence that they
could cause serious harm through carrying
out a contact sexual or violent offence
PPANI - Internet Offending 2013
PPANI Category of Risk Management
Category 3
“Someone whose previous offending,
current behaviour
And / or current circumstances present clear and identifiable
evidence that they
are highly likely to cause serious harm through
carrying out a contact sexual or violent offence.”
PPANI - Internet Offending 2013
Current Statistics of persons subject to PPANI
Total
Prison
Community
Category 3
18
11
7
Category 2
162
71
91
As of September 2013
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What is ‘ child pornography’ ?
‘any representation, by whatever means, of a child engaged
in real or simulated explicit sexual activities or any
representation of the sexual parts of a child, the dominant
characteristic of which is depiction for a sexual purpose’
The Convention on the Rights of the Child 2002
In N.Ireland we refer to abusive images of children
PPANI - Internet Offending 2013
PPANI and Internet Offending
• PPANI came into existence 2008 therefore some
offenders through internet will not be known to PPANI
• Currently 80 persons known to PPANI for Possession of Indecent
Images of Children
•3 of these are assessed as requiring Category 3 Level of Risk
Management
• 9 currently awaiting assessment, 3 pending
• 65 assessed at Category 1 level of risk management
PPANI - Internet Offending 2013
Patterns emerging indicating that where a child is sexually
Abused in settings such as home or on street, image making
Of their abuse is frequently involved.
These images can then be used:
• inhibit and silence the child
• traded
• increases control of the abuser
• increases likelihood of further types of abuses ECPAT 2005
The use of pornography as a sex education tool
PPANI - Internet Offending 2013
Types of on line violence against children and
young people:
•The production, distribution and use of materials depicting
child sexual abuse
• Online grooming or solicitation
• Exposure to materials that can cause psychological harm,
lead to physical harm or facilitate other detriment to a child
• Harassment and intimidation, including bullying
PPANI - Internet Offending 2013
Emerging trends in the technologies impacting
on internet abuse:
• Phones and 3G – the convergence of internet and mobile phones
• Video / camera apps on mobile phones
• Online games
• peer to peer exchanges
• instant messaging
• internet cafes / public places
PPANI - Internet Offending 2013
The impact of these emerging technology developments:
• demand for sexual activity against children – latency
- normalcy
- profit
• cyberspace is influential – boundaries of people’s behaviour
online v real world
• opportunities to harm – vast number of venues and accessibility
online v real world
• the use of pornography -as primary tool
- impact of exposure
- socialisation
PPANI - Internet Offending 2013
Distinctive qualities affecting behaviour and
interactions in cyberspace:
• Proximity
• Access
Scope
• Permanence
Velocity
• Reinforcement
Identity
•Reality
Scale
PPANI - Internet Offending 2013
Typologies
Situational offender - curious adult realising
an opportunity to access pornography
Preferential offender - indiscriminate with
deviant sexual attitudes, typically a
paedophile with definite interest in children
Miscellaneous offender - private
investigations, media reporters, adolescent
males etc
PPANI - Internet Offending 2013
Links to contact offending
Seto et al 2011 Meta Analysis:
• 21 online offenders
• 1 in 8 had history of contact sexual offence
• 50 % admitted contact sexual offence
Putsey Report:
• 47.8% - 84.5% treatment group had no contact offences there
fore 50% upwards admitted contact offence
Bourke and Hernandez (2009) : 84.5% admitted contact offences
Neatze et al (2009): 57.4% admitted contact offences
Quayle and Taylor (2003): 47.8% admitted contact offences
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Links to contact offending
Seto et al 2011 Meta Analysis:
• 21 online offenders
• 1 in 8 had history of contact sexual offence
• 50 % admitted contact sexual offence
Putsey Report:
• 47.8% - 84.5% treatment group had no contact offences there
fore 50% upwards admitted contact offence
Bourke and Hernandez (2009) : 84.5% admitted contact offences
Neatze et al (2009): 57.4% admitted contact offences
Quayle and Taylor (2003): 47.8% admitted contact offences
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Links to contact offending
Imitation - offenders replay what they
have seen on the computer with a victim
Permission giving - offender is given
courage by what they have seen and this
escalates offending behaviour
Reinforcing existing feelings - encourages
the individual to act on their feelings and
this can happen quickly with the offender
entering chat rooms to seek to meet
victims
PPANI - Internet Offending 2013
Links to contact offending
Level of conviction in England and Wales 2001-2007
All sexual offences 2001 (3,300) - 2007 (5,000)
Internet 2001 (364)
- 2007 (967)
USA Overall convictions child abuse in 2007:
• 47% all other child abuse
• 53% internet viewing indecent images
PPANI - Internet Offending 2013
Links to contact offending
Seto et al 2011 Meta Analysis:
• 21 online offenders
• 1 in 8 had history of contact sexual offence
• 50 % admitted contact sexual offence
Putsey Report:
• 47.8% - 84.5% treatment group had no contact offences there
fore 50% upwards admitted contact offence
Bourke and Hernandez (2009) : 84.5% admitted contact offences
Neatze et al (2009): 57.4% admitted contact offences
Quayle and Taylor (2003): 47.8% admitted contact offences
PPANI - Internet Offending 2013
PPANI Category of Risk Management and Child
Protection
• Risk management v risk to children
• Engaged in monitoring and supervision
but
• Sexual interest in children
• grooming/targeting children
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PBNI Response to Internet Sexual
Offending
 The Internet Sexual Offending Treatment Programme (i-
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SOTP) is part of an overall suite of treatment programmes
delivered by PBNI.
i-SOTP is designed for offenders in the community subject
to statutory supervision by PBNI.
The programme caters for offences defined as the making,
distribution and production of indecent images.
The programme is offered in two formats – group-work and
one to one intervention.
Programme aims to reduce the likelihood of further
internet related offending and lessen the likelihood of
contact sexual offending/recidivism.
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Why a specific programme?
 2004-5 analysis of UK caseload suggested
approximately 30% of offenders were convicted of
internet related sexual offending.
 Analysis of psychometrics of contact and internet
offenders reveal many shared characteristics
 Agreed need for an intervention informed by an
internet specific focus as well as a focus on general
sexual offending risk factors.
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Assessing Risk
 The programme is designed for men who are assessed
as low/medium risk and low deviance.
 Higher risk/deviance offenders will be more suited to
existing longer term programmes as such assessments
are indicative of a predisposition to commit contact
sexual offences.
 RM2K can be used subject to a number of caveats.
 Deviance is assessed using standard battery of
accredited psychometrics.
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Eligibility
 Males over 21 years (group-work)
 17 years and over (1-1)
 High score on Psychopathy Check List – Revised (PCL
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IQ < 80
Poor literacy
Stable mental health
Acute substance misuse
Programme ready (absolute denial)
Strong command of the English language.
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Programme Content and Process
The i-SOTP consists of;
 A pre-programme meeting
 Completion of pre-treatment programme
psychometrics
 Six modules consisting of 35 x 2 hours group work or
20/30 sessions x 1.5 hours individual work
 Completion of post programme psychometrics
 Post programme planning meeting.
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Diagrammatic Representation of
Model of Change
[Beech & Fisher 1998]
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The Internet Behaviour and Attitudes
Questionnaire (IBAQ)
 137 convicted internet offenders completed the 90 item
attitude and behaviour questionnaire.
 Strong identification of problematic internet use for a selfefficacy and distorted attitudes cluster.
 IBAQ produced an assessment of ‘low behaviour’ group
associated with 4.5 hours per week internet use and ‘high
behaviour’ group associated with 10 hours use per week.
 Higher behaviour offenders tended to be involved in
accessing images using less common technologies,
engaging in trade of images, more habitual behaviours
relating to viewing, categorisation and masturbation.
PPANI - Internet Offending 2013
Schematic Representation of Pathways Model
of Child Sexual Abuse (Ward & Siegart, 2002)
Pathway
Distal Factors
Sexual preference
Associated Deficits
Behaviour
Intimacy deficits
Insecure attachment
Normal sexual script operates until
rejection, blockage
Emotional loneliness
(Intimacy)
Inability to sustain adult intimacy
Target vulnerable child
Create pseudo adult-adult “loving
relationship”
Social skills
Arousal to child although not
preference
Cognitive Distortions
Entitlement beliefs
Distorted Sexual Scripts
Low self esteem
Early or inappropriate sexual
experiences
Relationships seen as purely
sexual
Victimisation
Intimacy is equated with sex
Fear of rejection
Children more trustworthy and
accepting
Compulsive masturbation in early
adolescence
Preference for age related partners
but opportunistically use children at
times of stress
Problem in emotional recognition
Sex used as coping strategy
Problem in utilising social supports
A right to have sexual needs met
irrespective of needs & rights of
others
Entrenched Cognitive Distortions
which make offenders vulnerable to
sexual offending and to justify it
(arousal)
Craving for love and approval
Misreading sexual cues
Emotional Dysregulation
(emotions)
Lack of alternatives to increase
self-esteem or alleviate negative
mood
Antisocial Cognitions
(cognitive)
Multiple dysfunctional
mechanisms
Unsatisfying adult sexual
encounters, frustration
Specific belief systems such as the
world is a dangerous place and you
have to fight to have your needs
satisfied
General and extensive record of
criminal and antisocial behaviour in
youth and adolescence, possible
conduct disorder
Early sexualisation
Impaired relationship and
attachment style
Sexual abuse justified and
acceptable if alternatives not
available
Deviant sexual fantasy
Approach goal of sexual
gratification linked with others e.g.
sense of control
Multiple maladaptive development
responses
PPANI - Internet Offending 2013
Dealing with negative emotion
Seek sex in inappropriate situations
(e.g. when angry), inappropriate
partners (children), inappropriate
activities (e.g. sadistic)
Inability to manage mood may
result in loss of control, which in
conjuction with sexual desire leads
to disinhibited behaviour
Positive emotional state when
abusing a child because of the
pleasure experienced and meeting
needs for self-gratification in
personally acceptable manner
High self esteem since interests are Inappropriate emotional regulation
legitimate and healthy
Multitude of offence related
behaviours
Children seen as legitimate sexual
partners
The “pure” paedophile
Intimacy deficits
A MODEL OF PROBLEMATIC INTERNET USE – REVISED
[From: E. Quayle & M. Taylor ‘A
Model of Problematic Internet Use in People with a Sexual Interest in Children’
[2003] ]
SETTING EVENTS
Distal
- Early sexual
experience
- Poor
adolescent/
adult
socialisation
Proximal
Contact Offences
- Existing
sexual interest
in children
- Prior contact
offence
- Dissatisfaction
with current
persona
INTERNET USE
Factors
- Anonymity
- Disinhibition
- Accessibility of
fantasy
PROBLEMATIC
COGNITIONS
ESCALATION OF
PROBLEMATIC
INTERNET USE
CHILD
PORNOGRAPHY
RELATED
OFFENDING
BEHAVIOUR
Internet seduction of
Children
Distribution & production
of child pornography
Process
- Access to facilitating
community
- Computer skills
acquisition
- Increased fantasy/
sexual behaviour
- Reduced offline
social contact
- Validation and
normalisation
PPANI - Internet Offending 2013
Trading child pornography
NON-OFFENDING
BEHAVIOUR
- Other
pornographies
- Cybersex (adults)
Downloading child
pornography
Motivation
Offence-Supportive Attitudes (CDs)
(Desire / Arousal)
(NB: Past and current influences and events)
Mixed-up thinking/ Permission givers
Guilt / Fear / Shame
Fantasy
Arousal
Masturbation/
Orgasm
Guilt / Fear/ Shame
Preparation/ Grooming/ Planning
1. Victim(s)
2. Others
(a) Creating opportunity
(b) Preventing discovery/
disclosure
Refine CDs
Arousal
Fantasy (more specific) /
Masturbation/ Orgasm
Guilt / Fear / Shame
AROUSAL
Sexual
Abuse
The Spiral of Sexual Abuse
Fantasy (more specific/ detailed)/
Masturbation/ Orgasm
Guilt / Fear/ Shame
Ref: Joe Sullivan 2002, NOTANews
and 2005 PhD Thesis
Pathways to Re-abuse:
- Approach
- Avoidant
1
(Eldridge, H. (1998). Therapist’s Guide for Maintaining Change. London: Sage; Finkelhor, D. (1984). Child Sexual
Abuse: New Theory and Research. New York: Free Press; Finkelhor, D. (1986). A Sourcebook on Child Sexual
Abuse. London: Sage; Wolf, S. (1984). ‘A Multi-factor Model of Deviant Sexuality.’ Paper presented at the
International Conference on Victimology, Lisbon)
PPANI - Internet Offending 2013
Risk Matrix 2000
High / Medium / Low)
Very High
Psychometric (Deviance)
Assessment
Low Deviance
Refer to one of the existing
accredited sex offender programmes
High Deviance
Refer to i-SOTP
Psychometrics suggest multiple
dysfunctional pathway
Psychometrics suggest intimacy
deficits pathway
Psychometrics suggest emotional
dysregulation pathway
Distorted sexual script pathway
Core programme plus discretionary exercises
on relationships and self management.
Core programme plus discretionary exercises
on relationships and self management
Core programme plus discretionary
exercises on victim awareness, relationships
and self management
Anti-social cognitions pathway
Core programme plus discretionary exercises
on victim awareness, relationships and self
management
Psychometrics suggest no clear
pathway
Review treatment needs after completion of
functional analysis and module 2 of i-SOTP
Mary Leyland, Clark Baim & David Middleton
i-SOTP Model of Change
 Increase motivation, decrease denial and identify and reduce discrepancy between
perceived pro-social values and behaviour (addressing distorted attitudes)
 Challenge offence supportive attitudes and behaviours (addressing distorted attitudes)
 Build an empathic response to identifying that children depicted in the indecent images
are real victims of child abuse; (addressing distorted attitudes and socio-affective
functioning )
 Reduce use of sex as a coping strategy and emotional avoidance, replacing it with
effective problem solving strategies (addressing socio-affective functioning and self
management)
 Develop adequate relationship, intimacy and coping skills; improve self esteem and
internal locus of control; (Social Adequacy factors and self-management)
 Develop realistic relapse prevention strategies and new pro-social lifestyle goals
(addressing self-management and socio-affective functioning)
PPANI - Internet Offending 2013
Treatment Targets
 Module 1: - Promoting motivation and forming a
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therapeutic alliance
Module 2: - ‘What needs did offending meet’
Module 3: - ‘Victim Awareness and Taking
Responsibility’
Module 4: - ‘Emotional Self regulation and
Relationship skills’
Module 5: - ‘Community, Collecting and Compulsivity’
Module 6: - ‘ Relapse Prevention and New Life Goals’
PPANI - Internet Offending 2013
Assessing Change
 All sex offender treatment programmes are studied with respect
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to their clinical impact.
Changes in scores on psychometric tests and interviews are
examined for every offender.
The IBAQ will continue to be developed for use as a risk
assessment measure specific to this offender group.
Psychometric change will be assessed by taking pre and post
treatment measures on scales related to the programme’s goals.
NPD has an existing programme of evaluation for all SOTP
programmes with relevant comparison data.
Full information is maintained on all offenders undergoing the
programme and longitudinal follow up report of effect on
recidivism will be prepared.
PPANI - Internet Offending 2013
Questions?
PPANI - Internet Offending 2013